Index
academic fraud, 35
Academy of Social Sciences, 3
action-reaction dynamics, 109, 132–35
Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of, 249n7
agriculture, 21, 28, 33, 123, 142, 150, 154
airlines, carbon emissions of, 206
All-China Federation of Trade Unions, 147
ambassadors, 235, 279n9, 279–80n10
American Enterprise Institute, 9
anti-ballistic missiles, 134
anticorruption campaigns, 61, 98, 104
antirightist campaign, 25, 221
Anti-Secession Law (2005), 159
Ao Man Long, 227
armed forces. See military; PLA
arms control, 90–91, 101, 113, 206–7
Asian financial crisis, 108, 151, 225
Assad, President, 207
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 129, 201, 206
authority, Weber’s categories of, 62
autocratic regimes, 81
auto industry, 120
Baker, James, 214
bananas, 212
Banqiao dam (Henan), 156
Barnett, A. Doak, 116; The Making of Foreign Policy in China, 84
Barshefsky, Mrs., 120
Belgrade, bombing of Chinese embassy, 94, 117–19, 162
Berris, Jan, xi, 9, 245, interviews cited throughout text
“better red than expert” policy, 24
Biden, Joseph, 125
big-power conflict theory, 7, 8
Black Hawk helicopter, 213
blacklisting of U.S. scholars, 210
Blackman, Carolyn, 198
Bo Guagua, 98
Bo Xilai: corruption and scandal involving, 98–99, 227; personal style of, 60–61; and the Politburo Standing Committee, 6, 98, 174; removal from office, 61; wife of, 6, 98
border negotiations, 192–93
Bottelier, Pieter, 265n37
Bremmer, Ian, “J Curve,” 75
Bretton Woods system, 27, 40, 101. See also World Bank
Brezhnev, Leonid, 222
bridges, 67–68
Brinton, Crane, 5
budgetary incrementalism, 85
Bulman, David, 260n3
bureaucratic coordination, 51, 102. See also cross-system integrators
Burns, James MacGregor, 32, 61, 65–68
Bush, George Herbert Walker, 26, 178, 214
Bush, George W., 154
business-government partnerships, 55
Cambodia, 128–29
Caro, Robert A., 190
CCP. See Chinese Communist Party
Center for the National Interest (Nixon Center), 9
Central Asia, 129–30
centralization: limits of control under, 50–51; of resources, 74; of revenues with decentralized expenditures, 80, 260n3
Central Military Commission, 58, 168, 170, 173–74, 175, 185
Central Rural Work Leadership Office, 143–44
chabuduo (good enough), 48
Chai Ling, 280n15
chang hong (sing red), 98
Chapin, Dwight, 61
charismatic authority, 53, 62, 77
checks and balances, 50
Chen, Calvin, 233
Chen Liangyu, 61
Chen, Lily, 49
Chen Muhua, 129
Chen Shui-bian, 124, 158–59, 166–67
Chen Xiwen, 143–44
Chi Haotian, 209
Chiang Ching-kuo, 19, 158, 221
Chiang Kai-shek, 161
China, openness of, 240–41
China Bridge Association, 62
China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations, 73
China Labour Bulletin, 269n26
China National Offshore Oil Corporation, 177
China Water Pollution Map, 75
Chinese Communist Party (CCP): conflict within, 81–83; in the fragmented authoritarian framework, 85; International Liaison Department, 239; legitimacy of, 79, 150; membership of, 67; membership of interviewees, 237–38; preemptive accommodation and repression by, 31–32; relationship with PLA, 166–67, 228; and the second Communist-era revolution, 6; solitary leading role of, 6, 22, 24–26, 31–32, 187; survival of, 14; in Walker’s organization chart, 81, 82fig.
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, 77
Chiou Yi-jen, 167
Civil Aviation Administration, 56
Clinton, Bill: and the Belgrade bombing, 115–16, 118, 119; and China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, 120–21; example of transactional leader, 32; and most-favored-nation tariff treatment, 192
Clinton, Hillary, 125, 182, 232
CNN, 119
coal imports, 36
coal mines, 35
communist revolution, 4, 5, 14. See also second communist-era revolution
communist systems, 1950s view of, 81, 82fig.
Conable, Barber B., Jr., 67
Copenhagen Conference (2009), 200–201
corruption, 226–27; of Bo Xilai, 98–99, 227; in China’s Food and Drug Administration, 96; in the military, 171, 178; in the Ministry of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, 244; of officials, 61, 74, 108; and policy implementation, 105
Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign, 52
cross-system integrators, 85, 86, 187
cultural products, 100–101
Cultural Revolution: deaths during, 267n1; Deng’s experience of, 23, 250n18; and education of the population, 23; as a formative experience, 140; governance during, 68–69; leftist politics of, 15–16; Mao Zedong and, 62, 83, 140; and the myth of domestic unity, 83
customs revenues, 37
Dahl, Robert, 226
Dai Qing, 280n15
debate, 207–11
debt, external, 36
Declaration of Independence (U.S.), 229
deductive strategic perspective, 7
defense. See military
defense industry, 133–34, 169, 189
democracy: Chinese claims of, 216; Chinese views of, 112, 132; experiment in Shekou, 27; and the middle class, 224–26; and the need for a constitution, 226; in Taiwan, 158–59. See also Democracy Wall movement; Tiananmen demonstrations
Democracy Wall movement (1979), 21, 25, 64
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. See North Korea
Democratic Progressive Party (DPP, Taiwan), 64, 157, 158, 159, 166
Deng Pufang, 250n18
Deng Xiaoping: agricultural polices of, 21; assessments of Pol Pot, 128–29; and the CCP political monopoly, 24–26; choice of successors, 58–59, 62; conversation with Frank Press, 23–24; cooperation with World Bank, 27–28; “crossing the river by feeling for stones,” 13, 110; declaration of martial law, 63–64; devotion to family, 60; and the Diaoyu Islands, 65; economic policies of, 22, 66, 101, 250n14; emphasis on remunerative power, 21; energy policies of, 26; era of Peace and Development, 18–19; formative experiences of, 140; Four Cardinal Principles of, 25; interaction with Robert McNamara, 23, 203–4; interview with Mike Wallace, 4, 111; leadership style of, 53, 60, 64–65; meetings with Americans in the 1970s, 52–53; negotiating style of, 214–15; nonreliance on think tanks, 67; opening of China, 1, 66; ouster of, 15, 249n3; policies on education and technology, 16, 23–24; policies on the military, 19–20, 165, 180; policies on trade, 26, 26–28; policy initiatives before 1977, 247n1; political legitimacy of, 30; population policies of, 22–23, 52, 64; pragmatic approach of, 13, 20–21; praise for capitalism, 24; quoted on governance, 47; return to power in 1977, 1, 15; revolution of, 4–6, 14–15, 16, 220–21, 247–48n1; role of public opinion for, 72; Southern Tour of, 13, 66, 178; and split in the party center, 173; state-society balance under, 22; and statistical systems, 93; strategic decisions of, 16–18, 18–28, 63–64, 72; and the student exchange program, 208; suppression of Democracy Wall movement, 64; on the Taiwan issue, 64; and the Tiananmen demonstrations, 63–64, 117, 189; unfinished agenda of, 40, 43–44, 223; Vietnam policy of, 185, 250n7
Diaoyu (Senkaku) Islands, 65, 171, 212, 225
Dickson, Bruce, 224
Ding Guangen, 94
Ding Yuanzhu, 227
diplomacy, 193–94. See also negotiations
domestic politics, 109, 111–21, 136, 164, 184, 232
doufu (beancurd) construction, 154
DPP (Taiwan). See Democratic Progressive Party
DPRK. See North Korea
earthquakes, 155. See also Tangshan earthquake (1976); Wenchuan earthquake (2008)
economic changes, 33–37. See also economic growth
economic growth, 15, 67, 80, 150–51, 218. See also economic changes
economic powers, 127, 203, 264n7
economic sanctions, 123, 192, 209–10, 212
education: Deng’s policies on, 23–24; higher, 24, 74–75; inequality in, 163; of population in 1980, 16, 17; of population in 2010, 29; role in the economy, 37; study abroad, 23–24, 74–75, 210–11
Eighteenth Party Congress (2012), 98, 170, 171, 174, 226
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 165, 166
elections, 32, 50; in Taiwan, 158, 159–60
elite studies, 234
energy, 26, 36, 277n5. See also nuclear power
environmental issues, 35, 149–50, 156
environmental sustainability, 15, 80, 150
European Union, 206
exchange rate policy, 91, 105–6
experimentalism, 4, 20–21, 79, 223
exports, 35, 37, 122, 123, 212. See also foreign trade
factional conflict model, 83, 84, 261n8
Falungong, 76
Fang Yi, 208
fieldwork, 233
fifth generation, 33, 44; path forward for, 220, 223–24
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, 42
Foley, Thomas, 151
food: concerns regarding, 144, 145–46; imports, 36
Food and Drug Administration (China), 96
Foreign Affairs Offices, 186–87, 241
Foreign Ministry: archives of, 242, 248–49n11; changes in, since 1977, 113; control over external relations, 113; communication with the military, 189, 191; and the Foreign Affairs Office of the State Council, 186–87
foreign policy: action-reaction dynamics in, 132–35; Central Asia, 129–30; changes in, since the reform era, 135–36; cultural roots of, 110–11, 194; differentiated from security policy, 173; domestic economic forces shaping, 119–20; domestic politics as a driver of, 111–14, 115–16, 118–19, 136, 164; fragmented leadership of, 186–88; and global interdependence, 121–25, 136; of Mao Zedong, 127; and the military, 113–14, 171; North Korea, 130; and outside intervention, 131–32; and public opinion, 112–13, 117–19; realist views on, 131–32; situational ethics in, 110; Southeast Asia, 128–29; technology and, 133–35, 136; urbanization and, 112; U.S., 109–10. See also international affairs; negotiations; power relationships; Taiwan
foreign trade, 26–27, 37, 67, 71, 121–22. See also economic sanctions; exports; global interdependence
Four Cardinal Principles, 25
fragmented authoritarian framework, 84–86
Freedom of Information Act (U.S.), 208
Friedrich, Carl J., 81
Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster, 88, 89
fumu guan (parent officials), 49
fu qiang guojia (rich and powerful nation), 127
future, scenarios for, 2, 7, 68, 77, 136, 149, 162–64, 231–32
Fu Ying, Mme., 136
Gaddafi, Muammar, 162. See also Libya
Gaddis, John Lewis, 8
Gang of Four, 11, 21, 52, 145. See also Jiang Qing; Wang Hongwen; Yao Wenyuan; Zhang Chunqiao
Garrison’s Gorillas, 263n44
Gates, Bill, 217
Gates, Robert, 189
GDP: of China in 1980, 16, 17; comparative indicators of, in 2010, 28–29; corruption and, 227; and U.S.-China power relationship, 218
gender imbalance, 146
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 101, 102. See also World Trade Organization
Gergen, David: conversation with Qian Qichen, 127, 212; interview with Zhou Nan, 116, 210
Germany, 211–12
Gini coefficient, 38, 151, 254n61
global financial crisis, 203, 218, 225
global interdependence: and acquisition of technology, 122; and the Asian financial crisis, 108; Chinese view of, 3, 109, 164; and foreign policy, 42–43, 121–25; interdependence theory, 7; versus self-reliance, 19, 36–37, 122–23
good enough (chabuduo), 48
governance. See leadership
Goya, Francisco de, Saturn Devouring His Son, 63
“Greater China” perspective, 10–11
Great Firewall, 76
Great Leap Forward: casualties of, 267n1; Deng Xiaoping and, 22, 221, 247n1; famine of, 145, 153; Mao Zedong and, 83, 140, 166; role of public opinion during, 72
Gu Kailai (wife of Bo Xilai), 6, 98
Gu Mu, 245
Guangzhou, 13
Guangzhou Trade Fair, 197
guanxi (relationships), 194, 195
Hainan Island, 114; US-PRC military aircraft collision near, 124, 175–76
Han Dongfang, 269n26
Han Yulin, 210
Hanemann, Thilo, 40
Harbin bridge collapse, 154–55
health care, 16, 17, 29, 37, 163
Heywood, Neil, 6
Hong Kong: interviewees in, 235, 237fig.; and most-favored nation, 209–10; policy on, 116–17, 265n19; study of China from, 220
Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office, 116
Hong Xiuquan, 32
household registration, 38
Hsiao, Bi-khim, 240
Hsieh, Frank, 159
Hu Angang, 227
Hu Jintao: on corruption, 226; divided power with Jiang Zemin, 173, 174, 228; era of, 223; formative experiences of, 140; leadership style of, 64–65, 68, 188; and the military, 170, 183, 185, 189, 274n66; negotiating style of, 215; as Politburo Standing Committee member, 59, 173; relinquished chairmanship of CMC, 174; response to disasters, 154; on the role of the president, 187; and the SARS crisis, 30–31; as successor to Jiang Zemin, 58, 59, 62, 114; Taiwan policy, 159–60; and the US-PRC military aircraft collision over Hainan, 175; view of the world, 108–9
Hua Guofeng, 15, 16, 58, 203, 249n4
Hugo, Victor, 161
hukou (household registration), 38
“humane authority” (ren zheng), 50, 57
human rights, 112, 129, 209, 212
human subjects, 242–43
ideological persuasion, 21, 214
Ikle, Fred, 198
Indonesia, 162
inductive, data-driven perspective, 7, 8
industry: auto, 120; defense, 133–34, 169, 189; and GDP, 34; oil, 26, 177, 251n29; petrochemical, 149, 156; pharmaceutical, 34, 96
inequality, 14, 38, 151–52, 163
inflation, 151–52
information: access to, 93–95; management of, 3, 96–97; market value of, 100–101. See also Internet
infrastructure projects, 154–55, 163
Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, 75
Institute of Space Law, 133
intellectual property rights, 35, 187
intellectuals, 139
interdependence theory, 7. See also global interdependence
interest rates, 37
international affairs, 228–31. See also foreign policy; global interdependence; power relationships
International Civil Aviation Organization, 206
International Monetary Fund, 101
Internet, 3, 53, 75–76, 93–94, 100. See also social media
interviews: access to the archive, 242–43; characteristics of respondents, 234–40, 237fig., 238fig.; conventions for quotations from, 11; conversational technique in, 234, 245–46; data set of, 9–11, 234–35; ethnographic tradition of, 233–34; language of, 10, 244, 245; preparation for, 243–46; recording of, 243; as reflection of increased openness, 240–41; responsibility of the interviewer, 242–43, 280n19; sources of, 248n11; time span of, 240–41
Jackson, Henry M., 198
Japan: and China-U.S. relations, 199–200, 211–12; economic relations with China, 212; economy of, 19; in the international system, 229, 230; and middle-class nationalism, 225, 231; oil imports from China, 26, 251n29
Jefferson, Thomas, 42
Jiang Qing, 226
Jiang Zemin: on being bullied, 161; and the Belgrade bombing, 94, 119; briefing of, before his 1997 U.S. trip, 123–24, 125; as chairman of the Central Military Commission, 173–74; and China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, 120–21; choice of successor, 58; divided power with Hu Jintao, 173, 174, 228; and domestic forces shaping foreign policy, 114–15; era of, 223; foreign policy advisor of, 186; formative experiences of, 47, 140; greeting to American visitors, 205–6; on the information revolution, 93; “Jiang’s Eight Points,” 115; leadership style of, 32, 60, 65, 66–68; and Lee Teng-hui’s visit to the United States, 114–15; and the military, 165, 181, 185, 186, 188; and natural disasters, 153, 155; negotiating style of, 215; praise for, 1; rise of, 280n15; sidelined in 2003, 31; as successor to Deng Xiaoping, 59, 62; Taiwan policy of, 126, 159, 185; trip to the United States in 1981, 184; and the US-PRC military aircraft collision over Hainan, 175
Johnson, Lyndon, 190
Johnson-Reiser, Sabine, 36
June Fourth incident. See Tiananmen demonstrations (1989)
Kazakhstan, 130
Kennan, George, 8
Kennedy, John F., 190
Khmer Rouge, 128
Khrushchev, Nikita, 123
Kim Jong-Il, 194
King, Martin Luther, 163
Kissinger, Henry, 61, 93, 111–12, 181, 194
Kong, Bo, 87
Korea. See North Korea; South Korea
Kuomintang (KMT), 14, 64, 159, 166, 193
Kursk, sinking of, 154
Labor Contract Law of 2008, 147
Lai Shin-yuan, 240
land, appropriation of, 143–44
laojia (ancestral home), 143
Lardy, Nicholas, 90
leaders: age of, 61; boat as metaphor for, 58; Chinese and Western views of, 59; Chinese people’s expectations of, 162; concerns of, 141, 146, 150–52; corporate, 236, 239, 279–80n10; fifth-generation, 33, 44, 220, 223–24; future behavior of, 2; gender of, 240; legitimacy of, 50, 64, 161; means of decision making, 86; and the military, 166, 171, 172, 175–76, 183–85, 185–86; military experience of, 168, 184; “missteps” of, 140, 141, 267n1; of NGOs, 239, 280n16; ranking and status of, 237–38, 279–80n10; roles of, 49–50, 57, 187; types of, 32–33, 53, 64–65; view of, in Taiwan, 57–58; weakening of, 2, 3, 8, 40, 55–56, 76, 112. See also leadership; power wielders; transactional leaders; transformational leaders
leadership: Burns’s view of, 65–68; in Chinese political philosophy, 49, 57–59; continuities and discontinuities in, 47–51; defined, 3, 57; diversity and evolution of, 3, 52–54, 59–61, 62; sources on, 233; styles of, 60–61, 68, 188; Weber’s view of, 62–65
Leading Party Group (State Council), 102–3
Leading Small Group on Foreign Affairs, 114, 264n13
leading small groups (lingdao xiaozu), 70, 85, 89, 91, 173, 188
Lee Teng-hui, 114–15, 124, 158, 159, 178
Legalism, 57
Lehman Brothers, collapse of, 125, 203, 218, 264n7
Lenin, Vladimir, 219
Lewinsky, Monica, 118
Li, Cheng, 33, 63, 234, 240, 280n14, 280n18
Li Daoyu, 115
Li Hongzhang, 209
Li Juqian, 133
Li Lanqing, 70–71, 204; Breaking Through, 27
Li Peng: as chairman of the Leading Small Group on Foreign Affairs, 114; on cooperation with World Bank, 252n34; and declaration of martial law in 1989, 63–64; and electric power, 113; on most-favored-nation treatment for China, 192; negotiating style of, 215; personal style of, 61; on public opinion, 112–13; on revolution, 219; sought advice from Foreign Affairs Office of the State Council, 186–87
Li Shenzhi, 13
Li Xiannian, 49, 132, 145, 161
Li Yuanchao, 37
Li Ziliu, 13
Liang Guanglie, 280n13
Libya, 41, 42, 131–32, 162, 213
Lieberthal, Kenneth, 84
Lindblom, Charles, 226
lingdao xiaozu (small leading groups), 70
linkage, 211–14
Liu Huaqiu, 186
Liu, Mingxing, 234
Liu Yandong, 240
local government: funding strategies of, 80, 260n3; revenues for, 143; strengthening of, 54–55
Lu Hsiu-lien (Annette Lu), 240
lunar bases, 135
Mallory, Tabitha, 54
manmade disasters, 156, 164. See also natural disasters
Mansfield, Mike, 110
Mao Zedong: assertion of authority, 4, 62, 83; and China-Soviet relations, 123; choice of successor, 58; compared with Deng Xiaoping, 21, 221; corruption under, 226; emphasis on self-reliance, 19, 26; failure to show compassion, 30, 60; foreign policy of, 127; “missteps” of, 140, 267n1; negotiations with foreigners, 194; and ouster of Deng Xiaoping, 15, 249n3; and the PLA, 83, 166; and policy making, 106; political legitimacy of, 30; portraits of, 1; as power wielder, 65–66; praise for, 1; relations with Zhou Enlai, 256n11; revolution of, 4; role of public opinion for, 72; as transformational leader, 32, 65–66; view on population, 144–45
maodun (contradiction), 133
maritime conflicts, 7, 65, 73, 129, 161–62, 206, 212. See also South China Sea
market economy, 22, 33, 34, 83, 97, 101
“masses,” ideology of, 68–69, 72
“mass incidents,” 143–44, 147, 149–50, 184, 273n52
mass media. See Internet; media; social media
material incentives, 21–22, 121
McChrystal, Stanley, 188
McNamara, Robert: on Deng’s leadership, 28; discussions with Deng Xiaoping, 23, 27–28, 203–4; discussions with the PLA, 177, 179; and the war in Vietnam, 204
Mearsheimer, John, 7
media, 56, 93–95, 98, 141, 156. See also Internet; social media
Mertha, Andrew, 86
middle class: as an empowered social force, 93, 225; growth of, 15, 38, 224–26, 254n58; and the issue of Taiwan, 224–25
military: alignment of interests with industry, 177, 189; budget and expenditures of, 19–20, 172, 177–83, 184, 190, 272n35; in China compared to the United States, 165; civilian control over, 166, 185–89, 172–75, 191, 227–28; civilian view of, 183–85; corruption in, 171, 178; and factionalism, 173; and foreign policy, 103–4, 114, 171; and misinformation, 175–76; modernization of, 40, 41, 167–68, 181, 183; in policy-making structure, 170–71; professionalization of, 168–70; relationship with Communist Party, 166–67, 172–75, 189, 228; relationship with leaders, 165; retired officers, 171, 190; role in politics, 168, 171, 172; support for Bo Xilai in, 174–75; in Taiwan, 166–67; and U.S. rebalancing, 191. See also Central Military Commission; military-industrial complex; PLA (People’s Liberation Army)
Military Affairs Commission, 180. See also Central Military Commission
military-industrial complex, 165, 166, 170, 189, 227–28
Minhang District (Shanghai), 71, 75
Ministry of Agriculture, 123
Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), 90, 91, 102–3
Ministry of Culture, 100
Ministry of Education, 88
Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 88, 105. See also State Environmental Protection Agency
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 54, 103–4
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, 90, 165. See also Ministry of Commerce
Ministry of Information Technology, 88
Ministry of National Defense, 181
Ministry of Public Health, 88
Ministry of Public Security, 88
Ministry of Radio and Television, 100
Ministry of Railroads, 92
Ministry of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, 244
minzu fuxin (national revitalization), 50
Minzhu Qiang (Democracy Wall movement, 1979), 21, 25, 64
misinformation, 175–76
most-favored-nation status, 192, 209–10, 212
mozhe shitou guo he (crossing the river by feeling for stones), 13, 110
multilateral organizations, 84, 135, 206, 232
mushou (local governors), 49
mushrooms, export of, 122
National Committee on United States–China Relations, 9, 26
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), 85, 88, 89, 105
National Energy Agency (NEA), 88, 89
nationalism. See popular nationalism
national narratives, 160–61
National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA), 35, 88, 105
National People’s Congress (NPC), 6, 77, 89, 121, 180, 261n18
national revitalization (minzu fuxin), 50
National Security Council, 187, 188
National Unification Council (Taiwan), 159
nation-states, behavior of, 7
NATO: bombing of Chinese embassy in Belgrade, 94, 117–19, 162; intervention in Libya, 132
natural disasters, 30, 153–57, 164. See also manmade disasters
Naughton, Barry, 35
Needham, Joseph, 194, 263–64n3
negotiations: arena for, 205–7; argumentation style, 207–11; change and continuity in, 217; China’s leverage in, 196–97, 218, 225; Chinese and U.S. use of words in, 215; Chinese approach to, 194–98; Deng Xiaoping’s two-fisted style of, 214–15, 217; discrediting of American scholar in, 216; and increased pluralism, 197–98; linkage tactic in, 211–14; moral matrix in, 199–201; power relationships and, 201–5, 217–18; preparation for, 198–99; and the relationship between parties, 195; tools of, 193, 214–17; and traditional Chinese statecraft, 194, 199, 201; use of multilateral organizations in, 206
networks, 194–95. See also guanxi (relationships)
NGOs, 39, 75, 239, 280n16. See also social organizations
Niu Xinchun, 73
Nixon Center (Center for the National Interest), 9
Normal Trade Relations. See most-favored-nation status
North Korea: China’s foreign policy toward, 130, 194, 211; mentioned, 203, 204; nuclear weapons program, 196, 202
NPC. See National People’s Congress
nuclear power, 87, 88, 89, 276n36. See also atomic energy law
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S.), 87
nuclear weapons, 123, 133, 134; program in North Korea, 196
Obama, Barack, 142, 182; administration of, 135
obesity, 144
“old friends,” 195
Olympic Games (2008), 73, 264n7
one-child policy: Deng Xiaoping and, 28, 64, 145; effects of, 39, 146; origins of, 23; steps to change, 146–47
One China Principle, 206, 207, 215
One China, Two Systems, 159, 207
Pakistan, 130
Patten, Chris, 117
Peace and Development, era of, 18–19, 83
Peace Ark, 183
Pearson, Margaret, 224
peasants, displacement of, 142–43
Pei, Minxin, 227
peitong (minders), 241
Peng Dehuai, 166
People’s Bank of China, 91
Perry, Bill, 181
petrochemical industry, 149, 156
Pew Global Attitudes Project, 132
pharmaceutical industry, 34, 96
Philippines, 212
Pickering, Thomas, 118
Pi Lin, Pi Kong (Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius) campaign, 52
PLA (People’s Liberation Army): branches of, 168–69, 185; Bulletin of Activities (Gongzuo Tongxun), 145; under Mao, 83, 166; navy of, 168, 177, 183; off-the-books revenues of, 177, 181–82, 183, 191; personnel, 169–70, 178, 183; and popular nationalism, 170, 172, 190–91; privations of, during the Great Leap Forward, 145; technology and weapons, 169, 189, 213, 274n66; and the Wenchuan earthquake, 95. See also military
Plato, The Republic of, 220–21
pluralism: economic, 89–91; of leadership and society, 8, 53–55, 76, 92; and the fragmented authoritarian framework, 86; as leadership challenge, 77, 222; and negotiations with China, 197–98; present in all sectors, 70–71; untethered, 3, 55, 55fig.
policy making: and access to information, 95–96; actors in, 80; change in, 79, 97; complexity of, 80–81, 106–7; in the Mao era, 106; necessity for continued reform, 79–80; and policy implementation, 104–6
Politburo members, 61. See also Politburo Standing Committee
Politburo Standing Committee: Bo Xilai and, 6, 174; composition of, in 2012, 98; composition of, in 2013, 223; as a cross-system integrator, 85, 187; and exchange rate policy, 91; lines of communication in, 186; military representation on, 189, 227; role in policy making, 89, 187–88; women members of, 240
political legitimacy, 30–31, 77. See also leaders, legitimacy of
political rectification movements, 52
political reform, 6, 62, 76–77, 216, 221–23
political rights, 59
pollution: air, 222, 277n1; in the countryside, 143–44; and economic growth, 150; water, 75, 156
Pol Pot, 128–29
Poly-technologies, 54
popular nationalism: and foreign policy, 136; and the growth of the middle class, 225–26; PLA and, 119, 170, 172, 190–91; rise of, 117, 160. See also public opinion
population: aging of, 39, 145, 146, 149; Deng Xiaoping’s polices on, 22–23, 144–45; gender ratio in, 146; leaders’ concern with, 144–45; Mao’s policies on, 23, 144–45; per capita income, 144–45; urban, 16, 17, 29
power: coercive and soft, 21, 214–15; distribution of, 126–28
power projection, 40–42
power relationships, 201–5
preemptive accommodation, 31–32
Press, Frank, 23–24
principles, compared with policies and proposals, 207
private sector: growth of, 87; investment in, 34: relations with public sector, 90–91, 101–2, 103, 198; reporting by, 97; share of output, 33–34, 74
public disturbances, 184, 273n52. See also “mass incidents”
public opinion: as assertive nationalism, 117–19; and the availability of information, 100, 117; as basis of legitimacy, 30; as constraint on Chinese leaders, 209; for Deng Xiaoping, 72; and foreign policy, 73–74, 112–13, 118–19; leaders’ concern with, 106, 141; leaders’ use of, 119; for Mao Zedong, 72; in the new millennium, 72–74; polls of, 72–73; and Taiwan policy, 160. See also popular nationalism
public security, 88, 144, 164, 239
pure private firms, 33–34. See also private sector
Putin, Vladimir, 154
Qian Qichen: advised Jiang Zemin, 186–87; on the balance of power, 126–27; on economic sanctions, 210, 212; on governance in East Asia, 49; and UN Resolution 678, 213–14; and the US-PRC military aircraft collision over Hainan, 175
qie kuai (cut up the lump), 85
Qin Benli, 280n15
R & D, 54
real estate industry, 143
“rebalancing” policy, 73, 182, 183, 191, 211
Red Army, 166. See also PLA (People’s Liberation Army)
reform, necessity for ongoing, 6, 79–80
reform-based legitimacy, 222
reform era, 4, 247n1. See also second communist-era revolution
refugees, Cambodian, 129
regulatory agencies, 34–35
relationships. See guanxi (relationships); power relationships
religion, 132
Ren Xiao, 230
ren zheng (humane authority), 50
research methodologies, 233–34
resources, 74–76. See also human resources
responsive authoritarianism, 31, 70, 223
retired military officers, 171, 190
revolution: defined, 4–5; following the death of Mao Zedong, 4–5; of 1911, 3; second communist-era, 14–15, 16, 220–21, 247n1
RMA (revolution in military affairs), 181
roads, 163
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 32
Rosen, Daniel, 40
rule of law, 50
Russia, border negotiations with, 192–93. See also Soviet Union
SAIS (School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University), 9
satellites, 103, 133, 134, 189
Scalapino, Robert, 234
Schlesinger, James, 130
science and technology, 16, 54, 132, 133–35. See also PLA, technology and weapons
second communist-era revolution: dates of, 14, 247n1; outcomes of, 14–15; path forward for, 220–21; policies of, 16
Seignious, Ambassador, 215
self-reliance (zili gengsheng), 19, 26, 35–36, 122–23. See also global interdependence
Selznick, Philip, TVA and the Grass Roots by, 234
Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands, 65, 171, 212, 225
service sector, 34
sha ji jing hou (kill the chicken to scare the monkey), 57
Shakespeare, William, As You Like It, 59
Shambaugh, David, 168
Shan, Wei, 234
Shanghai Communiqué (1972), 215
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 130
Shanghai-Hangzhou High-Speed Rail, 92–93, 106
shehui tuanti (social organizations), 39–40, 54, 56, 75
Shekou, 27
Shenzhen, 27
Shih, Victor, 234
Shimantan dam (Henan), collapse of, 156
Shirk, Susan, 52
Simon, Herbert, “satisficing,” 48
Sinopec, 149
situational ethics, 110, 195, 200
skyscrapers, 56
small leading groups. See leading small groups
social media, 30, 31, 53, 99, 156. See also Internet
social organizations (shehui tuanti), 39–40, 54, 56, 75
social safety net , 6, 37, 146, 190
societal changes, 37–40. See also middle class
Solinger, Dorothy, 280n19
Solomon, Richard, 198
Song Jian, 151
Songhua River benzene spill, 156
South China Sea, 114, 129, 161, 176, 192–93, 206. See also maritime conflicts
Southeast Asia, 10, 128–29. See also Association of Southeast Asian Nations; Vietnam
Soviet Union: and big-power conflict theory, 8; decline of, 127; grain exports to, 212; influence in Vietnam, 129; invasion of Afghanistan, 249n7; relations with China, 19, 111, 123, 127, 128, 200, 230; reliance on, in the 1950s, 35–36; revolution in, 219; system responsiveness in, 222–23; and U.S.-China relations, 202–3. See also Russia
soy, 36
space program, 41, 67, 135, 170
special economic zones, 27, 113
Stalin, Joseph, 219
State Administration of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense, 88, 170
State Council: Foreign Affairs Office of, 186–87; Legislative Affairs Office of, 89; reorganizations of, 89, 261n18
statecraft, 193–94. See also negotiations
State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), 156. See also Ministry of Environmental Protection
State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation, 89
State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, 170
state-owned enterprises (SOEs): and China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, 120–21; and economic sanctions, 210; investment in, 33–34; lack of clarity in, 89–90; resistance to competition, 80; transition from, 53, 67, 149
State Planning Commission, 78, 85
state regulation, 31
State Scientific and Technological Commission, 208
statistical systems, 84, 93, 97
status categories of leaders, 237–38, 238fig.
stealth aircraft, 103, 169, 189, 274n66
strategic materials, 212
student exchange programs. See study abroad
study abroad, 74–75, 208, 210–11
submarines, 134
succession, 58–59, 62–63, 114, 189–90, 221–22
Sun Chunlan, 240
Sun Liping, 273n52
Sun Zhe, 134
superpowers, 43, 111, 194, 230
Swaine, Michael, 118
taikonauts, 41
Taiwan: Chinese policy on, 115, 131, 157–59, 209; and cross-strait flights, 215–16; cross-Strait Chinese national identity, 157–58; dating system of, 216; democratization in, 19, 158–59; Deng’s views on, 64; economy of, 19; elections in, 158, 159–60; gender of leaders in, 240; independence movement, 124, 131, 158, 178; interviews in, 234–35, 235–38, 235fig., 236fig., 237fig., 238fig., 239–40, 239fig.; as issue in U.S.-China relations, 157, 158; Jiang Zemin on, 126; military in, 166–67; military view of, 165; and multilaterial organizations, 206; negotiations on, 192–93, 197, 202; and power projection, 41; and the rise of a PRC middle class, 224–25; U.S. weapon sales to, 75, 178, 211, 218. See also One China Principle; One China, Two Systems
Taiwan Affairs Leading Small Group, 188
Tangshan earthquake (1976), 94–95, 153
technology. See science and technology
technology-driven change. See action-reaction dynamics
television, 93–94, 100, 112, 119
Tenth Party Congress (Third Plenary Session, 1977), 15
textile industry, 71
think tanks, 60, 63, 67, 84, 97
Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee (1978), 5, 247n1
third sector. See social organizations
Three Represents, 67
Tiananmen demonstrations (1989): and China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, 120; and the defense budget, 178; and democracy in Taiwan, 158; Deng’s use of coercion during, 21, 25, 117, 173, 221; and Hong Kong, 116; and inflation, 151; and the legitimacy of the Communist Party, 79; and the rise of Jiang Zemin, 114; role of the military in, 189; U.S. reprisals for, 209–10, 213, 214
Tiananmen incident (1976), 247n1
Tiangong space station, 170
town and village enterprises (TVEs), 210
transactional leaders, 32, 33, 40, 44, 53, 67, 68
transformational leaders, 32, 43, 65–66
transportation, 239–40
Treaty of Shimonoseki, 209
Truman, President, 157
Tsai Ing-wen, 240
Tsai, Lily, 234
Tu, Kevin, 36
Twelfth Five-Year Plan, 150–51
Twelfth National People’s Congress (2013), 89, 261n18
“two centers” problem, 172–73, 189, 228
two whatevers, 58
Typhoon Morakot, 154
United Nations, 131, 135, 206–7, 231. See also UN Resolution 678
United States: air reconnaissance along China’s coast, 176; bombing of Chinese embassy in Belgrade, 94, 117–19, 162; and China’s exchange rate, 91, 125; and China’s “I won’t be bullied” reaction, 161, 162, 164; Chinese views of, 132, 225, 229, 277n5; credit rating of, 125; “decline” of , 196, 202–3, 225, 229, 277n5; foreign policy of, 109–10; ideological and cultural institutions, 132; intelligence community, 188; military sales to Beijing, 213; rebalancing policy to Asia, 73, 182, 183, 191, 211; relationship of military to government, 190; as threat to China, 128, 134; weapon sales to Taiwan, 75, 178, 211, 218; weapons of, 178, 179. See also U.S.-China relations
UN Resolution 678, 213–14
untethered pluralization, 3, 55, 55fig.
urbanization, 15, 38, 76, 112, 142, 222
U.S.-China relations: action-reaction dynamics in, 132–35; and the Belgrade bombing, 117–19, 162; consensus building and, 115–16; during the Deng Xiaoping era, 19, 111; future of, 136, 231–32; and the global system, 124–26, 229–31; in the Hu Jintao era, 124–25; Iran and, 208–9; Jiang Zemin and, 123–24, 125; normalization of, 202; North Korea and, 196, 202, 275n20; and the PLA budget, 182; power relationships and, 196–97, 217–18; Soviet Union and, 127–28, 202–3; and space initiatives, 135; succession and, 114; Taiwan issue, 115, 157, 158, 178, 182, 202, 275n20; and the US-PRC military aircraft collision over Hainan, 175. See also diplomacy; negotiations
U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue (S & ED), 135
U.S. dollar, 125
Vietnam: China’s foreign policy toward, 128–29, 185; “defensive counterattack” of 1979, 250n7; Japan and, 200; mentioned, 192, 203, 204; and South China Sea claims, 206; U.S. war in, 19
wages, 21–22
Walker, Richard L., organization chart of the PRC system, 81, 82fig., 95
Walmart, 147
Wan Li, 151
Wanda Group, 56
Wang Daohan, 57, 61, 66, 78, 186
Wang Hongwen, 58
Wang Huning, 267n1
Wang Lijun, 99
Wang Shaoguang, 227
Wang Wei, 175
Wang Xuebing, 108
wang dao (kingly way), 57
War and Revolution, era of, 18–19, 83
water, 150
weapons: antisatellite, 133, 134, 189; exports of, to Iran, 208–9; and the military budget, 178; nuclear, 123, 133, 134, 196, 202; sales of, to Taiwan, 75, 178, 211, 218; and technological competition, 133–34, 178, 179. See also PLA, technology and weapons
Wei Jingsheng, 25
Weibo, 99. See also social media
Wen Jiabao: concern with masses, 50–51, 141; dreams of, 163; on economic issues, 151; on inequality, 163; leadership style of, 60, 68; mentioned, 89; on political reform, 62; response to disasters, 154; on rural problems, 142; and the SARS crisis, 31; used boat metaphor for leaders, 58; used data to respond to assertions, 97; and the Wenchuan earthquake, 95
Wenchuan earthquake (2008), 30, 95, 153, 155, 213
Westinghouse-Toshiba, 89, 276n36
Whac-A-Mole, governing China compared to, 50
Whyte, Martin, Myth of the Social Volcano, 38
Wildavsky, Aaron, 85
Woodcock, Leonard, 154
workers, 67, 147–49. See also unemployment
workplace safety, 35
World Bank: China’s role in, 40, 43; Deng’s engagement with, 27–28, 101, 203; initiative to modernize PRC educational institutions, 24; lessons from, 252n34; loans to China, 36. See also McNamara, Robert
World Trade Organization: Doha Round, 213; membership in, 35, 67, 101; negotiations over China’s entry, 102, 120–21, 203; rules of, 78
Wu Lengxi, 100
Wu Yi, 102–3
Xi Jinping: control of the military, 228; on corruption, 226; and Deng’s policies on trade, 27; and the Diaoyu Islands, 65, 171; dream for China, 163–64; experiences in local government, 140; foreign policy of, 128, 185; formative experiences of, 140, 145–46; luncheon remarks at U.S. Department of State, 219; military experience of, 168; path forward for, 26, 220, 222, 223; selection of, 62–63, 221–22; short pieces written by, 267n4
Xi Zhongxun, 27
Xiamen Chemical Plant protests, 100
Xiao Rong, 60
xietao (coordination), 51
Xinhua News Agency, Hong Kong branch, 116, 117
Xu Jiatun, 116–17
Yan Xuetong, 199
Yanbian Autonomous Zhou, 130
Yang Liwei, 170
Yang Shangkun, 27
yang min (feeding the people), 36, 48
Yangmingyuan, 161
Yangzi River: flooding of, 153; management and planning, 280n11
Yangzi River Planning Authority, 150
Yankelovich, Daniel, 237
Yao Yilin, 48
Yeo, George, 201
Yi Fuxian, 39
Yin Fanglong, 175
Yingtai Island (Zhongnanhai), 205
Yost, Charles, 58
“you never know” attitude, 154
Young, Kenneth, 198
Yu Qingtai, 201
Yugoslavia, 204
Zhan Jiang, 99
Zhang Guobao, 89
Zhang Tuosheng, 118
Zhang Wenjin, 215
Zhang Wenkang, 31
Zhang Xiyuan, 60
Zhangzhou City (Fujian), 122
Zhao Ziyang: as data-driven leader, 60; formative experiences of, 140; improved statistical and reporting systems, 93, 97; interviews with, 11; mentioned regarding Taiwan, 64; replaced Hua Guofeng, 249n4; as successor to Deng Xiaoping, 58; and the Tiananmen demonstrations, 63, 117, 189; on US-PRC relations, 128
Zheng Yanxiong, 56
Zhongnanhai, 205
Zhou Enlai: death of, 15, 247n1; discussions with Kissinger, 61, 111–12; on Japan, 200; on leadership, 58; on negotiations with the Kuomintang, 193; 1971 meeting with, 11, 69; relations with Mao, 256n11; on Taiwan, 157; on US-PRC relations, 127–28; watched by leftist critics, 11, 52, 69
Zhou Peiyuan, 53
Zhu Rongji: on agriculture, 154; and China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, 119–21; on inflation, 151; leadership style of, 60; major concerns of, 139, 184; on the military, 184; Taiwan policy of, 159; used data to respond to assertions, 97; and workers, 67, 148
zili gengsheng. See self-reliance