Individuals are briefly identified, except the most famous people and authors in this book, whose biographies appear at the start of their chapters and at 635.
A
Acquittals. See also Rule 98bis Decision on the Motion to Acquit (2004)
on command responsibility indictments, 289
of Gotovina and Markač, 211
of Krajišnik, 340
of Krstić, 476
of Perišić, 72, 341, 343, 362, 468, 476–477, 482
Adjudicated facts, 143
Ad litem judges, 40
Adžić, Blagoje (JNA commander), 207, 361
Agani, Fehmi (aide to Rugova), 222, 223
Ahmeti, Sevdije (cofounder Kosovar Center for Protection of Women and Children), 246
Ahtisaari, Martti (Finnish President), 29
Albania, refugees from Kosovo in, 81–82
Albanians, formation of ethno-national community, 4–5. See also Kosovar Albanians
Albright, Madeleine (US Sec’y State), 95–96, 102
Amici curiae. See also specific individuals
funding for, 170
Milošević’s resistance to, 178
Rule 98bis procedure and, 139, 332
self-representation and, 162, 177
Anoya, Evelyn, 154, 158, 174–179
Anti-bureaucratic revolutions, 15, 50
Appeals Chamber (ICTY)
acquittals of Gotovina and Markač, 211
on “common purpose” doctrine, 138
in ICTY structure, 40
on JCE charges, 37
on joinder of Milošević indictments, 107, 115–116, 118–119, 124, 126, 131, 134, 138, 154
on Rule 98bis standard of review, 327
on self-representation, 161, 177
Appeals Division (Office of Prosecutor), 41
ARBiH (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), 185, 471
Arbour, Louise (ICTY Chief Prosecutor)
appointment of, 41
indictment drafting and, 89–90, 383
Kosovo investigation and, 54, 78, 79, 81, 85, 102–103, 108
NATO investigation requested by, 26
Argentina, truth commission in, 253
Arkan (Željko Ražnjatović) (Serb paramilitary leader, ICTY indictee), 365, 375
Arkan’s Tigers, 23, 365, 375, 471
Armatta, Judith, 280, 314, 437
Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine (ARBiH, Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina), 185, 471
Army of Republika Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS)
Milošević’s control over, 23, 84, 360
Perišić trial and, 479
Rule 98bis Decision on, 336
Sarajevo siege and, 20
Srebrenica genocide and, 463, 475
Army of the Serbian Krajina (Srpska Vojska Krajine, SVK), 18, 84, 209, 475, 479
Army of Yugoslavia (Vojska Jugoslavije, VJ)
JCE charge in indictment and, 108
Milošević’s control over, 51, 63, 83, 86, 342–343, 356–357
Perišić’s control over, 478
Rule 98bis Decision on, 336
in Serbia, 137
SVK supported by, 341
weapon use controlled by, 361
Arnaut, Damir (Bosniak presidency legal advisor), 197
Ashdown, Paddy (UK politician, High Representative in Bosnia), 240, 266
Askin, Kelly Dawn, 150
Assembly of Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 19
Assigned Counsel, 168, 170, 172, 177
Association of Defense Counsel Practicing before the ICTY, 42
Austria, Habsburg monarchy, 5
Authoritative narrative theory, 193, 295–315, 317
AVNOJ (Antifašističko vijeće narodnog oslobodođenja Jugoslavije, Anti-Fascist Council for the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia), 11
B
Babić, Milan (RSK leader, ICTY indictee)
cooperation with Prosecution, 137
in JCE, 338
plea agreement by, 340–341, 469
as witness, 151, 208, 212, 336
Bachmann, Klaus, 260, 281–282, 284, 285
Badinter Arbitration Commission, 19, 334
Bakalli, Mahmut (Kosovar Albanian leader), 217–218, 222–223, 230, 235–237, 256
Baker, James (US Sec’y State), 95
Balkan Wars (1912 & 1913), 6
Al-Bashir, Omar (President of Sudan), 447
Bassiouni, Cherif, 34, 92, 261, 381
Beara, Ljubiša (Bosnian Serb, ICTY indictee), 193
Behrami, Ajmane (Kosovar trial witness), 218
Bela Crkva (Alb: Bellacerka), 88
Belgrade Center for Human Rights, 393
Bellacerka (Serb: Bela Crkva), 88
Berisha, Hysni (Kosovar trial witness), 218, 232
Bieber, Florian, 127, 187, 194, 218, 272, 349, 419, 436–438, 482
Bijeljina, genocide evidence in, 335, 336
Biserko, Sonja (Serb human rights activist), 394, 395, 404, 413
Blaškić, Tihomir (Croatian general, ICTY indictee), 28
Blewitt, Graham (ICTY Deputy Prosecutor), 85
B-92 television station, 394, 402–403, 421, 422, 431
Boas, Gideon, 106, 124–125, 128, 133, 138, 153, 155, 303, 314, 320, 328, 332, 339
Bogdanovic, Radmilo (Serbian Minister of Internal Affairs), 353
Bonomy, Iain (ICTY judge), 71, 165, 324
Borković, Branko (Croatian commander at Vukovar), 210
Bosanski Novi, genocide evidence in, 335, 336
Bosanskohercegovačka patriotska stranka (Bosnian Patriotic Party), 190
Bosnia. See also Bosnia indictment; Bosnian Genocide case (ICJ)
Commission of Experts investigation in, 97
domestic war crimes prosecutions in, 32
history of, 6
JNA actions in, 84
Milošević indicted for crimes in, 56
Milošević’s diplomatic strategy for, 371–374
nationalists in, 16–17, 184, 196–197
political environment in, 186, 196–199, 200–202
postwar political developments in, 28–29
religious tolerance and syncretism in, 7, 9
Bosnia indictment and trial phase
evidence from other cases introduced in, 72
genocide charge included in, 152
JCE members identified in, 338
Rule 98bis Decision on, 335–337
scope of charges, 61
Bosniak-Croat Federation, 186
Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims)
Bosnia’s independence and, 20
dissolution of Yugoslavia and, 16–17
ethnic cleansing campaigns and, 22
formation of ethno-national community of, 4
linguistic identities of, 8
perceptions of Milošević trial, 183–202
reaction to Milošević’s death, 190–191
as religious identity, 7
Royal Yugoslavia and, 10
transitional justice perspectives of, 185–188
Bosnian Genocide case (ICJ)
Bosniak perceptions of international tribunals and, 184
ICTY as complementary to, 442, 487
media coverage of, 287
Milošević trial’s impact on, 197–199
Rule 98bis Decision used in, 308–310
VSO documents and, 73, 274, 451–454, 461–462, 480
Bosnian Patriotic Party (Bosanskohercegovačka patriotska stranka), 190
Bota Sot (news periodical) on Rugova’s testimony, 238
Bracanović, Milorad (member of Crvene Beretke), 414
Brammertz, Serge (ICTY Chief Prosecutor), 41, 279
Brčko, genocide evidence in, 335, 336
Bulatović, Momir (Montenegrin President), 16, 362, 365, 366, 367, 371
Bulatović, Pavle (FRY Minister of Internal Affairs), 365–366
Butković, Davor (Croatian journalist), 208
C
Canadian Bar Association, 161
Canadian Task Force Reports, 162
Cassese, Antonio (ICTY judge), 101, 247
Catić, Hajra (Mothers of Srebrenica), 198
Čelebići trial, 22
Center for the Protection of Women and Children, 246
Ćerim (Alb: Qerim), 88
Cerović, Stojan (Serbian journalist), 395–396, 398, 400, 404–405, 411, 412
Chartier, Christian (ICTY spokesman), 289
Chief Prosecutor, 41. See also specific individuals
Chile, truth commission in, 253
Chirac, Jacques, 356
Christopher, Warren (US Sec’y State), 95, 102
CIJ. See Coalition for International Justice
Circumstantial evidence, 285
Clark, Ramsey (Milošević legal associate), 57, 163
Clark, Wesley (US NATO commander), 64, 78, 266, 310, 371
Closed sessions, 284
CMSS (Court Management and Services Section), 165
Coalition for International Justice (CIJ), 277, 286, 287
Coalition for RECOM, 252
Code of Professional Conduct for Counsel appearing before the Tribunal (ICTY), 42, 170
Collective amnesia, 394
Collective memory, 220. See also Narratives
Collective vs. individual responsibility, 36–40, 258, 407–408
Command responsibility
of civilian leaders, 36
in ICL, 482
ILA Conference report on, 312
indictments for, 44, 103, 475, 477
Milošević indicted under theory of, 56, 456
Commission of crimes, 110, 113, 322, 329, 334, 446
Commission of Experts to Examine and Analyze Information Submitted Pursuant to Resolution 771, 25, 34, 93, 96–98, 104
Common law, 38–39, 141, 146, 153
“Common purpose” doctrine, 138
Communist Party of Serbia, 49
Completion Strategy (ICTY), 111, 112
Concentration camps, 38. See also specific camps
Conference on Yugoslavia, 24
Confidentiality rules, 66
Conflict of interest
joinder creating, 111
state’s duty to assist international tribunals vs. state responsibility risks, 448
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies (Scholars’ Initiative), 348
Constitution (Bosnia, 1995), 28
Constitution (FRY, 1992), 460
Constitution (Serbia, 1990), 17, 461
Constitution (SFRY, 1974), 13, 14
Constructivist framework, 187–188, 201
Containment camps, 22
Convention against Torture, 446
Coo, Philip (ICTY Prosecution military analyst), 81
Ćosić, Dobrica (FRY President), 343, 366, 372
Council for Tolerance and Coexistence in Pristina, 247
Council of Bosniak Intellectuals (Vijeće Kongresa Bošnjačkih Intelektualaca), 190
Counterintelligence Service (Kontraobaveštajna služba, KOS), 469
Court Management and Services Section (CMSS), 165
Crimes against humanity, 35–36. See also specific crimes
Crkolez (Alb: Padalishte), 88
Croatia. See also Croatia indictment; Croats
autonomy of under Habsburg Hungary, 6
domestic war crimes prosecutions in, 32
ethnic cleansing in, 22
ICTY access to information in, 45
JCE evidence in, 469
memorialization of war in, 206–207
Milošević indicted for crimes in, 56
Milošević’s diplomatic strategy for, 371–374
narratives of Milošević trial in, 203–212
postwar political developments in, 28, 378
public opinion of ICTY in, 262
statehood of, 334
war in, 18
Croatia indictment and trial phase
evidence from other cases introduced in, 72
Rule 98bis Decision on, 334
scope of charges, 61
Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska, HV), 206–207
Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, HDZ), 16, 28, 206, 428
Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna, 20
Croats
in Bosnia, 19
Bosnia’s independence and, 20
formation of ethno-national community of, 4
linguistic identities of, 8
religious identities of, 7
Cross-examination of witnesses, 65, 66, 145, 147–148, 155, 164, 189, 217–218, 224–225, 236
Crvene Beretke (Red Berets), 23, 417, 424, 470–471, 473
Ćurak, Nerzuk (Bosniak political scientist), 193, 195, 196
D
Dačić, Ivica (Serbian Prime Minister, SPS), 434
Đakovica (Alb: Gjakova), 82, 88, 253, 256
Dardanians, 4
Dayton Accords (1995), 24–25, 28, 101, 228, 235, 356, 375, 381
The Death of Yugoslavia (BBC documentary), 353
Decentralization, 12, 13, 14, 30, 58, 427
“Decision on the Strategic Goals of the Serbian People in Bosnia and Herzegovina” (Republika Srprska), 455
Declaration on the Homeland War (Croatia), 205, 211
De-ethnicization of crimes, 394, 397
Defense (ICTY), 41–42, 121–128, 283
Defense phase of Milošević trial, 67–71
self-representation’s impact on, 67–70
Delegation of effective control, 479
Del Ponte, Carla
appointment of, 41
on Defense phase of trial, 318, 430
on evidence against Milošević, 383
on historical ambitions of Prosecution, 330
on individual responsibility of Milošević, 485
media framing of trial and, 272–273
on Milošević trial as ICTY turning point, 390
NATO investigation by, 26
on Rule 98bis Decision on the Motion to Acquit, 308
on termination of trial, 71
on trial participants’ difficulties, 136
Demaçi, Adem (Kosovar politician), 247–248, 251, 257
Democratic Action Party (Stranka demokratske akcije, SDA), 198
Democratic Party (Demokratska stranka, Serbia), 219, 408, 414
Democratization, 16, 188, 201, 400
Demokratska opozicija Srbije (DOS, Democratic Opposition of Serbia), 412, 429
Demokratska stranka (Democratic Party, Serbia), 219, 408, 414
Deportations
indictment charges of, 89, 235
legal definition of, 320
Der Spiegel (news periodical)
on ICTY, 262
trial coverage by, 266
Detention Unit. See United Nations Detention Unit (UNDU)
Dicker, Richard (Human Rights Watch director), 276
Đilas, Aleksa (Serb journalist), 412
Đinđić, Zoran (Serbian Prime Minister)
cooperation with ICTY and, 393, 414
as Serbia’s Prime Minister, 30
transfer of Milošević by, 55, 91, 416, 449–450, 461
Directive on Assignment of Counsel, 170
Direct responsibility, 36–37, 56, 137, 351, 456. See also Commission of crimes; Perpetration
Displaced persons, 29. See also Deportations
Dokmanović trial, 261
Dolus specialis for genocide, 322, 335, 455, 457
Đorđević, Vlastimir (Serbian MUP official, ICTY indictee), 344–345
DOS (Demokratska opozicija Srbije, Democratic Opposition of Serbia), 412, 429
Douglas, Lawrence (professor and author), 332
Dragović-Soso, Jasna, 389, 409–411, 431
Drašković, Vuk (Serb politician), 423
Drenica (Drenicë) mass expulsions and killings, 241
Drina Plan, 342
Druga Srbija group, 391, 392, 407, 409, 416, 417–418. See also Vreme debate
Dubrovnik, siege at, 18
Duch trial, 153
Due process
right to fair trial, 120–121, 124, 147, 154–155, 159, 282–284
right to speedy trial, 123, 176
self-representation and, 175–177
Đukanović, Milo (Montenegrin President), 30
E
Eagleburger, Lawrence (US Sec’y State), 93
Eastern Slavonia, 365, 366–367
ECCC (Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia), 153, 291
The Economist (new periodical) on Milošević’s death, 269
Education, access to, 215
Eichmann, Adolf (Nazi official), 215
Enslavement as crime against humanity, 36
Epoka e Re (news periodical)
on Bakalli’s testimony, 237
on Rugova’s testimony, 238
Ethnic cleansing, 22, 23, 34–35, 215, 339. See also Genocide
Ethno-national identity, 4–7, 186, 196–199
European Convention on Human Rights, 176
European Court of Human Rights, 160
European Union
Bosnia’s independence and, 19–20
Macedonia’s accession to, 31
Slovenia’s accession to, 27
state recognition guidelines for, 24
Evidence. See also Rules of Procedure and Evidence (RPE)
in Bosnia and Croatia indictments, 72
Druga Srbija group supplying, 392
joinder to prevent duplication in presentation of, 111, 125–126
Prosecution’s presentation of, 42, 63–67
public opinion of ICTY and, 281, 283–284
Exhumation of mass graves, 97, 99–100
Expert witnesses, 64
Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), 153, 291
F
Fair trial, right to
Milošević’s political defense and, 147
self-representation and, 147, 154–155, 159
Fazli, Hadije (Kosovar trial witness), 241
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
Bosnian Genocide case and, 450
Drina Plan and, 342
ICJ and, 32
investigation challenges in, 137
Milošević elected president of, 51, 54, 83, 86
VRS salaries paid by, 361
VSO documents and, 452
withdrawal of forces from Kosovo, 91
Feral Tribune on post-Milošević Serbia, 393–394
Foča, Kazneno-Popravni Dom (KP Dom) detention camp in, 110
Forcible transfers, 320. See also Deportations
Forensic examinations by Commission of Experts, 97
Fourth Regional Forum for Transitional Justice (2008), 254
France
Commission of Experts and, 94
geostrategic interests in region, 95
FRY. See Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Furundžija case, 44
G
Galić, Stanislav (Bosnian Serb general, ICTY indictee), 363
Gazimestan speech by Milošević (1989), 217, 233
General Assembly (UN), 40
Geneva Conventions, 35, 36, 446
Genocide
denial of, 200
dolus specialis for, 322, 335, 455, 457
historical context as element of case for, 3
ICTY jurisdiction over, 35
indictment charge for, 89, 138–139, 152
as joint criminal enterprise, 38
Krajišnik acquitted of, 340
mens rea for, 312, 321–322, 337
Rule 98bis Decision on charge of, 335–337
in Srebrenica, 24
Genocide Convention, 31, 446, 462, 463
Germany
Commission of Experts and, 95
World War II occupation of Yugoslavia, 10
Ginzberg, Carlo (historian), 355
Gjakova (Serb: Đakovica), 82, 88, 253, 256
Glenny, Misha (journalist and author), 262
Goldstone, Richard (ICTY Chief Prosecutor), 37, 41, 99, 330, 381, 382
Golubovic, Dragan (Sarajevo Media Center), 192
Gotovina, Ante (Croatian general, ICTY indictee), 28, 210
Gow, James (professor and ICTY witness), 3, 346
Granić, Mate (Croatian Foreign Minister, 209
Greater Serbia
evidence for, 351
JCE indictment charges tied to, 19, 108–110, 138
joinder of indictments based on, 113–114, 116, 123
in Martić trial, 341
in Tadić trial, 339
Greenawalt, Alexander K.A., 377
Groome, Dermot (ICTY trial attorney for Bosnia phase), 57, 311, 470
Grubač, Momčilo. (FRY Minister of Justice), 460
H
Habermas, Jürgen (German philosopher), 317, 325
Hadžić, Goran (RSK President, ICTY indictee), 45, 46, 338
Hadžović, Eldin (Bosniak journalist), 192
Halilović, Sefer (ARBiH commander, ICTY indictee), 190
Hanson, Dolly (ICTY Prosecution analyst and expert witness), 81
Haradinaj, Ramush (KLA commander, Kosovo Prime Minister, ICTY indictee), 229
Harmon, Mark (ICTY Prosecutor for Perišić), 479
Hartmann, Florence, 156, 272–275, 283, 340, 348, 422, 465, 485–488
HDZ (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, Croatian Democratic Union), 16, 28, 206, 428
Helfant-Budding, Audrey (historian, expert witness), 350
Higgins, Gillian (Milošević assigned counsel), 57, 69
Historiography
Milošević in other ICTY judgments, 338–345
Rule 98bis Decision on the Motion to Acquit and, 332–337
Holbrooke, Richard (US diplomat), 53, 100, 222, 299, 381–382
Holthuis, Hans (ICTY Registrar), 165, 283
Homeland War (Croatia), 28, 203–212
Hostile witnesses, 145–146, 154
Hotić, Kada (Srebrenica survivor), 193, 194
Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (HDZ, Croatian Democratic Union), 16, 28, 206, 428
Hrvatska vojska (HV, Croatian Army), 206–207
Human Rights Watch, 276–277, 291, 313–314, 323, 333
Hungarians, 5
Hunt, David (ICTY judge), 40, 90, 112
Husejnović, Merima (Bosniak journalist), 193
Hussein, Saddam, 72
HV (Hrvatska vojska, Croatian Army), 206–207
Hyperinflation, 14
I
ICC. See International Criminal Court
ICJ. See International Court of Justice
ICL. See International criminal law
ICRC Official Commentary to Common Article 3, 311
ICTR. See International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
ICTY. See International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Idrizi, Valdete (member of RECOM coordination council), 254
ILA (International Law Association), 311–312
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 14
Implementation Force (IFOR), 25
Indictment, 77–91. See also Joinder
Bosnia indictment, 108, 137. See also Bosnia indictment and trial phase
Croatia indictment, 108, 137. See also Croatia indictment and trial phase
Kosovo indictment, 107, 136, 383. See also Kosovo indictment and trial phase
length as challenge for Prosecution, 143
Individual vs. collective responsibility, 36–40, 446–448, 462–464
Insider witnesses, 104, 145–146, 151
Institute of War and Peace Reporting (IWPR), 277, 286, 287
International Committee to Defend Slobodan Milošević, 275–276, 283
International Court of Justice (ICJ). See also Bosnian Genocide case
media coverage of, 287
Milošević trial’s value for, 209–211, 454–457
Rule 98bis Decision used by, 308–310
standards of proof in, 457
VSO documents and, 200–201, 274
International Criminal Court (ICC), xvi, 289, 290–291, 329
International criminal law (ICL)
Milošević trial’s legacies for, 489–490
Realpolitik and, 104
Rule 98bis Decision’s impact on, 315
same transaction test and, 133–135
self-representation and, 159–160
social impact of, xvi, 406
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 40, 46, 330
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Appeals Chamber, 40
Bosniak perspectives on, 185–188
completion strategy, 45
founding and purpose of, 25, 34–40
on individual vs. collective responsibility, 36–40
innovations for ICL by, 346
jurisprudence patterns of, 43–44
Kosovar Albanian opinion of, 231
legacy for law and reconciliation, 46–47
Milošević trial used in other cases, 338–345
peace prioritized over justice by, 99, 127, 375, 377, 384–386
public image of, 261–263, 391, 393
Registry, 41
self-representation right in, 160. See also Self-representation
Serbia’s cooperation with, 414
state interactions with, 45–46
Trial Chambers, 40
International Law Association (ILA), 311–312
International Military Tribunal. See Nuremberg trial
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 14
International witnesses, 64
Islami, Alireza (ICTY Albanian interpreter), 243
Ivković, Branislav (SPS official, formed own party), 428
IWPR. See Institute of War and Peace Reporting
Izbica (Izbicë) massacre, 230, 241–242, 245
Izetbegović, Alija (Bosnian President), 16, 24, 25, 364
J
Jackson, Robert H. (US Supreme Court Justice, Nuremberg prosecutor), 329, 380, 385
Jahjaga, Atifete (Kosovar President), 256–257
Januzi, Sadik, 241, 242–244, 245, 247
Jasenovac concentration camp, 11
Jashari family massacre (1998), 224
Jaspers, Karl, 397
JCE. See Joint criminal enterprise
Jedinica za specijalne operacije (JSO, Special Operations Unit), 23, 30, 344
Jelisić, Goran (Bosnian Serb camp guard, ICTY indictee, 46
JNA. See Jugoslovenska narodna armija (Yugoslav Peoples’ Army)
Appeals Chamber decision on, 115–116, 118–119
Bosnia and Croatia indictments, 108
of charges and accused, 110–111
fair trial rights and, 120–121
Greater Serbia as JCE’s purpose and, 108–110
Kosovo indictment, 107
of Milošević indictments, 62–63, 111–116, 138
Prosecution’s application for, 56, 113–114, 121–128, 153–154, 245
severance and, 112–113, 117–118
single transaction test for, 115–116, 126, 128–135
Trial Chamber’s decision on, 113–114
Joint criminal enterprise (JCE)
Bosnia indictment and, 108
evidence for, 358–360, 484–488
genocide indictment and, 336, 337
Greater Serbia as goal for, 298
indictment charge of, 103, 118
individual responsibility and, 37–39
Kosovo indictment and, 107
Milošević-Tuđman meetings and, 19
Rule 98bis Decision on, 300–301, 321–323, 336
types of, 38
war aims and, 21
Josipović, Ivo (Croatian President), 206
Journalists, 266–267, 268, 286. See also Media
Jović, Borisav (SFRY Presidency President, Milošević ally), 207
JSO (Jedinica za specijalne operacije, Special Operations Unit), 23, 30, 344
Judges. See also specific individuals
election of, 40
experience in international trials, 140, 152
historical context of crimes needed by, 329
language of, 227
presiding over Milošević trial, 57
Rule 98bis Decision and, 320–321
Jugoslovenska narodna armija (JNA, Yugoslav Peoples’ Army)
conflict role of, 23
Croatia indictment and, 18, 207–208
JCE charge in indictment and, 108
Milošević’s control of, 13, 16, 83–84
SVK supported by, 341
Juridical conservatism, 36
Jurisdiction, 35–36, 80, 379–380, 443
Jus ad bellum, 205–206, 208, 210–211, 444
Jus in bello, 211
K
Kadijević, Veljko (JNA commander), 207
Kalshoven, Frits (Commission of Experts chairman), 34
Kandić, Nataša (Serb human rights activist), 395, 402
Karadžić, Radovan (Republika Srpska President)
indictment of, 54, 101, 103–104, 381, 382
Milošević’s support to, 139, 357
peace negotiations and, 24, 362, 372
Perišić trial and, 480
Sarajevo siege charges against, 363
as Serb leader in Bosnia, 16, 19
Vance-Owen peace plan rejected by, 362, 372
Karadžić case, 41, 70, 169, 170, 288–289, 347, 382
Karađorđevo Agreement, 19
Karlowitz Treaty (1699), 5
Kavran, Olga (ICTY Prosecution spokesman), 279
Kay, Steven (Milošević Amicus Curiae and Appointed Counsel), 57, 69
Kazimir, Velimir Ćurguz (Serb writer), 401
Kazneno-Popravni Dom detention camp (KP Dom), 110
Kempner, Robert (US Nuremberg prosecutor), 330
KFOR (Kosovo Force), 26
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Royal Yugoslavia), 10–11
Kinkel, Klaus (German Foreign Minister), 94
KLA. See Kosovo Liberation Army
Klarin, Mirko (journalist, founder of SENSE agency), 285, 287
Ključ, genocide evidence in, 335, 336
Knindže (Kninjas, Serb paramilitary), 145, 471
Koha Ditore (news periodical)
on Bakalli’s testimony, 236
on Milošević trial, 232
on Rugova’s testimony, 238
Koha Jonë (news periodical) on Milošević trial, 233
Kontić, Radoje (FRY Primer Minister), 361
Kontraobaveštajna služba (KOS, Counterintelligence Service), 469
Kordić & Čerkez trial, 36
Kosor, Jadranka (Croatian Primer Minister), 206, 211
Kosova. See Kosovo
Kosovar Albanians
dissolution of Yugoslavia and, 15
linguistic identities of, 8
NATO bombing campaign and, 401
perspectives on Milošević trial, 213–221, 229–248
radicalization of, 25
Rambouillet negotiations and, 344
religious identities of, 7
Kosova Sot (news periodical)
on Bakalli’s testimony, 236
on Rugova’s testimony, 238
Kosovo (Kosova). See also Kosovar Albanians; Kosovo indictment
Albanians as majority in, 5, 14–15
Constitution (1974) and, 14
domestic war crimes prosecutions in, 32
independence of, 6, 29, 256, 378, 420
Milošević indicted for crimes in, 54–55
Milošević’s control over, 15
name, xxiii–xxiv
postwar political developments in, 29, 378
public perception of Milošević trial in, 213–221
restorative justice in, 251–255
Serbian forces withdrawn from, 91, 228
transitional justice in, 219–220, 249–259
Kosovo Force (KFOR), 26
Kosovo indictment and trial phase
JCE members identified in, 338
Kosovar Albanian perspectives on, 229–248
Milošević’s focus on, 69
prioritization of, 63, 142, 245
public opinion of ICTY and, 391
Rule 98bis Decision on, 333–334
time limit on trial phase for, 240
Kosovo Liberation Army (Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës, UÇK)
ICTY prosecution of leaders of, 245
Milošević’s crackdown on, 101–102, 215
Rule 98bis Decision and, 334
Kosovo Verification Mission (KVM), 25, 78, 80
Kostovicova, Denisa, 249
Koštunica, Vojislav (FRY President, Serbian Prime Minister)
on cooperation with ICTY, 393
electoral victory over Milošević, 30, 51–52, 384
on transfer of Milošević, 55, 410, 415, 417, 420, 449–451
Kotor Varoš, genocide evidence in, 335, 336
Krajišnik, Momčilo (Republika Srpska and SDS official, ICTY indictee), 338, 340
Krajišnik trial, 169, 170, 177, 309, 333, 340
Krasniqi, Vjollca, 213, 233, 253
Krnojelac, Milorad (Bosnian Serb commander, ICTY indictee), 110
Krnojelac trial, 310
Krstić, Radislav (Bosnian Serb commander, ICTY indictee), 261, 476
Krusha e Vogel (Serb: Mala Kruša), 88
Kučan, Milan (Slovenian President), 16
Kuci, Osman (Kosovar trial witness), 241, 242
Kula video, 471
Kumanovo Agreement (1999), 55, 91
Kunarac trial, 36
Kurir (news periodical) on Milošević’s death, 433
KVM (Kosovo Verification Mission), 25, 78, 80
Kwon, O-Gon (ICTY judge) as judge for Milošević trial, 57
on limiting indictments, 319
on mens rea for genocide, 371
on Rule 98bis Decision on the Motion to Acquit, 307, 322, 337
L
Labour Party (UK), 102
Labus, Miroljub (Serb DOS politician, Deputy Primer Minister), 423–424
Lamont, Christopher K., 203
Landale, Jim (ICTY spokesman), 275
Languages
Albanian language banned in Kosovo, 215
Milošević’s use of Serbian, 431, 436–437
Serbian place names used in trial transcripts, 246
witness statement translations, 43, 242–244
Latin America, truth commissions in, 253
Latinica, 8
Lazarević, Zoran (VJ commander, ICTY indictee), 232
LCY (League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Savez komunista Jugoslavije), 12, 16, 17
Leadership Research Team (ICTY), 41
League of Communists of Serbia, 49, 50
League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY, Savez komunista Jugoslavije), 12, 16, 17
Lebanon, Special Tribunal for, 172
Legal Aid unit (ICTY), 41, 170
Legal Associates, 57, 164, 167, 169, 170, 174
Legal certainty principle, 36
Legal Liaison Officer, 165–169
Legija. See Ulemek Luković, Milorad
Le Monde on Milošević trial, 266
Liability, direct vs. command responsibility, 36. See also State responsibility; Individual vs. collective responsibility
Lilić, Zoran (FRY President), 343, 428
Little, Alan (BBC Belgrade correspondent and author), 269
Livingston, John (Milošević legal associate), 57, 163
Log revolution (1990), 17
Lubanga Dyilo, Thomas (Congolese military commander, ICC indictee), 291
Luka Camp, 309
Lukić, Milan (Serb paramilitary commander, ICTY indictee), 232
Luković, Petar (Serb political satirist), 393–394, 395, 413
Lupis, Ivan (ICTY Prosecution analyst), 81
M
Macedonia
formation of ethno-national community in, 4
independence of, 6
Kosovar Albanian support for Albanians in, 231
linguistic identities in, 8
postwar political developments in, 30–31
refugees from Kosovo in, 81–82
religious identities in, 7
Royal Yugoslavia and, 10
Mala Kruša (Alb: Krusha e Vogel), 88
Markač, Mladen (Croatian general, ICTY indictee), 211, 482
Markale incident, 304
Marković, Ante (SFRY Prime Minister), 17
Marković, Mirjana (Serb politician, wife of Milošević), 17, 48–49
Marković, Radomir (FRY SDB chief), 144, 145, 288
Martić, Milan (RSK President, ICTY indictee), 338, 340, 341, 369, 469
Martić trial, 126, 338, 340–341, 469
Matić, Veran (B92 director), 394
May, Richard (ICTY judge)
death of, 40
experience of, 152
on Milošević’s courtroom conduct, 141, 318
as presiding judge for Milošević trial, 57
resignation of, 71
on self-representation, 162, 163, 168, 172
on written testimony, 242
McCormack, Timothy (Milošević Amicus Curiae), 57
Media. See also specific publications
Bosniak perspectives on ICTY influenced by, 187, 190
on crimes of violence in Kosovo, 81
on detention camps, 94
external actors’ influence on, 275–277
framing of Milošević trial, 260–279
on Gotovina verdict, 211
ICTY’s role in framing trial for, 272–275
on indictment, 90
interest in trial waning over time, 265–266
Kosovar Albanians’ perception of trial influenced by, 215–217, 239–244
on Kosovo indictment phase of trial, 230
Milošević allies in, 50
on Milošević’s death, 269
Milošević’s popularity and, 420–422
Milošević trial and, 56, 232–235
NATO bombing campaign coverage, 402–403
pro-ICL, 263, 264–265, 266–272
public opinion influenced by, 284–286
specialized reporting agencies, 286–287
SPS access to, 423
Media Office (ICTY), 284
Mens rea for genocide, 312, 321–322, 337
The Mercury (news periodical) on Milošević’s death, 269
Merovci, Adnan (Rugova’s chief of staff), 86–87
Mesić, Stjepan “Stipe,” (last SFRY Presidency President, Croatian President) 209, 463
Mihov, Deyan (ICTY liaison in Belgrade), 79–80
Milenov, Alexandra (ICTY Prosecution analyst, 81
Military Analysis Team (ICTY), 41
Military Technical Agreement (1999), 26
Milner, Dennis (ICTY Prosecution Kosovo investigation team leader), 81
Milošević, Dragomir (Bosnian Serb general, ICTY indictee), 363
Milošević, Slobodan. See also Milošević trial
biographical background, xvii, 48–52
cross-examination of witnesses by, 65, 66, 145, 147–148, 155, 217–218, 224–225, 236
diplomatic strategy of, 371–374, 381–383
fall from political power, 83–87, 419–435
Greater Serbia and, 19, 21, 23, 108–110, 109, 113–114, 116, 123, 138, 297–298, 351
health of, 52, 69, 70–71, 148, 155–156
joinder of indictments and, 122
Legal Associates distrusted by, 167–168
media coverage of, 286
Milutinović’s meeting with, 344
Mladić’s meetings with, 362, 368–371
nationalists and, 15
peace negotiations and, 24–25, 51, 381–383
political defense presented by, 3, 146–147
popularity of, 218–219, 272, 390, 420–424
pretrial activities of, 56
Rugova’s meetings with, 86–87, 222–224, 237
self-representation by, 42, 52, 57, 67–70, 145–146, 158–179
Serbian language used at trial by, 431, 436–437
transfer to ICTY, 55, 91, 393, 414, 416–417, 448–451, 460–461
Tuđman’s meetings with, 19
VRS forces and, 23
war aims and, 21
Milošević, Stanislava Resanović (Milošević’s mother), 49
Milošević Constitution (Constitution of Serbia, 1990), 17, 461
Milošević trial, 53–73. See also Indictment; Witnesses; specific individuals
Bosnia indictment and trial phase. See Bosnia indictment and trial phase
Croatia indictment and trial phase. See Croatia indictment and trial phase
difficulties facing participants, 139–148
historiography derived from, 72–73, 326–348
individual responsibility in, 448–457
Kosovar Albanians’ perspectives on, 213–221, 229–248
Kosovo indictment and trial phase. See Kosovo
indictment and trial phase legacies of, xvii, 72–73, 489–490
pretrial activities, 56
Milutinović, Milan (FRY President, Foreign Minister, ICTY indictee), 55, 87–88, 232, 338, 343, 344, 469
Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova (MUP, Ministry of Internal Affairs), 23, 108
Minority returns, 29
Mišetić, Luka (Gotovina defense attorney), 211
Mladić, Ratko (Bosnian Serb general, ICTY indictee) arrest of, 30, 45, 46
indictment of, 101, 103–104, 357, 381, 382
Milošević’s meetings with, 362, 368–371
Milošević’s support to, 97, 139, 356–357, 359
Perišić trial and, 480
Sarajevo siege charges against, 363
Srebrenica and, 24, 336, 370–371
Mladić case, 41, 70, 289, 324, 347, 382
Montenegro
autonomy as independent kingdom, 6
formation of ethno-national community in, 4
linguistic identities in, 8
Milošević’s control over, 15
postwar political developments in, 30
religious identities in, 7
Royal Yugoslavia and, 10
territorial expansion after Balkan Wars (1912 & 1913), 6
VJ in, 362
MOS trial, 44, 244, 323, 343–345, 468–470
Mothers of Enclaves of Srebrenica and Žepa, 187, 190, 198
Movement for the Power of Serbia (Pokret snaga Srbije, PSS), 427–428
Mrkšić, Mile (JNA officer, ICTY indictee), 207, 210, 367
Mujkić, Asim (University of Sarajevo), 196
Multiparty elections, 16
MUP (Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova, Ministry of Internal Affairs), 23, 108
Murtagh, Annette (ICTY Prosecution investigator), 243
Muslims, 5–6, 7. See also Bosniaks
Musliu, Fahri (Kosovar Belgrade correspondent), 236
N
Narratives
authoritative narrative theory, 193, 295–315, 317
Bosniak perceptions of trial and, 193–194, 199–200
framing of Milošević trial and, 264
international media and, 260–279
Prosecution strategies and, 480
Nationalism
Bosnian, 196
Croatian, 5
ethno-linguistic communities and, 9
founding of Yugoslavia and, 4
Vreme debate and, 390, 391, 400, 406
National Liberation Army (Ushtria Çlirimtare Kombëtare, UÇK, in Macedonia), 26
NATO
apprehension of ICTY indictees by, 45–46
bombing campaign by, 24–26, 80, 86, 100, 215, 383
FRY claims against, 32
ICTY prosecution and, 59
indictment and, 90
Kosovar Albanian opinion of, 231
Kosovo intervention by, 24–26, 91, 102
Serbian victimhood based on bombing by, 395
UNMIK and, 91
Vreme debate on Kosovo intervention by, 400–405, 411–412
New York Times on Milošević trial, 281
Nice, Geoffrey (ICTY Senior Trial Attorney for Milošević), 57, 58–59, 166, 209, 330–331, 350–351
Nielsen, Christian Axboe, 139, 157, 194, 326, 349–350, 351, 354, 456, 473, 488
Nikolić, Tomislav (Serbian President), 429
Nikolić trial, 310
Nizich, Ivana (ICTY Prosecution analyst), 81
Novaković, Mile (SVK commander), 367
Nunca Mas (Brazil), 253
Nuremberg trial, 36, 129, 130, 329–330, 332, 346, 385, 441, 444
Nushi, Pajazit (Kosovar head of Council for Defense, 223
O
Obradović, Saša (Serb lawyer, agent in Bosnian Genocide case), 451–452
Office of the High Representative (OHR, Bosnia), 28
Ognjanović, Dragoslav (Milošević legal associate), 57, 164
Ohrid Agreement (Macedonia), 30–31
Ojdanić, Dragoljub (VJ chief of general staff, ICTY indictee), 55, 88, 232, 338, 468
Open Society Justice Initiative, 291
Operation Flash (1995), 368
Operation Oluja (Storm), 206–207
Operation Sablja (Sword), 423
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 78
Orie, Alphons (ICTY judge), 211
Osijek, siege at, 18
Outreach Section (ICTY)
in Bosnia, 291
establishment of, 41, 229, 284
framing of trial for media and, 272
Kosovar Albanian perceptions of ICTY and, 245
Ovčara farm massacre (1991), 204–205, 206–207
Owen, Lord David (UK Foreign Sec’y, Conference on Yugoslavia co-chair), 94, 99–100, 104
P
Padalishte (Serb: Crkolez), 88
Panić, Života (VJ chief of general staff), 362
Parachutists (special envoys), 266–267
Paramilitary units, 22, 23, 84, 364–368. See also specific units
Parker, Kevin (ICTY judge), 72
Passarowitz Treaty (1718), 5
Paterson, Nancy (ICTY Prosecution attorney for Kosovo indictment), 81, 87, 89–90
Pavković, Nebojša (VJ Third Army commander, chief of general staff, ICTY indictee), 232, 415, 468
Peer effect on journalists, 270–271
Perišić, Momčilo (VJ chief of general staff, ICTY indictee), 72, 341–343, 361, 474–480
Perišić trial, 44, 72, 341–343, 362, 468, 474–480, 482
Permanent correspondents, 266–267, 268, 286. See also Media
Perović, Latinka (Serb historian and politician), 395
Perpetration, 36, 38, 61, 103, 467
Peščanik (radio program), 410, 411, 412
Plavšić, Biljana (RS President, ICTY indictee), 261, 338
Plea agreements, 42, 137, 151, 340–341
Pocar, Fausto (ICTY judge), 72
Pokret snaga Srbije (PSS, Movement for the Power of Serbia), 427–428
Political parties, 10. See also specific parties
Popaj, Sabri (Kosovar interviewed), 218
Popović, Srđa (Serb lawyer and founder of Vreme), 395, 397, 398, 401, 403, 411, 412, 413
Popović, Vujadin (Bosnian Serb Drina Corps commander, ICTY indictee), 193
Post-conflict reconciliation, 32–33
Prelec, Marko, 134, 351, 356, 377–379, 383, 384–386, 422, 485–487
Pretrial activities, 56
Prijedor, genocide evidence in, 335, 336
Procedural rules, 42–45, 141–142, 281. See also Rules of Procedure and Evidence (RPE)
Prosecution (ICTY). See also Indictment; specific individuals
adjudicated facts and, 143
Commission of Experts evidence and, 104
delays caused by, 156
difficulties faced during trial, 142–145
documentary record produced by, 66
Greater Serbia theory presented by, 19, 108–110, 113–114, 116, 123, 138, 297–298, 351
ICTY’s public image and, 262
indictment length as challenge for, 143
investigation of Milošević, 137–168
Investigations Section, 85
JCE strategy of, 61–62, 466–467
joinder application by, 62–63, 113–114, 121–128, 245
media framing of trial and, 272–274
Milošević portrayal by, 356–376
on Milošević’s relationship to Greater Serbia, 109–110, 113–114, 116, 123, 138, 297–298, 351
of post-Milošević cases, 467–480
Realpolitik’s interaction and influence on, 103
Rule 98bis Decision on the Motion to Acquit and, 303–305
self-defense right and, 146
standards of professional conduct for, 282–283
strategy of, 58, 60–67, 466–467
theatrical use international law by, 318–319
VSO documents and, 198, 451–454
Prosecutor v. See name of defendant
Pro Se office (ICTY), 41, 70, 141, 162–164, 172–174, 177
PSS (Pokret snaga Srbije, Movement for the Power of Serbia), 427–428
Public opinion
Bosniak perspectives on ICTY, 185–188
fair trial rights and, 282–284
in Kosovo, 219
unrealistic expectations and, 281–282
Q
Qerim (Serb: Ćerim), 88
R
Račak (Alb: Reçak)
massacre in, xxviii, 25, 77–79, 88
media coverage of Milošević trial in, 233
Radić, Miroslav (JNA officer at Vukovar, ICTY indictee), 207, 210
Radio Television of Serbia (RTS), 403, 421, 431
Radović, Nadežda (Serb NGO activist), 403–404
Rajić, Ljubiša (Serb university professor), 399
Rakić, Branko (Milošević legal associate), 57, 164
Ralston, John (ICTY Prosecution chief of investigations), 81, 85
Rambouillet negotiations (1999), 25, 80, 344
Ranković, Aleksandar (SFRY Minister of Internal Affairs), 11
Rape
closed sessions for testimony on, 284
as crime against humanity, 36, 44
interviews of victims and witnesses, 97
Ravno (Bosnia), 20
Ražnjatović, Željko (Arkan) (Serb paramilitary commander, ICTY indictee), 365, 375
Realist framework, 187
Realpolitik in investigation and indictment of Milošević, 92–105
Commission of Experts and, 94–96
Kosovo investigation and, 101–103
Prosecution strategy and, 480–483
transfer of Milošević, 383
U.S. entanglement with Milošević, 100–101
massacre in, xxiii, 25, 77–79, 88
media coverage of Milošević trial in, 233
RECOM. See Regional Commission for Establishing the Facts about All Victims of War Crimes and Other Serious Human Rights Violations Committed on the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia in the Period from 1991–2001
Reconciliation
Bosniak perceptions of trial and, 184, 191–194, 201
ICL and, 390
as ICTY goal, 32–33, 46–47, 482–483
Red Berets (Crvene Beretke), 23, 417, 424, 470–471, 473
Redžanović, Enver (ARBiH veteran), 189, 193
Refugees
Commission of Experts interviews of, 97
Regional Commission for Establishing the Facts about All Victims of War Crimes and Other Serious Human Rights Violations Committed on the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia in the Period from 1991–2001 (RECOM), 33, 204, 212, 252–255
Registry (ICTY), 41, 70, 141, 160, 164–169
Reid, Bob (ICTY Prosecution deputy chief of investigations), 81, 85
Remuneration Scheme for Persons Assisting Indigent Self-Represented Accused, 170
Republika (news periodical)
on Milošević’s conduct in trial, 431
on Serb responsibility for crimes, 398
Republika Srpska (RS)
Bosnian Genocide case and, 455
Bosnian nationalism and, 196
creation of, 228
Dayton Peace Accords and, 28
Drina Plan and, 342
Milošević’s control over, 361
Mladić and, 370
public opinion of ICTY in, 186
Vance-Owen peace plan rejected by, 372
Republika Srpska Krajina (RSK, Serbian Republic of Krajina)
Croatia indictment charges and, 207–208
Drina Plan and, 342
establishment of, 18
Milošević’s control over, 61, 340, 342, 469
Retributive justice, 250–251, 482
Right to speedy trial, 123, 176
Robinson, Patrick (ICTY judge)
experience of, 152
on joinder, 112
as presiding judge for Milošević trial, 57
Rule 98bis Decision and, 305–306, 320, 324
self-representation and, 165
termination of trial by, 106
Rome Statute, 291
Roy, Yves (ICTY Prosecution investigator), 243
RPE. See Rules of Procedure and Evidence
RS. See Republika Srpska
RSK. See Republika Srpska Krajina (Serbian Republic of Krajina)
RTS. See Radio Television of Serbia
Rugova, Ibrahim (Kosovar President)
death of, 239
on Kosovo’s independence, 15, 256
meetings with Milošević, 86–87, 222–224, 237
Rule bis procedure, 323
Rule 92bis statements, 43, 65–67
Rule 98bis Decision on the Motion to Acquit (2004), 296–325
Amici Curiae’s interest in, 302–303
on genocide charge, 473
historical value of, 327, 332–337, 354
ILA Conference report and, 311–312
on JCE charges, 486
Milošević’s interest in, 301–302
nonlegal narratives derived from, 313–315
Prosecution’s interest in, 303–305
reconciliation and, 192
redlining of indictments, 303–305, 320
scope of trial limited by, 323–324
standard of review for, 300–301, 327
structural inadequacy of, 312–313
in theater of international justice, 318–319
Trial Chamber’s interest in, 305–307
value of, 307–313, 316–318, 319–324
Rules of Procedure and Evidence (RPE)
common law basis of, 42
critique of, 140
ICTY judges as authors of, 40
self-representation and, 153, 160–161, 164, 174
Russia’s support for Serbia, 96
Ryneveld, Dirk (ICTY trial attorney for Kosovo phase), 57, 233, 241, 244
Sadikovic, Ardiana (ICTY interpreter), 243
Šainović, Nikola (Serbian Prime Minister, FRY Deputy Prime Minister), 55, 87, 88, 232, 338, 344, 468
Salom, Ramon Escovar (first ICTY Chief Prosecutor, never assumes office), 98
Sanader, Ivo (Croatian Prime Minister), 209
Sanski Most, genocide evidence in, 335, 336
SANU Memorandum (1986), 15
SAO (Srpska automna oblast, Serbian Autonomous Oblast), 469
Sarajevo
Commission of Experts investigation in, 97
evidence and testimony related to, 63, 362–364
Mladić and, 359
siege at, 20, 24, 304, 362–364
Šarinić, Hrvoje (envoy for Croatian President Tuđman), 363–364
Savez komunista Jugoslavije (League of Communists of Yugoslavia, LCY), 12, 16, 17
Savić, Andrija (member of Crvene Beretke), 414
Scharf, Michael (American law professor), 327, 346
Schomburg, Wolfgang (ICTY judge), 262
SDA (Stranka demokratske akcije, Democratic Action Party), 198
SDB (Služba državne bezbednosti, State Security Service), 341, 344, 417, 472
SDG (Srpska dobrovoljačka garda, Serbian Volunteer Guard), 365
SDS (Srpska demokratska stranka, Serbian Democratic Party), 339, 434, 480
Second Yugoslavia. See Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)
Security Council (UN)
Commission of Experts established by, 93, 94
ICTY completion strategy and, 45
ICTY established by, 35, 80, 379–380
Kosovo and, 29
Prosecutor’s Office of ICTY and, 40–41
Self-representation, 67–70, 158–179
fair trial rights and, 151, 154–155
legitimacy paradox of, 174–179
Pro Se office to assist, 41, 57, 162–164
Registry’s role during Defense phase, 164–169
representational liaison and, 165–171
Rules of Procedure and Evidence and, 160–161
sacrifices made by defendant choosing, 159
Self-representation crisis, 67–70, 72, 160, 175, 279
SENSE News Agency, 277, 286, 287
Serbia
as autonomous region under Ottoman Empire, 6
awareness of war crimes in, 432
Bosnian Genocide case and, 31, 198–199, 450
cooperation with ICTY, 393, 450
domestic war crimes prosecutions in, 32
ICTY access to information in, 45
investigation challenges in, 137–138, 152
media coverage of Milošević trial in, 233, 420–422
Milošević as president of, 83
NATO bombing campaign and, 401
paramilitary forces in, 366
postwar political developments in, 30, 378
public opinion of ICTY in, 262
Russia’s support for, 96
statehood of, 434
state responsibility of, 438, 480–483
territorial expansion after Balkan Wars, 6
transfer of Milošević to ICTY and, 55
VJ in, 362
Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences, 15
Serbian Autonomous Oblast (Srpska automna oblast, SAO), 469
Serbian Communist Party, 49
Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska demokratska stranka, SDS), 339, 434, 480
Serbian Orthodox Church, 5
Serbian Radical Party (Srpska radikalna stranka, SRS), 109, 425, 429, 432, 433
Serbian Reform Commission, 50
Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 19
Serbian Republic of Krajina (Republika Srpska Krajina, RSK)
Croatia indictment charges and, 207–208
Drina Plan and, 342
establishment of, 18
Milošević’s control over, 61, 340, 342, 469
Serbian Social Democratic Party (Srpska socijaldemokratska partija), 428
Serbian Volunteer Guard (Srpska dobrovoljačka garda, SDG), 365
Serb Progressive Party (Srpska napredna stranka, SNS), 434
Serbs. See also specific individuals
in Croatia, 51
ethnic cleansing conducted by, 22
ethno-national community of, 4, 6
ICTY indictments against, 44
linguistic identities of, 8
religious identities of, 7
Šešelj, Vojislav (Serb SRS chief, ICTY indictee)
as defense witness for Milošević, 109, 353
paramilitary groups and, 365
popularity of, 423
prosecution of, 468
self-representation by, 42, 70
as Serbian presidential candidate, 429
Sestan, Samir (Bosniak journalist), 190
Sexual violence
closed sessions for testimony on, 284
as crime against humanity, 36, 44
interviews of victims and witnesses, 97
SFRY. See Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Shala, Blerim (Kosovar editor of Zëri), 234–235
Shany, Yuval, 174, 438, 441, 460–462, 480
Shawcross, Hartley (UK Nuremberg prosecutor), 330
Sierra Leone, Special Court for, 70, 156, 291, 299
Sikirica trial, 310
Silajdžić, Haris (Bosnian Foreign Minister, Prime Minister, Bosniak Presidency member), 196–197
Silber, Laura (journalist and author), 353
Simatović, Franko (Serb paramilitary commander, ICTY indictee), 338, 468, 487. See also Stanišić & Simatović trial
Single transaction test for joinder, 115–116, 120, 126, 128–135
Skeleton trial summaries, 244, 247
Skënderaj (Srbica), 88
Škorpioni paramilitary group, 23, 344–345, 432, 471
Škorpioni video, 27, 66, 156, 192, 194, 345, 367, 432, 473
Slapšak, Svetlana (Serb philologist), 395
Šljivančanin, Veselin (JNA officer at Vukovar, ICTY indictee), 207, 210
Slovenia
ethno-national community in, 4
linguistic identities in, 8
postwar political developments in, 27
religious identities in, 7
war in, 18
Služba državne bezbednosti (SDB, State Security Service), 341, 344, 417, 472
Smajlović, Ljiljana (Serb journalist), 396
SNS (Srpska napredna stranka, Serb Progressive Party), 434
Social communities in Yugoslavia, 4–7
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), 11–14
Bosnia’s withdrawal from, 19–20
Milošević’s role in, 49
Socialistička partija Srbije (SPS, Socialist Party of Serbia), 17, 288, 415, 420, 423, 424–429, 434
Socialist Republic of Serbia, 17
Socijalistička demokratska partija (Socialist Democratic Party), 428
Socijalistička narodna stranka (Socialist People’s Party), 428
Solak, Seid (13-year-old victim of sniping attack in Sarajevo), 304
South Slavic unification, 6
Special Court for Sierra Leone, 70, 156, 291, 299
Special Operations Unit (Jedinica za specijalne operacije, JSO), 23, 30, 344
Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 172
Spejar, Zlatko (Croatian Fransiscan monk), 210
Sporazum agreement, 10
SPS. See Socialistička partija Srbije (Socialist Party of Serbia)
Srbica (Alb: Skënderaj), 88
Srebrenica genocide
Bosniak perspectives on transitional justice and, 185
Milošević’s links to, 138–139, 370–371
Serbian public awareness of, 432
VSO documents linking Milošević to, 285
Srpska automna oblast (SAO, Serbian Autonomous Oblast), 469
Srpska demokratska stranka (SDS, Serbian Democratic Party), 339, 434, 480
Srpska dobrovoljačka garda (SDG, Serbian Volunteer Guard), 365
Srpska napredna stranka (SNS, Serb Progressive Party), 434
Srpska radikalna stranka (SRS, Serbian Radical Party), 109, 425, 429, 432, 433
Srpska socijaldemokratska partija (Serbian Social Democratic Party), 428
Srpska Vojska Krajine (SVK, Army of the Serbian Krajina), 18, 84, 209, 475, 479
Stambolić, Ivan (President of Socialist Republic of Serbia, Milošević’s kum), 49, 50, 424
Standby judges, 40
Stanišić, Jovica (Serbian SDB chief, ICTY indictee), 338, 366, 367, 468, 469, 487
Stanišić & Simatović trial, 44, 347–348, 470–474
conflict of interest with state’s duty to investigate and prosecute, 448
individual responsibility intertwined with, 446–448, 462–464
political context for, 480–483
State Security Service. See Služba državne bezbednosti (SDB)
State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, 30, 434
Stefanović, Nenad (Serb journalist in Hague), 396–397
Stojanović, Dubravka (Serb historian), 414
Stojanović, Lazar (Serb filmmaker), 395
Stojićić, Radovan ‘Badža’ (Serbian deputy minister of internal affairs, general in Serbian police), 467
Stojiljković, Vlajko (FRY Minister of Internal Affairs, ICTY indictee), 55, 88, 338, 343, 345
Stranka demokratske akcije (SDA, Democratic Action Party), 198
Subašić, Munira (Mother of Srebrenica leader), 187, 188, 189, 190, 195
Sudan, genocide in, 447
Suharekë (Serb: Suva Reka) restaurant killing (1999), 232, 241
Suljagić, Emir (Bosniak journalist), 208
Supreme Defense Council. See Vrhovni savet odbrane (VSO) Surroi, Veton, 218, 222, 234, 236
Suva Reka (Alb: Suharekë) restaurant killing (1999), 232, 241
Svilanović, Goran (FRY Foreign Minister), 421, 462
SVK See Srpska Vojska Krajine (Army of the Serbian Krajina) Swimelar, Safia, 127, 183, 203–204
Systems of ill-treatment, 38
T
Tadić, Boris (Serbian President), 33, 288
Tadić, Dušan (Duško) (Bosnian Serb paramilitary, ICTY indictee), 43, 339
Tadić trial
“common purpose” doctrine in, 37, 138
Geneva Conventions applied in, 36
Greater Serbia JCE in, 339
indictment for, 41
jurisdiction of ICTY established by, 379–380
Rule 98bis standards of review established by, 300
Tankosić, Draško (Serb marketing analyst), 422
Tapušković, Branislav (Milošević Amicus Curiae), 57, 132
Taylor, Charles (Liberian President, SCSL indictee), 70, 156, 291, 447
Teritorijalna odbrana (TO, Territorial Defense), 13
Testimony, 63–67. See also Witnesses; Written
testimony Tihić, Sulejman (Bosniak politician, Bosniak Presidency member), 198
Time (news periodical) on Milošević trial, 261
Tito, Josip Broz (wartime partisan leader, SFRY president for life), 10–11, 12, 13
Titoist Yugoslavia. See Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)
TO (Teritorijalna odbrana, Territorial Defense), 13
Todorović, Dragan (Serb lawyer), 403
Tolbert, David (ICTY Registrar), 165
Tolimir trial, 169
Tomanović, Zdenko (Milošević legal associate), 57, 163–164
Tomasović, Hrvoje (leader of Croatian Party of Rights), 211
Tomka, Peter (ICJ judge), 442
Topić, Tanja (Republika Srpska political analyst), 197
Torture Convention, 446
Transitional justice
Bosniaks perspectives of, 185–188
victims’ recovery and, 194–196
Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 5
Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 5
Trial Chambers (ICTY)
closed sessions, 284
deference to Milošević, 141–142, 155–156
difficulties faced during trial, 140–142
on joinder of Milošević indictments, 113–114, 117–118, 131
organization of, 40
Rules of Procedure and Evidence (RPE) and, 140
self-representation procedures in, 161
Trial process (generally). See also Milošević trial
indictment stage, 42
investigation stage, 42
language of, 43
Trial Support Unit (ICTY), 41
Tribunal Update (IWPR), 287
Trix, Frances, 127, 187, 220, 229, 250–252, 254–255, 258
“Truth, Responsibility and Reconciliation” (television series), 394
Truth commissions, 33, 220, 253
Tuđman, Franjo (Croatian President), 16, 19, 24, 25, 28, 364, 382
Twilight of Impunity (Armatta), 437
U
UÇK See Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës, Kosovo Liberation Army
ICTY prosecution of leaders of, 245
Milošević’s crackdown on, 101–102, 215
Rule 98bis Decision and, 334
UÇK (Ushtria Çlirimtare Kombëtare, National Liberation Army), 26
Uertz-Retzlaff, Hildegard (ICTY trial attorney for Croatia phase), 57
Ulemek Luković, Milorad “Legija” (member of Crevene Beretke), 414, 416.
UN Fact Finding Committee on Darfur, 447
Commission of Experts and, 94
geostrategic interests in region, 95
ICTY investigation and, 102
United Nations Detention Unit (UNDU), 41, 43, 164
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 219
United Nations General Assembly, 40
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), 29, 91, 231
United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP), 26
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 18, 24, 26, 95
United Nations Security Council. See Security Council
United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja, and Western Sirmium (UNTAES), 25
United States
Commission of Experts and, 94, 95
Dayton Accords strategy of, 24, 25, 381–382
investigation of Milošević and, 51, 100–101
Kosovar Albanian opinion of, 231
Milošević’s transfer to ICTY and, 415
Serbia pressured to cooperate with ICTY by, 393, 450
University of Belgrade, 49
Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës (UÇK, Kosovo Liberation Army)
ICTY prosecution of leaders of, 245
Milošević’s crackdown on, 101–102, 215
Rule 98bis Decision and, 334
Ushtria Çlirimtare Kombëtare (UÇK, National Liberation Army, in Macedonia), 26
Užice Corps, 478
V
Vance, Cyrus (US Sec’y State, UN Special Envoy to Bosnia), 94
Vance-Owen peace plan, 362, 372
van der Wilt, Harmen, 484
Várady, Tibor, 459
Vasiljković, Dragan (Captain Dragan, paramilitary commander), 469
Vaslijević, Aleksandar (JNA commander), 91, 288, 345, 467–469
Večernje novosti (news periodical) on Milošević’s death, 433
Velika Kruša (Alb: Krusha e Madhe), 88
Verfuss, Thomas (journalist for IWPR), 286
Victims
Bosniak perceptions of trial, 183–202
joinder to lessen trauma for, 113, 125
length of indictment as value to, 143
marginalization of, 250
participation through legal representatives, 291
Prosecution’s focus on, 59, 142–143
of rape, 97
RECOM and, 253
restorative justice and, 251–255
retributive justice and, 250–251
transitional justice and, 194–196, 258–259
Victims and Witnesses Support Unit (ICTY), 41, 166–167, 168
Victims Identification Commission, 232
Vijeće Kongresa Bošnjačkih Intelektualaca (Council of Bosniak Intellectuals), 190
VJ. See Vojska Jugoslavije (Army of Yugoslavia) Vllasi, Azem (Kosovar SFRY leader), 236
Vojna linija (“the military line”), 37
Vojska Jugoslavije (VJ, Army of Yugoslavia)
JCE charge in indictment and, 108
Milošević’s control over, 51, 63, 83, 86, 342–343, 356–357
Perišić’s control over, 478
Rule 98bis Decision on, 336
in Serbia, 137
SVK supported by, 341
weapon use controlled by, 361
Vojska Republike Srpske (VRS, Army of Republika Srpska)
Milošević’s control over, 23, 84, 360
Perišić trial and, 479
Rule 98bis Decision on, 336
Sarajevo siege and, 20
Srebrenica genocide and, 463, 475
on media coverage of Milošević trial, 395–397
on NATO intervention in Kosovo, 400–405
on Serb responsibility vs. victimhood, 397–400
Vrhovni savet odbrane (VSO, Supreme Defense Council)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, 30
Milošević’s control over, 51, 83, 360
Mladić meetings with, 370
Sarajevo discussions by, 363, 364
Srebrenica discussions in, 370
transcripts of, 27, 45, 198, 200–201, 209, 274, 285, 451–454, 461–462, 481
Vance-Owen peace plan and, 372
VRS. See Vojska Republike Srpske (Army of Republika Srpska)
VSO. See Vrhovni savet odbrane (Supreme Defense Council)
Vučelić, Milorad (SPS official, formed new party), 428
Vukovar, siege at, 18, 206–207, 432
W
Wald, Patricia M. (ICTY judge), 290
Walker, William (US diplomat), 78
War
in Croatia, 18
Dayton peace accords and, 24–25
goals of, 21
post-conflict reconciliation and, 32–33
in Slovenia, 18
Washington Agreement (1994), 24, 372
Washington Post
on Karadžić’s arrest, 262
trial coverage by, 266
Waters, Timothy, 81, 193, 194, 295, 317, 320, 327, 405, 456, 467
Weighing the Evidence (Human Rights Watch), 313–314
Williamson, Clint, 77, 101, 102, 130, 150
Witnesses. See also Written testimony; specific individuals
cross-examination of, 65, 66, 145, 147–148, 155, 164, 189, 217–218, 224–225, 236, 239–240
Druga Srbija group as, 392
effectiveness of, 142–143, 154
expert, 64
insider witnesses, 104, 145–146, 151
international, 64
joinder’s impact on, 125
Kosovar Albanians, 217, 226–227, 231–232, 239–240
as oral history, 353
public opinion of ICTY and, 391
translation of statements by, 246–247
Vreme debate on, 396
Wladimiroff, Michail (Milošević Amicus Curiae), 57, 273
World War I (First World War), 10
World War II (Second World War), 10–11, 13, 94, 213, 371
Written testimony
media framing of trial and, 283
Prosecution’s use of, 65–67, 240–242
skeleton trial summaries for, 244, 247
translation issues with, 43, 242–244
Y
Yugoslav Code of Criminal Procedure, 460
Yugoslavia
crisis and dissolution of, 14–18
media coverage of Milošević trial in, 270–272
social and political communities in, 4–7
Yugoslav Peoples’ Army (Jugoslovenska narodna armija, JNA)
conflict role of, 23
Croatia indictment and, 18, 207–208
JCE charge in indictment and, 108
Milošević’s control of, 13, 16, 83–84
SVK supported by, 341
YU Info (news channel), 421
Z
Žarković, Dragoljub (Serb journalist, editor-in-chief of Vreme), 394, 395
Zdravković, Snežana (Association of Kidnapped and Killed Persons in Kosovo and Metohija), 253
Zëri (news periodical)
on Bakalli’s testimony, 236
on Rugova’s testimony, 238
Živojinović, Velimir “Bata (SPS member and presidential candidate), 429
Zogaj, Shevqet (Kosovar trial witness), 241, 283
Zverzhanovski, Ivan (coordinator SEESAC Belgrade), 346
Zymberi, Besim (Kosovar journalist and author), 244