1. I. Serraillier, The Silver Sword (1956); G. Morgan & W. Lasocki, Soldier Bear (1970). A new biography of Wojtek has recently been published: A. Orr, Wojtek the Bear: Polish War Hero (2010).
2. Churchill, The Second World War: The Gathering Storm (1946), 290.
3. O’Malley, Phantom Caravan, 230.
4. Various entries, Danchev & Todman, War Diaries, passim.
5. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. VII, 185.
6. Ibid., 260.
7. Quoted in Bartoszewski, ‘Poles and Jews as the “Other” ’.
8. R. Lukas, ‘The Polish Experience of the Holocaust’, in Berenbaum, Mosaic of Victims, 88–95.
9. Deák, Essays on Hitler’s Europe, 74.
10. Plokhy, Yalta, vi.
11. Cienciala, ‘Detective Work’.
1. Zamoyski, Polish Way, passim; Davies, God’s Playground, passim.
2. P. Wandycz, ‘The Polish Question’, in Boemeke, Feldman & Glaser, Treaty of Versailles, 313–35.
3. Zamoyski, Polish Way, 7.
4. Gerson, Woodrow Wilson, 19–25; Stachura, Poland 1918–1945, 24.
5. Reddaway, et al., Cambridge History of Poland, 463; J. Hapak, ‘The Polish Army in France’, in Stefancic, Armies in Exile, 117–35; Gerson, Woodrow Wilson, 71, 79–82; Wandycz, United States and Poland, 117–20.
6. Gerson, Woodrow Wilson, 101–10.
7. Prusin, Lands Between, 80; Snyder, Reconstruction, 58–9; Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, 95–9; Wandycz, ‘Poland’s Place in Europe in the Concepts of Piłsudski and Dmowski’.
8. D. Stevenson, ‘French War Aims and Peace Planning’, in Boemeke, Feldman & Glaser, Treaty of Versailles, 91–2; Wandycz, France and her Eastern Allies, 35–48.
9. Gerson, Woodrow Wilson, 136.
10. Komarnicki, Rebirth, 376; Latawski, ‘The Dmowski–Namier Feud’.
11. First Report of the Commission on Polish Affairs, 12 March 1919, TNA, FO 608/69.
12. M. Macmillan, Peacemakers, 217–39; Lundgreen-Nielsen, Polish Problem, passim.
13. Gajda, Postscript to Victory, passim; P. Leśniewski, ‘Three Insurrections: Upper Silesia 1919–21’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars, 13–42.
14. Fink, ‘The Minorities Question at the Paris Peace Conference: The Polish Minority Treaty, 28 June 1919’, in Boemeke, Feldman & Glaser, Treaty of Versailles, 249–74; Karski, Great Powers, 40, 255.
15. Elcock, ‘Britain and the Russo-Polish Frontier’; Karski, Great Powers, 48–52.
16. Komarnicki, Rebirth, 382.
17. Carton de Wiart, Happy Odyssey, 112.
18. Quoted in Elcock, ‘Britain and the Russo-Polish Frontier’.
19. Davies, White Eagle, passim; Zamoyski, Warsaw 1920, passim; Matuszewski, Great Britain’s Obligations, passim; G. Craig, ‘The British Foreign Office from Grey to Austen Chamberlain’, in Craig & Gilbert, The Diplomats, 31; Debicki, Foreign Policy, 13–15; Davies, ‘Lloyd George and Poland’; Elcock, ‘Britain and the Russo-Polish Frontier’; Kuśnierz, Stalin and the Poles, 22–3; Karski, Great Powers, 52–70; Rozek, Allied Wartime Diplomacy, 12–16; Snyder, Reconstruction, 63–4; Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, 285–6; Destiny Can Wait, 263; Belcarz & Pęczkowski, White Eagles, 66–7.
20. Borzęcki, Soviet-Polish Peace, 280; Mastny, Russia’s Road, 16.
21. P. Stachura, ‘The Battle of Warsaw, 1920’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars, 43–59.
22. Zamoyski, Polish Way, 340.
23. Komarnicki, Rebirth, 304; Zamoyski, Polish Way, 333; Prażmowska, Poland, 64–7; Jasienica, ‘The Polish Experience’.
24. Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 5–9; Reddaway et al., Cambridge History of Poland, 497; Z. Landau, ‘The Economic Integration of Poland 1918–23’, in Latawski, Reconstruction, 145–52.
25. W. Roszkowski, ‘The Reconstruction of the Government and State Apparatus in the Second Polish Republic’, in Latawski, Reconstruction, 159–60; Stachura, Poland 1918–1945, 104–5.
26. Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 12–15, 278–83; P. Stachura, ‘The Second Republic in Historiographical Outline’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars, 1–12; Housden, Hans Frank, 79; Zamoyski, Polish Way, 348; Davies, God’s Playground, 411–18.
27. Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 317–39.
28. Retinger, Memoirs, 77; Zamoyski, Polish Way, 343; Holzer, ‘The Political Right in Poland’; Seidner, ‘The Camp of National Unity’.
29. Davies & Polonsky, Jews in Eastern Poland, 4; Gutman & Krakowski, Unequal Victims, 8; Stachura, Poland 1918–1945, 46.
30. T. Piotrowski, Poland’s Holocaust, 146.
31. Prusin, Lands Between, 106; T. Piotrowski, Poland’s Holocaust, 179–98.
32. P. Stachura, ‘National Identity and the Ethnic Minorities in Early Inter-War Poland’, in Latawski, Reconstruction, 60–86; Snyder, Reconstruction, 143, 150–51; Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 374; Prusin, Lands Between, 108–16.
33. Stachura, ‘National Identity and the Ethnic Minorities’, in Latawski, Reconstruction; Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 463; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 40; Blanke, ‘The German Minority in Inter-War Poland and German Foreign Policy’.
34. Lukas, Forgotten Survivors, 3.
35. J. Lichten, ‘Notes on the Assimilation and Acculturation of Jews in Poland, 1863–1943’, in Abramsky, Jachimczyk & Polonsky, Jews in Poland, 106–29.
36. S. Korboński, Jews and the Poles, 8.
37. Lukas, Out of the Inferno, 9.
38. J. Turowicz, ‘Polish Reasons and Jewish Reasons’, in Polonsky, ‘My Brother’s Keeper?’, 134–43; Beck, Dernier Rapport, 140; Prusin, Lands Between, 93–5; E. Mendelsohn, ‘Interwar Poland: Good for the Jews or Bad for the Jews?’, in Abramsky, Jachimczyk & Polonsky, Jews in Poland, 130–39; Bartoszewski, ‘Poles and Jews as the “Other” ’; Wynot, ‘ “A Necessary Cruelty” ’; Longerich, Holocaust, 110; Ringelblum, Polish-Jewish Relations, x.
39. Davies, God’s Playground, 425–9.
1. Karski, Great Powers, 84.
2. Jędrzejewicz, Lipski, 24.
3. Jędrzejewicz, Łukasiewicz, 187; Wandycz, Twilight, passim.
4. Cienciala, Poland and the Western Powers, 21.
5. The principal treaty signed at Locarno was between Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy.
6. Mastny, Russia’s Road, 16; Snyder, Bloodlands, 30, 37.
7. Snyder, Bloodlands, 38, 56–7.
8. Beck, Dernier Rapport, 37–8.
9. Beneš, Memoirs, 10.
10. Gasiorowski, ‘Did Piłsudski Attempt’.
11. Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 31.
12. Jędrzejewicz, Lipski, 142, 288.
13. Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 365–6.
14. Cienciala, Poland and the Western Powers, 17–18, 26; Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 71, 94–5; Wandycz, Twilight, passim.
15. Jędrzejewicz, Lipski, 402.
16. Debicki, Foreign Policy, 117–20; Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 16.
17. Karski, Great Powers, 237; Haslam, ‘The Soviet Union’.
18. Eden, Eden Memoirs, 35.
19. Raczyński, In Allied London, 9.
20. Polish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Official Documents, 47–8. On 19 November 1938, the Czech Government agreed to allow Germany extraterritorial rights for the section of the planned road from Breslau to Vienna which would cross Czech territory. Newman, March 1939, 89; Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 18.
21. Jędrzejewicz, Lipski, 353; Debicki, Foreign Policy, 125–9; Karski, Great Powers, 218–19; Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 15.
22. Newman, March 1939, 163.
23. Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 12–14, 39.
24. Minute by Vansittart, 17 March 1939, TNA, FO 371/2306; Chiefs of Staff minutes, 18 March 1939, TNA, CAB 53/10.
25. Newman, March 1939, 134–5; Karski, Great Powers, 265.
26. Prażmowska, ‘Poland’s Foreign Policy’.
27. Ibid.; Strang, At Home and Abroad, 161; Bruce Strang, ‘Once More unto the Breach’.
28. 31 March 1939, Hansard, vol. 345, 2415.
29. Prażmowska, ‘Poland’s Foreign Policy’.
30. Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 738–9.
31. Dilks, Diaries, 166.
32. Beck, Dernier Rapport, 176.
33. Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 19.
34. Cienciala, Poland and the Western Powers, 239.
35. Cannistraro, Wynot & Kovaleff, Poland and the Coming of the Second World War, 70–71.
36. Debicki, Foreign Policy, 130–31.
37. More details on these talks can be found in Prażmowska, ‘Poland’s Foreign Policy’.
38. 3 April 1939, Hansard, vol. 345, 2500, 2509.
39. Debicki, Foreign Policy, 149; TNA, FO 371/23073; Craig & Gilbert, Diplomats, 610.
40. Karski, Great Powers, 355.
41. Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 147–9.
42. Debicki, Foreign Policy, 145–6; Karski, Great Powers, 329–30; A. Suchcitz, ‘Poland’s Defence Preparations in 1939’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars, 109–36; Jędrzejewicz, Łukasiewicz, 211–17.
43. Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 786.
44. Karski, Great Powers, 333; Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 103–5.
45. Suchcitz, ‘Poland’s Defence Preparations’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars; Report to the Chiefs of Staff Committee, 15 June 1939, TNA, CAB 53/50; TNA, CAB 23/100; diary entry 10 July 1939, Macleod & Kelly, Ironside Diaries, 78; Committee of Imperial Defence report, 28 March 1939, TNA, CAB 53/47; Kennard to Sargent, 30 May 1939, TNA, FO 371/23129; Karski, Great Powers, 332; Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 93–6; Turnbull & Suchcitz, Sword, 33.
46. 31 July 1939, Hansard, vol. 350, 1921–2.
47. Debicki, Foreign Policy, 144; Karski, Great Powers, 334–5; Prażmowska, ‘Poland’s Foreign Policy’; Turnbull & Suchcitz, Sword, 26–7.
48. Kennedy, German Campaign, 48–50.
49. Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 397.
50. Speech at Sandhurst, January 1939, in Turnbull & Suchcitz, Sword, 77–8.
51. Suchcitz, ‘Poland’s Defence Preparations’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars; Drzewieniecki, ‘The Polish Army on the Eve’; Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 484–5; author’s interview with Teresa Kicińska.
52. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 85; Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 12; Kennedy, German Campaign, 51–4.
53. P. Fleming (born Piotr Tarczyński), IWM 2289 86/17/1; interview with J. Garliński, IWM 10592; A. Suchcitz, ‘From Tsarist Subject to Soviet Prisoner: General Anders’ Road to Command 1892–1929’, in Pyłat, Ciechanowski & Suchcitz, General Władysław Anders, 1–17.
54. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 26; Turnbull & Suchcitz, Sword, 77–8.
55. Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 12; Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 490–91; Zamoyski, Forgotten Few, 16–19.
56. Suchcitz, ‘Poland’s Defence Preparations’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars; Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 89–92; Plan Zachód can be found in Sikorski Institute, Polskie Siły Zbrojne, vol. 1, 257–420.
57. Reports to the State Department, Biddle, 29 March & 6 May 1939, in Cannistraro, Wynot & Kovaleff, Poland and the Coming of the Second World War, 48–9, 64.
58. Suchcitz, ‘Poland’s Defence Preparations’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars; report to the Chiefs of Staff Committee, 15 June 1939, TNA, CAB 53/50; TNA, CAB 23/100; diary entry 10 July 1939, Macleod & Kelly, Ironside Diaries, 78.
59. The British Mission to Poland, TNA, FO 371/22925; Suchcitz, ‘Poland’s Defence Preparations’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars; Harrison, ‘Carton de Wiart’s Second Military Mission’.
60. Cannistraro, Wynot & Kovaleff, Poland and the Coming of the Second World War, 80–81.
61. Karski, Great Powers, 366–9.
62. Raczyński, In Allied London, 20.
63. Steiner, Triumph of the Dark, 839–44; I. Kershaw, Hitler, 201–15.
64. Suchcitz, ‘Poland’s Defence Preparations’, in Stachura, Poland Between the Wars; Karski, Secret State, 9; Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 76–7; Debicki, Foreign Policy, 159; Henderson, Failure of a Mission, 261–71.
1. Gluza, Rok 1939, 85.
2. Hollingworth, Three Weeks War, 16.
3. Diary entry 1 September 1939, Macleod & Kelly, Ironside Diaries, 9. When Britain declared war on Germany, Ironside was appointed CIGS and Gort commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Force.
4. R. Smorczewski, IWM 128787 03/41/1.
5. Krystyna Kuczyńska-Dudli, in Lukas, Forgotten Survivors, 67.
6. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 108–10, 113–14; Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 14–15; Prażmowska, Britain and Poland, 1939–1943, 3.
7. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 92–3.
8. Carton de Wiart, Happy Odyssey, 156.
9. Lukas, Did the Children Cry, 14.
10. R. Zolski, IWM 4211 83/24/1.
11. Author’s interview with Anna Kochańska.
12. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 99–100.
13. Karski, Secret State, 12.
14. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 12–13; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 110; Piekałkiewicz, Cavalry, 8.
15. Major Stanisław Wojtaszewski, quoted in Gluza, Rok 1939, 102.
16. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 129; Karski, Secret State, 13; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 117–21.
17. 3 September 1939, Hansard, vol. 351, 293.
18. Jędrzejewicz, Łukasiewicz, 290–91.
19. Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, 6.
20. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 742.
21. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 123–6.
22. Carton De Wiart, Happy Odyssey, 155.
23. Czarnomski, They Fight for Poland, 35.
24. Karski, Great Powers, 376–8; Shirer, Rise and Fall, 763.
25. Jędrzejewicz, Łukasiewicz, 295.
26. Diary entry 18 October 1939, Taylor, Goebbels Diaries, 24.
27. Karski, Great Powers, 376–8; Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 182–4; Dilks, Diaries, 215–6; diary entry 29 September 1939, Macleod & Kelly, Ironside Diaries, 114.
28. Raczyński, In Allied London, 31.
29. TNA, AIR 8/260.
30. Jędrzejewicz, Łukasiewicz, 297.
31. TNA, FO 371/23147; Prażmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 186–8; TNA, FO 371/23147; CAB 65/1, War Council, 6 September. Norwid-Neugebauer resigned as head of the Polish military mission in January 1940; from November 1942 to 1947 he headed the Administration of the Polish Armed Forces (Norwid-Neugebauer, Defence of Poland, passim).
32. Gluza, Rok 1939, 105.
33. Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, 16.
34. Gluza, Rok 1939, 123.
35. Hollingworth, Three Weeks’ War, 24.
36. Polish Ministry of Information, The German Invasion of Poland, 50.
37. Robbins Landon, Prüller, 29.
38. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 231–8; Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland, 15, 62–72, 79, 90; Gluza, Rok 1939, 100–101.
39. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 130, 142–3; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 142. Sucharski’s breakdown was concealed by his subordinates and he became a hero in post-war Poland.
40. Corporal Bronisław Grudziński and Bernard Rygielski, quoted in Gluza, Rok 1939, 111.
41. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 127–30.
42. Sosabowski, Freely I Served, 22–30; Prażmowska, Britain and Poland, 1939–1943, 3; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 126–7; Cannistraro, Wynot & Kovaleff, Poland and the Coming of the Second World War, 146.
43. Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 19; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 131–3; Williamson, Poland Betrayed, 104.
44. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 151–6; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 132–5.
45. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 163–7.
46. Piekałkiewicz, Cavalry, 12–14.
47. Rudnicki, Last of the Warhorses, 32–8.
48. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 145–6; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 139.
49. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 198–9.
50. Czarnomski, They Fight for Poland, 53.
51. Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 22–3. Langner escaped to Rumania, and then to France where he joined the reborn Polish Army. After the fall of France he went to Britain and was appointed commander of the Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Brigade stationed in Scotland. In 1941 he gave up his post and from 1943 served as an inspector of military training of Polish units in Britain.
52. DPSR, vol. I, 46.
53. Sword, Soviet Takeover, xvi.
54. DPSR, vol. I, 42.
55. Hollingworth, Front Line, 84.
56. Diary entry 17 September 1939, in Colville, Fringes of Power, 23.
57. TNA, FO 371/23103.
58. Chamberlain statement to Commons, 20 September 1939, Hansard, vol. 351, 976–8.
59. Raczyński, In Allied London, 37–8; Sword, ‘British Reactions to the Soviet Occupation’.
60. Halifax to House of Lords, 26 October 1939, Hansard, vol. 114, 1565.
61. Gluza, Rok 1939, 136.
62. Carton de Wiart, Happy Odyssey, 159.
63. Gluza, Rok 1939, 139.
64. Szawłowski, Wojna Polsko-Sowiecka, vol. 1, 39–46.
65. Apolinary in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War through Children’s Eyes, 205.
66. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 151–2.
67. Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War through Children’s Eyes, 6.
68. Gluza, Rok 1939, 135, 141, 151.
69. Williamson, Poland Betrayed, 122–4; Szawłowski, Wojna Polsko-Sowiecka, passim; Cygan, Kresy w ogniu, passim.
70. Gluza, Rok 1939, 156–7, 161.
71. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 140–41; Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 243–4.
72. Szpilman, Pianist, 36.
73. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 247–8; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 141; Gluza, Rok 1939, 159, 162.
74. Sosabowski, Freely I Served, 42, 46.
75. Rudnicki, Last of the Warhorses, 53.
76. Gluza, Rok 1939, 169.
77. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 262–3.
78. Ibid., 261.
79. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 156.
80. Datner, Crimes against POWs, xxx, 20–31.
81. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland, 180–84; Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 231–8; Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 25; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 156.
82. Zamoyski, Forgotten Few, 21–32.
83. Czarnomski, They Fight for Poland, 233.
84. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 145–6.
85. Williamson, Poland Betrayed, 73–4.
86. Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 143–4.
87. Ibid., 156.
88. A. Harvey, ‘The French Armée de l’Air’.
89. Carton de Wiart’s report, TNA, WO 106/1747; The Biddle Report in Cannistraro, Wynot & Kovaleff, Poland and the Coming of the Second World War, 166–73; Harrison, ‘Carton de Wiart’s Second Military Mission’.
90. Keith Sword interview with Peter Wilkinson, SSEES archives, SWO 1/3.
91. Franciszek Kornicki, IWM 01/1/1; Baluk, Silent and Unseen, 74.
92. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 210.
93. Kesselring, Memoirs, 46.
94. Destiny Can Wait, 12–13.
95. Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 328–9.
96. Diary entry 5 October 1939, Macleod & Kelly, Ironside Diaries, 117.
97. Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed, 264–5.
98. Rudnicki, Last of the Warhorses, 62–6; Zaloga & Madeja, Polish Campaign, 113.
99. M. Rymaszewski, IWM 11621 02/28/1.
100. Piekałkiewicz, Cavalry, 16; Anonymous, ‘German Cavalry in World War II’.
101. Hollingworth, Three Weeks’ War, 72; statement by Halifax, 13 September 1939, Hansard, vol. 114, 1051; Sir E. Grigg, House of Commons, 20 September 1939, Hansard, vol. 351, 956.
102. Kwiatkowski, quoted in Gluza, Rok 1939, 139.
103. Biddle to Secretary of State, 19 September 1939, and Bullitt, ambassador in France, to Secretary of State, 18 October 1939, FRUS 1939, vol. II, 689, 697.
104. Cannistraro, Wynot & Kovaleff, Poland and the Coming of the Second World War, 163.
105. Jędrzejewicz, Łukasiewicz, 351–73.
106. Diary entry 26 September 1939, Dilks, Diaries, 219.
107. Raczyński, In Allied London, 40–44.
108. Baluk, Unseen and Silent, 74.
109. Wood & Jankowski, Karski, 60.
110. TNA, FO 371/23153.
111. ‘Preliminary guidelines on the opinions and aims of the government, 8 November 1939; report on the visit to England, 23 November 1939’, in Protokoły, vol. I, 81–4, 94–101.
112. Guidelines for the underground, 23 November 1939, AK Documents, vol. VI, no. 1589, 1–4.
113. Karski, Great Powers, 355.
1. Karski, Secret State, 46.
2. Korboński, Fighting Warsaw, 8.
3. Łuczak, Polska i Polacy, 91–7; I. Kershaw, Hitler, 238–9.
4. Chodakiewicz, Between Nazis and Soviets, 86; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 74; Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 111.
5. A. Prażmowska, ‘The Experience of Occupation: Poland’, in Bourne, Liddle & Whitehead, Great World War, 551–65; diary entry 9 February 1940, in Taylor, Goebbels Diaries, 118; Kunicki, ‘Unwanted Collaborators’.
6. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 8; speech by Frank to the army, 3 October 1939, quoted in Shirer, Rise and Fall, 1124; diary entry 5 November 1940, Taylor, Goebbels Diaries, 165.
7. S. Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary, 110.
8. Chodakiewicz, Between Nazis and Soviets, 78; Karski, Secret State, 15; Polish Ministry of Information, German New Order in Poland, 129.
9. S. Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary, 226.
10. Gluza, Rok 1939, 181.
11. Housden, Hans Frank, 117.
12. S. Milton, ‘Non-Jewish Children in the Camps’, in Berenbaum, Mosaic of Victims, 150–60.
13. J. Garliński, ‘The Polish Underground State 1939–45’; Łuczak, Polska i Polacy, 475–8.
14. Polish Ministry of Information, German New Order in Poland, passim.
15. Housden, Hans Frank, 82, 85; Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 11; S. Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary, 194.
16. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 27–8; J. Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation, 96; Chodakiewicz, Between Nazis and Soviets, 68; Housden, Hans Frank, 96–9.
17. Łuczak, Polska i Polacy, 197–200; Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 29; Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 365; Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, various entries.
18. Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, 87.
19. Gilbert, Second World War, 40; Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 362.
20. Gross, Polish Society, 76–80; Łuczak, Polska i Polacy, 277–94; Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 33; U. Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, 71.
21. Datner, Crimes against POWs, xvii–xviii; U. Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers, 66; Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 363; Peter Fleming (Piotr Tarczyński), IWM 2289 86/17/1.
22. Polish Ministry of Information, German New Order in Poland, 117–22.
23. Lanckorońska, Those Who Trespass Against Us, 59.
24. Datner, Crimes against POWs, 99–105.
25. Bergen, ‘The Nazi Concept of “Volksdeutsche” ’; I. Kershaw, ‘War and “Ethnic Cleansing”: The Case of the “Warthegau” ’, in Robertson, War, Resistance and Intelligence, 83–96; Lane, Victims of Stalin and Hitler, 40; Stoltman, Trust Me You Will Survive, 37.
26. Rutherford, Prelude to the Final Solution, 11.
27. Polish Ministry of Information, German New Order in Poland, 181.
28. Łuczak, Polska i Polacy, 141–5.
29. S. Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary, 79.
30. Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 27–9; Bór-Komorowski, Secret Army, 19; Lukas, Did the Children Cry, 19; Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 464; Polish Ministry of Information, German Invasion of Poland; Karski, Secret State, 68; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 84–88.
31. Interview with Z. Szkopiak, IWM 16816.
32. S. Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary, 217.
33. Chodakiewicz, Between Nazis and Soviets, 139–43.
34. Under the Nuremberg Laws there were several definitions of a non-Aryan: ‘1. A Jew is a person descended from at least two fully Jewish grandparents by race or married to a Jewish person on 15 September 1935, or descended from three or four Jewish grandparents; 2. Mischlinge of the first degree – person descended from two Jewish grandparents but not belonging to the Jewish religion and not married to a Jewish person on 15 September 1935; Mischlinge of the second degree – Person descended from one Jewish grandparent’ (Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, vol. I, 80).
35. Longerich, Holocaust, 160; Gutman & Krakowski, Unequal Victims, 32.
36. Diary entry 27 October 1940, Katsch, Scroll of Agony, 215–16.
37. Neuman-Mowicki, Struggle for Life, 19–20.
38. Marrus, Unwanted, 230.
39. Wood & Jankowski, Karski, 53.
40. Hilberg, Destruction of European Jews, vol. I, 234.
41. Ringelblum, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 73.
42. Hilberg, Destruction of European Jews, vol. I, 210, 222–3, 226.
43. Edelman, Ghetto Fights, 6.
44. Ringelblum, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 89, 130.
45. Ringelblum, Polish-Jewish Relations, 87.
46. Iwaszkiewicz, Notaki 1939–1945, 48.
47. Hilberg, Destruction of European Jews, vol. I, 218.
48. Korboński, Fighting Warsaw, 15.
49. S. Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary, 49.
50. Korboński, Fighting Warsaw, 56.
51. Diary entry 10 March 1941, Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, 141.
52. Korboński, Fighting Warsaw, 50–51.
53. Gumkowski & Leszczyński, Poland Under Nazi Occupation, 112–14.
54. Lukas, Forgotten Survivors, 53–5.
55. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 8–9.
56. Polish Ministry of Information, German Invasion of Poland, 22–3.
57. Housden, Hans Frank, 120–21.
58. Polish Ministry of Information, German Invasion of Poland, 23; Snyder, Bloodlands, 147–8; T. Piotrowski, Poland’s Holocaust, 28; S. Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary, 138.
59. Testimony of Hans Frank at Nuremberg, 18 April 1946, Yale University Avalon Project.
60. S. Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary, 136.
61. AK Documents, vol. I, 2.
62. Alexander Maisner, IWM 91/1/1.
63. Garliński, ‘The Polish Underground State’.
64. Ibid.; Bór-Komorowski, Secret Army, 24.
65. Instruction No. 1, 4 December 1939, Instruction No. 3, 8 April 1940, Instruction No. 6, 3 November 1940, AK Documents, vol. I, 10–21, 187–92, 305–24.
66. Harrison, ‘The British Special Operations Executive and Poland’.
67. Diary entry 9 November 1940, Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, 124.
68. Sagajllo, Man in the Middle, 21.
69. Wood & Jankowski, Karski, 63–4; Prażmowska, Civil War in Poland, 25–6.
70. Garliński, ‘The Polish Underground State’.
71. Bór-Komorowski, Secret Army, 33, 47.
72. Karski, Secret State, 88.
73. Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 13.
74. Despatch of unnamed journalist, 25 September 1939, quoted in Sukiennicki, ‘The Establishment of the Soviet Regime’.
75. Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 35–40, 50–53.
76. M. Szuba-Tomaszewska, quoted in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing 33.
77. Henryk N., quoted in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 148.
78. E. Piekarski, IWM 16697.
79. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
80. Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 9.
81. Davies & Polonsky, Jews in Eastern Poland, 10–16; Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 32–3; Korzec & Szurek, ‘Jews and Poles under Soviet Occupation’; Prusin, Lands Between, 130–31; J. Gross, ‘A Tangled Web: Confronting Stereotypes concerning Relations between the Poles, Germans, Jews, and Communists’, in Deák, Gross & Judt, Politics of Retribution, 74–129.
82. Julian M. in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 101.
83. Quoted in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 156.
84. Interview with S. Kujawiński, IWM 12018.
85. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
86. Quoted in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 426.
87. Quoted in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 26.
88. Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 71–113.
89. Sobieski, ‘Reminiscences from Lwów’.
90. Gluza, Rok 1939, 186.
91. Henryk N., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 150.
92. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 47.
93. Kuśnierz, Stalin and the Poles, 55; Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 188–9.
94. Quoted in Zbikowski, ‘The Jewish Reaction to the Soviet Arrival in the Kresy’.
95. Gross, ‘A Tangled Web’, in Deák, Gross & Judt, Politics of Retribution.
96. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 10.
97. Witold T., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 194.
98. Sukiennicki, ‘The Establishment of the Soviet Regime’; Prusin, Lands Between, 131–2.
99. Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 126–38.
100. Witold T., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 195.
101. B. M. Trybuchowski, in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 667.
102. Lanckorońska, Those Who Trespass Against Us, 8; author’s correspondence with Anna Kochańska.
103. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 14–15.
104. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
105. Zbigniew & Zeev, in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 217, 230.
106. Rees, World War Two, 25.
107. Apolinary H., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 205.
108. Interview with K. Dobrowolski, IWM 17438.
109. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 47; Strzembosz, Studia z dziejów okupacji sowieckiej, passim.
110. Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 12–14; Kuśnierz, Stalin and the Poles, 59.
111. W. Bonusiak, ‘Przemiany ekonomiczne w Małopolsce Wschodniej w latach 1939–1941’, in Chmielowiec, Okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich, 113–30; Prusin, Lands Between, 134.
112. Rees, World War Two, 27–8.
113. Author’s interviews with Nina and Renia Kochańska.
114. Wiesław R., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 64.
115. Bloodlands, 93–104; Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 144–86.
116. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
117. Maisner, IWM 91/1/1.
118. Piesakowski, Fate of Poles, 41.
119. Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 144–86.
120. Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 108.
121. Z. Berling, Wspomnienia, vol. I, 37–53.
122. Piesakowski, Fate of Poles, 47; N. Lebedeva, ‘The Deportation of the Polish Population to the USSR, 1939–41’, in Rieber, Communist Studies, 28–45; Cienciala, Lebedeva & Materski, Katyń, 26; Sanford, ‘The Katyń Massacre and Polish-Soviet Relations’.
123. Rees, World War Two, 54–8.
124. Paul, Katyń, 81–4.
125. Cienciala, Lebedeva & Materski, Katyń, 137–44.
126. Swianiewicz et al., Crime of Katyń.
127. Kuśnierz, Stalin and the Poles, 69; Z. Siemaszko, ‘The Mass Deportation of the Polish Population to the USSR, 1940–1941’, in Sword, Soviet Takeover, 217–35.
128. T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 31.
129. Ibid., 21.
130. Interviews with D. Sobolewska, W. Chmura, K. Dobrowolski, all IWM 13043, 16635, 17438; J. Kucięba & O. Nowicka, in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 336, 614.
131. Julian M. & Janusz K., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 102, 115.
132. T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 25.
133. Author’s interviews with Nina and Anna Kochańska.
134. T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 18.
135. Interview with K. Bortkiewiecz, IWM 21562; Nikodem U., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 154.
1. Z. Siemaszko, ‘The Mass Deportation of the Polish Population to the USSR, 1940–1941’, in Sword, Soviet Takeover, 217–35.
2. Kuśnierz, Stalin and the Poles, 68–9; Sikorski Institute, Polskie Siły Zbrojne, vol. III, 34.
3. Siemaszko, ‘Mass Deportation’, in Sword, Soviet Takeover; Piesakowski, Fate of Poles, 50–51; Gross, Revolution from Abroad, used these numbers in the first edition but has acknowledged later research in the 2002 edition.
4. Lebedeva, ‘Deportation of the Polish Population’, in Rieber, Communist Studies; Ciesielski, Materski & Paczkowski, Represje Sowieckie Wobec Polaków i Obywateli Polskich, 11–16.
5. Jolluck, Exile and Identity, 9–13; Sword, Deportation and Exile, 25–7; Cienciala, Lebedeva & Materski, Katyń, 153–4.
6. Jolluck, Exile and Identity, 14–16; Siemaszko, ‘Mass Deportation’, in Sword, Soviet Takeover.
7. Lane, Victims of Stalin and Hitler, 101.
8. Królikowski, Stolen Childhood, 19.
9. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 142–3.
10. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
11. Diary of the Milewski family, quoted in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 35; interview with Danuta Andresz, IWM 16758; Jolluck, Exile and Identity, 38–9.
12. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
13. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 147, 151.
14. Ibid., 141; interview with Stanisław Kujawiński, IWM 12018; interview with Zdzisława Kawencka, IWM 16847; Jolluck, Exile and Identity, 38.
15. Author’s interviews with Nina and Krzysia Kochańska; Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 141.
16. Julian M., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 104; Tadeusz Pieczko, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 58.
17. For example Danuta G., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 74–5; interview with K. Dobrowolski, IWM 17438; author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
18. Much of this timber was sent to Germany in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Treaty. Jolluck, Exile and Identity, 57–8.
19. Królikowski, Stolen Childhood, 21.
20. Stanisław K., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 121–4.
21. Lane, Victims of Stalin and Hitler, 110.
22. Jolluck, Exile and Identity, 59.
23. Dobrowolski, IWM 17438; author’s interview with Stanisław Kochański.
24. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska; Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 133.
25. Jolluck, Exile and Identity, 63; Dobrowolski, IWM 17438; author’s interview with Nina Kochańska; Kawencka, IWM 16847.
26. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska; Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 150.
27. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
28. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 148.
29. Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 109.
30. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 143.
31. Interview with Elizabeth Piekarski, IWM 16697; Jolluck, Exile and Identity, 63.
32. Helena F., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 216–17.
33. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
34. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon; author’s interview with Stanisław Kochański; Kujawiński, IWM 12018.
35. Jolluck, Exile and Identity, 74; Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 125.
36. Author’s interview with Stanisław Kochański.
37. Ibid.; Dobrowolski, IWM 17438; Pieczko, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 59.
38. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 145; Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 56–8, 110–11, 216–17; Sabina Lukasiewicz, Józefa Pucia-Zawada and Władysław Jarnicki, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 60, 63, 65.
39. Arnold Rymaszewski, IWM 11621 02/28/1; author’s interview with Nina Kochańska; T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 72.
40. Pierkarski, IWM 16697; Stanisław J. & Stanisław B, in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 84–7, 143–5.
41. Dobrowolski, IWM 17438; Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 143; author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
42. Królikowski, Stolen Childhood, 24.
43. Milewski, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 35.
44. Eva Sowińska, in ibid., 68–9.
45. Kawencka, IWM 16847; Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 144; author’s interview with Stanisław Kochański; Adam R., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 62–3; Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 109; Kelly, Finding Poland, 125, 127.
46. Milewski, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees; Kuśnierz, Stalin and the Poles, 84; Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 166–7; author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
47. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska; Dobrowolski, IWM 17438; Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 144; Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 128–31; Danuta G. & Alfred P., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 74–5, 118.
48. Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, xxiii, 183–90; Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 150–51; Dobrowolski, IWM 17438; author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
49. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 148.
50. Piekarski, IWM 16697; author’s interview Kryszia Kochańska; Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 114.
51. Anna Mineyko, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 72.
52. Stanisław K. and Zeev F., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 121–4, 230–34; Pieczko, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 56.
53. Milewski, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 46; Dobrowolski, IWM 17438; Apolinary H., in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 205–10.
54. Milewski, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 36–7.
55. Author’s interview with Renia Kochańska.
56. F. Lachman, IWM 1191 91/6/1.
57. Vala Miron and Stefania Buczak-Zarzycka, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 53–5; Dobrowolski, IWM 17438.
58. Kujawiński, IWM 12018; Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 144; author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
59. Maria Borkowska-Witkowska, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 60–61; Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 184–91.
60. Kennard to Halifax, 18 May 1940, TNA, FO 371/5744/116/55; Teresa Lipkowska, quoted in Rozek, Allied Wartime Diplomacy, 76–7.
1. World Broadcast on the German Invasion of Russia, 22 June 1941, in Churchill, Great War Speeches, 122.
2. Sikorski’s broadcast to the Polish nation, 23 June 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 108–12.
3. Ciechanowski, Defeat in Victory, 39–41.
4. TNA, FO 371/24472.
5. See Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow.
6. Protest of the Polish Government to the Allied and Neutral Governments against the conscription of Polish citizens by the Red Army, 3 February 1940, in DPSR, vol. I, 93.
7. Retinger, Memoirs, 110; Cienciala, ‘The Question of the Polish-Soviet Frontier in 1939–1940’; Cienciala, ‘General Sikorski and the Conclusion of the Polish-Soviet Agreement’; Prażmowska, Britain and Poland, 1939–1943, 64; J. Coutouvidis, ‘Sikorski’s Thirty Day Crisis, 19 June–19 July 1940’, in Sword, Sikorski, 116–20.
8. Note made by General Sikorski on his conversation with Sir Stafford Cripps on the imminent outbreak of war between Germany and the USSR, 18 June 1941, DPSR, no. 85, 103–8.
9. Diary entry 5 July 1941, Dilks, Diaries, 360.
10. Record of a conversation between General Sikorski and Ambassador Maisky on the conditions of resumption of Polish-Soviet relations, 5 July 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 117–19.
11. Eden to Zaleski, 18 July 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 138–9.
12. Record of a conversation between Sikorski and Maisky, in the presence of Eden, 11 July 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 128–32.
13. Quoted in Terry, Poland’s Place in Europe, 184–5.
14. Cienciala, ‘General Sikorski and the Conclusion of the Polish-Soviet Agreement’.
15. Raczyński, In Allied London, 95; Retinger, Memoirs, 119.
16. Diary entry 27 July 1941, in Gorodetsky, Stafford Cripps in Moscow, 132.
17. Diary entry 30 July 1941, in Colville, Fringes of Power, 422.
18. Polish-Soviet Agreement, 30 July 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 141; Retinger, Memoirs, 119.
19. Eden, Eden Memoirs, 273.
20. Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, 174.
21. Raczyński, In Allied London, 102.
22. Prażmowska, Britain and Poland, 1939–1943, 26–7.
23. Rowecki to headquarters, 28 August 1941, AK Documents, vol. II, no. 220, 51.
24. Decree by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR, 12 August 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 145.
25. Polish-Soviet Military Agreement, 14 August 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 147–8.
26. Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 113.
27. Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, xviii–xix.
28. Sarner, General Anders, 36.
29. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 35. General A. Wasilewski was also a member of the Soviet military mission.
30. Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, 19.
31. Peszke, Battle for Warsaw, 93.
32. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 37, 56.
33. General instructions for the Polish ambassador in the Soviet Union, 28 August 1941; Sikorski’s instructions to Anders concerning the political conditions under which the Polish forces in the USSR should be used, 1 September 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 158–65; Anders, Army in Exile, 61–2.
34. Rozek, Allied Wartime Diplomacy, 70–71; Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, 10–11; Sword, Deportation and Exile, 88.
35. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 38.
36. Hulls, ‘Russian Polish Relations’, 29 October 1942, IWM 4043 84/48/1.
37. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 41.
38. K. Colonna-Czosnowski, IWM 5532 96/28/1.
39. A. Maisner, IWM 916 91/1/1.
40. Królikowski, Stolen Childhood, 42.
41. A. Gołębiowski, IWM 319 95/6/1.
42. R. Rzepcyński, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 88.
43. A. Bielińska, in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 53.
44. R. Reich, in ibid., 445.
45. W. Godawa, in ibid., 75.
46. A. Belińska, in ibid., 53.
47. E. Hubert, in ibid., 161.
48. Kot to Raczyński, 8 November 1941, Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, 96–7; author’s interview with Stanisław Kochański.
49. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 43, 46, 48.
50. W. Derfel, in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 115.
51. F. Szalasny, in ibid., 456–7.
52. Milewski family, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 79–80.
53. Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 198.
54. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 56.
55. Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, passim.
56. Destiny Can Wait, 29.
57. Lane, Victims of Stalin and Hitler, 125.
58. Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, 175; Rozek, Allied Wartime Diplomacy, 75–7.
59. General instructions for the Ambassador of Poland in the USSR, 28 August 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 158–61.
60. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 48.
61. Rudnicki, Last of the Warhorses, 180, 195–6, 200, 228, 240.
62. Ibid., 203; Czapski, Inhuman Land, passim.
63. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 3, 37; Z. Siemaszko, ‘General Anders in the Soviet Union: September 1939–August 1942’, in Pyłat, Ciechanowski & Suchcitz, General Władysław Anders, 19–30.
64. Minute of the conversation at the Kremlin between Sikorski and Stalin, 3 December 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 231–43.
65. L. Kliszewicz, IWM 7147 97/38/1.
66. Merridale, Ivan’s War, 66, 92.
67. Summary of despatches received from the Polish Ambassador in Russia, 21 October 1941, in Jędrzejewicz, Poland in the British Parliament, vol. II, 14–15.
68. Note from Beria to Stalin, 30 November 1941, in Materski, Armia Polska, 19.
69. Kot conversation with Stalin, 14 November 1941, Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, 106–16.
70. British Military Mission, Moscow to Hulls, 8 October 1941; L. Hulls, IWM 4043 84/48/1.
71. Kot to Sikorski, 3 and 8 October 1941, Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, 43–4, 54.
72. A. Gołębiowski, IWM 319 95/6/1.
73. Interview with Z. Kawencka, IWM 16847; D. Maczka, in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 212; Sikorski’s instructions to Anders, 10 December 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 251–3.
74. Memo by the Polish Government-in-Exile to Eden, 28 October 1941, in Jędrzejewicz, Poland in the British Parliament, 11–14.
75. Kot conversation with Stalin, 14 November 1941, Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, 106–16.
76. Ciechanowski, Defeat in Victory, 76–7.
77. Minute of the conversation at the Kremlin between Sikorski and Stalin, 3 December 1941; note of a conversation between Sikorski and Stalin during dinner at the Kremlin, 4 December 1941; declaration of friendship and mutual assistance, 4 December 1941, DPSR, vol. I, 231–46.
78. Materski, Armia Polska, 40–44.
79. Cazalet, With Sikorski to Moscow, 52–5.
80. Huntingdon, Unsettled Account, 216.
81. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 57; Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, xxiv; Rudnicki, Last of the Warhorses, 221.
82. Milewski family, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 80.
83. L. Hulls, 26 July 1942, IWM 4043 84/48/1.
84. Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, xxiv; Sword, Deportation and Exile, 57–8; Siemaszko, ‘General Anders’, in Pyłat, Ciechanowski & Suchcitz, General Władysław Anders.
85. Lane, Victims of Hitler and Stalin, 126.
86. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 90, 94.
87. Rozek, Allied Wartime Diplomacy, 104.
88. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 45.
89. K. Barut, in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 87.
90. B. Stępniewski, in ibid., 330.
91. J. Kucięba, in ibid., 341.
92. L. Hulls, ‘The Polish Army in Russia’, 18 June 1942, IWM 4043 84/48/1.
93. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 98.
94. Fels, ‘ “Whatever Your Heart Dictates and Your Pocket Permits” ’.
95. K. Sword, ‘The Welfare of Polish-Jewish Refugees in the USSR, 1941–43: Relief Supplies and Their Distribution’, in Davies & Polonsky, Jews in Eastern Poland, 145–58.
96. Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, 159–60, 227; D. Engel, ‘The Polish Government-in-Exile and the Erlich-Alter Affair’, in Davies & Polonsky, Jews in Eastern Poland, 172–82.
97. H. Swiderska, in Grudzińska-Gross & Gross, War Through Children’s Eyes, 46–8; Królikowski, Stolen Childhood, 59.
98. Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 203.
99. Meeting between Anders and Stalin, 18 March 1942, DPSR, vol. I, 301–10; Anders, Army in Exile, 96–100.
100. Gilbert, Second World War, 226.
101. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 64.
102. Hodgkin, Letters from Teheran, 128.
103. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 65–6; M. Polak, ‘An Alternative View: The Controversy Surrounding the Military Decisions Taken by General Anders’, in Pyłat, Ciechanowski & Suchcitz, General Władysław Anders, 91–111.
104. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 66–7.
105. Rudnicki, Last of the Warhorses, 229; Berling, Wspomnienia, vol. I, 254–68.
106. Interview with Kazimierz Dobrowolski, IWM 17438; author’s interview with Stanisław Kochański.
107. A. Gołębiowski, IWM 319 95/6/1.
108. Ryszard Zolski, IWM 4211 83/24/1.
109. Arnold Rymaszewski, IWM 11621 02/28/1.
110. I. Szunejko, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 90.
111. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 67.
112. Kot to Anders, 26 March 1942 and Klimecki to Anders, 27 March 1942, in Anders, Army in Exile, 101–2.
113. Note from Beria to Stalin, 4 April 1942, in Materski, Armia Polska, 91–3.
114. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, vol. II, 617–18; Zajdlerowa, Dark Side of the Moon, 204; Sword, Deportation and Exile, 100.
115. A. Rymaszewski, IWM 11621 02/28/1.
116. Rudnicki, Last of the Warhorses, 242.
117. Churchill to Stalin, received 18 July 1942, in Stalin Correspondence, no. 56, 58–61; Terry, Poland’s Place in Europe, 235–42.
118. Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 155.
119. Rudnicki, Last of the Warhorses, 246.
120. Berling, Wspomnienia, vol. I, 280–301.
121. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 77.
122. Kot conversation with Vyshinsky, 2 June 1942, Kot, Conversations with the Kremlin, 239–42.
123. Telegram from Kot to Raczyński, 9 July 1942, DPSR, vol. 1, no. 241, 388–9; Siemaszko, ‘General Anders’, in Pyłat, Ciechanowski & Suchcitz, General Władysław Anders.
124. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska and Stanisław Kochański.
125. Teresa Glazer, in Poles in India, 23.
126. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 78–9; Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 155; Anders, Army in Exile, 112; memorandum of the Polish Embassy in the USSR on the restrictions of the rights of Polish Jews imposed by the Soviet Government, 11 August 1942, DPSR, vol. I, Supplement no. 9, 679–87.
127. S. Buczak-Zarzycka, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 85.
128. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 81.
129. Z. Stepek, in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 251; author’s interview with Renia Kochańska.
130. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 74.
131. Anders, Army in Exile, 127.
132. Ryszard Zolski, IWM 4211 83/24/1.
133. Wócjik, Polish Spirit, 153–4.
134. TNA, FO 371/36691.
135. Żaroń, Armia Andersa, 242–3; Giedroyć, Crater’s Edge, 142–53.
136. Ryszard Zolski, IWM 4211 83/24/1.
137. Wócjik, Polish Spirit, 157–8.
138. Author’s interview with Stanisław Kochański; Tadeusz Walczak, IWM 6441 97/38/1; Alexander Maisner, IWM 916 91/1/1.
139. R. Terlecki, ‘The Jewish Issue in the Polish Army in the USSR and the Near East, 1941–1944’, and A. Polonsky, ‘The Proposal to Establish a “Jewish Legion” within the Polish Army in the USSR’, in Davies & Polonsky, Jews in Eastern Poland, 161–70, 361–5; TNA, FO 371/31099.
140. Terlecki, ‘The Jewish Issue’, Davies & Polonsky, Jews in Eastern Poland.
141. Sarner, General Anders, 118–20, 134–44.
142. TNA, FO 371/39484; TNA, CO 733/445/11.
143. Edward Wierzbicki, quoted in Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing, 644.
144. Author’s interview with Nina Kochańska.
145. Materski, Armia Polska, 98; Sarner, General Anders, 73.
146. Sarner, General Anders, 126–7. Rozen-Zawadzki had been one of the officers identified by the NKVD as pro-communist and sent to the ‘Bungalow of Bliss’ rather than the Lubyanka prison or executed at Katyń.
147. T. Żukowski, IWM 8115 99/3/1.
148. A. Gołębiowski, IWM 319 95/6/1.
149. Papers of Colonel Leslie Hulls, IWM 4043 84/48/1; E. Maresch, ‘The Polish 2 Corps in Preparation for Action and its Disbandment 1943–1946’, in Pyłat, Ciechanowski & Suchcitz, General Władysław Anders, 33–54.
150. Żaroń, Armia Andersa, 170–85.
151. Anders, Army in Exile, 151.
152. Maresch, ‘The Polish 2 Corps’, in Pyłat, Ciechanowski & Suchcitz, General Władysław Anders; Żaroń, Armia Andersa, 227–35; Anders, Army in Exile, 150, 153.
1. Peszke, Battle for Warsaw, 41; Peszke, ‘The Polish Armed Forces in Exile’ (1987), 33–69; Prażmowska, Britain and Poland, 1939–1943, 24.
2. F. Kornicki, IWM 8131; Baluk, Silent and Unseen, 47.
3. Sword interview with Robin Hankey, SSEES, SWO 1/3.
4. Fai-Podlipnik, ‘Hungary’s Relationship with Poland and Its Refugees’; T. Frank, ‘Treaty Revision and Doublespeak: Hungarian Neutrality, 1939–1941’, in Wylie, European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents, 150–73.
5. Piekałkiewicz, Cavalry, 14.
6. Maczek, Od Podwody, 99.
7. Destiny Can Wait, 21–2; McGilvray, Black Devil’s March, 7–8.
8. Only in 1974 was it revealed that the British had read Enigma throughout the war with the publication of F. W. Winterbottom, The Ultra Secret. The most complete story of the Polish contribution to the breaking of Enigma can be found in Kozaczuk, Enigma, and Budiansky, Battle of Wits.
9. The key for each message was the initial position of the rotor wheels and was chosen randomly by the sender. The chosen key was transmitted just before the message itself, encrypted with a prearranged key known to both sender and receiver, and distributed on monthly sheets, with one key for each day through most of the war, several a day at the end. Other prearranged key information was the choice of which rotors to put into the machine and in which order.
10. Sebag-Montefiore, Enigma, 15–41; APHC, vol. I, 443–4.
11. Kozaczuk, Enigma, 64.
12. Modelski, Polish Contribution, 92–5; Sebag-Montefiore, Enigma, 51–4.
13. Sebag-Montefiore, Enigma, 225–43; Modelski, Polish Contribution, 97.
14. Sebag-Montefiore, Enigma, 271–4.
15. Kleczkowski, Poland’s First 100,000, 9–10, 19–20; Peszke, ‘The Polish Armed Forces in Exile’ (1981), 67–113.
16. Jędrzejewicz, Łukasiewicz, 339–40.
17. Waszak, Agreement in Principle, 18.
18. Peszke, ‘The Polish Armed Forces in Exile’ (1981); Zamoyski, Forgotten Few, 50–51.
19. Koskodan, No Greater Ally, 45.
20. Kornicki, IWM 8131.
21. Baluk, Silent and Unseen, 69; Sosabowski, Freely I Served, 81.
22. Pruszyński, Poland Fights Back, 54.
23. Czarnomski, They Fight for Poland, 164.
24. Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 58.
25. Pruszyński, Poland Fights Back, 62–3; Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 69; Kleczkowski, Poland’s First 100,000, 23–4; Peszke, Battle for Warsaw, 52–5; Polish Ministry of Information, Polish Troops in Norway.
26. Waszak, Agreement in Principle, 18.
27. Czarnomski, They Fight for Poland, 125–6.
28. Baluk, Silent and Unseen, 84–5; Maczek, Od Podwody, 111–13; Peszke, ‘The Polish Armed Forces in Exile’ (1981); Kleczkowski, Poland’s First 100,000, 23–8; Potomski, Maczek, 182–98.
29. Slizewski, Stracone Złudzenia, 74–5, 86–7, 167.
30. Frieser, Blitzkrieg Legend, passim; M. Alexander, ‘After Dunkirk’.
31. Koskodan, No Greater Ally, 56.
32. Peszke, Battle for Warsaw, 58–9.
33. Diary entry 25 June 1940, Colville, Fringes of Power, 170–71.
34. Prażmowska, Britain and Poland, 1939–1943, 26; author’s interview with Teresa Kicińska; Peszke, Battle for Warsaw, 60–61; Kleczkowski, Poland’s First 100,000, 35–6.
35. Maczek, Od Podwody, 115–23.
36. F. Kornicki, IWM 01/1/1; Baluk, Silent and Unseen, 87.
37. Report by General Sosnkowski, Protokoły, vol. II, 18–24.
38. Maczek, Od Podwody, 121.
39. 18 June 1940, Hansard, vol. 362, 61.
40. Keegan, Second World War, 94.
41. Koskodan, No Greater Ally, 93.
42. Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 99.
43. Bloody Foreigners: The Untold Battle of Britain, Channel 4 documentary screened on 29 June 2010.
44. Olson & Cloud, For Your Freedom and Ours, 92–167.
45. Zamoyski, Forgotten Few, 92.
46. Sir Alexander Hardinge to Lord Hamilton of Dalzell, August 1940, quoted in Raczyński, In Allied London, 70.
47. Diary entry 21 September 1940, in Colville, Fringes of Power, 245–6.
48. Olson & Cloud, For Your Freedom and Ours, 177, 181.
49. Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 196. The names in Fiedler’s book were all fictitious to protect the families of the men in Poland, but after the war a new edition used the real names.
50. Kleczkowski, Poland’s First 100,000, 58–9; Peszke, ‘The Polish Armed Forces in Exile’ (1981).
51. TNA, FO 371/26751.
52. Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 75.
53. Ibid.
54. Cazalet, With Sikorski to Moscow, 16–17.
55. Modelski, Polish Contribution, 132; Kitchen, Rommel’s Desert War, 148.
56. Koskodan, No Greater Ally, 103.
57. Cazalet, With Sikorski to Moscow, 20.
58. Koskodan, No Greater Ally, 104.
59. Modelski, Polish Contribution, 132.
60. Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 76, 166.
61. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. VI, 678.
62. Baluk, Silent and Unseen, 90.
63. Sosabowski, Freely I Served, 91, 94.
64. Peszke, ‘The Polish Armed Forces in Exile’ (1981); Prażmowska, Britain and Poland, 1939–1943, 66, 72.
65. Commons, 8 November 1939, Hansard, vol. 353, 229–30.
66. Kukiel, Generał Sikorski, 147.
67. TNA, PREM 3/351/1; Sztniewski, ‘Teofil Starzyński’s Activities’.
68. Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 70.
69. Cholewczyński, Poles Apart, 46–7, 56; Sosabowski, Freely I Served, 101, 105–8. The Poles trained a total of 238 Frenchmen, 172 Norwegians, 2 Czechs, 4 Belgians and 4 Dutchmen.
70. Sosabowski, Freely I Served, 113–16.
71. Prażmowska, Britain and Poland, 1939–1943 is particularly strong on this.
72. Ibid., 24; PISM, A.XII.1/129.
73. Sosabowski, Freely I Served, 108.
74. 16 June 1942, Hansard, vol. 380, 1368.
75. PISM, A.XII.4/102.
76. 13 October 1943, Hansard, vol. 392, 90; 26 October 1943, ibid., vol. 393, 23.
77. Schwonek, ‘Kazimierz Sosnkowski as Commander in Chief’.
78. TNA, WO 193/41/80751.
79. Peszke, Poland’s Navy, 30, 36.
80. TNA, ADM 171/9971.
81. Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 90.
82. Peszke, Poland’s Navy, passim.
83. lbid.
84. Padfield, War Beneath the Sea, 76; Peszke, Poland’s Navy, passim.
85. Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 96.
86. Peszke, Poland’s Navy, 36, 167, 171; Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 97.
87. Destiny Can Wait, 113.
88. Ibid., 214.
89. Ibid., 142.
90. Olson & Cloud, For Your Freedom and Ours, 227.
91. Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 145; Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 180–84.
92. Koskodan, No Greater Ally, 98; Peszke, Battle for Warsaw, 122; Stella-Sawicki, Garliński & Mucha, First to Fight, 105–11
93. APHC, vol. II, 837–46; vol. I, 86.
94. Wood & Jankowski, Karski, 137–8.
95. APHC, vol. I, 194, 223, 232.
96. Report by Słowikowski, 8 January 1942, APHC, vol. II, no. 54, 589–92.
97. Winter, ‘Penetrating Hitler’s High Command’.
98. Special Operations Executive (SOE) general appreciation regarding Polish intelligence reports on German preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, 22 April 1941, APHC, vol. II, no. 89, 742–5; note by MI14 regarding a possible attack on the USSR, which takes into account Polish intelligence reports, 25 April 1941, APHC, vol. II, no. 17, 463–5; vol. I, 284, 532.
1. Łuczak, Polska i Polacy, 568–9.
2. R. Ellis, O’Donovan & Wilson, ‘Report on the Condition of Polish Refugees’; Łuczak, Polska i Polacy, 568.
3. Kapronczay, Refugees in Hungary, 23–169; Stasierski, Szkolnictwo Polskie na Węgrzech, passim; Fai-Podlipnik, ‘Hungary’s Relationship with Poland and Its Refugees’; Colonel Korkozowicz to London, 2 November 1943, Colonel Matuszczak to London, 3 November 1943, A. Sapieha to London, 6 November 1943, Sapieha to London, 17 November 1943, all in AK Documents, vol. III, 193–7, 201–8.
4. Engel, Facing a Holocaust, 29; Łuczak, Polska i Polacy, 572.
5. P. Stachura, ‘The Poles in Scotland, 1940–50’, in Stachura, Poles in Britain 48–58; Kernberg, ‘The Polish Community in Scotland’.
6. Garliński, Poland in the Second World War, 241; author’s interview with Teresa Kicińska, who arrived in Switzerland in 1945 and was placed in the guardianship of her half-brother by the Swiss authorities.
7. Łuczak, Polska i Polacy, 570–71; Sword, Formation, 70; Fels, ‘ “Whatever Your Heart Dictates and Your Pocket Permits” ’.
8. Poles in India, 15.
9. Hodgkin, Letters from Teheran, 129.
10. Tadeusz Zukowski, IWM 8115 99/3/1; Alexander Maisner, IWM 916 91/1/1; Wacława Chmura, IWM 16663; author’s interview with Renia Kochańska.
11. Poles in India, 14.
12. Janina Żebrowski-Bulmahn, quoted in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 103.
13. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 81.
14. Stanisław Milewski, in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 105; Poles in India, 13.
15. Aniela Molek-Piotrowska, Stefania Buczak-Zarzycka, Andrzej Czcibor-Piotrowski, all quoted in T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 107, 118; author’s interview with Renia Kochańska.
16. T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 98.
17. The Times, 20 June 1942.
18. Letter from Bader to Raczyński, 17 July 1942, in Raczyński, In Allied London, 118.
19. For example, Anna Giedroyć and her two daughters. See Giedroyć, Crater’s Edge, passim.
20. Hodgkin, Letters from Teheran, 130.
21. Raczyński, In Allied London, 117.
22. Kelly, Finding Poland, 155.
23. Poles in India, 70.
24. Sikorski to Churchill, 5 June 1942, TNA, FO 371/32629.
25. Cairo to Foreign Office, 22 June 1942, IOR, L/PJ/8/412/316.
26. Poles in India, 16.
27. Sword, Deportation and Exile, 85–6; Poles in India, 83.
28. Królikowski, Stolen Childhood, 72.
29. T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 131.
30. IOR, L/PJ/8/412; L/PJ/8/413; Poles in India, passim.
31. Królikowski, Stolen Childhood, 85.
32. T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 137–81.
33. Królikowski, Stolen Childhood, 98.
34. Sarner, General Anders, 113.
35. Królikowski, Stolen Childhood, 273–4, 294; T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 120–25.
36. T. Piotrowski, Polish Deportees, 187.
37. Ibid., 194–5.