acid; amino acids; carbolic acid
acid rain
aerosols: black carbon; condensation/freezing nuclei; dust; and precipitation; and radiation; sulfate; volcanic
agriculture; “agricultural revolution,” agro-forestry; in ancient Peru; productivity and the “green revolution,”; water needs and use. See also irrigation; pollution
air. See atmosphere
albedo; aerosol effects; cloud contribution; snow/ice. See also solar radiation
alluvia
alpha-particles. See helium
Amazon River and basin
America, North. See North America
America, South. See South America
ammonia (NH3)
anaerobic life
Antarctica; ancient climates; Antarctic Bottom Water; continental drift; global warming
Antarctic or Southern Ocean
anticyclone. See also general circulation
aquaculture
aquifer
Aral Sea
Arctic, Arctic Ocean: air flow; Arctic Oscillation; ice extent/thickness; water flow
aridity; arid zones; and El Niño; erosion; flash floods. See also deserts
Armenia
Arrhenius, Svante
arsenic in drinking water
artesian wells
asthenosphere
Aswân High Dam
Atacama Desert
Atlantic Ocean:. See also Gulf Stream; NAO; oceans
atmosphere (Earth): composition; primordial; secondary
atmospheres of other planets: Mars; Venus
atomic structure
autotroph
aviation: and cloud cover; weather risks
bacteria; in early life; hydrothermal; methane-producing; psychrophilic; thermophilic. See also disease
balance of nature
ball lightning
Baltic Sea
Bangladesh
Bay of Bengal
Bay of Biscay
Bering Strait and Sea
Big Bang
bilharziasis. See schistosomiasis
Black Sea
“black smokers.” See hydrothermal springs
Brahmaputra River
Burgess Shale
Bush, George W.
“butterfly effect,”
calcium carbonate
Camp Century (Greenland)
carbon (C): atomic; carbon-14; carbon budget,
carbon dioxide (CO2); and acid rain; anthropogenic; through Earth’s history; as greenhouse gas; in oceans; in photosynthesis; on other planets:. See also greenhouse effect; greenhouse gases
Caspian Sea
catastrophes and evolution
catchment. See watershed
caves
CFC (chlorofluorocarbons). See also ozone
Chang Jiang (Yangtze Kiang)
charge, electric. See also atomic structure
Chelyabinsk
chemical weathering
chemosynthesis
Chernobyl
chernozem
Chicxulub crater and impact
China: agriculture; floods; geology; greenhouse gas emissions; rivers, canals, dams
Chinook winds
chlorine, chlorination
chlorofluorocarbons. See CFC
cholera
circumzenithal arc
clay
Clean Air Act
climate; models; ocean circulation. See also hydrological cycle; precipitation; wind
climate change; future; glacial/interglacial; historical;. See also greenhouse effect; global warming
cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and seeding
clouds, on Earth; cirrus; cumulonimbus; cumulus; nimbostratus; stratus. See also albedo; condensation; greenhouse effect; hydrological cycle
clouds, interstellar
clouds, on other planets
coal; combustion, anthropogenic CO2; formation
Colorado River
comets; major impacts; micro-comets
condensation. See also clouds; hydrological cycle
Congo River
conservation: angular momentum; energy and mass
continental drift. See also plate tectonics
contour plowing
contrails
convection: atmospheric; Earth’s mantle; thermohaline
conveyor-belt circulation
core: Earth; Sun and stars. See also ice cores; sediment cores
Coriolis force
cosmology
Cretaceous-Tertiary transition
crust (continental, oceanic)
currents (ocean); deep-sea; equatorial countercurrent; tidal. See also Gulf Stream; Kuro-shiyo
cyclones; tropical (hurricanes, typhoons); midlatitude
dams; Aswân; Atatürk; Three Gorges
Danube River
Darcy, Henry
Dead Sea
Deccan plateau, Deccan Traps
deforestation
Delaware River
demography. See population
dendroclimatology
depression. See cyclone
desalination
desertification
deserts; central Asia; glacial-interglacial changes; tropical zone. See also aridity; see also by name
deuterium (D)
Diamond, Jared M.
dikes and levees
disease:. See also bacteria; cholera; epidemics; malaria
dinosaurs, extinction of
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
drought; northeast U.S.
Dryas, younger
Dubos, René
earthquakes. See also seismic activity
ecliptic
Ecole Polytechnique
ecology: “deep” ecology; environmentalism; science of ecosystems
Egypt. See also Aswân High Dam
El Niño, ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation). See also Southern Oscillation
energy: Earth’s energy/heat budget; geothermal; saving energy; tidal
epidemics. See also cholera; disease
equilibrium
equinox
erosion
eruption. See volcano
Ethiopia. See also Nile
Euphrates River
Eurasia: plate tectonics; rivers
Europe: acid rain; climate changes; conveyor-belt circulation; NAO; plate tectonics; rivers
eutrophication
evaporation; climate change; clouds; ocean salinity; salt lakes; sea level. See also hydrological cycle; latent heat
evapotranspiration. See also vegetation
evolution: Earth’s atmosphere; life; Sun and stars
extinction
feedback processes; cloud-radiation; ice-albedo; water-vapor
fermentation
firn
fission, nuclear
Flood (biblical)
floods and high water: El Niño; flash floods; floodplain; ground processes; lakes; on Mars; Paris; rivers; sea-level rise; snowmelt; storms; tidal
foehn. See Chinook
fog
forests: die-out; evapotranspiration; fires; forestry; oxygen; soil; storms; temperate-zone; tropical rain forest
fossils
Franklin, Benjamin
freezing; in clouds; seawater
fronts, weather
fusion, thermonuclear
galaxies
Galilee, Sea of. See Kinneret
Galveston hurricane
Ganges River
gases. See also greenhouse gases
general circulation: atmosphere; models; oceans
Genesis,
geo-engineering
geopolitics of water. See hydropolitics
geothermal energy
geysers
Gibraltar, Strait of
Gihon (En-Gihon) spring
glaciers
global warming; ancient; and health; sea-level rise; hydrological cycle. See also climate change; greenhouse effect
Gore, Albert
Gould, Stephen Jay
GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)
granite
Great Basin
Great Lakes
“Great Man-Made River,”
“Great Salinity Anomaly,”
Great Salt Lake
“green revolution,”
greenhouse effect:. See also global warming; infrared radiation
greenhouse gases. See also Kyoto Protocol
Greenland, Greenland Sea
groundwater; depletion; pollution; saltwater intrusion; underground saline water
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf Stream
gyres, ocean
Hadley Cell. See also general circulation
Hadley, George
hail
Halley, Edmund
halo
Harappan civilization
harmattan
Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands
heat. See energy budget; latent heat; sensible heat
heat island (urban)
Heinrich events
helium
heterotroph
Himalayas
Holocene
hotspots
Huang He (Yellow River)
Hudson River
Humboldt, Alexander von
Humboldt current. See Peru current
humidity: atmospheric; condensation; greenhouse effect. See also soil moisture
humus. See also soil
hunting and gathering
hurricanes; Andrew; El Niño; Galveston; Mitch. See also cyclones
hydroelectric power
hydrogen; isotopes; in the universe
hydrogeology
hydrological cycle; global warming; rivers. See also clouds; condensation; evaporation; infiltration; runoff
hydropolitics
hydrothermal springs
ice: in clouds; icebergs; ice cap; ice crystals; ice harvesting
—ice ages; and atmospheric CO2; ice cores; and sea level
India: agriculture; continental drift; cyclones; rivers. See also monsoon
Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)
Indonesia: agriculture; deforestation; and El Niño
Indus River; ancient civilization
industry and water
infiltration
infrared radiation:. See also energy budget; greenhouse effect
inlandsis. See ice (ice cap)
inundations. See floods
instability, atmospheric and climate
interstellar medium
iron
Irrawaddy River
irrigation
isotopes; dating
Israel
ITCZ (Intertropical convergence zone)
James Bay
Jerusalem
jet stream
Jonas, Hans
Jordan River
Jurassic
kaolinite
Karst, karstic
Kilauea
Kinneret (Lake Tiberias)
Krakatoa
Kurdistan
Kuro-shiyo
Kyoto Protocol
Labrador (Sea, current, and province)
lakes; acidity; Baikal; Chad; Finger Lakes; Geneva (Léman); Great Lakes; Great Salt Lake; Ladoga; Nasser; Nyos (Cameroon); saltwater lakes; Serre-Ponçon; Sevan (Armenia); Superior; Tanganyika; Tiberias (Kinneret); Victoria
land use and water. See also agriculture; irrigation
Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de
latent heat. See also energy budget
laterite
lava
Lavoisier, Antoine
leaching
Lena River
Libya
lightning
limestone
lithosphere. See crust
“Little Ice Age,”
loam
loess
Los Angeles
“lost colony” (Virginia)
Lyell, Charles
magnetosphere
malaria. See also mosquitoes
mammals
mantle (Earth’s)
Marne River
Mars
marshland. See wetlands
“mascaret,”
Mauna Loa
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de
meander
Mediterranean Sea; and the Nile; plate tectonics; rainfall; salinity; sounding
Medvedev, Jaurès (or Zhores)
Mekong River
Mendeleyev, Dimitri I.
metabolism
meteorite
methane (CH4)
metric system
micro-bursts
mid-ocean ridge. See also plate tectonics
Milankovitch, Milutin
Miller-Urey experiment
minerals
mineral water
Mississippi-Missouri Rivers and basin,
mist
modeling; climate; hydrochemical; meteorological (numerical weather prediction); runoff
molecules; greenhouse gases; of life; scattering solar radiation
monsoon: Asian; West African
Moon: brightness; and obliquity; and precession; tides
Mount St. Helens
mountains and precipitation
mosquitoes
Nabateans
NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation)
National Water Carrier (Israel)
Nazca plate
net primary production (NPP)
neutron
Newton, Sir Isaac
New Guinea
New York (city, state); climate and rainfall; epidemics; water supply; water pollution; wetlands
Niger River
Nile River
Niña, La; Niño, El. See El Niño
nitrates
nitrogen; in the atmosphere; C-14 production; organic molecules; nitrogen oxides
nomenclature: chemical elements; clouds
North America; ice age; relief and rivers; water availability and use
North Atlantic Oscillation. See NAO
Norwegian Sea
nuclear physics
nuclear power
oases
obliquity of the ecliptic
oceans; and CO2; currents; deep water; ice; and life; on other planets; salinity; tropical cyclones; warming; in the water cycle. See also conveyor-belt circulation; currents; sea-floor spreading; sea level; tides; tsunami; see also by name
oceanic trench. See also sea-floor spreading
Ogallala aquifer
Ohio River
oil
orbit: Earth; other planets, comets; artificial satellites (pref)
organochlorines
origin: galaxies and stars; life; solar system and Earth
oscillation. See Southern Oscillation; NAO
oued
outgassing of atmosphere and water,
oxygen; anoxic (oxygen-free) environments; atmospheric; isotopes; in organic molecules; photosynthesis; production in stars
ozone: depletion; formation; as pollutant; as ultraviolet radiation shield; in water purification
Pacific Ocean. See also El Niño; sea-floor spreading; tsunami; typhoons
paleoclimatology. See also isotopes
Paleozoic
Palestine
Palissy, Bernard
Pangaea. See also continental drift
“parasol effect.” See aerosols (and radiation); albedo; solar radiation
parhelion
Paris, France; floods; pollution; rainfall; storms; underground water; water supply
particles, elementary
peat
Pelée, Montagne
permafrost
permeability. See infiltration
Permian
Peru; cholera epidemic; Huascarán ice core; plate tectonics; rainfall; tsunamis. See also El Niño; Southern Oscillation
Peru current
pesticides
petroleum. See oil
phosphates
photochemistry
photosynthesis
phytoplankton
planets; formation; Mars; rotation; Venus
plate tectonics. See also continental drift; sea-floor spreading
Pleistocene. See also ice; ice ages
podzol
pollen
pollution:. See also acid rain—air pollution; carbon dioxide; sulfur dioxide
—water pollution; agriculture; cities; industry; thermal
population: animal; human
power plant, thermal
precautionary principle
precession of the equinoxes
precipitation; climate change; El Niño; ice balance; over land. See also acid rain; hydrological cycle; rain
prediction: climate; seasonal; seismic; weather
productivity, agricultural
proteins
proto-planets
proto-stars
proton
quartz
radar: altimeter; weather
radiation. See also energy; infrared radiation; radioactivity; solar radiation
radioactivity. See also isotopes; nuclear power
rain; monsoon; NAO; recycling; Southern Oscillation. See also acid rain; monsoon; precipitation
rain forest
rainmaking
ravines. See also erosion
reclamation (land)
recycling of water: by the atmosphere; in Earth’s mantle; by industry; by vegetation; waste water. See also hydrological cycle
red giant stars
Red Sea; Reed Sea
residence time: in the atmosphere; water in streams
respiration (prol)
Rhine River
Rio “Earth Summit,”
Rio Grande (del Norte)
rivers and streams; agriculture; erosion; international; management; and nutrients; and ocean salinity; runoff; and sea level; water accessibility. See also floods; pollution; see also by name
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Rocky Mountains
rotation: Earth; of molecules; Sun and stars. See also conservation; Coriolis force
runoff; snowmelt; soil; storm runoff; vegetation; withdrawal. See also erosion; infiltration; hydrological cycle; pollution; rivers and streams
Sahara Desert
Sahel
Saint-Lawrence River
salinity of seawater
salinization
sand
sandstone
sanitation
satellites (artificial); geostationary (GOES, Meteosat, etc.) (pref)
saturation. See also condensation; humidity
schistosomiasis
Sea of Galilee. See also Kinneret
sea-floor spreading
sea level; El Niño; future changes; past changes; storm tides
seasons; astronomical; dry versus wet. See also monsoon
sea surface temperatures
sediments, lake and sea sediment cores; river sediment load; sedimentary rocks; sequestering carbon
Seine River
seismic activity. See also earthquakes; tsunami
Senegal River
sensible heat
silicates
silicon
Siloam Pool
snow; cover and albedo; crystal structure; ice ages; infiltration and runoff; names; production. See also precipitation
“Snowball Earth,”
sodium hypochlorite. See also chlorine
soil; chemistry; topsoil and dust. See also erosion; infiltration
soil moisture
solar radiation; reflection; ultraviolet. See also albedo; ozone
solar system
sounding the oceans
South America
Southeast Anatolia Project
Southern Oscillation. See also El Niño
Soviet Union: Arctic; Franco-Soviet scientific cooperation; health; pollution; radioactivity; river diversion; waterworks
stability, instability: atmospheric; climate
stars; Pole star
stomata
storms; ENSO and NAO; and floods; prediction; runoff; satellite monitoring. See also cyclones; hurricanes
stratosphere
subduction. See continental drift; mid-ocean ridge; sea-floor spreading
sublimation
subsidence (atmospheric)
sulfur, sulfides
sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfates See also acid rain
Sun: evolution. See also solar radiation
supercells. See also storms
supercooled water
supernova
sustainable development
swamps. See wetlands
swell (ocean)
taiga
tectonics. See plate tectonics
Tibet
tides; braking of Earth’s rotation
Third World
Thoreau, Henry David
thunder. See storms
Tiberias, Lake. See Kinneret
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
tomography. See sounding
Topex-Poseidon mission
tornado
trading of water
trade winds. See also general circulation
treatment of water: drinking water;, waste water
tree rings. See dendroclimatology
transport: energy/heat; water
Triassic
trihalomethanes (THMs). See organochlorines
Tropics; in the ice age; rainy season. See also Hadley cell; El Niño
tropopause, troposphere
tsunami
tundra
Turkey
typhoons. See also cyclones
ultraviolet radiation
upwelling
Urey, Harold C.
USSR. See Soviet Union
valleys
vegetation. See also agriculture; evapotranspiration; photosynthesis
Viking Mars mission
Vikings
Virginia
volcanoes, volcanic activity
Volga River
Vostok (Antarctica)
wadi. See oued
Walden. See Thoreau
Walker, Sir Gilbert, Walker circulation
wastes; agricultural; industrial; nuclear; urban
water: accessible; drinking; Earth’s ice/water budget; fossil water; freshwater resources; legislation and standards; management; thermal expansion; water stocks; water supply systems; treaties. See also aquifer; groundwater
water cycle. See hydrological cycle
watershed
water vapor. See humidity
waves: atmospheric; ocean. See also tsunami
weather forecasting. See prediction (weather)
weather modification. See rainmaking
weathering. See also erosion
wells. See also artesian wells
Wells, Herbert George
West Nile encephalitis
wetlands
wind: in the atmosphere; and ocean currents; monsoons; and climate change; El Niño; NAO; evaporation; wind chill; storms. See also general circulation; trade winds; see also by name
—solar and stellar winds
Yangzijiang River (Yangtze Kiang). See Chang Jiang
Yellow River. See Huang He
Yellowstone River and National Park
zooplankton