Kate Conger, »Give your nudes to Facebook«, Gizmodo (5. Juni 2018), https://gizmodo.com/give-your-nudes-to-facebook-1826545511.
https://safety.google/pixel/.
Benjamin Grosser, »What do Metrics Want? How quantification prescribes social interaction on Facebook«, Computational Culture 4 (2014), http://computationalculture.net/what-do-metrics-want/.
»Number of smartphone users in South Africa from 2014 to 2023 (in millions)«, Statista (2019), https://www.statista.com/statistics/488376/forecast-ofsmartphone-users-in-south-africa/.
Toussaint Nothias, »Access Granted: Facebook’s Free Basics in Africa«, Media, Culture & Society 42:3 (2020), S. 329–348.
Nesrine Malik, »How Facebook took over the internet in Africa – and changed everything«, Guardian (20. Januar 2022), https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/20/facebook-second-life-the-unstoppable-rise-of-thetech-company-in-africa.
»Accelerate your growth«, Open Network for Digital Commerce (n. d.), https://ondc.org/.
Mark Zuckerberg, »Building Global Community« (ursprünglich veröffentlicht am 16. Februar 2017), https://www.facebook.com/notes/3707971095882612/ [Zugriff am 16. Oktober 2023].
Karen Hao, »The Facebook whistleblower«; s.a. die Artikel des Wall Street Journal vom September/Oktober 2021, die sich auf die von Haugen angegebenen Dokumente stützen, z.B. Georgia Wells, Jeff Horwitz u. Deepa Seetharaman, »Facebook Knows Instagram is Toxic for Teen Girls, Company Documents Show«, Wall Street Journal (13. September 2021), https://www. wsj.com/articles/facebook-knows-instagram-is-toxic-for-teen-girls-company-documents-show-11631620739.
Dan Milmo, »Interview: I never wanted to be a whistleblower, but lives were in danger«, Observer (21. Oktober 2021), https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/oct/24/frances-haugen-i-never-wanted-to-be-awhistleblower-but-lives-were-in-danger.
Dan Milmo u. Clea Skopeliti, »Teenage girls, body image, and Instagram’s perfect storm«, Guardian (18. September 2021), https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/18/teenage-girls-body-imageand-instagrams-perfect-storm.
Kevin Kelly, The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future (Penguin, 2017).
Siebel, Digital Transformation, S. 18.
»Personal Data: The Emergence of a New Asset Class«, Weltwirtschaftsforum (Januar 2011), http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_ITTC_PersonalDataNewAsset_Report_2011.pdf, S. 7; Soumira Dutta u. Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, »The Global Information Technology Report 2012: Living in a hyper-connected world«, Weltwirtschaftsforum (2012), http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_IT_Report_2012.pdf, S. 6, 102.
Siebel, Digital Transformation, S. 46.
Joseph Bradley, Joel Barbier u. Doug Handler, »Embracing the Internet of Everything to Capture Your Share of $ 14.4 trillion«, Cisco (2013), https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoE_Economy.pdf.
»Number of Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices worldwide from 2019 to 2021, with forecasts from 2022 to 2030«, Statista (Juli 2021), https://www.statista.com/statistics/1183457/iot-connected-devices-worldwide/; »Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018–2023)«, Cisco (9. März 2020), https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/executive-perspectives/annualinternet-report/white-paper-c11–741490.html.
Nathaniel Fick et al., »Confronting Reality in Cyberspace: Foreign Policy for a Fragmented Internet«, Council on Foreign Relations (Juli 2022), https://www.cfr.org/report/confronting-reality-in-cyberspace, S. 3.
Zu Haier s. Kokas, Trafficking Data, S. 178; zu Chinas jüngstem Fünfjahresplan siehe Rogier Creemers et al, »Translation: 14th five-year plan for national informatization – Dec. 2021«, DigiChina (24. Januar 2022), https://digi-china.stanford.edu/work/translation-14th-five-year-plan-fornational-informatization-dec-2021/.
Emily West, Buy Now: How Amazon Branded Convenience and Normalized Monopoly (MIT Press, 2022); Evan Selinger u. Darrin Durant, »Amazon’s Ring: Surveillance as a Slippery Slope Service«, Science as Culture 31:1 (2021), S. 92–106.
Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation. Politische und ökonomische Ursprünge von Gesellschaften und Wirtschaftssystemen (Suhrkamp, 1978), S. 89.
Asef Bayat, Life and Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East (Stanford University Press, 2013).
Arda u. Akdemir, »Activist communication design on social media: The case of online solidarity against forced Islamic lifestyle«, Media, Culture & Society 43:6 (2021), S. 1076–1094.
Zitiert nach Malik, »How Facebook took over the internet in Africa«.
James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Resistance (Yale University Press, 1990).
Zeynep Tufecki, Twitter and Teargas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest (Yale University Press, 2016).
Shakuntala Banaji u. Ramnath Bhat, Social Media and Hate (Routledge, 2022).
Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You (Penguin, 2011).
Catherine Knight-Steele, Digital Black Feminism (New York University Press, 2021); Sarah Florini, Beyond Hashtags (New York University Press, 2019); Sarah Jackson, Moya Bailey u. Brooke Foucault Welles, #Hashtag Activism (MIT Press, 2020); Zitat Julie E. Cohen: https://juliecohen.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/CohenBTP_Ch3_InfoLaboratory.pdf, S. 10.
Jonathan Haidt, »Why the Past 10 Years of American Life Have Been Uniquely Stupid«, The Atlantic (11. April 2022), https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/social-media-democracy-trust-babel/629369/; Cohen, Between Truth and Power, S. 86.
Axel Bruns, »Filter Bubble«, Internet Policy Review 8:4 (2019), S. 1–14; ders., Are Filter Bubbles Real? (Wiley, 2019); Richard Fletcher, Craig T. Robertson u. Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, »How Many People Live in Politically Partisan Online News Echo Chambers in Different Countries?«, Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media 1 (2021), S. 1–56.
Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood u. Yphtach Lelkes, »Affect, not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization«, Public Opinion Quarterly 76:3 (2012), S. 405–431. Zu den Auswirkungen der Geschäftsmodelle der sozialen Medien siehe Ian Bogost u. Alexis Madrigal, »How Facebook Works for Trump«, The Atlantic (17. April 2020), https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/04/how-facebooksad-technology-helps-trump-win/606403/.
Maria Ressa, How to Stand Up to a Dictator (Ebury Publishing, 2022), S. 137.
Siehe z.B. die von Mark Littler u. Benjamin Lee herausgegebene Sammlung Digital Extremisms: Readings in Violence, Radicalisation and Extremism in the Online Space (Palgrave, 2020).
»Rabbit Hole«, New York Times Podcast (n.d.), https://www.nytimes.com/column/rabbit-hole.
Zeynep Tufekci, »YouTube, the Great Radicaliser«, New York Times (10. März 2018), https://www.niemanlab.org/reading/youtube-the-great-radicalizer/.
Julia DeCook u. Jennifer Forestal, »Of Humans, Machines, and Extremism: The Role of Platforms in Facilitating Undemocratic Cognition«, American Behavioral Scientist (2022), S. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221103186; Chun, Discriminating Data.
Shanto Iyengar u. Sean J. Westwood, »Fear and Loathing Across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization«, American Journal of Political Science 59:3 (2014), S. 690–707.
Craig Silverman, Ryan Mac u. Pranav Dixit, »›I Have Blood On My Hands‹: A Whistleblower Says Facebook Ignored Global Political Manipulation«, Buzzfeed (14. September 2020), https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/facebook-ignorepolitical-manipulation-whistleblower-memo.
Craig Silverman et al., »How Google’s ad business funds disinformation around the world«, ProPublica (29. Oktober 2022), https://www.propublica. org/article/google-alphabet-ads-funddisinformation-covid-elections.
Cohen, Between Truth and Power, Kapitel 3.
Bryan Harris u. Hannah Murphy, »Brazil’s Lawmakers to Vote on ›Fake News‹ Bill Opposed by Tech Groups«, Financial Times (30. April 2023), https://www.ft.com/content/827326e9–7433–4fb4–9fb5–36a76658d106.
Meredith Broussard, Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World (MIT Press, 2019).
Eric Schmidt, »This is how AI will change the way science gets done«, MIT Tech Review (5. Juli 2023), https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/07/05/1075865/eric-schmidt-aiwill-transform-science/.
Emily Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major u. Margaret Mitchell, »On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?«, FaCCT 2021 (3.–10. März 2021), https://doi.org/10/1145/3442188.3445922, S. 617. Eine interessante Diskussion der tieferen philosophischen Zusammenhänge der Kritik am »stochastischen Papagei«: Alan Blackwell, Modal Codes: Designing Alternatives to AI (MIT, erscheint 2024), Kapitel 5.
Jim Bisbee, Joshua D. Clinton, Cassy Dorff, Brenton Kenkel u. Jennifer Larson, »Artificially Precise Extremism: How Internet-Trained LLMs Exaggerate Our Differences«, SocArXiv (2. Mai 2023), https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/5ecfa/.
Francis Bacon, Neues Organon, Teilband 1 (Felix Meiner Verlag, 1990), Aphorismus 84, S. 180f.
Rohan Deb Roy, »Western science long relied on the knowledge and exploitation of colonized peoples. In many ways, it still does«, Smithsonian Magazine (9. April 2018), https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/science-bearsfingerprints-colonialism-180968709/.
Claude Alvares, »Science, colonialism and violence: A luddite view«, in: Ashish Nandy, Science, Hegemony and Violence (Oxford University Press, 1988), S. 85.
Susan Bordo, The Flight to Objectivity: Essays on Cartesianism and Culture (SUNY Press, 1987); Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (Yale University Press, 1985); Sandra Harding, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? (Cornell University Press, 1991).