CONTENTS

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PROLOGUE

PRIMING THE PUMP

THE STATES OF WATER

SOME REMARKABLE PROPERTIES

WATER’S MANY CYCLES

PART I
Water in the Universe from the Big Bang to the Appearance of Man

1. BEGINNINGS

FROM HYDROGEN TO OXYGEN, AND ALL THE REST

WATER IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

2. THE CHURNING OF THE EARTH

SAVING THE WATER AT THE BIRTH OF THE PLANETS

PRIMORDIAL WATERS—FROM INSIDE THE EARTH OR FROM OUTSIDE?

OUTGASSING AND DELUGE

A LIVING SOLID EARTH: OCEANS, SEA-FLOOR SPREADING, CONTINENTAL DRIFT, EARTHQUAKES, AND VOLCANOES

3. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE

AN EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN?

MATTER LIVING AND INERT

WHERE AND WHEN DID LIFE APPEAR?

LIFE WITHOUT THE SUN AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA

THE INVENTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND THE CONQUEST OF DRY LAND

4. CATASTROPHES

CLIMBING UP AN EVOLUTIONARY LADDER?

MASS EXTINCTIONS

THE DEMISE OF THE DINOSAURS

DEADLY IMPACT

MAN THE EXTERMINATOR

5. ICE, MOON, AND PLANETS

THE MOON, TIME, AND TIDE

THE PRECESSION OF THE EQUINOXES

THE MOON AND MILANKOVITCH

ICE ON THE MOVE

ICE IN THE TROPICS

PART II
Water in Today’s World

6. WATER AND ENERGY CYCLES

ICE BUDGETS

WATER BUDGETS: CLOUDS, RAIN, AND SNOW

WATER BUDGETS: EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION, AND LATENT HEAT

ENERGY BUDGETS AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

LATITUDES AND SEASONS

LAND AND SEA

7. WINDS, WAVES, AND CURRENTS

THE TROPICAL FURNACE AND THE HADLEY CIRCULATION

EAST WINDS, WEST WINDS, AND THE GYRATIONS OF THE OCEANS

LAND AND SEA: MONSOONS

EAST-WEST: EL NIÑO, LA NIÑA, AND THE PACIFIC BASIN

NORTH-SOUTH: THE ATLANTIC

8. WATER’S DEEP MEMORIES

THE SALT OF THE SEA

THE GREAT CONVEYOR BELT

FORESEEABLE ACCIDENTS, OR SURPRISES?

9. CLOUDS, RAIN, AND ANGRY SKIES

MAKING RAIN

STABILITY OR INSTABILITY?

FROM FAIR-WEATHER CUMULUS TO CUMULONIMBUS: CONVECTION AND PRECIPITATION

CYCLONES AND CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMS

TORNADOES

TROPICAL CYCLONES: HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS

GENTLY FALLING SNOW AND RAIN

ACID RAIN

10. EARTH’S WATER, BETWEEN SKY AND SEA

WATERSHEDS AND WATER FLOWS

VEGETATION, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, AND THE SOIL

INFILTRATION AND UNDERGROUND WATER

RUNOFF: FROM RILLS TO RIVERS

ALONG THE GREAT RIVERS

WATER ON THE CONTINENTAL SCALE

PART III
Water in Human History, Past and Future

11. WATER AND MAN’S RISE TO CIVILIZATION

OUT OF THE ICE AGE

THE NILE

WATER’S REVENGE

DRINKING WATER FOR THE CITIES

CLEAN BUT TOXIC WATER

WATER DOWN THE DRAIN

WATER FOR FOOD

LAND FOR FOOD?

MOSQUITOES AND DISEASE

WATER FOR INDUSTRY

WATER BUSINESS

NUCLEAR POWER AND WATER

12. PROBLEMS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

A NEW MILLENNIUM?

THE WATER RESOURCE

SATISFACTION OF WATER NEEDS

WATER MANAGEMENT: COOPERATION OR CONFLICT?

WATER BETWEEN ISRAEL AND THE ARABS

13. BUTTERFLIES AND HUMANS IN A WARMING GREENHOUSE

THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

GLOBAL WARMING?

THE REAL RISKS

A NEW DEAL IN WATER

14. BACK TO THE ICE AGE

THE END OF THE PLEISTOCENE?

FROM THE TWENTIETH TO THE 21ST CENTURY

FINITE AND INFINITE RESOURCES

AVOIDABLE CATASTROPHE

15. CONCLUSION—THE END OF THE STORY?

BACK TO THE BEGINNING?

NOTES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX