Strabo, xii, 567), and perhaps also Tavium (Welsh taw “ rest ”).1 “ But if a nation already existed, it was because that which makes the deep-seated unity of a nation existed—a common ideal, the same ways of thinking and feeling, in short, everything that nations express by symbols and all the most intimate part of their civilization ” (Rise of the Celts, p. 13).
2 See Jar dé, Formation of the Greek People, in this series, pt. iv. Cf. Jullian, Histoire de la Gaule, i, ch. ix.
3 See Rise of the Celts, Foreword, p. xiii.
4 In a Celtic society, the state usually remains rudimentary and almost undifferentiated. . . . The Celtic societies are at the tribal stage, and have only a private law ” (p. 196).
5 Rise of the Celts, Foreword, p. xx.
6 See Rise of the Celts, p. 15.
7 Cf. Formation of the Greek People, Foreword, p. xii ; Israel, Foreword ; both in this series.
8 Cf. Primitive Italy mid Ancient Persia, both in this series, Foretvords.
9 Jidlian, Hist, de la Gaule, i, p. 381.
10 Cf. Albert Bayet, La Morale des Gaulois, pp. 163-4.
11 Rise of the Celts, p. 14 ; cf. below, p. 271.
12 See the volumes in this series on Greek religion, ancient Persia, and India.
13 Primitive Italy and Roman Political Institutions ; cf. below, pp. 69, 154.
14 Introduction à la philosophie analytique de PHistoire, p. 390 ; “ Their devotion to Julius Ccesar, who defeated them for ten years, folloxved on their devotion to Vercingetorix, who defended their liberty. . . . From the Druids they accepted a kind of Papacy. . . . Of Rome, lastly, that is, of the Empire, they at once appreciated the scientific administrative methods and the admirably formulated law, so much so, that they set themselves up as the successors and, when necessary, the substitutes of the last Romans. That, in fact, is what they became, and among modern peoples the principle of the strong state for a long time had them for its champions.”
15 For the relations of the Celts and Rome, see pp. 86, 97, 148. See also Bayet, op. cit., p. xi.
16 In Rev. des Deux Mondes, 1st February, 1854.
17 Anatole Le Braz, “ Le Drame dans l’épopée celtique,” in Rev. des Deux Mondes, 1st Jidy, 1904 ; “ A people at once violent and sensitive, imaginative, and pugnacious, greedy for ideals and for action” Dottin, “ La littérature gaélique de VIrlande” in Rev. de Synth, hist., Hi, p. 63.
1 See Rise (i.e. Hubert, The Rise of the Celts, in this series), ch. iv, § i.
2 Déchelette, CCCXVIII, ii, 3, p. 999 ; cf. p. 1055, fig. 435, 6 (Gard).
3 Schumacher, CCCCIX, i, p. 120.
4 For changes introduced in material civilization, see Rise, ch. v.
5 Déchelette, ii, 3, pp. 1030 ff.
6 Ibid., pp. 1063 ff.
7 Ibid., pp. 1082 ff. ; Gruaz and Viollier in XVII, 1914 pp. 257 ff. ; 1915 pp. 1 ff. (Gallic cemetery at St. Sulpice, Vaud).
8 Déchelette, ii, 3, pp. 1069–1070.
9 Ibid., p. 1042.
10 Ibid., pp. 1041–2.
11 Ibid., pp. 1043 ff.
12 For maps of cemeteries of the La Tène period in the Dept. of the Marne see ibid., p. 1018, fig. 423.
13 Ibid., p. 1026, fig. 426.
14 Ibid., pp. 1102 ff.
15 Ibid., p. 1056.
16 See Rise, pp. 283 ff.
17 Déchelette (ii, 3, p. 1015) ascribes the abolition of the tumulus to a desire to hide the grave, for protection, from the eyes of the foreigners in the midst of whom the Celts were advancing. But it must not be forgotten that the La Tène flat-graves are grouped in cemeteries. If they had been completely hidden, these tombs would have been dug one above another or would have cut one into another. This does occur, but rarely. We must conclude that the graves had outward marks, a monument perhaps or a small mound, a wooden post, or something of the sort.
18 Ibid., p. 1020, and app. v.
19 Viollier, CCCCXCII, pp. 59 ff.
20 Déchelette, ii 3, p. 1046 (cemetery at Mercey).
21 E. Chantre, in Bull. Anthr. et biolog. de Lyon, 1913–17, pp. 17 ff. (cemetery at Genas, Isère) ; H. Muller, in CXLVI, 1920, pp. 10 ff. (cemetery at Pariset, near La Tour-sans-Venin, Isère).
22 Vasseur, in XI, xiii, 3,1903 (Le Baou-Roux) ; cf. Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1001. The fortified enclosures of Provence were occupied from 600 B.C. onwards and abandoned about 125 B.C. Cf. Justin, 43, 4.
23 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1060.
24 Ibid., pp. 945–6, 1060.
25 Ibid., pp. 1049–1050.
26 Ibid., map iii (La Tène tombs and cemeteries in France).
27 Rademacher, in Ebert, CCCXXIV, s.v. “Kelten”, vi, pp. 285–6.
28 Déchelette, ii 3, pp. 1378 ff. ; Dottin CCCXXII, pp. 192 ff. ; Reinecke, in LXVII, 1919, pp. 17 ff.
29 H. Muller-Brauel, in LXXXV, 1926, pp. 184 ff.
30 Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, pp. 238 ff.
31 Piroutet, in CXXXIX,, 1928, 2, pp. 266 ff.
32 Niese, in Pauly and Wissowa, CCCLXVIII, vii, col. 613 ; Hirschfeld, in CLXVIII, 1894, p. 331 ; d’Arbois, CCXLVIII, xii, p. 51 ; Miillenhoff, CCCLXII, ii, p. 613 ; Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 281.
33 See Rise pp. 263–4.
34 Homo, CCCXLI, English, pp. 165 ff. ; Grenier, DXXIX, pp. 64 ff. ; Meyer, CCCLIV, v, pp. 151 ff.
35 Dion., i 74; App., Celtica, 2, 1.
36 Polyb., i, 6 ; Diod., xiv, 113, 1 ; Just., vi, 6, 5.
37 Pliny, N.H., iii, 125 ; Unger, Rômisch-griechische Synchronismen vor Pyrrhos, repr. from XXI,, 1876, 1.
38 O. Leuze, CCCLI, passim.
39 Livy, v, 34. The Gaul of Ambicatus, with its High King, provided by one of the confederate nations, is constituted like the Ireland of St. Patrick’s day.
40 The development of the Celtic family, as we know it in Ireland and Wales, results in the exclusion of a certain number of individuals from the original property of the family, and this necessitates periodical divisions of property between families or emigrations.
41 Livy, loc. cit. : sororis filios.
42 Ibid. : ne qua gens arcere advenientes posset.
43 Just., XXIV, 4.
44 Plut., Cam., 15 ; Dion., xiii, 14 ff. ; Polyb., ii, 17 ff. ; Pliny, ii, 125 ; xii, 5 ; Cato, p. 36 ; Aul. Gell., xvii, 13, 4 ; App., Ccltica, ii, 1 ; Historia Eomana, iv, 2 ; Diod., xiv, 113, 1 ; Just., xx, 5.
45 Polyb., ii, 18, 3.
46 Livy, v, 35 ; Plut., Dion., locc. citt.
47 Pliny, xii, 5.
48 Livy, v, 35, 4 ; 36, 2 ; 37, 2 ; 38, 6 ; 39. 1.
49 e.g. Mazarbotto (Montelius, DXXXIV, p. 410 ; Grenier, DXXIX, p. 99). Herr von Duhn (in Ebert, CCCXXIV, s.v. “Kelten vi, p. 207) seems to deny that the city was destroyed ; but I think he is mistaken. Doubtless it was partially reoccupied by the Gauls.
50 Livy, v, 35.
51 Livy, iv, 42, 8 ; vii, 1,3; Polyb., ii, 18, 6–7.
52 Livv, vii, 11, 1 ; 12, 8.
53 Ibid., vii, 26, 9 ; cf. Homo, CCCXLI, English, p. 175.
54 Livv, loc. cit. ; Diod., xiv, 117, 7.
55 Prähist. BlätL, 1898, pp. 49–56.
56 E. Cavaignac, in CXL, 1924, pp. 359 ff. The first relations of Dionysios with the Gauls seem to have been in 379, at the time of the siege of Croton.
57 Polyb., ii, 18, 7.
58 Ibid., xix, 1 (the Thirty Years’ Peace).
59 Livy, v, 34–5. Cf. Homo, CCCXLI,, English, pp. 105 ff. ; Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, pp. 289 ff.
60 Livy, v, 34, 9.
61 Livy, v, 35, 1.
62 Livy, v, 35, 2.
63 Livy, v, 35, 2–3.
64 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1087.
65 Ulrich, DXLI.
66 Déchelette, ii, 3, pp. 1093 ff., 1097 ; von Duhn, in Ebert, CCCXXIV, s.v. 44 Kelten “vi, p. 286 ; s.v. 44 Bologna”, ii, p. 112.
67 Montelius, DXXXV, i, pp. 63–4.
68 Livy, v, 35, 2–3. Regarding the Senones, Livy is not absolutely correct, but he only needs the slightest amendment. The domain of these peoples extended south of Ancona. In recent years, Gallic tombs have been found in the region of Filottrano and Osimo, e.g. that at San Genesto, near Tolentino. See von Duhn, in Ebert, s.v. “Kelten”, vi, p. 292. This observation enables one to judge how much trust one can place in the information supplied by the ancient historians.
69 Scylax, 18.
70 Grenier, DXXIX, pp. 160 ff., 320 ff. ; id. CCCLXXVIII, p. 72.
71 Livy, v, 35, 2.
72 Polyb., ii, 17, 4.
73 Mullenhoff, CCCLXII, ii, p. 267.
74 Pliny, iii, 134 ; Cato, fr. 27 ; Strabo, iv, 6, 8, on the Rhaetians. Cf. Meyer, CCCLIV, iv, p. 150.
75 Holder, CCVII, s.v.
76 Pliny, iii, 124 ; cf. d’Arbois, in CXL, xi, p. 154.
77 Pliny, iii, 134.
78 Binachetti, in XXVIII, vi, 1895 ; v. Duhn, in Ebert, CCCXXIV, vi, pp. 292 ff.
79 Viollier, in CLXXX, pp. 229 ff.
80 Polyb., ii, 18–19.
81 App., Celt., i, 2, 390 ; cf. Prop., x, 10, 19.
82 Livy, v, 34.
83 D’Arbois (CCXCIX, pp. 139 ff.) and Bertrand (CCCIII, p. 20) regard the Celts of Italy as a colony of the Danubian Celts.
84 v. Duhn, in Ebert, CCCXIV, vi, pp. 285, 292.
85 Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 289, n. 5 ; p. 291, n. 4.
86 On the divisions of the tribe, see Czarnowski, CCCOXXIU, pp. 231 ff.
87 Moreover, the Cenomani seem to have preserved in both their homes the same habits or rules of place-naming. The name of Tridentum (Trent) is to be compared with that of Tridentus (Trans in Mayenne). D’Arbois, CCCI, 2, p. 324.
88 Dottin, CCCXXII, p. 306.
89 e.g. the Comenses (Como), Ausuciates (Osuccio), Gallianates (Galliano), etc. Cf. Niessen, DXXXVII, ii, 1, pp. 185, 188–9.
90 Diod., xiv, 113, 3. Cf. Jullian, CCCXLVI, i, p. 247.
91 Diod., v, 40, 4–5 ; Dion., xiii, 11.
92 Just., xx, 5, 8 ; Livy, xxxiv, 9 (Milan) ; Pliny, N.H., iii, 124–5 (Como, Bergamo). Verona is supposed to have been founded by Brescia (Catull., 67, 82) ; its name may be Celtic. Cf. Niessen, i, p. 204. Against this view, see Philipon, CCCLXIX, p. 138. For Parma, see Mart., v, 13, 7 (Gallica Parma).
93 Pliny, iii, 17.
94 Philipon, op. cit., p. 189 ; cf. 139 (Ticinus).
95 Pokorny, CCCXIV, v, in Ebert, p. 297, s.v. “Kelten”.
96 D’Arbois, CCCI, ii, pp. 46, 63.
97 J. Rhys, VI, pp. 59–75 ; Stokes, CCXXXVIII, xi, pp. 112–18. Of the inscriptions published as Celtic, many have nothing Celtic in them but a few proper names. Others are thoroughly Celtic—notably those from Briona, near Novara, and Brescia. The former contains some Latin names (Legatus, Quintus), and the latter is half-Latin, half-Celtic.
98 See above, p. 15.
99 Just., xx, 5, 9.
100 See above, p. 22, n. 1.
101 Cauaros, hero ; Irish caur, giant.
102 Ptol., ii, 1, 32 ; I, v, p. 537. *anavo-f cf. Welsh anau, harmony. D’Arbois, CCCI,, ii, p. 159.
103 Much, CCCLXI, lxv, 149 ; further east, is another cemetery in the Val Sugana (v. Duhn, in Ebert, s.v. “Kelten”, i, p. 295). The last Gallic cemetery on the Venetian side is that of Pavigliano Vennese (CXII, 1880, pp. 236 ff.).
104 D’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 143. Cf. Trumpilini, in an inscription from La Turbie (I, v, 7817), and Stoeni, in Pliny, iii, 134 ; I, i, p. 460 (117 B.C.) ; cf. Holder, CCVII, s.v. “Stoeni”.
105 Pliny, iii, 124.
106 Pliny, iii, 47, 135 ; Ptol., iii, 1, 31. Cf. d’Arbois, in CXL, xi, p. 154.
107 Mullenhoff, CCCLXII, ii, p. 249.
108 Inscriptions from Briona and Ornavasso (Rhys, VI, p. 47).
109 Montelius, DXXXIV, pis. 63–5 ; Castelfranco, in LIII, 1886, p. 184 ; A. Magni, in Rev. archeol. della prov. di Como, 1907, pp. 3 ff. (Liguro-Gallic cemetery at Pianezzo).
110 H. Pedersen, in CXVI, 1921, pp. 38–54 ; cf. Vendryès, in CXL, 1923, 491 ; v. Duhn, in Ebert, CCCXXIII, s.v. “Kelten”, vi, p. 287. On the other hand, Pokorny declares that these inscriptions are Celtic (ibid., 136–8). Cf. Philipon, CCCLXIX, pp. 136–8.
111 Nissen, DXXXVII, ii, 1, p. 271.
112 LIII, 1876, p. 30 ; 1886, p. 159 ; 1888, p. 40.
113 Dottin, CXCVI, p. 153, No. 17 bis ; cf. Rise, p. 38, n. 9.
114 Cf. d’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 4.
115 See above, p. 15 ; Déchelette, pp. 1088, 1181.
116 See above, p. 15. Cf. v. Duhn, in Ebert, CCCXXIV, s.v. “Kelten”.
117 Polyb., ii, 19.
118 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1091, n. 2.
119 Montelius, DXXXIV, pis. 61, 4 ; 60, 5.
120 Rhys, CCXXX, 38.
121 See Rise, p. 265.
122 For the suffix n, see Dottin, CXCVI, iii ; cf. Marstrander, in CLXXI, 1910, p. 378.
123 Gallic names survived in Venetia ; e.g. (I, v, 8740), at Concordia, near Portoginaro, north-east of Venice, ILATEUTA, with which compare Welsh Elltud. Rhys, CCXXX, p. 15.
124 Vendryès, in CLXXXIII, p. 309. The kl of the Celtic word became gl in Latin. There are other examples of this mutation, such as the word gloria, which comes from a form klouesia and is related to Greek κλέoς (κλέFoς). Cf. κυβερvâv, gubernare. The transformation had taken place in the second century (cf. Miles Gloriosus).
125 Varro.
126 Polyb., ii, 33 ; Livy, xxii, 46 ; S. Reinach, in XV, 1906, p. 344.
127 The word lancea was admittedly borrowed, apparently from Spain (Diod., v, 30 ; Aul. Gell., xv, 31, following Varro). Cf. Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1150. Middle Irish do-lccim, I throw, has been compared to Irish laigen, Welsh llain. Walde, CCXLIII, s.v. The word fits the all-iron javelin found in tombs in the Pyrenees and at Hallstatt. Cf. A. J. Reinach, in CXXXVIII, 1907, i, pp. 243, 426 ; ii, pp. 125, 225–6.
128 Walde, CCXLIII, s.v.
129 Livy, viii, 8.
130 Plut., Cam., 40. Cf. Dion. Hal., xiv, 9 ; Polyb., vii, 7, 2. SeeReinecke, CCCCVI, p. 10.
131 Walde, CCXLIII, s.v. ; Strabo, iv, 4, 4.
132 Dottin, CXCVI, p. 115.
133 Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 294.
134 Livy, vii, 26 (the campaign of 345) ; Dio Cass., fr. 34. The interpretation suggested above was put forward in my lecture at the École des Hautes-Études.
135 A similar episode is represented on one of the decorated faces of an Etruscan alabaster vase in the Florence Museum, among scenes of the Trojan War, although it is foreign to that tradition. Milani, DXXXIII, ii.
136 See Rise, pp. 272 ff.
137 I, i, p. 460 ; Holder, CCVII1, s.v.
138 Justin, xxiv, 4.
139 Ps.-Scylax, p. 20.
140 Thcompomp., fr. 41 ; Athcn., x, 60 ; d’Arbois, CCCI, i, p. 305 ; id., CCXCIX, p. 118 ; Schulten, DXIX, p. 93.
141 Or Autariatae. Antariatae seems to be more correct. The particle an is a formative of racial names in Albanian, and there seems to be little doubt that the Albanians are the direct descendants of the ancient Illyrians. The Antariatae are the men of the Tara, a tributary of the Drina, which separates Montenegro from the former Sanjak of Novi-Bazar. Their capital was Tariona (Pliny, iii, 26). Cf. Fischer, in CLXIX, 1911, p. 3 ; Baron Nopsca, ibid., p. 913 ; d’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 118 ; Strabo, viii, 5, 11.
142 Ps.-Scylax, 25.
143 D’Arbois, CCCI, i, p. 303 ; Dottin, p. 152.
144 D’Arbois, CCCI, ii, p. 314.
145 See Rise, p. 5.
146 Diod., xvii, 113, 2 ; Arr., Anab., vii, 15, 4.
147 App. Illyr., 4. Tomascek, in Pauly and Wissowa, s.v. “Autariatai”.
148 Diod., xx, 19.
149 Cf. Hoernes, in CXXX, 1888, p. 333.
150 See Rise, pp. 272 ff. Cf. Reinecke, CCCCVI, pp. 5–6.
151 Reinecke, op. cit., p. 9. The La Tène civilization extended into Transylvania, perhaps from the La Tène period itself (ibid., n. 27).
152 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1081 ; Lindenschmit, CCCXCIX, v, p. 284, n. 1.
153 Ibid., iv, pi. 32 ; Déchelette, ii, 2, p. 770.
154 See Rise, fig. 19.
155 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1098.
156 Szombathy, in CIV, i, p. 318 ; G. Cumin, 1915, p. 219.
1 For Brennus’s propaganda for the expedition of 279, see Paus., x, 19 ; Polyaen., Stmt., vii, 35 ; Thierry, CCCLXXXVIII, i, p. 226.
2 Jouguet, DXLIV, English, p. 176.
3 Pans., x, 19.
4 Jouguet, DXLIV, English, p. 178. Thierry, op. cit., i, pp. 221 ff. ; Stahelin, DLIV, p. 2 ; Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 300Dottin, CCCXXII, p. 316 ; Justin, xxiv, 5-8 ; Paus., i, 4 ; x, 19 ; Diod., xxii, 9. These writers’ accounts are derived from common sources, among which wc must reckon the history of Hieronymos of Cardia, who lived at the time of the events ; cf. d’Arbois, CCXLVIII xii, pp. 81 ff. ; Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 301, n. 5. Was there a Gallic tradition in this ? See ibid., and F. P. Garofalo, in CXXXV, xiii, p. 456.
5 Just., xxiv, 5, 1.
6 See below, p. 67.
7 Diod., xxxi, 13.
8 Under Sosthenes ; Just., xxiv, 5, 12-13.
9 Diodoros calls him Cichorios.
10 Particularly the Antariatae ; App., lllyr., 4.
11 Especially in the crossing of the Spercheios ; Paus., loc. cit.
12 Jullian, op. cit., i, pp. 324 ff.
13 Polyaen., Stmt., iv, 8 ; vi, 35, 42.
14 Paus., i, 3, 4 ; x, 19. For the shield of young Cydias, cf. d’Arbois, CCCI, ii, p. 398.
15 The Oatrians came to the assistance of Callion, and were completely defeated ; Paus., x, 22, 6 ; Cavaignac, CCCX, iii, p. 44.
16 Just., xxxii, 3.
17 Diod., xxii, 10.
18 Paus., i, 3, 4 ; A. J. Reinach, in CVII, 21, p. 192.
19 Prop., ii, 31, 3.
20 e.g. on a medallion from Capua ; CXXXVIII, 1889, i, p. 198.
21 On the bottom of a poculum from the factory of Cales ; ibid.
22 A. J. Reinach, op. cit., pl. xviii (= Bienkowski, CCCIX, fig. 117).
23 Ibid., p. 187.
24 According to Justin, xxiv, 8, nothing of it remained. But enough must have remained to take the gold of Delphi to Toulouse.
25 Livy, xxxviii, 16 ; Just., xxv, 2 ; Stâhelin, DLIV, 5. According to Livy, this was the force of Leonnorios and Lutarios ; see below, p. 45. According to Justin, they were troops remaining to guard the country. Polyb., iv, 46.
26 A. J. Reinach, op. cit., p. 37 ; Just., xxv, 2 ; Livy, xxviii, 16. For a painted Galatomachia in Athens, see Reinach, op. cit., p. 187.
27 Plut., In Pyrrhum, 26 ; Paus., i, 13 ; Just., xxv, 3.
28 Trog. Pomp., Prol., xxvi.
29 Plut., loc. cit. ; Diod., xxii, 12.
30 Just., xxvi, 2.
31 Ath., vi, 234 6. The name Bathanattos is supposed to have become a family-name.
32 Just., xxxii, pp. 3, 7. It cannot have been that the Teetosages of Toulouse returned to their own country.
33 Ptol., iii, pp. 9, 3.
34 Etym. Magn., 776, 39 ; Scylax, 23 ; Scymnos of Chios, 404.
35 App., lllyr., 3 ; Niese, CCCLXVIII, p. 618 ; Jullian, op. cit., p. 303.
36 Patsch, in CV, ix, 1904, p. 241.
37 Polyb., iv, 46 ; Trog. Pomp., Prol., 25 ; d’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 5 ; Jullian, op. cit., p. 303, n. 2 ; Just., xxxii, 3, 6.
38 A heavy tribute was laid on them by Comantorios, and it continued, in a reduced form, into the time of Cauaros ; Pol., loc. cit.
39 Blanchet, CCCVI, p. 460 ; Forrer, DXLIII ; Polyb., iv, 52 (219), for Cauaros.
40 Ibid., viii, 24.
41 For a Celtic name among those of the Thracian kings, see Forrer, DXLIII, p. 203.
42 Jullian, op. cit., p. 249, n. 3 ; Strabo, vii, 1,1. The Ister forms the northern boundary of the Illyrian and Thracian population, with a certain number of foreign tribes, some of them Celtic.
43 Ptol., 3, 10, 7.
44 i, 35, 5.
45 Dittemberger, IV, 226, 103 ff.
46 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1082.
47 Plut., Mar., xi.
48 Stâhelin, “ Galatia,” in CCCLXVIII ; Thierry, CCCLXXXVII, i, pp. 255 ff., 379 ff. ; Jouguet, DXLIV, p. 182 ; Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 303 ; d’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 195.
49 Livy, xxxviii, 16. Cf. Just., xxv, 2.
50 Memnon, 20 ff.
51 Ibid., 11. Cf. Thierry, op. cit., i, p. 260.
52 See also Ps.-Plut., Parall. Min., 15, 3096 (following the Galatika of Cleitophon) ; Strabo, xii, 5, 1 ; xiii, 1, 27 ; Durrbach, V, 31.
53 Callim., Hymn to Artemis, v, 257.
54 Pal. Anthol., vii, 492 ; Paus., x, 22, 4 ; St. Jerome, Agst. Jovinian, i, 41.
55 Paus., x, 30, 9.
56 Paus., x, 32, 4-5.
57 Livy, loc. cit. ; cf. Just., loc. cit.
58 Just., loc. cit. : tantœ fecunditatis inventus fuit.
59 Celebrated in verse by Sinionides of Magnesia (Suidas, s.v.). There is a paraphrase in Lucian, Zeuxis or Antiochos. 9-12.
60 A. J. Reinach, in CVII, xxi, p. 195. Small terra-cotta ligures of war elephants are probably derived from this monument.
61 S. Reinach, CCCLXXV, pp. 6 ff. ; A. J. Reinach, loc. cit. ; Pliny, 34, 84. The Thusnelda at Florence has sometimes been regarded as coming from the former monument. Cf. Kossinna, CCCXLV, 217, pi. xiv, 1. A statue since discovered in Asia Minor, in the walls of Halicarnassos, seems to be an independent work ; it represents a squatting figure, dressed in thick wool, with tight trousers, a belt, apparently of metal, and a cap (G. Karo, in CII, 1920, 160, pi. iv).
62 The Vigna Ammendola sarcophagus gives an idea of what this monument may have been like. S. Reinach, GGGLXXIII, i, p. 36 ( = Bienkowsky, CCCV, pi. iv).
63 Cf. CXXXV, 1913, p. 392 ; S. Reinach, CCCLXXVI, p. 149, n. 4. Attalos and Nike before a trophy of Gallic arms, on a fresco at Naples.
64 Memnon, 19 ; Livy, xxxviii, 16.
65 Stähelin, DLIV, p. 42, n. 3.
66 Pliny, v, 146.
67 Stähelin, op. cit., p. 43 ; id., “ Galatia,” in CCCLXVIII, p. 527.
68 D’Arbois, CCXCIX, 203 ; Stahelin, DLIV, p. 43, n. 8.
69 Polyb., v, 111. Cf. Rhigosages, who served in the army of Antiochos III in 220 B.C. against Molon, Satrap of Media (ibid., v, 53, 3).
70 It has been supposed that they were in cantonments, like Ariovistus among the Sequani (Ramsay, in LVII, xxii, p. 341).
71 Thierry, CCCLXXXVII, p. 983 ; Stahelin, DLIV, p. 47.
72 Pliny, v, 22 ; 175 settlements in all. For intermarriage, see Livy, xxxviii, 17, 9 ; O.G.I.S., 545.
73 We should probably add Trocnades (= Tricomia ; cf. I, iii, suppl. 1, 6997), which was probably taken from the Galatians, Peion (cf. Welsh pau, “ inhabited country ”), Blucion (Welsh blwgh “ box ”, Strabo, xii, 567), and perhaps also Tavium (Welsh taw “ rest ”).
74 The mass of the Galatian population lived in villages (Livy, xxxviii, 18), and the chiefs in the povpia, some of which were the old cities (Stahelin, DLIV, 46).
75 A. J. Reinach, in CVII, xviii, p. 37 ; id., in CXXXIV, 1910, p. 33.
76 Paus., i, 7, 2.
77 Callim., Hymn to Delos, 185-8.
78 A. J. Reinach, ii, pi. vii.
79 Ibid., pp. 99-101.
80 S. Reinach, CCCLXXVII, ii, p. 199; CXXXIX, 1909, p. 2, 465. For smaller monuments derived from these great works and small Alexandrian monuments representing Gauls of Egypt, see A. J. Reinach, in CVII, xviii, pp. 102 ff.
81 For collective suicide on the part of the Gauls, see Just., xxvi, 2.
82 Polyb., v, 65.
83 A. J. Reinach, loc. cit., pp. 41 ff.
84 Thierry, CCCLXXXVII, i, p. 219. There must have been Senones among these mercenaries, perhaps Senones of Italy. Cf. Steph. Byz., and also Domaszevski, p. 214.
85 A. J. Reinach, in CXXXIV, 1910, pp. 55 ff. ; Dittenberger, IV, 757.
86 On the other hand, there were Gallic leaders in command of troops of other races (Polyb., v, 79, 11 ; 82, 11). The Galatian Lysimachos commanded the Cardaces at the battle of Raphia.
87 Strabo, xii, 567.
88 Lucian, Alexander, 37.
89 St. Jerome, Prol., ii, in Ep. ad Galatas (Migne, Palrologie latine, xxvi, 382).
90 And all the words which passed directly into Greek—gaison, kartamera, drouggos, karnyx. A. J. Reinach, CXL, 1909, p. 65 ; Dottin, CCCXVII, p. 25.
91 But even in Egypt the Gallic mercenaries had with them Gallic women with Gallic names (Boudoris).
92 Polyb., v, 79. But Celtic names survived—Gaulotus, Cambolomarus, Epossognatus, Toredorix, Adiatorix, Bogodiatarus, Deijotarus. See the list in Stahelin, DLIV, p. 109 ; Bitorix, CXXXIV, 1912, 2, 290.
93 P. Couissin, in CXXXIX, 1927, i, p. 188.
94 Statuette found at Caere (in Berlin Museum), see ibid., pp. 148–157 ; statuette from Panticapaeon (in British Museum), see A. J. Reinach, in CVII, xviii, p. 97 ; Diod., xvi, 94, 9 (the Gallic sword used by the murderer of Philip).
95 Just., xxvi, 2 ; Polyb., v, 78.
96 Plut., Symp., viii ; Quœst., 9.
97 Ath., iv, 34.
98 Strabo, xii, 6, 1 (the three hundred flocks of Amyntas in Lycaonia).
99 A. J. Reinach, in CXL, 1909, p. 66 ; R. Zahn, in XXX, 1907, p. 87 ; XX, 1907, p. 500 ; Stahelin, “ Galatia,” in CCCLXVIII, p. 534 ; Ebert, CCCXXIV, iv, p. 284.
100 Plut., Amat., 22, p. 768 ; De Mul. Virtut., 20, p. 257 ; Polyaen., Stmt., viii, 39.
101 Dittenberger, IV, No. 315 (i, p. 484).
102 Plut., De Mul. Virlut., 22, p. 258 ; Polyb., xxi, 38 ; Livy, xxxviii, 24.
103 Polyb., iv, 52 ; viii, 24.
104 Cf. Polyaenos, iv, 6.
105 Forrer, DXLIII, pp. 226 ff.
106 Ibid., pp. 238-9.
107 D’Arbois, CCXCIX, 129.
108 Ibid.
109 Pliny, iii, 137 ; cf. I, v, 7877 ; Ptol., ii, 13, 2.
110 See above, p. 34.
111 Or Onsi, Ptol., ii, 2, 10 ; Ritterling, in LXVII, 1917, p. 132.
112 Ptol., xi, 15, 2 ; Tac.,Gm/i.,28 ; Pliny, iii, 148 (Eravisci). Cf. Tomaschek, in CCCXXIV, ii, p. 200.
113 Kauffmann, CCCXLVIII, p. 221.
114 Their coins are all Roman coins of the first century ; this suggests that thev came later (Forrer, DXLIII, p. 120).
115 Schol. on Virg., Gcorg., iii, 47. Cf. d’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 140.
116 See d’Arbois, op. cit., pp. 121 ff. ; Kauffmann, op. cit., p. 219.
117 D’Arbois, op. cit., p. 131 ; von Grimberger, in LXXXI, xl, pp. 135-9.
118 Von Duhn, in Ebert, CCCXXIV, vi, p. 289.
119 Scholer, in CLI, x, 1923, p. 10.
120 Strabo, vii, 5, 4.
121 Germ., 43.
122 For La Tène civilization in Austria, see R. Pittioni, La Tène in Nieder-ostcrreich, fasc. v of Materialen zur Urgeschichte Œsterreichs, Vienna, 1930.
123 K. Itsvan, in CLV, ii, 1911, pp. 35 ff.
124 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1082.
125 L. Rôdiger, in XXI, 1904, p. 351 (tomb at Hodsagh). For the archaeology of La Tène in Hungary, see F. de Pulszky, in CXXXIX, 1879, pp. 158–172, 211–222, 265–275 ; Reinecke, in LXXXIV, ii, 1907, p. 45.
126 For the Celts in the Danube valley and their civilization, cf. Parvan, DXLVIII, pp. 459 ff. ; DXLVII, passim.
127 Forrer, DXLIII, p. 142.
128 Oros., v, 23, 17-18.
129 Livy, xiv, 30, 5 ; Permultos Gailos et lllyrios, impigros cultores.
130 Strabo, iv, 6, 10, 12 ; vi, 2, 2, ; 5, 2 ; 9, 21 ; Pliny, xxxix, 5, 1-4 xliii, 5, 2-9.
131 Mines at Noreia, near Hallstatt. Rice Holmes, CCGGXXXIII, p. 231.
132 Human sacrifices. Amm., xxvii, 4. D’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 166.
133 Reinecke, CCCCVI, p. 18 (silver treasures) ; Parvan, DXLVIII, 559 (list of finds of silver ware).
134 Drexel, in LXXII, 1915, p. 24.
135 Ibid., p. 23.
136 Ibid. ; S. Reinach, CCCLXXVII, ii, p. 433.
137 A. Odobesco, DXLVI, i, p. 513 ; in S. Reinach, op. cit., v, p. 239.
138 App., Mithr., iii, p. 107.
139 Relations with Scythia, Parvan, DXCVII, pp. 606–629. Graeco-Iranian influences, ibid., pp. 550–561.
140 Rostovtsev, in CLXXXVII, i, p. 257.
141 CCCXVIII, ii, 3, p. 1310.
142 The torques discovered at Lasgraïsses (Tarn) and Aurillac (Cantal) (ibid., pp. 1342-4) are to be compared (O. Costa de Beauregard, Autun, in LX, 1907, p. 824) with similar objects found in Hungary, Bohemia, and the neighbouring regions (e.g. at Herczeg-Marok, in the county of Baranya). Messrs. Read and Smith likewise ascribe an Eastern origin to a bronze torque adorned with animals’ heads found at Vieille-Toulouse, CCCLXXXIV, p. 55).
143 This costume was common to the Northern peoples, who had had it since the Bronze Age. But one cannot help comparing it to that of the Scythian archers at Athens (cf. the soldier of Rhesos on a Lower Italian vase in the Naples Museum) and that of the warriors on the Hallstatt scabbard (Déchelette, ii, 2, p. 770).
144 See Parvan, DXLVIII, pp. 598 ff. ; Forrer, DLIII ; Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1569.
145 Coins with a bearded, laureate Zeus on the obverse and a horseman on the reverse. Forrer, DXLIII, p. 143.
146 Head of Heracles and Zeus with an eagle. Ibid., p. 157.
147 Ibid., p. 174.
148 Ibid., pp. 200, 205.
149 Ibid., pp. 153 ff.
150 Ibid., p. 163.
151 Ibid., p. 143.
152 Ibid., p. 192
153 Ibid., p. 189 ; Blanchet in CXLII, 1902, pp. 160 ff.
154 Forrer, op. cit., p. 237.
155 Ibid., pp. 211, 226.
156 Livy, xxxix, 45, 6 ; 55, 1-3 ; xliv, 5 ; xiv, 1-2.
157 Forrer, op. cit., p. 120.
158 Strabo, vii, 313 ; cf. CLXVIII, xiii, 1898, pp. 153 ff. ; Reinecke, CCCXCIX, v, ix, pl. 1, and p. 287 ; cf. XV, 1907, p. 397.
159 Cæsar (Gall. War, i, 5) relates that the Boii invaded Noricum and besieged Noreia. Cf. Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 299 ; Blanchet, CCCVI, pp. 458–463.
160 Pliny, iv, 146.
161 Forrer, DXLIII, pp. 214-17 ; Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1509.
162 See above, pp. 9 ff.
163 We have a piece of evidence about the way in which these bodies were recruited in a little romance by Aristodemos of Nysa, preserved in a collection of love stories compiled by Parthenios of Nicœa (d’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 199). It tells of the misadventures of a Milesian named Xanthos, whose wife had been carried off by a Gaul. The Gaul was named Cauara, and he came from the neighbourhood of Marseilles. Cauara was doubtless not a personal name, but a racial name—the men belonged to the country of the Cauari, who were settled later about Avignon and Orange.
164 Justin (xxxii, 3, 8-9) assigns a double origin to these Danubian and Gallic bands, but perhaps he confuses the Teetosages of Toulouse with those of Bavaria. The same information is found in Strabo, iv, 1, 13, following Timagenes. For peoples or tribes from the Danube, Tlpavaoi (Strabo, iv 1,13) and Tolistoboii (Pliny, v, 141 ; Strabo, xii, 5, 1), cf. Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 299, n. 1. These latter nations are unknown otherwise, and this information, even it it is correct, tells us nothing.
165 Paus., i, 3, 6 ; d’Arbois, CCCI, i, p. 14.
166 A. J. Reinach, in CVII, xviii, pp. 41 ff.
167 D’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 200.
168 Pliny, iii, 148. There was a Belgida, a Celtiberian place whose site is unknown, in Hispania Tarraconensis.
169 A. J. Reinach, op. cit., xxi, pi. xviii.
170 Ibid., p. 182 and figs. 6-7.
171 Ibid., p. 85 ; Lang, in Œsterr. Jahr.y 1919, pp. 207 -280.
172 Ibid., p. 64.
173 See Rise, p. 227.
174 Comm. on Galatians, ii, 3 : Galatas, excepto sermone Grœco, quo omnis Oriens loquitur, propriam linguam eandem pene habere quam Treviros, nec referre si aliqua exinde corruperint.
1 Livy, x, 107 ; Polyb., ii, 19, 1.
2 Homo, CCCXLI, English, pp. 191 ff.
3 Livy, x, 10, 10 ; Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 285.
4 Cf. d’Arbois, CCCI, ii, p. 389.
5 Polyb., ii, 19, 7–8.
6 Livy, xxi, 20, 6.
7 Suet., Tib., 8.
8 Polyb., ii, 20, 1–5.
9 Vell. Paterc., i, 14, 7.
10 App., Celt., ii ; Polyb., ii, 19, 12.
11 Id., ii, 21–2.
12 Id., ii, 21, 5.
13 Id., ii, 23, 1.
14 Id., i, 10 = ii, 4–3.
15 Id., ii, 21, 4–6 ; Cf. Homo, op. cit., English, pp. 281 ff.
16 Polyb., ii, 25, 2.
17 Id., ii, 27–31 ; Cf. Homo, op. cit., English, pp. 282–3 and fig. 10.
18 Polyb., ii, 22, 7–8 ; Dion, xii, 43. Cf. Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 320.
19 A. J. Reinach, in CVII, 19, p. 174.
20 Milani, DXXXIII, i, pp. 125–143.
21 Polyb., ii, .31, 8 ; 35, 2.
22 Homo, op. cit., Eng., p. 284 ; Jullian. op. cit., i, pp. 449–450.
23 Polyb., ii, 15, 22.
24 Id., ii, 34, 2. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 450, n. 2.
25 Polyb., ii, 22 ; Bertrand (CCCIII, p. 453) observes that Polybios seems to have used the name of Galatians to designate them, for choice, but not exclusively.
26 Polyb., ii, 22, 1 ; Oros., iv, 15, 5. Cf. CXC, 38, p. 324.
27 Polyb., loc. cit. ; Virg., Æn., viii, 661 ff. ; Polyaen., vii, 33, 156 Eustath., ii, 774 ; Cœs., Gall. War, iii, 4, 1.
28 Livy, ix, 36, 6 ; xxviii, 45.
29 Id., viii, 8, 5.
30 CVIII, vi, p. 188.
31 II, vii, 1092 ; I, viii, 2786 ; vii, 1002 ; xiii, 1041.
32 Irish gai, gae ; Corn. gwaw.
33 Rhys, CCCCL, ii, pp. 205, 207.
34 Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 315, n. 6.
35 See Rise, p. 13.
36 Like the Gaul of Alesia and other representations of Gauls of the Alexandrian age.
37 Polyb., ii, 28, 4.
38 See Rise, pp. 298 ff.
39 For post-Hallstatt civilization, see Bosch Gimpera, DV ; Pericot, DXV, pp. 51 ff. ; Schutten, DXVII, pp. 187–9 ; Siret, in CXXXVI, 1909.
40 Déchelette, in LVIII, 1912, p. 433 ; Cerralbo, DVIII.
41 Bosch, CCCCXCIX.
42 L. Siret, in CXXXVI, Déchelette, DIX, p. 65.
43 Paris, DXIV, ii, pp. 277 ff.
44 Couissin, in CXXXIX, 1923, 2, p. 62.
45 Déchelette, ii, 1, p. 435, fig. 178.
46 See above, p. 72.
47 Déchelette, ii, 2, 691.
48 H. Hubert, in CXL, 1925, p. 259.
49 D’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 185.
50 Ibid., pp. 111–112.
51 Ibid., p. 16.
52 Ibid., p. 110.
53 Ibid., p. 123.
54 Oros., v, 23, 2 ; Diod., xxxi, 39 ; App., Hisp., 100 ; II, viii, 439.
55 Schulten, DXIX, pp. 10, 106.
56 Ibid., p. 124.
57 Pliny, iii, 25.
58 Strabo, xiv, 2, 1 ; Cf. Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 309.
59 Jullian, op. cit., p. 305. Cenon is written Senon in the Chartulary of St. Seurin (pp. 26, 93).
60 Jullian, loc. cit. Langon is called Portus Alingonis in the Letters of Sidonius Apollinaris (viii, 12, 3). This name may be derived from an ancient name ad Lingones.
61 Ephoros (F.H.G., i, 245, fr. 43) includes the greater part of Spain in the Celtic world (341 B.C.).
62 Schulten, DXIX, i, p. 97. Cf. Eph., fr. 38.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid., p. 111.
65 Pliny, xiv, 3, 13.
66 Schulten, op. cit., i, p. 19.
67 Id., DXVII, p. 80.
68 Polybios (iii, 14) mentions only Celts in the south-west and north-west. In Hannibal’s time, the centre is occupied by Iberians only.
69 One should add, to understand Herr Schulten’s argument, that the Celtic invaders of the fifth century had found the country in which they settled occupied, not by Iberians, but by Ligurians. The Iberians were strangers in Spain, colonists and conquerors from Africa.
70 Schulten, DXIX, 19.
71 Bosch, in XIV, vi, p. 671. For the excavation of Celtiberian sites on the plateau see B. Taracena Aguirre, “ Excavaciones en las provincias de Soria y Logrofto,” in XCIX, No. 103 (1929).
72 Paris, DXIV ; R. Lantier, DXI ; Bosch, DI.
73 Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 307.
74 Schulten, DXIX, i, pp. 247-8.
75 v. 8, 1.
76 Schulten, op. cit., i, p. 100.
77 Ibid., pp. 246 ff.
78 Polyb., ii, l, 16.
79 Diod., xxv, 10, 1.
80 Schulten, op. cit., i, p. 99 ; Jullian, i, p. 460.
81 Ibid., p. 109.
82 xxi, 20. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 460.
83 Ibid., 4, i, p. 475.
84 Ibid., p. 455.
85 Ibid., p. 459.
86 Ibid., ii, p. 515.
87 Ibid., i, p. 475.
88 iii, 42, 8.
89 Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 492.
90 Ibid.
91 D’Arbois, CCXCIX, 182.
92 Ibid.
93 Jullian, op. cit., i, pp. 494 ff.
94 Livy, xxiv, 42, 8.
95 Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 496.
96 Ibid., p. 498.
97 App., Lib., 40, 44 ; Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 500.
98 Ibid., i, p. 501.
99 D’Arbois CCXCIX, p. 182.
100 Cic., Pro Balbo, 32.
101 Livy, xxxvi, 40, 5.
102 Strabo, v, 1, 6, 10 ; Polyb., ii, 35, 4.
103 I, p. 460.
104 Livy, xl, 53, 5-6.
105 Id., xxxix, 54, 11 : proclamation of the Senate forbidding the Gauls to enter Italy.
106 ii, 15.
107 This is a feature of the landscape which has vanished.
108 Pig-breeding is still important in Emilia.
109 Something under a halfpenny.
110 The six Bruidne of Ireland. For inns in the Transpadane country, cf. Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 377.
111 CXLV, 1907, 101 ; 1908, 22.
112 Jullian, op. cit., i, pp. 510 ff. ; Homo, CCCXLI, English, pp. 315 ff.
113 Schulten, DXVII, p. 82.
114 Id., DXIX.
115 Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 514.
116 Livy, 45, 7.
117 T. Reinach, DLI, p. 74.
118 Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 515.
119 Diod., xx, 64, 2.
120 ii, 7, 6 ; Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 327.
121 Ibid., i, p. 326.
122 Ibid., p. 328.
1 C.I.G., 2058. Cf. LXX, 3, pp. 441 ff. ; CXLIX, 34, pp. 56–61 ; Pliny, iv, 97; Miillenhoff, CCCLXII, ii, pp. 110 ff.
2 A. Bauer, in CXLIX, clxxxv, 2, 1918.
3 Livy, 40, 57.
4 Polyb., 26, 9 ; 29 ff.
5 Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 104.
6 Ptol., i, 3, 5, 19.
7 The leaders’ names are Germanic : Clondicus, O. Sax. Indico ; Cotto, O. Sax. Goddo ; and indeed Alemannic names, Talto (Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, 109). The name of the Qvenen, one of the Bastarnian peoples, reminds one of that of the Sitones, a nation of the Baltic coast (ibid.). Lastly, the suffix of Bastarnae or Basternae is found in the form -erno- in some Germanic derivatives, e.g. in Gothic widuwairna, “orphan.”
8 See below, pp. 103 ff.
9 See Rise, pp. 178 ff.
10 See Rise, p. 176.
11 Livy, v, 34. See above, p. 33.
12 This is not the opinion of Herr Schumacher (in LXVII, 1918, pp. 98–9), who explains it by an advance of the Celts of the region of Metz on Thuringia.
13 This advance is revealed by a group of flat burial-graves discovered on the northern slope (Gôtze, CCCXCII, xxi).
14 Cf. Herr Beltz’s map of the distribution of brooches in CLXIX, 1911 ; cf. id., in LXXXV, 1913, p. 117.
15 See Rise, pp. 62 ff.
16 Dottin, CCCXXII, p. 452 ; Kluge, CCXI, i, p. 327 ; Miillenhoff, CCCXLII, ii, p. 23, n. 7.
17 Mommsen, CCCLIX, i, 47.
18 Ibid.
19 vii, i, 2.
20 The Germanic name of the Rhine, Rinos, is not derived from the Celtic name Renos but from Reinos. Otherwise the e would have survived. The change from ei to e occurred at the same time in Goidelic and Brythonic, and therefore cannot be much later than the separation of the dialects (d’Arbois, CCCI, ii, p. 326).
21 Aristotle (De Mirac. Auscult., clxxxii) says that the Rhine flows through the country of the Germans and is covered with ice in winter.
22 A. Götze, “Die vorgeschichtlichen Burgen der Rhön und die Steinsburg auf dem kleinen Gleichberge bei Römhild,” in LXXXV, ii ; id., CCCXXXV.
23 LXXXV, 1912, pp. 115 ff. ; LXVII, 1919, p. 23 ff. ; 1923, p. 8 ; CXVIII, 1921–2, p. 212 ; 1916, pp. 145 ff.
24 Schumacher, CCCCIX, pp. 138 ff.
25 See Rise, pp. 140–1.
26 Ptol., ii, 11, 22.
27 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 918.
28 Livy (xxxvi, 40, 12 ; xxxiii, 3, 13), speaking of the triumph over the Boii in 196 and 191, says that among the booty there were 1,471 torques and 2,340 pounds argenti infecti factique in Gallicis vasis.
29 Cf. for the Belgæ, Rademacher, in Ebert, CCCXXIV, s.v. “Belgen”.
30 Cæs., ii, 3, 4, 11 ; iv, 19 ; viii, 6 ; Pliny, iv, 105 ; Ptol., ii, 9 ; Strabo, iv, 196, 15.
31 Cæs., ii, 4 ; Tac, Germ., 2.
32 Tac, loc. cit.
33 Cæs., loc. cit. : uno nomine Germani appellantur.
34 Id., vi, 32.
35 Tac, Germ., 28.
36 Cæs., vi, 2, 3 ; ii, 3. Cf. Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, p. 10.
37 Cæs., v, 27, 8 ; vii, 63, 7 ; Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 467.
38 e.g. by Mr. MacNeill (CCCCXLI, p. 18), who regards the Belgæ as a product of this community formed by the Celts and Germans on their boundary.
39 iii, 36 and 57. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 242.
40 Strabo, i, 2, 27 ; xi, 6, 2 ; Plut., Mar., ii.
41 I, 1. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 469.
42 Tac, Germ., 2 : vocabulum recens et nuper additum. Various etymologies have for a long time been suggested for the word Germani—garm, gairm “place”, or ger “neighbour”, both Celtic. The latter is perhaps the better. It is supported by a gloss of Bede, v, 9 : Garmani (a vicina gente Brittonum).
43 See above, p. 74.
44 Cæs., v, 4, 5.
45 Id., ii, 14, 2. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 442.
46 Strabo (iv, 176) says that the Gaulish of Belgica was not greatly different from the Gaulish of the Ædui (Cic., De Div., i, 41).
47 We know an Æduan Diviciacus and a Diviciacus among the Suessiones (Cæs., ii, 4).
48 Ordo Urbium Nobilium, xiii, 7–10 :—
Qua rapitur prœceps Rhodanus genitore Lemanno,
interiusque premunt Aquitanica rura Cebennœ,
usque in Tectosagos paganaque nomine Belcas,
totum Narbo fuit.
49 Belcœ = Volcœ. Cf. Pauly, CCCLXVIII, iii, cols. 198–9.
50 Pomp. Mela, 36, 57 : Belcœ.
51 See Rise, pp. 21 ff.
52 Herr Schumacher (CCCCIX, pp. 196 ff.) has very happily laid stress on the continuity of the population of the Rhine Valley from one age to another.
53 The pottery of Salem, Koberstadt, and Mehren. Cf. Schumacher, in CXVIII, 1914, pp. 257 ff. ; H. Horning, in LXVIII, 1921, pp. 19 ff.
54 Müllenhoff, CCCXLII, ii, pp. 201–2.
55 In Cæsar, whenever the Remi and Suessiones come into question, these peoples appear as having been always established, and rather different from the peoples recently settled in the north of Belgica. Jullian, in CXXXIV, 1915, pp. 218 ff.
56 Jullian, CCCXLVII, i, p. 323.
57 The Menapii did not reach the neighbourhood of Tournai till 54. Before that, they were still on the two banks of the Rhine.
58 Beltz, in LXXXV, 1913, pp. 117 ff.
59 F. Drexel, in LXXII, 1915, pp. 1 ff.
60 See above, p. 62.
61 Cæs., i, 47.
62 Mon. Anc. 26.
63 Strabo, vii,’ 2, 1–4 ; Pomp. Mela, iii, 32 ; Pliny, ii, 167 ; iv, 95–7, 99 ; Tac., Germ., 37 ; Ptol., ii, 11, 2, 7, 16. Cf. Müllenhoff, CCCLXII, ii, pp. 285 ff.
64 Pliny, xxxviii, 35. Cf. Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, pp. 476, 479 ; d’Arbois, CCCI, i, p. 19.
65 There is on it a village named Aboul. It is a town of apple-trees, and the island was an island of apples ; cf. the old Italic Abella—Abella malifera,
66 Pomp. Mela, ii, 32, 54. After the Elbe comes the Sinus Codanus, full of islands ; in ea sunt Cimbri et Teutonic Cf. Jullian, CCCXLVII, iii, p. 45.
67 Pomp. Mela, iii, 32, 54 ; Pliny, iv, 99 ; xxxvii, 35.
68 Cic., De Oral., ii, 66 ; De Prov. Cos., 266 ; Sail., Jug., 114 ; App., Celt., i, 2. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 243, n. 3 ; Mommsen, CCCLIX, ii, p. 172 ; Holder, CCVII, s.v. “Cimbri”.
69 Müllenhoff, op. cit., i, p. 113 ; d’Arbois CCXCIX, p. 170.
70 Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, pp. 167 ff. ; Poseid., in Strabo, vii, 293 ; cf. Diod., v, 32 ; Plut., Mar., ii.
71 Cimbri lingua Gallica latrones dicuntur. Festus, Epit., 43. Müllenhoff (ii, pp. 116 ff.) supposes that they got their Celtic name in Gaul. Old Irish has a word cimb “tribute”, “ransom”, and a word cimbid “prisoner”. D’Arbois (CCXCIX, pp. 205 ff.) supposes an active formation, Cimb-r-os, from the same root, meaning one who takes prisoner.
72 Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 118 ; Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 53.
73 Dottin, CCCXXI, p. 21 ; Miillenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 154.
74 Germ., 2. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 50.
75 Schwantes, in CXVIII, 1909, pp. 140 ff.
76 See above, p. 102.
77 Mommsen, CCCLIX, ii, p. 172.
78 Isid. Sev., Orig., 18, 7, 7 ; Mullenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 115. For helmets and body-armour among the Cimbri, see Plut., Mar., 25. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 55. For the white shield of the Cimbri, Plut., loc. cit.
79 Plut., Mar., 19 ; Miillenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 114 ; Jullian, in CXXXIV, N. GR., lxxii.
80 Several rivers in Celtic country were called Ambra. One is a tributary of the Weser in its upper course, the Emmcr,
81 Epit., p. 17, 2 M.
82 Plut., Mar., 19.
83 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 61.
84 For the expedition of the Cimbri and Teutones, see Mullenhoff, ii, pp. 112–189. Jullian, CCCXLVII, iii, pp. 39 ff. ; Chapot, CCCXI, English, pp. 12 ff.
85 See above, p. 65.
86 On the Greinberg, near Miltenberg, on the Main in Franconia, text regarding the boundaries of a Teutonic territory (I, xii, 6610) ; cf. J. Quilling, in LXXXV, 1914, p. 334).
87 Dedications addressed Mercurio Cimbriano, on the Greinberg (I, xiii, 6604–5) ; Mercurio Cimbrio on the Heiligenberg near Heidelberg (ibid., 6402). Cf. Schumacher, CCCLIX, p. 159.
88 Forrer, DXLIII, p. 316 ; Cartailhac, in XV, 1897.
89 This hypothesis has not been accepted by M. Blanchet (in CXXIV, xii, pp. 21 ff.), who holds that the treasure of Taillac represents the movable property of a private individual. That would give us a high notion of Gallic capitalism. But I am much attracted by Herr Forrer’s ingenious explanation.
90 Tac, Germ., 37.
91 When geographers like Strabo and encyclopaîdists like Pliny speak of the Teutones on the coast of the Baltic and their share in the amber-trade, they are merely copying previous Greek historians.
92 See above, p. 7.
93 See above, p. 8.
94 Déchelette, in CXXXIX, 1912, i, pp. 101 ff.
95 Philippe, CCCCLXVII.
96 vii, 77.
97 Blanchet, CCCLXV ; CXXIV, 1910, ii, p. 265 ; CXX, 1924, p. 63.
98 See below, p. 150.
99 Schumacher, in CXVIII, 1914, pp. 277 ff.
100 Tac, Germ., 38–9 ; Pliny, iv, 28 ; Strabo, vii, p. 290.
101 Jullian, CCCXLVII, iii, p. 49.
102 Müllenhoff, CCCLXII, ii, p. 300.
103 Cæsar (iv, 3, 2) had heard say that the Suevi had on one side a desert march about 600 Roman miles wide.
104 Speaking of the Suevi, Cæsar (i, 37, 3) mentions an annual redistribution of land. But we must not treat this information too seriously. Cæsar, even if his information is correct, does not always interpret correctly the social facts which he describes.
105 One hundred pagi for the Suevi (Cæs., loc. cit. ; iv, 1, 4) and as many for the Semnones alone (Tac., Germ., 39).
106 Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 153.
107 Cæs., i, 44, 9 : non se tarn barbarum neqne tarn imperitum esse return.
108 Schumacher, in CXVIII, 1914, p. 273.
109 Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 154. Strabo (p. 192) says that the Romans bore a grudge against the Sequani because they had helped the Germans to invade Italy. This passage perhaps refers to the beginning of the expeditions of Ariovistus, if not to some unknown episode in the Cimbric war.
110 Strabo, iv, 3, 4 ; Pliny, iv, 106 ; Tac, Germ., 27.
111 Schumacher, in CXVIII, 1914, p. 269; Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 301.
112 Brandis, in CCCLXVII, iv, col. 1948 ; Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 144.
113 CCCCXVII, vii, col. 626 ; Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 152.
114 See above, pp. 60–1.
115 Ibid.
116 Strabo, vii, 1, 5 ; v, 2 ; Pliny, iii, 146t Cf. Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 145.
117 xi, 67. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 154.
118 Ariovistus had married the sister of a king of Noricum named Voccio (Cæs., i, 53, 4).
119 Cæs. i 40 7.
120 Cæs.’ i’ 2 ff. ; Cic., Ad Alt., i, 19, 2. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 160.
121 See Rise, pp. 153–4.
122 These were fairly small peoples, which were not reckoned among the Helvetii and should doubtless be placed somewhere near the Raurici, along the Rhine. They may have been remnants of the Celtic population of Germany.
123 From the census-tablets, written in Greek, which fell into Cæsar’s hands (i, 29, 2–3).
124 Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 194.
125 Coins from Gaul at Stradonitz. Cf. Déchelette, iii, 2, p. 1579.
126 Cæs., i, 28, 5.
127 Cæs., i, 35, 2. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 163.
128 Cæs., i, 30 ff. Cf. Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 301 ; Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 467.
129 Cæs., iv, 1 ; 4 ; Müllenhoff, op. cit., iv, pp. 419 ff.
130 Tac, Germ., 43 ; Ptol., ii, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ; Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 198.
131 Ptol., ii, 2, 11. Cf. Much, in Hoops, CCCXLII, iv, p. 424.
132 The name of the Káρπoi may come from that of the Chamb, a sub-tributary of the Regen, in which we may see Celtic kambos “curving, winding”. The name of the ‘Paκárai reminds one of Welsh rhagawd (*racat), which expresses the idea of opposition, battle.
133 vi, 24. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 297, n. 3 ; Much, in op. cit., iv, p. 425; Müllenhoff, op. cit., ii, p. 300.
134 The German historian Niese thought that the expedition of the Cimbri was the source of the legend of the first Celtic migration (CCCXXIV, vii, p. 613). Cf. Z. f. d. Alt, 1898, 133 ff.
135 See Rise, p. 141.
136 e.g. the Helvetii. See above, p. 116.
137 See below, pp. 122–3.
138 Just., xxiv, 4, 1–3.
139 See above, p. 11.
140 See above, pp. 103 ff.
1 Joseph, ii, 16, 4. In Cæsar’s time there were said to be about 330 peoples in Gaul (Plut., Cœs., 15). Cf. Bloch, in Lavisse, CCCCLXVII, i, 2, p. 191.
2 Cæsar (v, 39) gives a list of the peoples under the sway of the Nervii—Centrones, Grudii, Levaci, Pleumoxii, Geidumni.
3 Cæs., i, 11.
4 Cæs., ii, 3.
5 Irish riam “before” ; Welsh rhwyf “king”. Cf. primi, with the p dropped.
6 CCCXXIV, 1911, p. 351.
7 Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, p. 500, n. 5.
8 Aedh “fire”.
9 Uchel “high”.
10 D’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 24.
11 Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 313.
12 D’Arbois, op. cit., pp. 153 ff. ; Jullian, in CXXXIV, 1913, p. 50.
13 Jullian, ibid.
14 Strabo, iv, 6, 8 ; i, 11 ; i, 7 ; Pliny, iii, 137 ; Ptol., ii, 10, 7 ; Vitruv., viii, 3, 20.
15 Ptol., ii, 13, 2.
16 D’Arbois, CCC, p. 49.
17 Bloch, in CCCCLXVII, 1, 2, pp. 126 ff.
18 Jullian, CCCXLVII, iv, pp. 28 ff.
19 i, 1.
20 I, xiii, 1808.
21 I, xiii, 412. Inscription from Hasparren.
22 Hirschfeld, “Aquitania in röm. Zeit,” in CXLVIII, 1896, p. 452.
23 Rhys, CCXXX, p. 58.
24 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 471.
25 Schumacher, CCCCIX, pp. 126 ff. ; Jullian, op. cit., p. 477.
26 Schumacher, op. cit., pp. 130 ff. ; Fuchs, in CXVIII, 1915, p. 227.
27 Jullian, op. cit., ii, pp. 472 ff., 479 ff.
28 Ibid., p. 477.
29 Ibid., p. 476.
30 Peoples whose names contain the element casse—Velicasses. Vendryès, in CXL, 1923, p. 172.
31 Procurator ad census accipicndos trium civitatum Ambianorum, Murinorum, Atrevatum. Inscription from Ostia. Héron de Villefosse, in XCIV, lxxiii, p. 249.
32 iv, 1, 4. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 488, n. 1.
33 Holder, CCVII, s.v. 44 Osisnii “.
34 v, 90–3.
35 Cæs., iii, 9, 10. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., pp. 113, 227, n. 9.
36 Espérandieu, CCCXXV, vi-viii passim.
37 Monuments at St. Maho, Kerlot, Guelen. Espérandieu, op. cit., 3036, 3038–9.
38 Technopaegnion, 10, 83.
39 Déchelette, ii, 2, pp. 681–2 ; Bénard le Pontois, CCCCLXIII, pp. 148 ff.
40 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 386, n. 2 ; Allen, CCXCVIII, pp. 148 ff.
41 Cæsar (ii, 4, 9 ; v, 5, 2 ; viii, 7, 4) assigns the Veliocasses, Caleti, and Meldi to Belgica. Afterwards they are in Lugdunensis. Cf. the Parisii, above, p. 124.
42 See above, p. 8.
43 The groups at Moidons and that at Alaise. See Rise, pp. 253 ff.
44 The Ædui and Sequani fought each other for the line of the Saône. Strabo, iv, 3, 2.
45 Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 315, n. 5.
46 Viollier, CCCCXCI.
47 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 941 ; Jullian (ii, pp. 520 ff.) is disinclined to place them in Switzerland before the expedition of the Cimbri.
48 Schumacher, in CXVIII, 1914, pp. 230 ff.
49 iv, 2, 3 ; vii, 2, 2.
50 i, 12, 4, 6 ; 27, 4.
51 i, 27, 4.
52 See above, p. 106.
53 Viollier, op. cit., p. 92.
54 See Rise, pp. 85–6.
55 Viollier, loc. cit.
56 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 463, n. 5.
57 Ibid., p. 463.
58 Pliny (iv, 106) includes them among the Belgæ. They were detached from Lugdunensis to enter the organization of the German border, where, in the fourth century, they formed a special province, the Maxima Sequanorum. See above for the explanation of their partiality for the Germans.
59 Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 315.
60 See Rise, pp. 202 ff.
61 The groups at St.-Aoustrille and Prunay. Déchelette, ii, 2, p. 679.
62 Ibid., p. 671.
63 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 495.
64 Ibid., p. 490.
65 See Rise, chap. v.
66 Déchelette, ii, 2, pp. 680, 725, 728.
67 Ibid., list of swords, app. iv, Villeneuve-St.-Georges and Paris.
68 Piroutet, in XV, xxix, p. 425.
69 Déchelette, ii, 2, p. 835.
70 v, 35. See above, pp. 14 ff.
71 A place near Orleans is called Belia in the Antonine Itinerary.
72 Déchelette, ii, 2, pp. 660 ff.
73 Ibid., p. 661, fig. 252, a proto-Corinthian vase from the tumulus of Trois-Quartiers, at Le Perthuis, Vaucluse.
74 Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, pp. 517, 514.
75 Déchelette, ii, 2, p. 658.
76 Longnon, CCXII ; Jullian, op. cit., i, p. 247.
77 Strabo, iv, 5, 2. Cf. Lucan, Phars., ii, 77.
78 Jullian, op. cit., ii, pp. 4 ff.
79 For the censuses taken by the Gauls, see above, p. 117, n. 1.
80 In Diodoros, v, 25, 1.
81 Cæs., vi, 24, 5.
82 Cic., De Prov. Cos., 12, 29. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., ii, pp. 240 ff.
83 Cæs., vii, 15, 4.
84 Jullian, op. cit., ii, pp. 420 ff.
85 The silver bowl found in the trenches of Alesia bears a Gallic inscription, perhaps the name of the owner. S. Reinach, CCCLXXII, ii, p. 283.
1 Chapot, CCCXI, English pp. 122 ff. 143
2 Ibid., English, p. 154.
3 Jullian, CCCXLVII, iii ; Chapot, op. cit., English pp. 12 ff., 293 ff.
4 Cic., Pro Font., i, 2.
5 Id., Pro Balbo, 14.
6 Jullian, CCCXLVII, iii, pp. 415 ff.
7 Ibid., iv, p. 21.
8 Ibid., pp. 69 ff.
9 For all the following, see Jullian, op. cit., iv, pp. 153–200.
10 Ibid., iv-vi ; Chapot, op. cit., English pp. 314 ff.
11 Ulpian, in the Digest ; Jullian, op. cit., iv, p. 278.
12 Pomp. Mela, iii, 2, 19,
13 Bagaudæ is a Gallic name, with a termination like auda in Alauda, following a first element which is similar to Irish baga. Cf. Jullian, in CXXXIV, 1920, pp. 107 ff.
14 CCCLVII, Poetœ Latini JEvi Karolini, pp. 367–8, hymns de martyribus Agennensibus.
15 Roman denarii and copies of consular coins. Forrer, DXLIII, pp. 120, 124, 127.
16 Jullian, CCCXLVII, iv, pp. 100 ff.
17 The question of this date is important from an archaeological standpoint, for it makes it possible to date the finds of the Hradischt of Stradonitz and the La Tène III civilization which is there represented as brilliantly as at Mont Beuvray. It is very clear from Cæsar’s words (i, 5) that the Boii of Noricum who joined forces with the Helvetii and ended up in Gaul were only a fraction of the people, the greater part of which had remained in Bohemia and did not emigrate till about the year 8. Almgren, in LXXXV, 1913, p. 265 ff.; d’Arbois, CCXCIX, ii, p. 11.
18 Mullenhoff, CCCLXII, iv, p. 44.
19 vii, 3, 5, 11.
1 MacNeill, CCCCXLI, p. 168 ; Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, p. 470.
2 Parkyn, CCCCXLVI, p. 101 ; Reginald A. Smith, “On Late Celtic Antiquities discovered at Welwyn,” in CXXII ; S. Reinach, in CXXXIX, 1925, 172. Cf. Collingwood, CCCCXX ; Bushe Fox, Excavation of the Late-Celtic Urn-field at Swarling, Kent, CXXVI, 1925.
3 Lloyd, CCCCXXXVIII, 41.
4 Ibid., 47.
5 Windisch, Das keltische Britannien bis zu Kaiser Arthur, p. 14 ; Tac, Agr., 14.
6 Dion Cass., ix, 210 ; Suet., Vesp., 4 ; Eutrop., vii, 19. Cf. Bruton, CCCCXVI, 208–210 ; Windisch, p. 15.
7 Tac, Ann., xiv, 29-30 ; cf. Windisch, p. 17.
8 Tac, Ann., xiv, 32 ; Windisch, pp. 18-19.
9 Windisch, pp. 19-20.
10 Tac, CCCCXXVII. Cf. Macdonald, CCCCXL, pp. 111–138.
11 Windisch, pp. 42-3. Cf. Paus., vii, 31.
12 Windisch, pp. 46-8 ; Sagot, CCCCLIV. Cf. Loth, in CXL, 1914, p. 109 ; Drcxcl, “Denkmaler der Brittonen am Limes,” in LXVII, 1922, p. 31 ; Ilaverficld and Macdonald, CCCCXXXI ; Lethaby, CCCCXXXVIII ; Collinge, CCCCXIX ; Fabricius, “Neuere Arbeiten iiber die britannischen Limites,” in LXVIII, 1923, p. 79.
13 Budinsky, CXCII.
14 Collingwood, CCCCXX ; Taylor, CCCCLX ; Macdonald, “The Building of the Antonine Wall,” in LXXVIII, 1921 ; Miller, CCCCXLII.
15 Lloyd, CCCCXXXVIII, 59 ; Windisch, Das keltische Britannien, pp. 43 ff., 57. Cf. Ridgeway, “Niai of the Nine Hostages,” in Phil. Soc. Cambridge, 1924, p. 14 ; R. G. Collingwood, “The Roman Evacuation of Britain,” in LXXIX, xii, 1922, pp. 74-98.
16 Published by Mommsen in CCCLVIII, xiii, Chronica Minora, iii, pp. 1 ff. See Faral, CCCCXXVI, i, p. 39. For the sources for the life of Gildas, see Lot, Mélanges d’histoire bretonne : études et documents, Paris, 1907. Gildas died in 569 or 570.
17 The question of the composition of the compilation known as the Historia Britonnum, ascribed to Nennius, and of the identity of its supposed author, has given rise to a series of important controversial works. The latest is that of M. Faral, op. cit., ii, pp. 56-224 ; in his third volume he has attempted a critical restoration, of the text. Mommsen published the text, op. cit., xiii, Chronica Minora, iii, pp. iii, 59. Mgr. Duchesne had, in CXL, xvii, p. 15, made a preliminary classification of versions which is still a very remarkable piece of work. Zimmer has devoted an important work to Nennius, in which he says that he really existed and ascribes the whole of the original version of the history to him. According to M. Faral, this text is later than 687 and earlier than 801. In any case it contains traditions of older origin, which probably refer to the south of Britain.
For Geoffrey of Monmouth, who wrote about the second quarter of the twelfth century, see Faral, op. cit., ii, and the critical restoration of his Historia Britanniœ in the third volume of that work. At the same time as M. FaraFs work, Messrs. Griscom and Jones brought out an edition of Geoffrey’s text, with a translation and an essay on the author (London, 1929). Cf., too, the important work of Bruce, The Evolution of Arthurian Romance, Göttingen, 1923, two vols. Cf. below, p. 266.
18 Eutr., ix, 22 ; Oros., vii, 25 ; Windisch, op. cit., p. 43.
19 Windisch, op. cit., p. 44 ; cf. Loth, CCLXX, i, p. 219.
20 Windisch, op. cit., p. 45.
21 Zosim., vi, 10, 2.
22 Windisch, op. cit., p. 38 ; cf. Gildas, xiv.
23 Windisch, op. cit., p. 52. Cf. Faral and Bruce, opp. citt.
1 Lloyd, CCCCXXXVIII, 79. Cf. A. W. W. Evans, “Les Saxons dans l’Excidium Britanniœ”, in LVI, 1916, p. 322. Cf. R.C., 1917–1919, p. 283 ; F. Lot, “Hangist, Horsa, Vortigern, et la conquête de la Gde.-Bretagne par les Saxons,” in CLXXIX.
2 Lloyd, op. cit., p. 102.
3 Ibid., pp. 79, 84.
4 Ibid., p. 93. Cf. Windisch, p. 62.
5 Ibid., p. 103.
6 Ibid., pp. 86, 96.
7 Loth, CCCCLXXX. Cf. Loth, “La Vie la plus ancienne de St.-Samson,” in CXL, 1923, pp. 1, 8. Cf. Windisch, p. 57.
8 Loth, op. cit. For Celtic Armorica see Loth, Mélanges d’histoire bretonne, Paris, 1907.
9 MacNeill, CCCCXLI, p. 141.
10 Ibid., p. 109.
11 Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, ii, p. 514.
12 MacNeill, op. cit., pp. 178, 190.
13 Ibid., pp. 171 ff.
14 Ibid., p. 150.
15 Ibid., pp. 100 ff.
16 Ibid., p. 129.
17 Ibid., pp. 113–117.
18 Ibid., p. 160.
19 Ibid., p. 188.
20 Haverfield, “Ancient Rome and Ireland,” in LXII, xxviii, 1913, p. 8. Cf. Zimmer, in CXLVIII, 1891, p. 280 ; Lloyd, CCCCXXXVIII, 51 ; MacNeill, op. cit., p. 148.
21 Jerome, In Jovin., ii. Cf. Müllenhoff, CCCLXII, ii, p. 183.
22 Amm. Marc, xxviii, 3, 8 ; MacNeill, op. cit., p. 151.
23 For these settlements, cf. MacNeill, op. cit., p. 144.
24 Joyce, op. cit., i, 73–4.
25 MacNeill, op. cit., p. 157 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 77.
26 Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 79 ; MacNeill, op. cit., p. 155. Cf. Windisch, Das keltische Britamiien, p. 27 ; 44 Les Irlandais (Desi) en Dyfed,” in CXL, 1917–1919, p. 315 ; Kuno Meyer, 44 Early Relations between Gaels and Brythons,” in CLIV, 1897, pp. 59–195.
27 MacNeill, op. cit., p. 156.
28 Ibid.
29 Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 78. Cf. J. Rhys, 44 Three Ancient Inscriptions from Wales,” in CCCLVI, p. 227. Cf. Windisch, p. 27.
30 Joyce, loc. cit. ; Loth, in CXL, xviii, p. 304.
31 MacNeill, op. cit., pp. 194, 599. Cf. CXL, xxxix, 388 ; Ore, CCCCXIII ; Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 79.
32 MacNeill, op. cit., p. 159. Cf. Czarnowski, CCCCXXXIII ; White, CCCCXLII.
33 MacNeill, op. cit., p. 162.
34 Ibid., p. 165.
35 Ibid., p. 166.
36 Ibid., p. 229.
37 Ibid., p. 159.
38 See Gougaud, CCCCXXVIII ; Lloyd, op. cit., p. 109.
39 MacNeill, op. cit., p. 242.
40 Ibid., p. 167.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid., pp. 248–253.
43 Ibid., pp. 253–280. Cf. Vendryès, in CXL, 1920–1, p. 348.
44 MacNeill, op. cit., pp. 211, 216.
45 Lloyd, op. cit., pp. 112–129.
46 Ibid., pp. 150–199.
47 Cf. Faral, Bruce, opp. citt.
48 MacNeill, op. cit., pp. 203 ff.
49 Ibid., pp. 300–322.
50 Ibid., p. 309.
51 Ibid., pp. 323 ff.
52 Ibid., p. 344.
1 Loth, CCLXX, i, p. 44.
2 Windisch, CCXCV ; Táin, introd., p. liii. Cf. d’Arbois, in XXXII, xl, p. 152 ; Zimmer, in LXXXIII, xxviii, pp. 426 ff.
3 Holleaux, CCCXL, ii, “ Lampsaque et les Galates en 197/6.”
4 Cf. below, eh. iii.
5 XCIII, 1918, xxi, pp. 265–285.
6 R.E.G.y 1915, p. 189.
7 Maine, CCCLII, pp. 40, 291, 297. Cf. CCXLVII, Senchus Mor, 113 ; d’Arbois CCXLVII (Droit), i, 269 ; ii, 46 ; Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, i, p. 205.
8 See CCCLX.
9 CXL, 1919, p. 274. Cf. A. Reinach, in CXL. Cf. Amm. Marc, xxvii, 4, on the Scordisci using skulls as drinking-cups ; Livy, xxiii, 24, on the Boii.
10 Diod., v, 29, 4 ; Strabo, iv, 4, 5.
11 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 946.
12 Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 150. Cf. Hull, CCLXII, 75.
13 Joyce, i, p. 99. Cf. Coir Anmann, in CCXCV, iii, p. 405.
14 Giraldus Cambrensis, De Conquestu, iii, xxii. Cf. Silva Gadelica, 413 ; R.C., xiii, 73 ; Joyce, CCLXVI, ii, 463 ; Martin, CCLXXI, p. 109.
15 CCCLXXXIV ; CCCLXXXIVa.
16 See Mauss, “ Le Don,” in XIII, N.S., ii; id., “ Une forme ancienne de contrats chez les Thraces,” in CXXXV, 1921, p. 988. Cf. also Davy, in CCCXVI. All these practices are collected under the name of potlatch, taken from the Chinook vocabulary of north-western America, where these phenomena are especially developed. Cf. II. Hubert, “ Le Système des prestations totales dans les littératures celtiques,” in CXL, xliii, 1925, pp. 330-5 ; Hubert and Mauss, in CXL, 1926.
17 Windisch, CCXCV, i, p. 127. Cf. d’Arbois, CCL, pp. 218 ff.
18 Loth, CCLXX, i, pp. 26-63.
19 Cf. below, ch. v.
20 Cf. Joyce, CCCCXXXIV.
21 D’Arbois, CCXLVIII, v, pp. 80-147 ; Windisch, op. cit., i, pp. 235–311.
22 Loth, op. cit., i, pp. 175–283.
1 Cf. Sophie Bryant, Liberty, Order, and Law under Native Irish Rule : a study in the Rook of the Ancient Laws of Ireland. London, 1923.
2 D’Arbois, CCXLVIII, viii, ch. i, pp. 1 ff. ; Joyce CCCCXXXIV.
3 Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 39. Cf. Czarnowski, CCCCXXHI.
4 Czarnowski, op. cit., p. 231, n. 1.
5 MacNeill, CCCCXLI, pp. 350, 353. Cf. ibid., pp. 293, 297.
6 Czarnowski, op. cit., p. 232, nn. 3-4.
7 Ibid., p. 232.
8 See Davy and Moret, CCCLX.
9 As in Vinogradoff’s, CCCXC.
10 Windisch, CCXCVT, p. 832, n. 3.
11 O’Donovan, Hy Many, p. 70. Cf. Czarnowski, op. cit., p. 248 ; Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, i, p. 167.
12 In his article on survivals of totemism among the Celts, in CXL, xxi, repr. in CCCLXXIV, i.
13 Joyce, op. cit., ii, p. 129. Cf. Conrady, CCCCXXI.
14 Czarnowski, op. cit., p. 255.
15 D’Arbois, CCXLVIII (Droit), i, pp. 112, 187 ; ii, p. 36. Cf. Czarnowski, op. cit., p. 257 ; Maine, CCCLIII, p. 242.
16 Joyce, op. cit., ii, p. 18.
17 Cf. below, eh. iii.
18 See d’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, p. 185 ; Joyce, op. cit., i.
19 Ibid., i, pp. 219–229. Cf. A. Bayet, La Morale des Gaulois, Paris, 1930.
20 D’Arbois, op. cit., i, pp. 217–319.
21 Strabo, iv, 5, 4. Cf. Jerome, Adv. Jovinian., ii, 7 ; Dion. Cass., lxii, 6, 3 ; lxxvi, 12, 2.
22 These events are placed nearer our own time by the Irish annalists. Really they go back to a very ancient foundation.
23 CCL, English pp. 206, 212. Cf. Vendryès, in IFA., 21st June, 1923.
24 Ca3S., Gall. War, v, 14.
25 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, 187.
26 Ibid., i, 237.
27 Joyce, op. cit., i, 41, cites the instance of Macha Mongruad, the legendary foundress of Emain.
28 Plut., De Mul Virtut.y 24, 66.
29 Strabo, iv, 4, 6.
30 A. J. Reinach, in CVII, xviii.
31 Joyce, op. cit., ii, N.
32 Czarnowski, op. cit., p. 239.
33 CCXLVI, vii, pp. 244-7. Cf. Havet, “ Les Institutions et le droit spéciaux aux Italo-Celtes,” in CXL, xxviii, pp. 113 ff.
34 Cæs., Gall. War, vi, 19 ; Gaius, Instil. Comm. i, 51-2, 55.
35 D’Arbois, op. cit., i, pp. 242, 245, 247.
36 Cæs., vi, 19.
37 Cf. Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, p. 407.
38 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, p. 231 ; Joyce, ii, p. 8.
39 Ibid., i, p. 229.
40 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, p. 216. Cf. Stokes, CCLXXXVIII, pp. 52-6 ; GCLXIX, pp. 35-6 ; Joyce, ii, 7.
41 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, p. 227 ; CCXLVI, ii, p. 380, 390.
42 Girald. Cambr., Descriptio Kambrice, ii, 6. Cf. Vinogradoff, CCCXC, i, p. 246.
43 D’Arbois, op. cit.. (Droit), i, p. 228.
44 Ibid., i, pp. 185 ff.
45 Ibid. (Droit), i, 188. Cf. Maine, CCCLII, p. 216 ; Vinogradoff, op. cit., i, p. 305.
46 Meitzen, CCCLIII, p. 205.
47 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, p. 181. Cf. Domesday Book, i, 179.
48 D’Arbois, ibid., p. 66.
49 Ibid., p. 67. Cf. Senchus Mor, i, 182, 260 ; CCXLVII, iv, p. 284.
50 See, e.g., the order of succession in the roval family of Eochaid between 398 and 533. Cf. MacNeill, CCCCXLI, pp. 230,^294.
51 Maine, op. cit., 201. Cf. Spencer, CCCCLVIII.
52 Mackay, “ Notes on the Custom of Gavelkind in Kent, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland,” in CXXIV, xxxii, 1898, pp. 133 ff. Cf. CCXLVII, iv, pp. 284295 ; i, p. 250 ; iii, p. 331.
53 Vinogradoff, op. cit., i, 289.
54 CCXLVII, iv, pp. 346, 348. Cf. Czarnowski, p. 246.
55 Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, 407. Cf. Cœs., i, 18, 6, 7.
56 MacNeill, op. cit., pp. 114, 238, 290.
57 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, 97.
58 Maine, op. cit., p. 173.
59 Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, i, 106. Cf. Maine, op. cit., p. 231 ; and, for emancipation, Cæs., v, 45.
60 Polyb., ii, xviii ; Diod., v, 29, 2. Cf. d’Arbois, op. cit., p. 62.
61 Fustel de Coulanges, CCCXXXIV, pp. 27, 195 ; Cæs., vi, 15 ; cf. Cæs., vii, 40 ; iii, 22 ; i, 18 ; Diod., v, 29.
62 Maine, op. cit., p. 273.
63 See the account of the migration of the Helvetii in Cæsar.
64 Joyce, op. cit., ii, p. 266. Cf. MacNeill, op. cit., p. 131 ; CXL, xxxvii, p. 367.
65 I, xiii, 6127. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 53, n. 2.
66 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Propr.), p. 104.
67 Maine, op. cit., p. 101.
68 Cf. Dottin, CCCXXII, p. 185.
69 Polyb., ii, 17. Cf. d’Arbois, op. cit., pp. 61, 69, 100 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 184 ; Lloyd, CCCCXXXVIII, p. 138. See MacNiell, op. cit., p. 351 ; the annalists place the first erection of the hedges dividing estates in the reign of Aodh Slâine, about A.D. 600. A passage in the story of Cuchulainn indicates that in ancient times horsemen could ride about freely without being held up by hedges. See the text entitled Compert Concidaind, in Windisch, CCXCV, i, p. 136.
70 See above, p. 23.
71 CXL, xxxix, p. 57. Cf. Joyce, op. cit., ii, p. 372.
72 Meitzen, CCCLIII, i, p. 175.
73 Czarnowski, CCCCXXXIII, p. 246. Cf. Senchus Mor, i, pp. 122, 130, 132 ; CCXLVII, iv, p. 374.
74 Strabo, iv, 5.
75 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), ii, 71.
76 Ibid. (Propr.), xxv ; Joyce, op. cit., i, pp. 39, 196 ; Meitzen, op. cit., i, p. 184 ; Vinogradoff, CCCXC, i, p. 309.
77 Meitzen, op. cit., i, p. 196.
78 Czarnowski, op. cit., p 248.
79 Meitzen, op. cit., pp. 187, 202.
80 Ibid., p. 196.
81 Senchus Mor, iii, p. 52 ; cf. ii, p. 282 ; iii, p. 303 ; Czarnowski, op. cit., p. 242 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 186 ; d’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), ii, 78 (cf. ibid., p. 2) ; CCXLVII, iv, pp. 68, 159.
82 Senchus Mor, in CCCXLVHI, ii, p. 280 ; cf. Czarnowski, p. 235, n. 5 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 147.
83 Cœs., vi, 22, 3 ; 11, 4 ; i, 4, 2. Cf. Maine, p. 159 ; d’Arbois, op. eit. (Droit), i, p. 119 ; CCXLVII, ii, pp. 126, 206, 222 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 188.
84 Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 158.
85 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, p. 105. Cf. Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 157 ; Maine, CCCLVIII, pp. 131, 136.
86 Cœs., vi, 15. Cf. d’Arbois, op. cit. (Propr.), p. 52 ; Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, p. 69.
87 Meitzen, op. cit., i, p. 214. Cf. Joyce, ii, p. 264.
88 S. Bryant, Liberty, Order, and Law under Native Irish Rule, London, 1923, p. 259.
89 D’Arbois, i, pp. 76, 199.
90 R.C., ix, p. 143.
91 D’Arbois, pp. 82 ff.
92 Ibid., p. 83.
93 In Ancient Laxvs of Ireland, iii, p. 70.
94 Ibid., iv, p. 346.
95 Ibid., ii, pp. 224, 226. Cf. i, p. 230 ; iv, p. 236 ; iii, p. 42.
96 J. Loth, Les Mabinogion du Livre Bouge de Hergesl, Paris, 1913, i, p. 127, n. 2. Cf. d’Arbois, Études sur le droit celtique i, pp. 134-5, 153.
97 D’Arbois, op. cit., i, p. 192.
98 Joyce, op. cit., i, pp. 41, 599. Cf. d’Arbois, CCXLVIII (Droit), i, p. 105
99 Polyb., iii, 50 ; Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, p. 39.
100 MacNeill, CCCCXLI, p. 26. Cf. CXL, xxix, p. 5.
101 CXL, xxxix, p. 21. Cf. Joyce, op. cit., i, pp. 55-6.
102 CXXXIV, 1917, p. 37.
103 Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 60 ; cf. p. 55.
104 Maine, CCCLII, p. 37.
105 Joyce, op. cit., ii, p. 532.
106 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 44. Cf. XI, vi, p. 168.
107 Joyce, op. cit., ii, p. 7.
108 D’Arbois, op. cit., i, p. 63.
109 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 44. Cf. Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 44 ; MacNeill, op. cit., p. 353.
110 Ibid., i, p. 45.
111 Ibid., i, p. 46.
112 Ibid., i, p. 50. See Cæs., vi, 15.
113 Ibid., i, p. 61.
114 Ibid., i, p. 48.
115 CCXLVII, iv, p. 51.
116 Cf. Maine, op. cit., p. 184 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 57. See, in Kuno Meyer’s ed. and trans., Tecosca Cormaic, CCXCI, ser. xv (1909) (the Instructions of Cormac). Cf. MacNeill, op. cit., p. 320.
117 Jullian, in XXXIV, 1919, p. 104. See the passages on the Gallic kings in Just., xliii, 3, 8, and Cæs., v, 24, 26 ; iii, 22.
118 Diod., v, 21 (following Pytheas).
119 Fustel de Coulanges, CCCCLXV, p. 42.
120 For Vercingetorix, see Jullian, CCCXLVII, iii, 45, 197 ; Cæs., vii, 4, 1. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., iii, pp. 138, 315.
121 Cæs., vii, 32-3.
122 Cæs., vii, 20 ; i, 16. Cf. Jullian, ii, p. 46.
123 Cæs., vii, 4 ; 6 ; 57, 3 ; iv, 17, 2. Cf. Jullian, ii, p. 203.
124 Dottin, CCCXXII, pp. 173 ff. ; Cees., v, 27, 3. Cf. Jullian, ii, p. 57.
125 D’Arbois, CCXLVIII (Propr.), p. 57. Cf. Dottin, op. cit., p. 172 ; Jullian, ii, p. 48.
126 Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, i, 53.
127 Ca3S., vi, 11.
128 Ibid., i, 4, 18. Cf. Jullian, iii, p. 120 ; Dottin, op. cit., p. 175.
129 Jullian, iii, p. 352.
130 Ca?s. i 18 5.
131 Cœs.,’ ii, 28, 2. Cf. Jullian, ii, p. 50.
132 Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 91.
133 Ibid., i, pp. 87 ff.
134 Loth, in CXXXIV, xvii, pp. 193–206. Cf. CXL, xxvii, 1917, p. 142.
135 Lloyd, CCCCXXXVIII, p. 181. This division corresponded to that of the four bishoprics.
136 Loth, in CXXXIV, 1916, p. 280.
137 Bloch, CCCCLXVII, p. 79. Cf. Rhys, CCXXX, p. 60.
138 Fustel de Coulanges, op. cit., p. 69. See Cæs., vii, 75, 2.
139 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 442 ; Cæs., ii, 14, 2 ; vii, 5, 2 ; vi, 4, 2 ; vii, 75, 2.
140 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 543 ; Cæs., v, 3, 1 ; vii, 64, 8 ; iii, 8, 1.
141 Livy, xxi, 20, 3 ; Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 223. The first general assembly of Gaul was held at Bibracte in 58 B.C., after the departure of the Helvetii.
142 MacNeill, CCCCXLI, p. 238.
143 D’Arbois, “ L’Empire celtique au IVe siècle avant notre ère,” in CXLI, xxx (1886), pp. 35-41, maintains that Ambicatus was a real person. M. Jullian has shown that this tradition is unlikely (op. cit., ii, p. 544).
144 MacNeill, op. cit., p. 270.
1 Cæs., vi, 13. Cf. d’Arbois, CCXLVIII, i, and Dottin, CCCXXHI, p. 38.
2 Desjardins, in CCCCLXXIV, ii, p. 519, notes the absence of references to the Druids in Aquitania, Narbonensis, and the country near the Rhine.
3 Rhys, CCCCLI, fourth ed., 1908, p. 9. Cf. id., CCLXXXII, p. 216. A similar theory is maintained by Pokorny, “ Der Ursprung des Druidenthums,” in C, 38, 1 (Vortrag), translated in CXXIX, 1910, pp. 589 ff.
4 Tac., Ann., xiv, 30, account of the expedition of Suetonius Paulinus against Anglesey. But Fustel, CCCCLV, p. 103, denies that the Druids were persecuted in Gaul. D’Arbois has proved the contrary, CCXLVIII (Droit), i, pp. 172 ff.
5 vi, 13-14.
8 xv, 9, 8 (following Timagenes).
9 See a discussion of the question in Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, i, 222.
10 A. W. Bird, “A Note on Druidism,” in XIX, 1922, p. 152, 4. Cf. ibid., p. 155.
11 MacBain, p. 141. Cf. Pedersen, i, 175 ; d’Arbois, CCC, p. 1.
12 Luc., Phars., i, 53 ; Tac, Ann., xiv, 30 ; Pliny, xvi, xliii, 249.
13 Loth, in CXL, xxviii, 118 Cf. Holder, i, col. 2046 ; d’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 32.
14 Livy, xxiii, 24.
15 See Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 238.
16 Cf. Jullian, CCCLXVII, ii ; Cæs., vi, 16, 5 ; iv, 4, 4.
17 Cæs., vi, 16 ; Strabo, iv, 4, 5 ; Diod., v, 31, 4 ; 32, 6 ; Poseid., in F.H.G., i, 261. Cf. d’Arbois, CCXLVni, i, p. 151 ; Frazer, CCCXXXII, p. 234.
18 Cic., De Div., i, 41, 90 ; Cæs., vi, 13 ; Tac, Hist., iv, 54 ; cf. Dion. Chrys., Or., 49 ; Mela, iii, 19.
19 Diod., v, xxxi, 4 ; Strabo, iv, 198. Cf. Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 229 ; d’Arbois, CCCI, p. 99 ; Windisch, CCXCV, pp. 69-70 ; Czarnowski, CCCCXIU, p. 95 ; Tâin, i, 10, 70.
20 Pliny, xvi, 249 ; xxiv, 62-3 ; xvi, 95 ; xxix, 12 and 52 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, pp. 245, 227, 247. Cf. Silva Gadelica, ii, pp. 85, 516.
21 Coes., vi, 13 ; Diod., v, 31 ; Strabo, iv, 4, 4 ; Senchus Mor, CCXLVII, i, pp. 22, 80, 86. Cf. O. Curry, CCCCXXXII, ii, p. 20 ; d’Arbois, CCXLVIII (Droit), i, pp. 271, 279, 294, 315 ; id., CCC, Druides, p. 103 ; Maine, CCCLII, i, pp. 4, 21, 25 ; id., CCCLIII, pp. 51 ff. ; CCXLVII, i, pp. 788, 250.
22 Cæs., vi, 14 ; d’Arbois, CCCCXLVIII, i, pp. 126, 342. Cf. Book of Leinster, p. 29 ; Tain, i, 47, 23 ; ibid., 93 ; Dion. Chrys., Or., 49 ; Joyce, op. cit.,
i, p. 237.
23 Cses., vi, 14, 2-3 ; Mela, iii, 18 ; Tac, Ann., iii, 43 ; Tâin ; L. na hUidhrc, p. 61, 1, 21, 23 ; ib., 64, 2,10, 13 ; K. Meyer, in CXL, xi, pp. 442–453. Cf. d’Arbois, CCC, Druides, p. 115 ; CCXLVIII (Droit), i, p. 339 ; CCXLVII,
ii, pp. 150-5 ; Czarnowski, CCCCXXIII, pp. 291, 294.
24 Diod., iv, 56. See above, ch. vi.
25 Cæs., vi, 14, 5-6 ; 16 ; Strabo, iv, 4, 4 ; Amm. Marc, xv, 9, 8 ; Diog. Laërt., Prooem., 5 ; Diod., vi, 27, 6 ; Luc, i, 450 ; Mela, iii, 19 ; iii, 2, 19 ; Val. Max., ii, 6, 10.
26 Czarnowski, op. cit., pp. 156 ff. Cf. Windisch, CCXCV, i, p. 117 ; Nutt, in CCLXXIV, ii, p. 96.
27 Pomp. Mela, ii, 2 ; Strabo, iv, 197 ; 4, 4 ; CCXLVII, i, p. 22 ; Pliny, xvi, p. 250 ; Cæs., vi, 18 ; Windisch, op. cit., i, p. 215 ; d’Arbois, CCXLVIII, i, p. 141. Cf. Maine, CCCLII, p. 34 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, 230.
28 Joyce, op. cit., i, p. 223 ; O. Curry, CCCCXXXII, ii, 182 ; Jullian, R.E.A., 1919, p. 109.
29 Cæs., vi, 13 ; Ainm. Marc, xv, 9 ; ii, 8 ; Stokes, Tripartite Life, pp. 235, 326. Cf. Dottin, CCCXXII, p. 54 ; Czarnowski, op. cit., pp. 287, 278 ; d’Arbois, CCXLVIII, i, p. 234.
30 Diod., v, 31 ; Strabo, iv, 4, 4 ; Cæs., vi, 13 ; Amm. Marc, xv, 98 ; Ath., iv, 37 ; vi, 49 ; Luc, i, 44, 7 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, pp. 223, 230 ; Czarnowski, op. cit., pp. 227, 278 ; d’Arbois, CCXLVIII, i, p. 196.
31 D’Arbois, CCC, p. 9 ; Schrader, “Aryan Religion,” in CCCXXXVI, ii, p. 43.
32 Pliny, xxx, 5 ; Clem., Strom., i, 15, in F.H.G. (following Alexander Polyhistor, a historian of the first century), iii, 233 ; Amm. Marc, xv, 9, 8 ; Val. Maz., vi,,6, 10. Cf. Delatte, “ Études sur la littérature pythagoricienne,” in Bibl. de VEc. des Htes. Eludes, 1915, p. 217.
33 Diod., iii, 65, 6. Cf. d’Arbois, CCCI , i, p. 296.
34 Hdt., iv, 94 ; Strabo, vii, 35. Cf. Dottin, CCCXXII, p. 58.
35 Hdt., vii, iii ; Strabo, vii, 3, 3 ; Dion Cass., 51, 25 ; 54, 34 ; Apollod., iii, 5, 1- 2 ; Macrob., i, 18, 11 ; F.H.G., iii, 641, 20. Cf. d’Arbois, CCCI, i, pp. 292-6 ; Farnell, v, p. 102.
36 See above, pt. iii, ch. i ; Vendryès, in XCIII, xx, 6, 265.
37 Frazer, CCCXXXII, pp. 82, 129, 218, 225-6 ; Jullian, in CXXXIV.
38 Hutton Webster, Primitive Secret Societies ; Boas, Social Organization and Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl (for North American practices). Cf. Frazer, op. cit., iii, pp. 449, 459, 490. For interpretation, see Durkheim, in XIII, iii, p. 336 ; Davy, CCCXVI, pp. 201, 328 ; CCGLX, English, p. 102.
39 Joyce, op. cit, i, p. 456.
40 Loth, Le Dieu Lug, la Terre Mere et les Lugoves, in CXXXIX, ii, 1914, pp. 205–210. Cf. XL, xii, p. 52.
41 Luc, Phars., i, 444. See MacCulloch, CCCXIV, pp. 20-48.
42 Cæs, vi, 17 ; Cormac, 23 ; Holder, CCVII, s.v. ; d’Arbois, CCXLVIII, ii, p. 273.
43 A. B. Cook, in LXIV, xvii, p. 30. Cf. id. Zeus : a study in ancient religion, London, 3 vol., 1914–1925 ; Rhys, in CCCLXXXII.
44 Squire, CCCCLIX, p. 38 ; cf. K. Meyer, CCLXXIV, app. B. to The Voyage of Bran.
45 Loth, Le Dieu gaulois Rudiobos, Rudianos, in GXXXIX, p. 195, 2, 210.
46 Squire, op. cit., p. 327.
47 Espérandieu, CCCXXV. Cf., for Epona, H. Hubert, in XV, xxxii, 1922, pp. 291-2 ; id. Le Mythe d’Epona in CLXXXIV, 1925, pp. 187–191, repr. in CCXLIV.
48 Id., in CXXXIX, 1915.
49 Reinach, CCCLXXIII.
50 Kruger, Diana Arduinna, in LXXXI, i, 1917, p. 4.
51 See Hubert, GCGXLIII, and Le Culte des héros et ses conditions sociales, introd. to Czarnowski, CCCCXXIII, Rev. de Vhist. des religions, lxx, pp. 1-20, and lxxi, pp. 195–247.
52 See Squire, op. cit. ; d’Arbois, CCXLVIII and CCC Cf. above, ch. iv.
53 Squire, op. cit., pp. 48 ff.
54 Ibid., pp. 70, 140, etc. ; cf. d’Arbois, CCXLVIII, ii, p. 155.
55 Ibid., p. 136.
56 D’Arbois, ii, p. 155. Cf. Rhys, CCLXXXI, p. 122.
57 Squire, op. cit., pp. 60-1.
58 Ibid., pp. 54, 78.
59 D’Arbois, op. cit., ii, p. 373.
60 Squire, op. cit., p. 122.
61 Ibid., p. 140.
62 Ibid.
63 Joyce, CCCCXXXIV.
64 Squire, op. cit., p. 332.
65 K. Meyer, CCCXXIV, ii. Cf. E. McNeill, Duanaire Finn, vol. vii of CCLXV, introd., pp xliii ff.
66 Windisch, op. cit.
67 Squire, op. cit., pp. 121-2, 153.
68 Rhys, CCLXXXII, pp. 90-1 ; cf. Caes, vi, 17, 18.
69 Joyce, op. cit.
70 Ibid., ii, pp. 389, 447-9.
71 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, p. 317.
72 Ibid., p. 297 ; cf. Henderson, CCCCXXXIII, p. 187.
73 Joyce, op. cit., ii, p. 441 ; Rhys, VIII.
74 Joyce, ii, p. 436.
75 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, 302. Cf. Loth, “ L’Omphalos chez les Celtes,” in CXXXIV, 1915, p. 192.
76 Rhys, CCLXXXII, p. 414 ; Loth, in R.A., ii, 1914, p. 216 ; Metrical Dindsenchas, iii, 57 ; Joyce, op. cit., ii, p. 439 ; Rhys, VIII, pp. 17, 27, 55, 57.
77 D’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), pp. 299 ff. Cf. Joyce, op. cit.
78 Loth, in CXXXIX, ii, 1914, pp. 217, 220 ; Rhys, VIII, pp. 19, 55 ; CCLXXXII, p. 414.
79 Rhys, CCLXXXII, p. 396. Cf. d’Arbois, op. cit. (Droit), i, p. 317 ; at the end of the feast these temporary sanctuaries were doubtless set on fire. This rite is recalled in the stories of Flann and Muirchertach.
80 Rhys, VIII.
81 De Vesly, CCCCLXXXIX ; Wheeler, “ A Romano-Celtic Temple near Harlow, and a note on the type,*’ in XVI, 1928, p. 301.
82 Phars., i, 444.
83 Toutain, in Rev. hist. des. relig., Ixxiv, 1916, p. 373.
84 H. Hubert, “ Une Nouvelle Figure de dieu au maillet,” in CXXXIX, 1915, i, pp. 20-39.
85 CXXXIV, 1913, p. 432 ; R.P., 1908, p. 343 ; d’Arbois, i, 154 ; Joyce, op. cit., i, 239. Cf. Eriu, ii, 86 ; iii, 155.
86 Squire, CCCCLIX, p. 38.
87 Czarnowski, CCCCXXm, p. 123.
88 Gwynn, CCLXI.
89 See below, ch. v.
90 See, in particular, the admirable Voyage of Bran, CCLXXIV, edited and translated by Kuno Meyer, with commentaries by Nutt.
91 D’Arbois and Loth, in CCXLVIII, vol. v,” L’Épopée celtique en Irlande,” i, pp. 449–500.
92 Ibid., Cf. Schirmer, CCLXXXVI, pp. 17-26.
93 Squire, op. cit., p. 201. Cf. O. Curry, CCLXXVIII, app. cxxviii.
94 Thurneysen, CCLXXXIX, pp. 311-17.
95 De Felice, CCCXXVII.
96 For Pwyll, see Loth, CCLXX, i, pp. 81-117. Cf. ibid., p. 307, and for the magic cauldron, Squire, op. cit., p. 273. I am of opinion that these legends may contain the Celtic prototype of the stories of the quest of the Grail.
97 Particularly Bruce, Faral, and Wilmotte, in the works quoted. Cf. below, p. 266.
1 Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, 394 ; iv, 283.
2 CXXXIX, 1914, ii, p. 137, on the Gallic league.
2493 Weber, “ Neue Beobachtungen zur Alterfrage der Hochäcker,” in LXXXHI, xxix, 1908, p. 17. Cf. id., “ Das Verhalten der Hochäcker,” in XX, 1906 ; CXXXI, xxvii ; Pr. Z., 1911, p. 189.
4 See above, p. 210.
5 LXXX, 1911, p. 118.
6 D’Arbois, CCXCIX, p. 96.
7 LXXX, loc. cit.
8 Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, p. 62.
9 D’Arbois, CCCXLVII (Propr.). Cf. CIX, 1910, p. 723 ; CXXIV, 1912, p. 205 ; and, for the excavation of Sos, an oppidum in Lot-et-Garonne, CXXXIV, 1913. Cf. Thompson, CCCCLXI ; CCCLXXXIV, p. 122 ; Philipon, “ Le Gaulois Duros,” in CXL, 1909, p. 73 ; Dottin, CCCXXII, p. 332.
10 CXXXIV, 1912. Cf. “ The Glastonbury Lake-village “, in Gl. Antiquarian Society, 1911 ; Déchelette, iii, pp. 974-7.
11 Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, ii, p. 65 ; Caes, v, 43, and viii, 5. Cf. Macleod, “ Further Notes on the Antiquities of Skye,” in CXXIV, xlvi, 1911-12, p. 202.
12 E. Sloat, “ Some Shetland Brochs,” ibid., p. 94.
13 Strabo, iv, 3, 5, ; 1, 14. Cf. Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, p. 223.
14 Jullian, op. cit., iii, p. 17. Cf. Cæs., ii, 5, 6.
15 CIX, 1911, pp. 55-6.
16 Polyb., iii, 42, 2 ; Strabo, iv, 1, 11. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 228 ; Joyce, op. cit., ii, pp. 393, 399.
1 For Gallic coinage in general, see Blanchet, CCCVI ; Forrer, DXLIII ; Déchelette, ii, 3, pp. 1557 ff.
2 Cæs., v, 12 ; iii, 21.
3 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1558, fig. 720.
1 Id., in CXLIII, 1911, pp. 1 ff.
2 Loth, in CXXXIV, 1919, p. 263.
3 Id., in CXXXIV, 1916, p. 281.
1 Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, ii, p. 381. Cf. Ridgeway, The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards, 1892.
2 Scales from Beuvray and Gergovia. Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1573, n. 2.
3 Forrer, op. cit. (list giving provenance of Celtic coins). This list indicates that some of the purchases made by Mediterranean merchants among the Celts were paid for in Greek coin, and that the native middlemen paid gold for the goods which they were commissioned to buy from those merchants.
4 Blanchet, op. cit., ii, p. 517.
1 See the evidence of Pytheas in Diod., v, 21.
2 Pliny, 18, p. 172, Roth’s ed., p. 288.
3 Jullian, CCCXLVII, ii, p. 239.
4 Pliny, x, 53 ; xix, 8 ; xi, 240.
5 Caes, iv, 2, 1.
6 Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 237. Cf. Strabo, iv, 2, 1.
7 Pliny, xii, 5.
1 Strabo, iii, 4, 7.
2 MacNeill, CCCCXLI, pp. 75, 82.
3 Zimmer, in CXLVIII, 1909, pp. 363–400. Cf. Tac, Agr., 24.
4 See Rise, pp. 162-4.
5 Müllenhoff, ii, p. 137 ; Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 225 ; Caes, xi, 22, 3.
6 Lloyd, CCCCXXXVIII, p. 41.
7 Diod., v, 26.
1 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1207.
2 Strabo, iv, 3, 3 ; vii, 2, 2.
3 Loth, CCLXX, i, pp. 151, 599.
4 Thus Goibniu, the smith or cooper, became one of the most popular figures in Irish folklore, the Gobhan Saer, the all-round craftsman.
5 Cf. the Welsh romance Kulhwch and Olwen. Loth, op. cit., i, pp. 243, 599.
6 In the Mabinogion these heroes live in the midst of craftsmen. But the state of society described in this work is not that of the Middle Ages ; it takes us back to the time of the Roman conquest of Britain. For instance, Manawyddan adorns the metal parts of the saddles which he makes with blue enamel (Loth, op. cit., p. 46) which is the Celtic enamel of Britain rather than French enamel of the twelfth century.
1 Déchelette, ii, 3, pp. 1547 ff.
2 Bulliot, CCCLXIX.
3 Buttons were a part of Gallic costume. One type of blouse in use was buttoned down the front from top to bottom ; and, since the sleeves are represented as open, these too were probably buttoned. Cf. a relief from Dijon ; Espérandieu, CCCXV, 3473, 3475.
4 These settlements have not yet been studied except in the valleys running into the lower Loire (L. Maitre, in GXXXIX, i, 1919, pp. 234 ff. ; cf. id. in B.A.C., 1905, p. xliv).
5 Pliny, xii, 11.
6 Kossinna, in LXXXV, 1915, p. 117.
7 Refining-furnace. Bushe-Fox, CCCVIII, p. 72. Déchelette, ii, 3, pp. 1539 ff.
8 Táin, ed. Windisch, p. 17.
9 See Rise, p. 95, fig. 4 ; p. 125, fig. 31.
10 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1148.
1 Jullian, op. cit., ii.
2 Textiles of the Cadurci ; Jullian, op. cit., ii, pp. 272, 525, n. 5.
3 Bits peculiar to the Celts ; Arr., Ind., 16, 10 ; Hor., Odes, i, 8, 6. Cf. Déchelette, ii, 3, pp. 1199–202.
4 Jullian, op. cit., ii, pp. 187, 234.
5 Expérandieu, op. cit.
6 Déchelette, ii, 3, pp. 1197-9.
7 Tunna (Low Lat.). MacBain, CLXXXIX, p. 382. Barrels of the Roman period found in Holland (CXXXIX, 1918, p. 249).
8 E.g. the terebra Gallica, an auger with a spiral bit (Pliny, xvii, 15). The great quantity of tools found in tombs and oppida bears witness to the skill of the Gallic metal-worker (cf. Déchelette, ii, 3, pp. 1352 ff.).
1 Four-wheeled plough (Pliny, xviii, 48) ; reaper (ibid., 72) ; harrow (Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 276).
2 Sieve (Jullian, op. cit., p. 277) ; coat of mail (Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1155).
3 Cf. Allen, CCXCVIII ; Verworn, CCCLXXXIX.
4 CXL, 1911, p. 245.
1 Diod., v, 31, 1. Cf. Jullian, op. cit., ii, p. 360.
2 See d’Arbois, CCL.
1 Thurneysen, CCLXXXIX.
2 See above, pt. iii, ch. i.
3 Cf. Rhys, CCLXXXI.
1 See O’Curry, CCLXXVIII ; d’Arbois, CCXLVIII, and esp. CCXLIX ; Best, CCLII ; K. Meyer, *’ Addenda to the Essai d’un catalogue de la littérature épique de l’rlande” in CXL ; D. Hyde, Story of Early Gaelic Literature, Dublin, 1920.
2 Squire, CCCCLIX ; Hyde, CCLXIV. Cf. K. Meyer, “ The Death-tales of the Ulster Heroes,” in CXXII, xiv ; d’Arbois, op. cit.
3 Squire, op. cit., pp. 61-135 ; d’Arbois, op. cit., ii, p. 155 ; Rhys, CCLXXXII, p. 146.
1 The chief texts regarding Ulster are collected in Windisch, CCXCV. A translation of the more important ones will be found in d’Arbois, CCXLVIII, v, “ L’Épopée celtique en Irlande.” For the Ulster cycle, see Hull, CCLXIII ; Thurncysen, CCXC ; Nutt, CCLXXVI ; Lady Gregory, CCLIX ; Faraday, CCLVIII ; Windisch, CCXCVI ; E. MacNeill, “ Relation of the Ulster Epics to History,” in CXI, Feb., 1907 ; Joseph Dunn, The Ancient Irish Epic Tale Tain Bo Cuailnge, London, 1914 ; and above all Thurneysen’s admirable work CCLXXXIX, which deals with the constitution, text, and interpretation of the whole cycle.
2 The chief ancient texts of this cycle will be found dated and in part translated in K. Meyer’s excellent Fianaigecht, in CXII, xvi, 1910. Many texts, usually later, are collected and translated by O’Grady in CCLXXIX. Lastly, a large number of valuable texts have been published, often somewhat hastily and from late versions, in the six volumes of CCXCII. Mr. MacNeill has edited, with an important introduction, a collection of poems related to this cycle in his Duanaire Finn, in CCCXV, vii. A great many stories linked with this cycle have been collected in the chief collections of tales of the Gaelic countries, particularly in three volumes published under the name Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition, Argyllshire Series (CCXCIII) : Maclnnes and Nutt, Folk and Hero Tales ; Macdougall and Nutt, Folk and Hero Tales ; J. F. Campbell and Nutt, TheFians, all three volumes containing interesting commentaries by Nutt. Consult also Campbell, CCLIV ; Curting, CCLV ; Croker, CCLVII. One should also mention the collections of popular ballads and poems in Gaelic in Campbell, CCLIII, and in the Book of the Dean of Lismore, a sixteenth century collection edited by Skene (Edin., 1862). For these ballads and the use made of them by Macpherson, see Stern, in CLXXIII, vii, pp. 51 ff. Certain texts connected with the Leinster cycle are translated in d’Arbois, L’Epopée celtique en Irlande. Some of the finest stories in this cycle arc adapted rather than translated, but on the whole delightfully and faithfully, by Joyce in his Old Celtic Romances.
For the interpretation of the whole cycle, see Nutt in the appendices to the collection of tales cited above ; Rhys, CCCXXXII, pp. 355, 553 ; Squire, pp. 201–216. These writers believe that the cycle is ancient and its origin mythological. MacNeill, in his introduction to the Duanaire Finn quoted above and CCCCXLI, favours a later date. Zimmer connects the cycle with the time of the Scandinavian invasions, particularly in CCXLVI.
1 CCLXXXIV; Loth, CCLXX. Cf. Lady Guest, CCLX ; Skene, CCLXXXVII ; Rhys, CCLXXXI-CCLXXXIII.
2 Weston, CCXCIV ; Nutt, CCLXXVII. Cf. Faral, CCCCXXVI ; Bruce, The Evolution of Arthurian Romance, Gôttingen, 1923 ; Wilmotte, Le Poème du Gral et ses auteurs, Paris, 1930.
1 See esp. CCLXXIX, i, ii.
2 See Squire, CCCCLIX ; D. Hyde, op. cit. ; Loth, op. cit. ; Gwynn, CCLXI.
1 Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, ii, pp. 499–501.
2 For the general character of Celtic literature, see Arnold, CCLI ; Renan, CCLXXX ; Magnus MacLean, The Literature of the Celts, London, 1902 ; Nutt, CCLXXV.
1 Joyce, CCLXVII, pp. 274–350. Cf. CCXCII, iii.
2 For editions of this text and its composition, see Thurneysen, CCLXXXIX, pp. 445 ff. It is edited by Windisch in CCXCV, i, p. 235. Stern has published an edition from another manuscript in Z.C.P., iv, 143, there is a complete edition by Henderson in CCLXV, ii, 1899, and it is translated by d’Arbois in L’Épopée celtique en Irlande, p. 81.
3 See Loth, CCLXX, i, pp. 243–599.
1 Diod., v, 28.
2 Ibid., p. 270 ; Pliny, xxviii.
3 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1206 ; Isid. Sev., 19, 23. Cf. XIII, xii, 1913, p. 73.
4 Pliny, viii, 73 ; xix, 2. Cf. Girald. Cambr., i, 3.
5 Diod., vi, 28.
6 Déchelette, ii, 3, p. 1028. Cf. Joyce, CCCCXXXIV, ii, p. 123.
1 Ath., iv, 152 ; Dioscorid., ii, p. 110. Cf. Windisch, CCXCV, i, pp. 319–320 ; Vendryès, “Les Vins de Gaule en Irlande,” in CXL, xxxviii, 1920, p. 19.
2 D’Arbois, CCXLVIII, i, p. 297.
1 Loth, in LVIII, 1916, p. 169 ; Babut, “ Le Celtique en Gaule au début du Ve siècle,” in CXLI, 1910, pp. 287–292.
2 Iren., Contra Haereses, i, pref.
3 Life of Alex. Severus, p. 60.
4 Ulp., Digest, xxxii, 11.
5 Sulp Sev Dial., i, p. 27, 1-4.
6 R.C., 1904, p. 351. See CXXXIV.
7 Meillet, in XLVII, 1922, 5. Cf. ibid., xxi, i, 1918, p. 40.
8 MacNeill, CCCCXLI, p. 152.
9 Schoell, “ Zur lateinischen Wortforschung,” in LXXI, xxxi, p. 319.
10 CXL, 1913, p. 240.