INDEX

acid; amino acids; carbolic acid

acid rain

aerosols: black carbon; condensation/freezing nuclei; dust; and precipitation; and radiation; sulfate; volcanic

agriculture; “agricultural revolution,” agro-forestry; in ancient Peru; productivity and the “green revolution,”; water needs and use. See also irrigation; pollution

air. See atmosphere

albedo; aerosol effects; cloud contribution; snow/ice. See also solar radiation

alluvia

alpha-particles. See helium

Amazon River and basin

America, North. See North America

America, South. See South America

ammonia (NH3)

anaerobic life

Antarctica; ancient climates; Antarctic Bottom Water; continental drift; global warming

Antarctic or Southern Ocean

anticyclone. See also general circulation

aquaculture

aquifer

Aral Sea

Arctic, Arctic Ocean: air flow; Arctic Oscillation; ice extent/thickness; water flow

aridity; arid zones; and El Niño; erosion; flash floods. See also deserts

Armenia

Arrhenius, Svante

arsenic in drinking water

artesian wells

asthenosphere

Aswân High Dam

Atacama Desert

Atlantic Ocean:. See also Gulf Stream; NAO; oceans

atmosphere (Earth): composition; primordial; secondary

atmospheres of other planets: Mars; Venus

atomic structure

autotroph

aviation: and cloud cover; weather risks

 

bacteria; in early life; hydrothermal; methane-producing; psychrophilic; thermophilic. See also disease

balance of nature

ball lightning

Baltic Sea

Bangladesh

Bay of Bengal

Bay of Biscay

Bering Strait and Sea

Big Bang

bilharziasis. See schistosomiasis

Black Sea

“black smokers.” See hydrothermal springs

Brahmaputra River

Burgess Shale

Bush, George W.

“butterfly effect,”

 

calcium carbonate

Camp Century (Greenland)

carbon (C): atomic; carbon-14; carbon budget,

carbon dioxide (CO2); and acid rain; anthropogenic; through Earth’s history; as greenhouse gas; in oceans; in photosynthesis; on other planets:. See also greenhouse effect; greenhouse gases

Caspian Sea

catastrophes and evolution

catchment. See watershed

caves

CFC (chlorofluorocarbons). See also ozone

Chang Jiang (Yangtze Kiang)

charge, electric. See also atomic structure

Chelyabinsk

chemical weathering

chemosynthesis

Chernobyl

chernozem

Chicxulub crater and impact

China: agriculture; floods; geology; greenhouse gas emissions; rivers, canals, dams

Chinook winds

chlorine, chlorination

chlorofluorocarbons. See CFC

cholera

circumzenithal arc

clay

Clean Air Act

climate; models; ocean circulation. See also hydrological cycle; precipitation; wind

climate change; future; glacial/interglacial; historical;. See also greenhouse effect; global warming

cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and seeding

clouds, on Earth; cirrus; cumulonimbus; cumulus; nimbostratus; stratus. See also albedo; condensation; greenhouse effect; hydrological cycle

clouds, interstellar

clouds, on other planets

coal; combustion, anthropogenic CO2; formation

Colorado River

comets; major impacts; micro-comets

condensation. See also clouds; hydrological cycle

Congo River

conservation: angular momentum; energy and mass

continental drift. See also plate tectonics

contour plowing

contrails

convection: atmospheric; Earth’s mantle; thermohaline

conveyor-belt circulation

core: Earth; Sun and stars. See also ice cores; sediment cores

Coriolis force

cosmology

Cretaceous-Tertiary transition

crust (continental, oceanic)

currents (ocean); deep-sea; equatorial countercurrent; tidal. See also Gulf Stream; Kuro-shiyo

cyclones; tropical (hurricanes, typhoons); midlatitude

 

dams; Aswân; Atatürk; Three Gorges

Danube River

Darcy, Henry

Dead Sea

Deccan plateau, Deccan Traps

deforestation

Delaware River

demography. See population

dendroclimatology

depression. See cyclone

desalination

desertification

deserts; central Asia; glacial-interglacial changes; tropical zone. See also aridity; see also by name

deuterium (D)

Diamond, Jared M.

dikes and levees

disease:. See also bacteria; cholera; epidemics; malaria

dinosaurs, extinction of

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

drought; northeast U.S.

Dryas, younger

Dubos, René

 

earthquakes. See also seismic activity

ecliptic

Ecole Polytechnique

ecology: “deep” ecology; environmentalism; science of ecosystems

Egypt. See also Aswân High Dam

El Niño, ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation). See also Southern Oscillation

energy: Earth’s energy/heat budget; geothermal; saving energy; tidal

epidemics. See also cholera; disease

equilibrium

equinox

erosion

eruption. See volcano

Ethiopia. See also Nile

Euphrates River

Eurasia: plate tectonics; rivers

Europe: acid rain; climate changes; conveyor-belt circulation; NAO; plate tectonics; rivers

eutrophication

evaporation; climate change; clouds; ocean salinity; salt lakes; sea level. See also hydrological cycle; latent heat

evapotranspiration. See also vegetation

evolution: Earth’s atmosphere; life; Sun and stars

extinction

 

feedback processes; cloud-radiation; ice-albedo; water-vapor

fermentation

firn

fission, nuclear

Flood (biblical)

floods and high water: El Niño; flash floods; floodplain; ground processes; lakes; on Mars; Paris; rivers; sea-level rise; snowmelt; storms; tidal

foehn. See Chinook

fog

forests: die-out; evapotranspiration; fires; forestry; oxygen; soil; storms; temperate-zone; tropical rain forest

fossils

Franklin, Benjamin

freezing; in clouds; seawater

fronts, weather

fusion, thermonuclear

 

galaxies

Galilee, Sea of. See Kinneret

Galveston hurricane

Ganges River

gases. See also greenhouse gases

general circulation: atmosphere; models; oceans

Genesis,

geo-engineering

geopolitics of water. See hydropolitics

geothermal energy

geysers

Gibraltar, Strait of

Gihon (En-Gihon) spring

glaciers

global warming; ancient; and health; sea-level rise; hydrological cycle. See also climate change; greenhouse effect

Gore, Albert

Gould, Stephen Jay

GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)

granite

Great Basin

Great Lakes

“Great Man-Made River,”

“Great Salinity Anomaly,”

Great Salt Lake

“green revolution,”

greenhouse effect:. See also global warming; infrared radiation

greenhouse gases. See also Kyoto Protocol

Greenland, Greenland Sea

groundwater; depletion; pollution; saltwater intrusion; underground saline water

Gulf of Mexico

Gulf Stream

gyres, ocean

 

Hadley Cell. See also general circulation

Hadley, George

hail

Halley, Edmund

halo

Harappan civilization

harmattan

Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands

heat. See energy budget; latent heat; sensible heat

heat island (urban)

Heinrich events

helium

heterotroph

Himalayas

Holocene

hotspots

Huang He (Yellow River)

Hudson River

Humboldt, Alexander von

Humboldt current. See Peru current

humidity: atmospheric; condensation; greenhouse effect. See also soil moisture

humus. See also soil

hunting and gathering

hurricanes; Andrew; El Niño; Galveston; Mitch. See also cyclones

hydroelectric power

hydrogen; isotopes; in the universe

hydrogeology

hydrological cycle; global warming; rivers. See also clouds; condensation; evaporation; infiltration; runoff

hydropolitics

hydrothermal springs

 

ice: in clouds; icebergs; ice cap; ice crystals; ice harvesting

—ice ages; and atmospheric CO2; ice cores; and sea level

India: agriculture; continental drift; cyclones; rivers. See also monsoon

Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)

Indonesia: agriculture; deforestation; and El Niño

Indus River; ancient civilization

industry and water

infiltration

infrared radiation:. See also energy budget; greenhouse effect

inlandsis. See ice (ice cap)

inundations. See floods

instability, atmospheric and climate

interstellar medium

iron

Irrawaddy River

irrigation

isotopes; dating

Israel

ITCZ (Intertropical convergence zone)

 

James Bay

Jerusalem

jet stream

Jonas, Hans

Jordan River

Jurassic

 

kaolinite

Karst, karstic

Kilauea

Kinneret (Lake Tiberias)

Krakatoa

Kurdistan

Kuro-shiyo

Kyoto Protocol

 

Labrador (Sea, current, and province)

lakes; acidity; Baikal; Chad; Finger Lakes; Geneva (Léman); Great Lakes; Great Salt Lake; Ladoga; Nasser; Nyos (Cameroon); saltwater lakes; Serre-Ponçon; Sevan (Armenia); Superior; Tanganyika; Tiberias (Kinneret); Victoria

land use and water. See also agriculture; irrigation

Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de

latent heat. See also energy budget

laterite

lava

Lavoisier, Antoine

leaching

Lena River

Libya

lightning

limestone

lithosphere. See crust

“Little Ice Age,”

loam

loess

Los Angeles

“lost colony” (Virginia)

Lyell, Charles

 

magnetosphere

malaria. See also mosquitoes

mammals

mantle (Earth’s)

Marne River

Mars

marshland. See wetlands

“mascaret,”

Mauna Loa

Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de

meander

Mediterranean Sea; and the Nile; plate tectonics; rainfall; salinity; sounding

Medvedev, Jaurès (or Zhores)

Mekong River

Mendeleyev, Dimitri I.

metabolism

meteorite

methane (CH4)

metric system

micro-bursts

mid-ocean ridge. See also plate tectonics

Milankovitch, Milutin

Miller-Urey experiment

minerals

mineral water

Mississippi-Missouri Rivers and basin,

mist

modeling; climate; hydrochemical; meteorological (numerical weather prediction); runoff

molecules; greenhouse gases; of life; scattering solar radiation

monsoon: Asian; West African

Moon: brightness; and obliquity; and precession; tides

Mount St. Helens

mountains and precipitation

mosquitoes

 

Nabateans

NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation)

National Water Carrier (Israel)

Nazca plate

net primary production (NPP)

neutron

Newton, Sir Isaac

New Guinea

New York (city, state); climate and rainfall; epidemics; water supply; water pollution; wetlands

Niger River

Nile River

Niña, La; Niño, El. See El Niño

nitrates

nitrogen; in the atmosphere; C-14 production; organic molecules; nitrogen oxides

nomenclature: chemical elements; clouds

North America; ice age; relief and rivers; water availability and use

North Atlantic Oscillation. See NAO

Norwegian Sea

nuclear physics

nuclear power

 

oases

obliquity of the ecliptic

oceans; and CO2; currents; deep water; ice; and life; on other planets; salinity; tropical cyclones; warming; in the water cycle. See also conveyor-belt circulation; currents; sea-floor spreading; sea level; tides; tsunami; see also by name

oceanic trench. See also sea-floor spreading

Ogallala aquifer

Ohio River

oil

orbit: Earth; other planets, comets; artificial satellites (pref)

organochlorines

origin: galaxies and stars; life; solar system and Earth

oscillation. See Southern Oscillation; NAO

oued

outgassing of atmosphere and water,

oxygen; anoxic (oxygen-free) environments; atmospheric; isotopes; in organic molecules; photosynthesis; production in stars

ozone: depletion; formation; as pollutant; as ultraviolet radiation shield; in water purification

 

Pacific Ocean. See also El Niño; sea-floor spreading; tsunami; typhoons

paleoclimatology. See also isotopes

Paleozoic

Palestine

Palissy, Bernard

Pangaea. See also continental drift

“parasol effect.” See aerosols (and radiation); albedo; solar radiation

parhelion

Paris, France; floods; pollution; rainfall; storms; underground water; water supply

particles, elementary

peat

Pelée, Montagne

permafrost

permeability. See infiltration

Permian

Peru; cholera epidemic; Huascarán ice core; plate tectonics; rainfall; tsunamis. See also El Niño; Southern Oscillation

Peru current

pesticides

petroleum. See oil

phosphates

photochemistry

photosynthesis

phytoplankton

planets; formation; Mars; rotation; Venus

plate tectonics. See also continental drift; sea-floor spreading

Pleistocene. See also ice; ice ages

podzol

pollen

pollution:. See also acid rain—air pollution; carbon dioxide; sulfur dioxide

—water pollution; agriculture; cities; industry; thermal

population: animal; human

power plant, thermal

precautionary principle

precession of the equinoxes

precipitation; climate change; El Niño; ice balance; over land. See also acid rain; hydrological cycle; rain

prediction: climate; seasonal; seismic; weather

productivity, agricultural

proteins

proto-planets

proto-stars

proton

 

quartz

 

radar: altimeter; weather

radiation. See also energy; infrared radiation; radioactivity; solar radiation

radioactivity. See also isotopes; nuclear power

rain; monsoon; NAO; recycling; Southern Oscillation. See also acid rain; monsoon; precipitation

rain forest

rainmaking

ravines. See also erosion

reclamation (land)

recycling of water: by the atmosphere; in Earth’s mantle; by industry; by vegetation; waste water. See also hydrological cycle

red giant stars

Red Sea; Reed Sea

residence time: in the atmosphere; water in streams

respiration (prol)

Rhine River

Rio “Earth Summit,”

Rio Grande (del Norte)

rivers and streams; agriculture; erosion; international; management; and nutrients; and ocean salinity; runoff; and sea level; water accessibility. See also floods; pollution; see also by name

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Rocky Mountains

rotation: Earth; of molecules; Sun and stars. See also conservation; Coriolis force

runoff; snowmelt; soil; storm runoff; vegetation; withdrawal. See also erosion; infiltration; hydrological cycle; pollution; rivers and streams

 

Sahara Desert

Sahel

Saint-Lawrence River

salinity of seawater

salinization

sand

sandstone

sanitation

satellites (artificial); geostationary (GOES, Meteosat, etc.) (pref)

saturation. See also condensation; humidity

schistosomiasis

Sea of Galilee. See also Kinneret

sea-floor spreading

sea level; El Niño; future changes; past changes; storm tides

seasons; astronomical; dry versus wet. See also monsoon

sea surface temperatures

sediments, lake and sea sediment cores; river sediment load; sedimentary rocks; sequestering carbon

Seine River

seismic activity. See also earthquakes; tsunami

Senegal River

sensible heat

silicates

silicon

Siloam Pool

snow; cover and albedo; crystal structure; ice ages; infiltration and runoff; names; production. See also precipitation

“Snowball Earth,”

sodium hypochlorite. See also chlorine

soil; chemistry; topsoil and dust. See also erosion; infiltration

soil moisture

solar radiation; reflection; ultraviolet. See also albedo; ozone

solar system

sounding the oceans

South America

Southeast Anatolia Project

Southern Oscillation. See also El Niño

Soviet Union: Arctic; Franco-Soviet scientific cooperation; health; pollution; radioactivity; river diversion; waterworks

stability, instability: atmospheric; climate

stars; Pole star

stomata

storms; ENSO and NAO; and floods; prediction; runoff; satellite monitoring. See also cyclones; hurricanes

stratosphere

subduction. See continental drift; mid-ocean ridge; sea-floor spreading

sublimation

subsidence (atmospheric)

sulfur, sulfides

sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfates See also acid rain

Sun: evolution. See also solar radiation

supercells. See also storms

supercooled water

supernova

sustainable development

swamps. See wetlands

swell (ocean)

 

taiga

tectonics. See plate tectonics

Tibet

tides; braking of Earth’s rotation

Third World

Thoreau, Henry David

thunder. See storms

Tiberias, Lake. See Kinneret

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

tomography. See sounding

Topex-Poseidon mission

tornado

trading of water

trade winds. See also general circulation

treatment of water: drinking water;, waste water

tree rings. See dendroclimatology

transport: energy/heat; water

Triassic

trihalomethanes (THMs). See organochlorines

Tropics; in the ice age; rainy season. See also Hadley cell; El Niño

tropopause, troposphere

tsunami

tundra

Turkey

typhoons. See also cyclones

 

ultraviolet radiation

upwelling

Urey, Harold C.

USSR. See Soviet Union

 

valleys

vegetation. See also agriculture; evapotranspiration; photosynthesis

Viking Mars mission

Vikings

Virginia

volcanoes, volcanic activity

Volga River

Vostok (Antarctica)

 

wadi. See oued

Walden. See Thoreau

Walker, Sir Gilbert, Walker circulation

wastes; agricultural; industrial; nuclear; urban

water: accessible; drinking; Earth’s ice/water budget; fossil water; freshwater resources; legislation and standards; management; thermal expansion; water stocks; water supply systems; treaties. See also aquifer; groundwater

water cycle. See hydrological cycle

watershed

water vapor. See humidity

waves: atmospheric; ocean. See also tsunami

weather forecasting. See prediction (weather)

weather modification. See rainmaking

weathering. See also erosion

wells. See also artesian wells

Wells, Herbert George

West Nile encephalitis

wetlands

wind: in the atmosphere; and ocean currents; monsoons; and climate change; El Niño; NAO; evaporation; wind chill; storms. See also general circulation; trade winds; see also by name

—solar and stellar winds

 

Yangzijiang River (Yangtze Kiang). See Chang Jiang

Yellow River. See Huang He

Yellowstone River and National Park

 

zooplankton