A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
A virus strain, 37, 38, 65, 104, 122, 154, 165
aconite, 17
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 157
African Americans, 124
age
and vaccinations, 155–56, 157, 158, 162, 163
See also children; elderly
Agriculture Department, U.S., 93
airlines: and economic effects of influenza, 174–75
Alaska
and collecting/reporting data, 102–3
1918 pandemic in, 55
1992 epidemic in, 102–3
samples of 1918 virus strain in, 80, 86–88, 90–91, 179
Almond, Douglas, 168
Andrews, Christopher, 121–22
antibiotics
bacterial pneumonia and, 68–69
creation of, 180
and death, 69
ineffectiveness of, 26–27
as medical treatment, 26–27
misconceptions about, 26
and 1957 pandemic, 68
and stockpiles, 131
as treatment for bacterial infections, 36, 183
as treatment for influenza, 2, 4, 180
antibodies, 40
antiviral medications
CDC guidelines for, 145
controversy about, 147–48, 180
and economic effects of influenza, 171
effectiveness for flu of, 7
and fairness issues, 140–41
as financial success, 141
and forecasting flu outbreaks, 104
Frieden comments about, 145–46
and HIV, 171
and immunity of scientists, 93
increase in sales of, 138
and preparation for future outbreaks, 180
stockpiles of, 131, 138, 147, 180
as treatment for influenza, 180
Arctic. See Alaska
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), 82–85, 89, 93
Army Medical Museum (Washington, D.C.), 84
Asian influenza (1957), 67–68, 69, 70, 181. See also Hong Kong
Athens, Greece: plague of 430 BCE in, 30–31
Atlanta, Georgia: hypothetical flu pandemic in, 128–29
Autumn Reddinger (flu patient), 1–5, 179
avian flu
and Bush approach to outbreaks, 138
and collecting/reporting data, 117
Flu Trackers reporting of, 116
lobbying about, 170
and mixing of virus strains, 38–39
and 1957 pandemic, 67
and 1968 pandemic, 69
1997 Hong Kong outbreak of, 6, 39, 136
prevalence of, 182
proteins and, 94
in Southeast Asia, 116
and Taubenberger work concerning 1918 virus strain, 84
treatment for, 18
2004 and 2005 outbreak of, 137, 138–39
University of Wisconsin study of, 97
vaccines for, 138
See also 2009, pandemic of; chickens
Bacillus influenza, 35–36
bacteria, 34–36, 64, 123, 153. See also bacterial infections; bacterial pneumonia
bacterial infections
and characteristics of influenza, 31
and sample of 1918 virus strain, 92
treatment for, 183
bacterial pneumonia, 68–69, 83, 94, 158, 165
balms: as treatment for flu, 16
BARDA (Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority), 132
Barry, John, 80
BBC, 139
bedrest, 19, 21, 47, 99–100, 160
Big Bang theory, 122
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), 132
Biotechnolgy Research in an Age of Terrorism (National Academies of Science), 95–96
birds, 38–39, 59. See also avian flu; chickens; poultry; specific outbreak
bloodletting, 5, 10–12, 27, 32, 180
Boston Globe, 140
Boston, Massachusetts
influenza epidemic in, 33
Ropes & Gray Tamiflu activities in, 140–41
Boston Street Bump app, 105, 113
breathing tubes, 26
Britain
advice about flu in, 160, 161–62
avian flu scare in, 139
epidemics/pandemics in, 17–18, 33–34, 44, 45, 47, 57, 67–68, 69
flu season of 2014–15 in, 165
influenza research in, 64
and sunspot theory, 122
and Tamiflu controversy, 143–44
vaccinations in, 152, 156, 158, 159, 161–62
and vitamin D theory, 123–24, 125
See also London, England
British Medical Journal, 18, 49, 57, 79, 144, 146
bubonic plague, 62
Bush, George W., 137–38, 139, 170
business: effects of health care on, 165–77
C virus strain, 37
California: and collecting/reporting data, 101
calomel, 13
camel milk, 6
Camp Devens (Massachusetts), 49–51, 153
Camp Dodge (Iowa), 51
Camp Funston (Kansas), 44, 47, 51
Camp Upton (New York State), 51
camphorated oil, 16
carbon monoxide, 23
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control
cells, 36, 39–40. See also type of cell
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
antiviral medications guidelines of, 145
and collecting/reporting data, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107–9, 114, 115, 116, 117
and forecasting the flu, 103
and Fort Dix outbreak, 70, 71, 72
funding for, 171
and GBS cases, 74
Gupta visit to, 113
and Hong Kong outbreak (1968), 80
humidity theory and, 126
and Nelson studies of health care workers, 107–8
and Ropes & Gray Tamiflu prescriptions, 140
and samples of 1918 virus strain, 90, 93, 96
Shaman forecasting model and, 128
and stockpile of emergency medicines, 131, 133, 134, 147
Tamiflu controversy and, 144, 145–46, 147
and 2009 pandemic, 77, 79, 140
and vaccines/vaccinations, 74, 75, 155, 156, 157, 159–60, 162
See also National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Strategic National Stockpile
chemotherapy, 22
chest X-rays, 2, 25. See also lung X-rays
Chicago, Illinois: public health officials meeting (1918) in, 61–63, 76
chicken cholera, 152
chickens
and cultivation of flu virus, 65
Egyptian outbreak and, 115–16, 117
and 1968 pandemic, 69
and vaccine development, 69, 154
See also avian flu
children
and collecting/reporting data, 102
and complications of influenza, 160
1957 pandemic and, 68
and syncytial virus, 101–2
2009 pandemic and, 76
and vaccines, 155, 156, 158, 162, 163
chlorine, 18
“circling the drain,” 3
climate
relationship between influenza and, 89
See also humidity; seasonality; weather
Clinton, Bill, 82
Cochrane Collaborative, 137, 139–45, 146, 147, 159
codeine, 16
cold water: as medical treatment, 9
collective memory, 184–85
computer viruses, 36
confusion. See delirium/confusion
Copeland, Royal, 62
cost
of Autumn’s medical bills, 5
and economic effects of health care, 166
of laboratory tests, 100, 102, 158–59
and preparation for future outbreaks, 181
and vaccinations, 161–62
See also funding
cough
and collecting/reporting data, 101
and 1918 pandemic, 94
and questions of ER doctors, 99
and spread of influenza, 61
as symptom of influenza, 9, 21, 30, 31, 32, 99, 101, 159, 160
treatment for, 16
cowpox, 152
Crick, Francis, 65
Cronkite, Walter, 74
Crosby, Alfred, 36
Cue Corporation, 172–74
Customs and Border Protection, U.S., 134
cyanosis, 25–26
data
collecting/reporting of, 100–117
false alarms from, 103
and first computerized flu tracking system, 106
and forecasting the flu, 103–6
from health professionals and laboratories, 100–110
importance of monitoring, 106
limitations of, 102–3, 109–10, 117
patients as source of, 110–17
from pharmacies, 110–11
as reactionary, 109–10
state requirements about, 100–101
death
and antibiotics, 69
and cost of vaccines, 161
cross-country comparisons of, 158, 161
and definition of influenza, 158
and definition of pandemic, 79
and economic effects of influenza, 166–67, 168
of emergency room patients, 26
and fever medications, 24
and flu as serial killer, 6
and modern influenza, 60
and optimism and pessimism about future pandemic, 183
overdosing on aspirin and, 13–14
ranking of diseases by number of, 177
and Super Bowl study, 175–76
and vaccines/vaccinations, 75
See also specific plague, outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic
Defense Department, U.S., 132
dehydration. See hydration/dehydration; intravenous fluids
delirium/confusion, 1, 5, 13, 144
detection kits, home flu, 172–73
Detroit, Michigan: 1918 pandemic and, 62
diagnosis, flu
of Autumn, 2
and collecting/reporting data, 101
and emergency rooms, 22–23
Google questions about, 103
and questions of ER doctors, 99
doctors. See medical professionals/providers
Donaldson, Liam, 139
Doshi, Peter, 146–47
drug companies. See pharmaceutical industry/pharmacies
drugs. See medications; specific drug
“dual use” information, 95–96
ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), 2–4
economic issues
elderly and, 165–66
and influenza, 165–77
Edel, Harold, 168–69
“effervescent magnesia,” 13
Egypt: influenza in, 115–16, 117
1831, outbreak of, 32
1833, outbreak of, 32
1889, pandemic of, 33–34
1890, pandemic of, 19
1898, epidemic of, 61
elderly
and bacterial pneumonia, 68–69
and complications of influenza, 160
deaths among, 74, 156, 165–66, 175–76
and economic effects of health care, 165–66
and home flu detecting kits, 174
1918 pandemic and, 48
and Super Bowl study, 175–76
susceptibility of, 21
and Tamiflu, 145
2009 pandemic and, 77
vaccinations for, 74, 155–56, 158, 162, 163
and vitamin D theory, 124, 125
electron microscope: invention of, 65
emergency medications
cost of, 131
stockpiles of, 131–49
See also specific medication
Emergency Medicine News, 149
emergency rooms
and collecting/reporting data, 101, 112
and forecasting influenza, 119–20, 127
and full moon effect, 119
and laboratory tests, 102
management of, 129
questions of doctors in, 99
2009 pandemic and, 79
and vaccinations, 157
England. See Britain
ensemble forecasting, 127
epidemics
definition of, 32
pandemics distinguished from, 32–34
“slow rollout” of, 171
and sunlight, 123
See also specific epidemic
epinephrine, 3
Equitable Life Assurance Society, 166
eucalyptus leaves, 14
Europe
2014–15 flu season in, 165
vaccinations in, 158
See also specific nation
European Parliamentary Assembly, 143–44
European Scientific Working Group on Influenza (ESWI), 136
European Union, 137
Fairbanks, Alaska. See Alaska
Fairbanks, Douglas, 52
Falmouth, England: flu epidemic in, 17–18
fermentation, 34–35
fever
cause of, 102
and collecting/reporting data, 101
and diagnosing flu, 2
and immune system, 24
and questions of ER doctors, 99
and spread of influenza, 24
as symptom of influenza, 5, 9, 21, 30–31, 41, 99, 101, 159
and Tamiflu, 147
treatment for, 13, 15, 16, 21, 23–24, 99–100
financial sector: and economic effects of health care, 165–66
Florida: collecting/reporting data in, 101
flu. See influenza; specific topic
FluTrackers.com, 113–17
Flynn, Paul, 143–44
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S., 72, 77, 147, 148, 155
forecasting
of stock market, 106–8
forecasting of influenza
accuracy of, 104–5
benefits of, 129
and collecting/reporting data, 103–10
economics/stock market predictions and, 106–8
ensemble, 127
and Google Flu Trends, 103, 104–5, 106, 110, 113
and National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 108–9
Nelson’s work about, 106–8
and seasonality of influenza, 120–30
small scale versus large scale, 32–33
sunspot theory and, 122–23
and temperature, 130
vitamin D theory and, 123–25
formalin, 154
Fort Dix (New Jersey), 51, 70–75
France, 44, 45, 47, 56, 69, 89
Frieden, Tom, 145–46
full moon effect, 119
funding
and Bush approach to outbreaks, 138
See also cost
funerals: and economic effects of influenza, 168
“gain of function” studies, 96–98
Galen, 11
genetic code
and human detection of pathogens, 39
See also specific virus strain
George Washington University Hospital: and vaccinations, 157
German troops: 1918 pandemic and, 56
Germany: vaccinations in, 156
Gilead, 141
GlaxoSmithKline, 144
Global Seed Vault (Longyearbyen), 91
Google Flu Trends, 103, 104–5, 106, 110, 113
grippe. See influenza
Grove, Edwin Wiley, 15
Grove’s Tasteless Chill Tonic, 15
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 74, 75
guinea pigs: humidity experiments on, 125–26
Gupta, Sanjay, 113
H1N1 virus strain
in Autumn, 3
and Fort Dix outbreak (1976), 71, 140
and Influenza A/South Carolina/1/18, 84
and 2009 pandemic, 3, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 140
H3 protein, 70
H3 virus strains, 155
H5N1 virus strain, 96–97, 115–16, 136
HA (hemagglutinin) protein, 37, 84, 85, 94
Haemophilus influenzae, 36
Hale, Peter, 97
Hale, Roger, 86
hallucinations. See delirium/confusion
Hayashi, Keiji, 141–42
Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of
and FluTrackers, 115
funding for, 171
and Kennedy recommendations, 96
Pandemic Influenza Plan of, 180–81
stockpiles at, 132–34
and Tamiflu controversy, 147
health care
and business, 165–77
lobbying about, 169–71
U.S. approach to, 162–63
See also specific topic
health care professionals/providers
and collecting/reporting data, 100–110
and forecasting influenza, 127
Nelson’s studies of, 107–8
1918 pandemic and, 52
and Tamiflu controversy, 144
vaccinations for, 157
as volunteers in medical experiments, 64
See also type of professional or provider
helper T cells, 40
hemagglutinin. See HA
herpes viruses, 37
Herrick, James, 18–20
Hilleman, Maurice, 69
Hippocrates, 31
HIV (immunodeficiency virus), 21, 36–37, 170–71
Hoffman–La Roche. See Roche
home flu detection kits, 172–73
Homeland Security, U.S. Department of, 132–33
Hong Kong
1957 pandemic in, 65, 67–68, 69, 70, 181
1997 avian flu in, 6, 39, 135, 136, 138
Honigsbaum, Mark, 58
Hopkirk, Arthur, 12–13, 14, 15–16, 18, 20
hospitals
and collecting/reporting data, 100
and forecasting flu, 128–29
management of, 129
and 1918 pandemic, 128
and preparation for future outbreaks, 180
and questions of ER doctors, 99
See also emergency rooms; intensive care units
Hoyle, Fred, 122–23
Hultin, Johan, 85, 86–89, 90–91, 98
human interaction
as cause/origin of influenza, 34
and economic effects of influenza, 167, 168–69, 175–76
and optimism and pessimism about future pandemic, 183
and seasonality of influenza, 121–22
and spread of influenza, 62, 138, 181, 182, 183
See also isolation
hydration/dehydration
as compromising immune system, 22
as medical treatment, 19, 21, 26
and overdosing on aspirin, 13
as symptom of influenza, 5, 22, 31
and treatment for influenza, 24–25, 99–100, 160
See also intravenous fluids
ILI (influenza-like illness)
and collecting/reporting data, 101, 109, 111, 112
and laboratory tests, 102
medications for, 111
treatment for, 100
and vaccinations, 158
immune system
as compromised, 21–22
as defense against pathogens, 39–40
and fevers, 24
and 1957 pandemic, 67
and reproduction of viruses, 38, 39–41
and scientists’ immunity from 1918 virus strain, 93
Tamiflu and, 145
and vaccines/vaccinations, 40, 129–30, 155–56
vitamin D theory and, 123–25
Indonesia: 1918 pandemic in, 44
“indoor contagion theory,” 121
influenza
cause/origins of, 30, 33–34, 35–36, 63–64, 179
collective memory about, 184–85
complications of, 160
as dangerous foe, 7
economic effects of, 165–77
first record of epidemic of, 31
first use of word, 30
in future, 179–85
inadequacy of reactions to, 80
as “jolly rant,” 32
knowledge about, 7, 63, 80, 179–80, 184–85
miracle drug for, 149
number of viruses for, 37
prevalence of, 6
and ranking of diseases by death, 177
as self-limiting (cures itself), 19, 20
as serial killer, 5–6
as tricky and mysterious, 161
as virus shape-shifter, 40–41
See also specific topic
Influenza: Its History, Nature, Cause and Treatment (Hopkirk), 12–13, 16
Influenza A/South Carolina/1/18 (H1N1), 84
influenza-like illness. See ILI
insurance companies, 166–67
intensive care units
and Atlanta’s hypothetical pandemic, 128
and cost of vaccines, 161
and hospital management, 129
and overreaction approach in U.S., 163
and treatment for influenza, 26, 180
interferons: and 1918 virus, 58
Interior Department, U.S., 133
Iowa Flu Prediction Market, 107–8
isolation: as medical treatment, 19, 21
Japan, 58, 63, 64–65, 124, 156
Jefferson, Tom, 143
Jesuits’ powder, 15
Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI), British, 161–62
“jolly rant,” influenza as, 32
Journal of the American Medical Association, 16, 120
Kansas: 1918 pandemic in, 43–44, 45, 47
Kennedy, Donald, 96
Khan, Ali, 102–3
Kilbourne, Edwin, 71–72, 75–76
knowledge about flu virus
and ignorance about 1918 pandemic, 63
and inadequacies of reactions to outbreaks, 80
and influenza in future, 179–80, 184–85
and lessons from 1918, 7
laboratories, clinical/public health: and collecting/reporting data, 108–9
Latin America: spread of flu in, 182
Lear, Tobias, 10
Leary, Timothy, 153
Leavitt, Michael, 96
Liberty bond parade (New York City), 52
Liberty bond parade (Philadelphia), 52–53
life expectancy, 60
life insurance business, 166–67
life support machines, 131
lobbyists, 169–71
London, England, 31–32, 62, 123
See also Britain
Longyearbyen
Global Seed Vault at, 91
Lucy (1918 flu victim), 90–91
lung X-rays, 25. See also chest X-rays
malaria: treatment for, 14–15
Maloy, Bernard, 17
mammals: viruses in, 38–39
Marshall, Barry, 64
Maryland, collecting/reporting data in, 111–13
masks, face
and spread of influenza, 76
masks, oxygen, 25–26
Mayo Clinic: Rosenow studies at, 153
McMaster University (Canada): fever study at, 24
McOscar, J., 57
media
and collecting/reporting data, 115
dissemination of information about pandemics by, 115–16, 117
and 1918 pandemic, 44–45, 56–58
and 1957 pandemic, 69
and optimism and pessimism about future pandemic, 181, 184
and 2005 outbreak, 138–39
and 2009 pandemic, 78, 80, 140
and 2012 epidemic, 105
and 2018 “pandemic,” 110
and vaccines/vaccinations, 74–75, 78
See also social media; specific organization or website
medical professionals/providers. See health care professionals/providers; type of professional or provider
medical research. See research; specific study or researcher
medications
and collecting/reporting data, 110–11
disclosures about, 146
and economic effects of influenza, 166
emergency, 131–49
expiration of, 131–32
and miracle drug for influenza, 149
need for development of effective flu, 180
and preventing spread of influenza, 130
and treatment of flu, 99–100, 111
and 2009 pandemic, 77
See also pharmaceutical industry/pharmacies; Strategic National Stockpile; vaccines/vaccinations; specific medication
melanin, 124
memorial to 1918 pandemic, 185
Mercy Hospital (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania): Autumn at, 2–4
MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), 6
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 166
Mexico: and pandemic of 2009, 76
military
and Fort Dix outbreak (1975–76), 70–71
1918 pandemic and, 44, 45, 46–51, 52, 56, 57, 59, 120
1968 pandemic and, 69
vaccinations in, 75
See also specific military or branch of military
milk of magnesia, 16
milkmaids, 152
Morris, Evan, 169–70
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
guinea pig–cold air research at, 125–26
and resurrection of 1918 virus, 93
Mukherjee, Siddhartha, 6
Multiparty Group for Advice on Science, 145
Murray, Holt, 2–4
mustard plaster, 16
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 122, 133
National Academies of Science: and dual-use debate, 95–96
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (CDC), 108–9
National Health Service, British, 160, 165
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Bush (George W.) speech at, 137–38
funding for, 171
funding of influenza research by, 172
and guidelines for virus research, 98
and HIV research, 170–71
and samples of 1918 virus, 81–85, 90, 96
National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB), 96
Native Americans: 1918 pandemic and, 55
Nature: Hoyle letter to, 122
Nelson, Forrest, 106–8
Neumann, Hans, 72–73
neuraminidase inhibitors
approvals for, 147
clinical trials of, 136–37
Cochrane report about, 137
controversy about, 135–36, 141–49
discovery/development of, 135
function of, 134–35
limitations of, 143
pharmaceutical industry and, 136
and prevention of flu, 137
and spread of influenza, 134–35
stockpiles of, 141
WHO report about, 136
See also peramivir; Tamiflu; zanamivir
neuraminidase (NA) protein, 37–38
neutrophils, 94
New Jersey Department of Health, 70
New Orleans, Louisiana, 33
New York City
and collecting/reporting data, 111
and economic effects of influenza, 167, 168–69
influenza epidemic in, 33
Liberty bond parade in, 52
1918 pandemic in, 62
spread of flu in, 182
2009 pandemic in, 76
2012 epidemic and, 105
New York Post, 74
New York Times
and Duncan’s recovery of 1918 victims, 91
and epidemic/pandemic definition, 32
and Fort Dix virus (1975–76), 71
Neumann letter in, 72
and 1957 pandemic, 69
and Stoecker Super Bowl study, 176
and vaccination program in 1970s, 74
Newsweek, 74–75
Nigeria: 1918 pandemic in, 44
1918, pandemic of
and antigenic shifts, 41
as avian flu, 94
bacterial infections and, 58
and bloodletting, 12
and Chicago meeting, 61–63, 76
collective memory about, 184–85
and cyanosis, 26
deaths during, 5, 13–14, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58–63, 70, 94, 120
economic effects of, 166–69, 174, 177
first wave of, 43–45, 46–49, 75, 102
and forecasting of influenza, 120
and Fort Dix outbreak (1975–76), 70, 71, 75
gathering samples of virus strain for, 81–93
and genetic code, 56
Herrick advice about, 19
hospitals in, 128
and immunity, 61
importance of lessons from, 7
and inevitability of future pandemics, 182–84
knowledge about, 7, 179–80, 181
lessons learned from, 65
long-lasting effects of, 168, 177
medical discoveries following, 63–65
and medical professionals, 52
memorial to, 185
military and, 44, 45, 46–51, 52, 56, 57, 59, 120
Miner’s role in, 43
1957 pandemic compared with, 68–69
Philadelphia and, 51–55
“placarding” during, 62
plague of 430 BCE compared with, 31
preparation for next, 180
public health policy and, 62–63
repeat in future of, 181–85
spread of, 43–45, 46–49, 51, 52–55, 59–60, 61, 182, 183
treatment during, 5, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 47, 180
2009 pandemic compared with, 77
as unique occurrence, 183
unsolved mystery of, 59
and vaccines, 163
virus strains in, 39, 41, 58–63
war against, 55–63
and warnings about influenza outbreak, 43
World War I and, 41, 44, 45, 46–51, 52, 56, 57, 59
1957, pandemic of (Hong Kong), 65, 67–70, 181
1968, pandemic of avian flu in, 69–70, 80, 181
1975–76, epidemic of swine flu in, 70–75, 140, 162
1992, Fairbanks epidemic of, 102–3
1997, avian flu outbreak of (Hong Kong), 6, 39, 135, 136, 138
nitric acid, 17–18
Norway: 1918 pandemic in, 44
Obama, Barack, 77–78
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), HHS, 171, 172
onions: as medical treatment, 17
orange peels: as medical treatment, 17
orthomyxoviruses, 37
oseltamivir. See Tamiflu
oxygen, 25–26, 58. See also ECMO
Pandemic Influenza Plan, HHS, 180–81
pandemics
A virus as responsible for, 37
and antigenic shifts, 40–41
and Bush approach to outbreaks, 138, 170
characteristics of 20th-century, 68
definition of, 32, 79–80, 122–23
and economic effects of health care, 166, 170, 171–72
epidemics distinguished from, 32–34
inevitability of future, 182–84
media dissemination about, 115–16, 117
preparation for, 116–17
realist views about future, 184–85
and sunspot theory, 122–23
and Tamiflu, 144
See also specific pandemic or topic
Parsons, Henry, 33–34
Pasteur, Louis, 30, 34–35, 152–53
pasteurization, 34–35
pathogens: detection of, 39–40
Pfeiffer, Richard, 35
Pfeiffer’s bacillus, 35–36
phagocytes, 39
pharmaceutical industry/pharmacies
data from, 110–11
and economic effects of influenza, 168
and Tamiflu controversy, 144
and 2009 pandemic, 79
and WHO neuraminidase report, 136
phenolphthalein, 16
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Phipps, James (Jenner patient), 152
“placarding”: and 1918 pandemic, 62
plague of 430 BCE, 30–31
pneumonia
acute viral, 83
and African Americans, 124
bloodletting and, 12
collecting/reporting data about, 117
diagnosis of, 25
1918 pandemic and, 47, 50, 51, 58
1957 pandemic and, 68
and ranking of diseases by death, 177
and side effects of vaccinations, 72
treatment for, 4, 12, 14, 17, 27
and treatment for influenza, 25, 26
See also bacterial pneumonia
poison gases. See toxic gases; specific gas
Pollard, Andrew, 161–62
poultry, 182. See also chickens
Predict the Influenza Season Challenge (CDC), 128
predictability of flu. See forecasting of influenza
pregnancy: and vaccines, 162, 163
preparation for outbreaks
and economic effects of influenza, 171–72
funding for, 171–72
and influenza in future, 179, 180–85
and lack of understanding about influenza, 181
Pandemic Influenza Plan (HHS) and, 180–81
and spread of influenza, 182
Tamiflu and, 138–39
See also stockpiles
Presbyterian Hospital, University of Pennsylvania: Autumn at, 4
presidents, U.S.: vaccinations of, 73, 77–78, 138
prevention of flu
and neuraminidase inhibitors, 137
See also vaccines/vaccinations
Price, George, 61–63
protective suits, 131
protein
and avian flu, 94
cytokine storm as overabundance of, 94
and Hong Kong flu, 70
and influenza virus, 37–38, 40–41
and 1918 virus, 58
WHO report about, 136
See also specific protein
public health officials/agencies
Chicago meeting (1918) of, 61–63, 76
coordination among, 62–63
and optimism and pessimism about future pandemic, 184
and Shaman forecasting theory, 129
public health policy, 1918 pandemic and, 62–63
public reactions
and “fluphobia,” 153
to vaccinations in 1970s, 74–75
“purulent bronchitis,” 11
rabies, 152–53
ranking of diseases by death, 177
Rapivab. See peramivir
realism: and pandemics in future, 184–85
Reddinger, Autumn. See Autumn
Rennard, Stephen, 10
research
and economics of influenza, 172–74
following 1918 pandemic, 63–65
and future pandemics, 185
and “gain of function” studies, 96–98
guidelines of 2017 for, 97–98
and immunity of researchers from 1918 virus strain, 93
and negative drug studies, 142
publication of, 142
as security risk, 97–98
and self-experimenting by researchers, 64
See also specific discovery or researcher
respirators, 180
response to virus
and influenza in future, 179
and need for effective drug, 180
retroviruses, 37
RNA, 37
Roche, 90, 137, 141, 143, 144, 145, 169, 170
Roche Canada, 139
Ropes & Gray: Tamiflu and, 140–41
Rosenow, Edward, 153
Roy (influenza patient), 50
Royal College of Physicians, 57
Royal London Hospital, 92
runny nose, 21, 101, 102, 103, 159
Russia/Soviet Union, 33, 124, 154
Sabin, Albert, 73
San Francisco, California, 55, 153
Sanders, Sharon, 113–17
scientists. See research; specific person
seasonality of influenza
and forecasting of flu, 120–30
and humidity, 125–29
reasons for, 121–29
and sunspot theory, 122–23
and vitamin D theory, 123–25
seizures: and side effects of Tamiflu, 144
Sencer, David, 75
Senegal: 1918 pandemic and, 44, 58
7-dehydrocholesterol, 123, 124
1730, outbreak of, 32
1732, outbreak of, 32
shingles, 162
Shoulder Arms (movie), 168–69
sick wards:1918 pandemic and, 46–47
Sierra Leone: 1918 pandemic and, 47–48
smoking: and treatment for influenza, 25
social media, 78–79
socioeconomic class, 167
South Africa: 1918 pandemic and, 44
Soviet Union. See Russia/Soviet Union
Spain
flu outbreak in, 41
1918 pandemic and, 13, 41, 44, 45, 58
and overdosing on aspirin, 13
spitting on streets, 53–54
spontaneous generation, 35
spread of influenza
and economic effects of influenza, 167, 174–76
and human interaction, 62, 138, 181, 182, 183
Japanese study about, 63
and optimism and pessimism about future pandemic, 183
and preparation for future outbreaks, 182
prevention of, 130
and 2009 pandemic, 76–77
St. Louis, Missouri: flu epidemic in, 33
staphylococcus, 58
Stern, Heinrich, 12
steroids, 22
stock market: forecasting of, 106–8
stockpiles
of antiviral medications, 131, 138, 147, 180
and Bush approach to outbreaks, 138
cost of, 132
and economic effects of health care, 166, 170
of emergency medicines, 131–49
and federal response to influenza, 132–34
funding for, 133
and lobbying, 170
maintaining of, 131–32
of neuraminidase inhibitors, 141
and preparation for future outbreaks, 180, 181
and preventing spread of influenza, 130
prices of, 133
of Tamiflu, 136, 139, 141, 145, 149, 166
of vaccines, 131, 132, 133–34, 138, 162, 180
Stoecker, Charles, 175–76
Stony Brook University: and polio virus, 95
Strand Theatre (New York City), 168–69
Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), 77, 131–32, 170, 180
streptococcus, 58
sun. See sunspot theory; vitamin D
sunspot theory, 122–23
Super Bowl, 175–76
superviruses: creation of, 97
Supply Service Center (Perry Point, Maryland), 132–34
surgery: and influenza, 4
surgical equipment: stockpiles of, 131
Svalbard archipelago, 89, 90, 91
sweats: as symptom of flu, 99, 101
swine flu
and Taubenberger work concerning 1918 virus strain, 84
vaccination against, 71–75
See also 1975–76, epidemic of swine flu in; 2009, swine flu pandemic of
Sydenham, Thomas, 32
symptoms, influenza
of Autumn, 1–4
beginning of, 38
CDC description of, 159
and chicken soup, 9
and collecting/reporting data, 101, 112–13
and diagnosis of flu, 99
and emergency room treatment, 22
Herrick advice about treatment of, 20
and ignorance about influenza, 63
and 1918 pandemic, 41
and plague of 430 BCE, 30–31
and questions of ER doctors, 99
self-reporting of, 112–13
See also specific symptom
syncytial virus, 101–2
Talmud, 11
Tamiflu
and bacterial infections, 146–47, 148
and children, 135–36, 137, 138
claims about, 137
Cochrane report about, 139
controversy about, 135–36, 141–49
disclosures about, 146–47, 148
and economic effects of influenza, 166, 170
and elderly, 145
fairness issues and, 140–41
as financial success, 141
and immune system, 145
increase in sales of, 138–39
limitations of, 139–40, 141–49
lobbying about, 170
and 1918 virus strain, 148
packaging insert for, 146–47
pandemics and, 144
and preparation for potential outbreaks, 138–39
Roche as manufacturer of, 137
side effects of, 135–36, 144–45
stockpiling of, 136, 139, 141, 145, 149, 166, 170
viruses resistant to, 139–40, 141
Taubenberger, Jeff, 81, 82–85, 89–90, 91–92, 98
temperature, body, 21, 22. See also fever
temperature, weather, 125–26, 130
terrorism, 95–96
tests, laboratory
and collecting/reporting data, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109
and economic effects of influenza, 172–74
and emergency room procedures, 102
and forecasting influenza, 127
and home flu detection kits, 172–73
and influenza-like illness, 158–59
and questions of ER doctors, 99
and treatment for flu, 100, 102
for vitamin D, 173
See also blood tests
Thailand: avian flu in, 182
Theory and Practice of Bloodletting (Stern), 12
Thornton, William, 11
Thucydides, 30–31
Times of London: and 1918 pandemic, 57
toxic gases, 5, 17–18, 27. See also specific gas
treatments: for pneumonia, 4, 14
treatments, influenza
advances in, 20–27
British recommendations about, 160
and collecting/reporting data, 102, 108–9
development of, 180
limitations to, 136
medications as, 99–100
and questions of ER doctors, 99
See also type of treatment
tropics, 120–21
tuberculosis, 133
Tufts College Medical School: Leary studies at, 153
2003 avian flu outbreak, 138
2004–2005 avian flu outbreak, 137, 138–39
2009, swine flu pandemic of
and antigenic shifts, 41
deaths during, 76–77, 78, 79, 110
and definition of pandemic, 79–80
and H1N1 virus strain, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 134, 140
home influenza testing during, 173
lasting side effects of, 78
and medications, 77
1918 pandemic compared with, 77
and optimism and pessimism about future pandemic, 183, 184
origin of, 76
overestimation of severity of, 183, 184
spread of, 76–77
as swine flu strain, 3, 32, 41, 76–77, 134, 140
and vaccines/vaccinations, 77–78
2012, epidemic of, 104, 105, 127–28
2014–15 flu season, 165
2016 flu season, 154
2018, “pandemic” of, 110
Twitter, 78–79
ultrasound, 3
undertakers, 168
United Kingdom. See Britain
University of Wisconsin: avian flu study at, 97
urotropine, 16
vaccines/vaccinations
backlash against, 72–73
and CDC, 74, 75, 155, 156, 157, 159–60, 162
and collecting/reporting data, 106, 117
data about number of, 117
and deaths, 75
and “dual use” information, 95
history of, 151–53
importance of, 75
massive program of, 72–75
production of, 117
public reactions to, 74–75
side effects of, 72–73
and stockpiles, 106, 131, 132, 133–34, 138
testing of, 65
timing of, 129–30
updating of, 40
and WHO neuraminidase report, 136
See also specific disease
vaccines/vaccinations, flu
and age, 155–56, 157, 158, 162, 163
for avian flu, 138
as best prevention, 160
bivalent-quadrivalent, 154
CDC recommendations about, 157
and children, 155, 156, 158, 162, 163
cost of, 161–62
creation of, 180
and cultivation of influenza virus, 65
debate about, 157–63
and demographics, 155–56
and economic effects of influenza, 171
effectiveness of, 151, 155, 159, 162, 163, 165, 181
and “fluphobia,” 153
and Fort Dix outbreak (1975–76), 71–75, 76
H1N1, 134
hunt for, 151–63
and identification of flu virus, 154
and immune systems, 155–56
and “inactive” viruses, 154
key to good, 154–55
Leary development of, 153
manufacturing of, 154–55
1918 pandemic and, 153
1957 pandemic and, 69
and preparation for future outbreaks, 180, 181
recipe for, 154–56
Rosenow development of, 153
and samples of 1918 virus strain, 87
and Shaman forecasting theory, 129–30
stockpiles of, 131, 132, 133–34, 138, 162, 180
for swine flu, 71–75
as treatment for flu, 7
universal, 163
updating of, 151
and “vaccination for all” program, 157–63
Valleron, Alain-Jacques, 106
varicella vaccine, 162
Vaughan, Roscoe (influenza victim), 58, 83–85, 89–90
ventilators, 128–29
Veratrum viride, 17
Victor, Karen, 141
Vietnam War, 69
Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section. See National Institutes of Health
virus, flu
evolution of, 183
knowledge about, 179–80, 184–85
need for development of effective drug that destroys, 180
and optimism and pessimism about future pandemic, 183
and preparation for next pandemic, 179, 180–85
reproduction of, 183
response to, 180
See also specific strain
virus strain, 1918
and Alaska samples, 86–88, 90–91, 179
and antigenic shift, 41
“dual use” information about, 95–96
Duncan work concerning, 89–90
funding for studies of, 97–98
gathering samples of, 80, 81–93
genetic code for, 7, 56, 80, 83–85, 92–93, 98, 179
Hultin work concerning, 85, 86–88, 89, 90–91, 98
as mix of bird and mammalian strains, 38–39
Palese study of, 148
reasons for lethality of, 58–63
resurrection of, 93–98, 148, 179, 180
Royal London Hospital samples of, 92
scientists immunity from, 98
as single strain virus, 92
Taubenberger work concerning, 81, 82–85, 89–90, 91–92, 98
virus strains, influenza
cultivation of, 64–65
depiction of, 37–38
and genetics, 65
identification and classification of, 65, 154
“inactive,” 154
and neuraminidase inhibitors, 134–35
picture of, 65
See also specific strain
virus/viruses
and bacteria, 34–36
cells distinguished from, 36
characteristics of, 36–37
computer, 36
funding for research about, 97, 98
guidelines for research on, 97–98
history of, 29–41
new strains of, 38–39
number of, 37
origin of, 29
purpose of, 36
reproduction/copying of, 29, 30, 36, 37–41
shifts in, 40–41
spreading of, 24
types of, 37
See also specific virus
vomiting, 15, 17, 22, 101, 135–36, 144
Wall Street Journal: Morris story in, 170
War Department, U.S., 47
Ward, Andrew, 166
Washington, George, 10–11
Watson, James D., 65
weather
as cause of pandemics, 33–34
and forecasting of flu, 120–30
and Super Bowl study, 176
whiskey, 16
Wilson, Woodrow, 46
wine, 57
World Health Organization (WHO)
and collecting/reporting data, 114, 115, 116, 117
and definition of pandemic, 79
and Hong Kong 1968 outbreak, 80
and Hong Kong 1997 outbreak, 136
neuraminidase inhibitor report from, 136
and Tamiflu controversy, 143–44
2009 pandemic and, 76, 79, 80, 140
and vaccines, 155
World War I
bloodletting during, 11–12
chlorine gas in, 18
1918 pandemic and, 41, 44, 45, 46–51, 52, 56, 57, 59, 183
Yamanouchi, T., 63
yeast, 34–35
Zika, 181