Index

academics, 17, 132
adolescents, 1–2
advertising, 12, 17–18, 25, 128, 136–7
- see also marketing
Airbnb, 53, 113–14
Alito, Samuel, 41
Aly, Götz, 106–7, 113
Android, 55
ankle bracelets, 36, 44–53, 90, 133–4
anthropology, 62–3, 73, 75, 77, 122
anthropometry, 9, 62–3, 73, 75–6, 93, 123
Apple, 26, 28, 49–51, 55, 136–7
apps
- app stores, 2
- location services, 29, 54, 55, 56
- self-tracking, 64–5, 68–9, 89, 91–2, 120
arithmomania, 80–3
arson, 7, 8
art, 9
assisted suicide, 125–6
Ault, Richard, 6–7
“authentic self” / “authentic identity,”, 24, 25–6, 135–6
Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL), 34–5
autonomy, 3, 22, 68, 89, 90, 121, 132, 136

Cambridge Analytica, 22
capitalism, 131
cell phones
- digital culture, 2
- location-based games, 56–8
- location services, 3, 27–9, 34, 37, 40–1, 43, 51–2, 54–6, 59, 113, 121
- self-empowerment, 90
- self-tracking, 63–4, 65, 67, 77, 83, 91, 132
- as surveillance devices, 49, 51
- see also iPhone
censuses, 99–110, 113, 114, 118, 129, 135
children, 4–5
class, 135
classification, 63, 84
Clinton, Bill, 24, 33
cloud computing, 61
“competitive individuality,”, 130, 131
consumer profiling, 18
contract employment, 131–2
control, 100, 116–17, 127
Crawford, Kate, 98
crime, 5–7
- bodily measurements, 73, 75–6
- monitoring of convicted criminals, 36–7, 44–53
- prevention, 133
- step counters, 77–9
- tracking of suspected criminals, 28, 33–43, 59
- see also law enforcement; police
criminal anthropology, 62–3, 73, 75, 77, 122
criminology, 3, 59
- bodily measurements, 77
- identification methods, 135
- prevention, 133
- profiling, 5–9, 18
- tattoos, 121–2, 123
- see also law enforcement; police
Cullerre, Alexandre, 82
customer profiling, 18
cyberspace, 24, 26, 55, 112, 136

Gall, Franz Joseph, 62–3
Galton, Francis, 62–3, 73
games, 56–8
General Data Protection Regulation, 19–20
Generali, 68–9, 85, 90, 128
genetics, 124–5, 126, 132
geocaching, 56, 57
Germany
- census, 99–110, 118, 129, 135
- criminal profiling, 8
- euthanasia, 125–6
- GPS, 31–2
- location tracking, 35, 42–3, 52
- monitoring of convicted criminals, 48–9
- profiles, 19
- “racial hygiene,”, 125
- temporary employment, 131–2
- Vitality app, 68–9
Germany's Next Topmodel (TV show), 130
Gibson, William, 24
Giese, Fritz, 5
Ginzburg, Carlo, 59
Goddard, Henry H., 84, 85
Gold, Louis, 6, 7
Goldberg, Lewis, 21
Google
- Android, 55
- customer profiling, 18
Gould, Stephen Jay, 83–5
governmentality, 114, 134, 136
GPS (Global Positioning System), 3, 29–33, 54, 59, 133–4
- Fitbit, 65
- monitoring of convicted criminals, 48, 49, 50
- police surveillance, 36, 39–40, 41–2, 43
- step counters, 79
- watches, 50
Gross, Hans, 77–9, 94, 122

Hall, John, 39
Haverkamp, Rita, 49
health, 68–71, 85, 97, 132
Heer, Jeffrey, 3
Herold, Horst, 107–8, 133
Hoche, Alfred, 125
Hoffmann, Reid, 13
Holmes, James Eagan, 1
honesty, 15–16

Jahrreiß, Walter, 80–1
Jawbone, 98
Joachim, Georg, 80
job applications, 14–16, 24, 131–2
Jones, Antoine, 39–40, 42

language, 62, 87, 89
Lanza, Adam, 1
Lavater, Johann Caspar, 9, 62
law enforcement
- criminal profiling, 6–8
- development of location tracking, 33–6, 59
- monitoring of convicted criminals, 36–7, 44–53
- tattoos, 121–2
- tracking of suspected criminals, 28, 33–43, 59
- see also crime; criminology; police
legal issues
- German census, 100–1
- location tracking, 35–6, 37–43, 48–9
- profiles, 19
- self-tracking evidence, 97–8
legislation
- General Data Protection Regulation, 19–20
- German Census Act, 100
- monitoring of convicted criminals, 48, 49, 52
- Telecommunications Act, 24
Lemke, Thomas, 70
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, 62
lie detectors, 95–6
Lieferando, 29
Lining, John, 71–2
LinkedIn, 1, 3, 12, 13, 17, 20, 133
“liquid modernity,”, 135
“liquid surveillance,”, 120
location, 3, 27–59, 120, 121, 135–6
- games, 56–8
- history of satellite navigation, 29–33
- monitoring of convicted criminals, 36–7, 44–53
- self-datafication, 113
- shift to individual tracking, 33–6
- tracking of suspected criminals, 28, 33–43, 59
- transition to self-location, 54–6
- voluntariness, 124
- see also self-tracking; surveillance
Lombroso, Cesare, 62–3, 73, 75, 77, 83–4, 85, 94, 122
Love, Jack, 46–7
Lovink, Geert, 112
Löwenfeld, Leopold, 82
LSD, 24
Lukács, Georg, 129
Lyon, David, 120

MacManus, Richard, 68
marketing, 17–18, 19, 22, 123, 128–9
mass shootings, 1
Match.com, 10–11
media technologies, 105–6, 116–17, 121, 134–5, 136
- see also social media
mental health, 1–2, 17
“micro-profiling,”, 133
military use of GPS, 30, 31–2, 33
mobile phones
- digital culture, 2
- location-based games, 56–8
- location services, 3, 27–9, 34, 37, 40–1, 43, 51–2, 54–6, 59, 113, 121
- self-empowerment, 90
- self-tracking, 63–4, 65, 67, 77, 83, 91, 132
- as surveillance devices, 49, 51
- see also iPhone
Mueller, Robert, 42
Münsterberg, Hugo, 74, 77, 87–8, 90–1, 93–5, 97, 98, 133
murderers, 1, 7, 10, 115–16
MySpace, 25
MyTaxi, 29

objectivization, 20
obsessive disorders, 80–3
online dating sites, 10–11, 24
Orwell, George, 53, 109, 115–20, 134, 137

pedometers see step counting
personality psychology, 20–2
physiognomy, 9, 62
“placelessness,”, 55
Ploetz, Alfred, 125
Pókemon Go, 29, 56
police
- criminal profiling, 6, 8
- data generation and processing, 3, 107–8, 126
- identification methods, 135
- opposition to German census, 100, 104, 105
- tattoos, 121–2, 123
- tracking of suspected criminals, 28, 33–43, 59
- see also crime; criminology; law enforcement
political marketing, 22
polygraphs, 95–6, 98
power relations, 8, 53, 114
“predictive analytics,”, 133
prevention, 132–3
prisons, 45
privacy, 37, 38, 41, 113
profiles, 3–26, 120, 135
- conceptual history, 3–10
- external control, 17–23
- internalization, 132
- job applications, 14–16, 131–2
- “micro-profiling,”, 133
- rise of self-made, 10–14
- subjectivization, 16–17, 20, 23
“psychiatric profiling,”, 6
psychiatry, 3, 8–9, 82–3
psychoanalysis, 5–6, 59, 61–2, 63, 81–2, 86–7, 95–6
“psychological profiles,”, 4–5
psychology, 3
- applied, 6, 16, 45, 94
- behaviorism, 63, 87, 88–91, 133
- experimental, 74, 87–8, 90–1
- forensic, 5–6, 18
- personality, 20–2
psychopathology, 8, 80
psychophysics, 62–3, 74, 77
psychotechnics, 63, 74, 76, 87–8, 89–90, 93–4
Püttjer, Christian, 14–16

“quantified-self movement,”, 3, 60–3, 66–8, 70–3, 77, 84–7, 93
- see also self-tracking
quantitative sciences, 83–6, 93–4

satellite navigation, 29–33, 36
- see also GPS
Schierda, Uwe, 14–16
Schnabel, Christoph, 19, 20
Schneider, Manfred, 76
Schultz, Pit, 112
Schwitzgebel, Ralph K., 44–5, 47, 48, 51–2, 58, 90
self, 4, 23–6, 61–2, 87, 134
- see also identity; subjectivity
self-datafication, 113, 134–5
self-determination, 20, 102, 129, 136
- rhetoric of, 121
- right to, 19, 35, 52, 101, 105
self-empowerment, 49, 67, 70, 90, 135, 136
self-marketing, 128–9
self-perception, 3, 24–5
self-representation, 2–3, 23, 24–5, 120, 137
- dating sites, 11
- professional, 17
- self-marketing, 128–9
- social media, 12–13, 20
- voluntariness, 124
self-styling, 123
self-tracking, 60–83, 93, 120, 132, 133–4
- behaviorism, 89–90
- evidence in legal cases, 97–8
- genealogies of, 71–83
- methodological complications, 90–2
- quantitative sciences, 84–6
- see also Fitbit; wearables
sexism, 86
sexuality, 21–2
sharing culture, 53, 67
sharing economy, 136
The Silence of the Lambs (1991), 8
Six Degrees of Separation (1990/3), 13–14
SixDegrees.com, 11–12, 13, 14, 103–4
Skinner, B. F., 44, 89–90, 91
sleep measurement, 91–2
smart insurance, 68–71
smart watches, 49–51, 52, 89, 117, 128
smartphones
- data collection, 3
- digital culture, 2
- location-based games, 56–8
- location services, 3, 27–9, 34, 37, 40–1, 43, 51–2, 54–6, 59, 113, 121
- self-empowerment, 90
- self-tracking, 61, 63–4, 65, 67, 77, 83, 91, 132
- see also iPhone
Snapchat, 113
Snowden, Edward, 121
social control, 100
social Darwinism, 84, 86
social entrepreneurs, 136
social evaluation, 129–30
social media, 1–2, 3, 11–14, 17, 20, 121
- data collection, 103–4
- Fitbit, 67
- location, 55–6
- privacy guidelines, 113
- self-datafication, 113
- self-marketing, 128–9
- self-tracking, 61
- voluntariness, 124
- see also Facebook
sociology, 59
Sotomayor, Sonia, 41–2
standardization, 24, 63, 72–3
step counting, 77–83
stigmatization, 121, 122, 123, 135
subjectivity, 2, 120, 131, 133, 134, 136
subjectivization, 16–17, 20, 23
Supreme Court, 35, 37–42
surveillance
- Big Brother, 118–19
- despotic surveillance state, 135
- German census, 100, 104
- “liquid,”, 120
- monitoring of convicted criminals, 36–7, 44–53
- Nineteen Eighty-Four, 115, 116–17
- television shows, 130–1
- totalitarian, 109
- tracking of suspected criminals, 28, 33–43, 59
suspicion, 58–9

vehicle tracking, 34–5, 36
- see also location
virtual communities, 23, 26, 112, 136
Vitality, 68–71, 85, 90, 128
voluntariness, 124, 133
voting preferences, 21–2

watches, 49–51, 52, 89, 117, 128
Watson, John B., 88, 89, 90, 91, 133
wearables, 64, 66, 72, 117, 120, 128
“Web 2.0,”, 55–6
Weinreich, Andrew, 11–12, 13–14, 18
Wenzlau, Andreas, 18
Wermann, Claus Fokke, 106
Westphal, Carl, 80, 81
Whole Earth ’Lectronic Link, 23
Wired (magazine), 114
Wittig, Petra, 19, 20
Wolf, Gary, 60–4, 65, 67, 72, 85–7, 93, 96
wristbands, 50–1, 77, 89, 128, 132
Wundt, Wilhelm, 62–3, 74, 88

Xing, 17

Yelp, 29
YouTube, 129

Zuckerberg, Mark, 22, 25, 53, 113–14