1. A Tapestry of Peoples
1. Alastair Sweeny, “Confederation’s True Father? George-Étienne Cartier,” Globe and Mail, January 3, 2014.
2. John J. Bigsby, The Shoe and Canoe (London: Chapman and Hall, 1850), 206–7. Quoted in Alastair Sweeny, George-Étienne Cartier: A Biography (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1976), 40.
3. Ibid., 48.
4. J.-C. Bonenfant, “Cartier, Sir George-Étienne,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography vol. 10 (Toronto: University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–), accessed March 31, 2016, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cartier_george_etienne_10E.html.
5. Christopher Moore, Three Weeks in Quebec City: The Meeting That Made Canada (Toronto: Allen Lane, 2015), 31.
6. Globe, June 18, 1853, quoted in Sweeny, George-Étienne Cartier, 88.
7. Ibid., 104.
8. Ibid., 58.
9. Ibid., 131.
10. Moore, Three Weeks in Quebec City, 33.
11. Bonenfant, “Cartier,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
12. Quoted in Brian Young, George-Étienne Cartier, Montreal Bourgeois (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1981), 81.
13. Quoted in Ibid., 30.
14. P. B. Waite, Macdonald: His Life and World (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1975), 51.
15. Young, George-Étienne Cartier, 34.
16. Times (London), October 24, 1864, quoted in Sweeny, George-Étienne Cartier, 151.
17. Ibid., 149.
18. The Quebec Conference is covered in fascinating detail in Moore, Three Weeks in Quebec City.
19. J. K. Johnson and P. B. Waite, “Macdonald, Sir John Alexander,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 12 (Toronto: University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–), accessed March 31, 2016, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonald_john_alexander_12E.html.
20. Sweeny, George-Étienne Cartier, 151.
21. Parliamentary Debates on Confederation of the British North American Provinces (Quebec: Hunter, Rose & Co., 1865), 60.
22. Richard Gwyn, John A.: The Man Who Made Us (Toronto: Random House, 2007), 326.
23. Blair Fraser, The Search for Identity (Toronto: Doubleday, 1967), 2.
24. Quoted in Waite, Macdonald, 39.
25. Quoted in Richard Gwyn, Nation Maker: Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times (Toronto: Random House, 2011), 3.
26. W. L. Morton, ed., Manitoba: The Birth of a Province (Winnipeg: Manitoba Record Society, 1965), 95, quoted in Sweeny, George-Étienne Cartier, 212.
27. Lena Newman, The John A. Macdonald Album (Montreal: Tundra Books, 1974), 89.
28. Sweeny, George-Étienne Cartier, 225.
29. Bonenfant, “Cartier,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
30. Ibid.
31. Sweeny, George-Étienne Cartier, 172.
32. Ibid., 320.
2. Mountie Mythology
1. Estimates of the Indigenous population are sheer guesswork. Census numbers for non-Indigenous populations are available online from Statistics Canada under “Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871,” http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm.
2. Richard Gwyn, John A., 400–404.
3. Wallace Stegner, Wolf Willow: A History, a Story, and a Memory of the Last Plains Frontier (New York: Viking, 1955), 100–110.
4. R. C. Macleod, Samuel Benfield Steele (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, forthcoming), chap. 2, p. 8.
5. Ibid., chap. 3, p. 1.
6. Quoted in Robert Stewart, Sam Steele, Lion of the Frontier, 2nd ed. (Regina: Centax Books, PrintWest Group, 1999), 40.
7. Samuel Benfield Steele, Forty Years in Canada (1915; repr., Toronto: Prospero Books, 2000), 41.
8. Macleod, Samuel Benfield Steele, chap. 3, p. 2.
9. Stewart, Sam Steele, 41.
10. Steele, Forty Years in Canada, 67.
11. Quoted in Macleod, Samuel Benfield Steele, chap. 3, p. 4.
12. See E. C. Morgan, “The North West Mounted Police: Internal Problems and Public Criticism, 1874–1883,” Saskatchewan History 26 (Winter 1974): 41–62.
13. Stewart, Sam Steele, 171.
14. Ibid., 196.
15. Stewart, Sam Steele, 199.
16. Benedict R. O’G. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, 3rd ed. (London: Verso, 2006), 6.
17. Quoted in R. C. Macleod, The North West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement 1873–1905 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976), 164–65.
18. Ibid., 167.
19. Stewart, Sam Steele, 200.
20. Ibid., 200–201.
21. Ibid., 216.
22. Roderick Charles Macleod, “Steele, Sir Samuel Benfield,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 14 (Toronto: University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–), accessed April 25, 2014, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/steele_samuel_benfield_14E.html.
23. Steele Collection, University of Edmonton, Box 25, SS to MS, September 9, 1898.
24. Ibid., Box 23, SS to MS, September 14, 1898.
25. Ibid., Box 24, SS to MS, February 16, 1899.
26. Ibid., Box 23, SS to MS, May 6, 1898.
27. Ibid., SS to MS, Box 23, January 1, 1899.
28. McClure’s Magazine, May–October 1899, 225–35.
29. Christopher Reed, “Colonel Sam Steele in the Yukon,” Scarlet and Gold 3 (1921): 23.
30. Michael Dawson, The Mountie: From Dime Novel to Disney (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1998), 35–53.
31. Chicago: Reilly & Britton, 1906. Baum published this book under the pen name Captain Hugh Fitzgerald. He later changed the title to The Boy Fortune Hunters in Alaska and republished it under the pen name Floyd Akers.
32. Pierre Berton, Hollywood’s Canada: The Americanization of Our National Image (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1975), 111.
33. A. L. Haydon, The Riders of the Plains (London: Andrew Melrose, 1910) vii, 2.
34. New York and London: Century Co., 1927.
35. Steele Collection, University of Edmonton, Steele Personnel File, T. Morris Longstreth to Harwood Steele, December 11, 1927.
36. Library and Archives Canada (LAC), North West Mounted Police Personnel Records, S. B. Steele file. Harwood also complained to the RCMP commissioner and copies of all the correspondence with Longstreth ended up in their records. Harwood Steele to Commissioner Cortlandt Starnes, October 28, 1927.
37. R. C. Macleod, “An Old Soldier Fades Away: Major-General Sir Sam Steele in the First World War,” in Adriana A. Davies and Jeff Keshen, eds., The Frontier of Patriotism: Alberta and the First World War (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2016), in press.
38. Dawson, The Mountie, 18.
3. Looking Inward, Looking Outward
1. J. M. Bumsted, A History of the Canadian Peoples (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2003), 274.
2. Eric Newton, “Canadian Art through English Eyes,” Canadian Forum 18 (February 1939): 344–55.
3. Michael Ostroff, Winds of Heaven: Emily Carr, Carvers & The Spirits of the Forest (Toronto: White Pine Pictures, 2011).
4. Emily Carr, “Beginnings,” The Book of Small (1942; Project Gutenberg, 2004), http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks04/0400201.txt.
5. Ian Dejardin, “A Life of Emily Carr,” in From the Forest to the Sea: Emily Carr in British Columbia (Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions, 2014), 23.
6. Carr, “Silence and Pioneers,” The Book of Small.
7. Ibid., “Schools.”
8. Paula Blanchard, The Life of Emily Carr (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1987), 48.
9. Emily Carr, Growing Pains: The Autobiography of Emily Carr (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1966), 15.
10. Blanchard, The Life of Emily Carr, 12.
11. Quoted from Growing Pains ms., quoted in Blanchard, 81.
12. Carr, Growing Pains, 176.
13. Ibid., 139.
14. Maria Tippett, Emily Carr: A Biography (Toronto: Oxford Unviersity Press, 1979), 14.
15. Arnold Watson, “In the Haunts of a Picture Maker,” Week (Victoria), February 18, 1905.
16. Blanchard, The Life of Emily Carr, 103.
17. Carr, Growing Pains, 211.
18. Province (Vancouver), June 26, 1909.
19. Carr, Growing Pains, 215.
20. Doris Shadbolt, Emily Carr (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1990), 37.
21. Carr, Growing Pains, 216.
22. Shadbolt, Emily Carr, 35.
23. Lawren Harris, “The Group of Seven in Canadian History,” The Canadian Historical Association: Report of the Annual General Meeting Held at Victoria and Vancouver, June 16–19, 1948 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1948), 31, quoted in Ross Howard, Defiant Spirits: The Modernist Revolution of the Group of Seven (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2010), 26.
24. Lawren Harris, “The Story of the Group of Seven,” in The Best of the Group of Seven, ed. Joan Murray (Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1984), 27.
25. Toronto Daily Star, April 12, 1913.
26. Toronto Daily Star, December 12, 1913, quoted in Howard, Defiant Spirits, 107.
27. Ibid., 108.
28. Ibid., 332.
29. Harold Town and David Silcox, Tom Thomson: The Silence and the Storm (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977), 21.
30. Daniel Francis, National Dreams: Myth, Memory, and Canadian History (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1997), 141.
31. Emily Carr lecture notes, quoted in Doris Shadbolt, The Art of Emily Carr (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1979), 38.
32. Carr, Growing Pains, 227.
33. Shadbolt, The Art of Emily Carr, 42.
34. Growing Pains ms., quoted in Blanchard, 142.
35. Growing Pains ms., quoted in Blanchard, 178.
36. Shadbolt, The Art of Emily Carr, 42.
37. Ibid., 137.
38. Harris to Carr, undated (probably late 1929), quoted in Shadbolt, Emily Carr, 135.
39. Emily Carr, Hundreds and Thousands: The Journals of Emily Carr (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2006), 185.
40. Ibid., 126.
41. Newton, “Canadian Art through English Eyes,” 345.
42. Quoted in Tippett, Emily Carr, 240.
43. Shadbolt, The Life of Emily Carr, 216.
44. Carr, Hundreds and Thousands, 101.
45. Marcia Crosby, “Construction of the Imaginary Indian,” Vancouver Anthology: The Institutional Politics of Art, ed. Stan Douglas (Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1991), quoted in Beyond Wilderness: The Group of Seven, Canadian Identity, and Contemporary Art, eds. John O’Brian and Peter White (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007), 220–22.
46. See Gerta Moray, “Emily Carr and the Traffic in Native Images,” Anti-modernism and the Traffic in Native Images, ed. Lynda Jessup (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001).
47. Laura Cummings, Observer, November 2, 2014.
4. Beaver Tales
1. Quoted in Margaret MacMillan, The War That Ended Peace (Toronto: Allen Lane, 2013), 124.
2. Quoted in J. M. Bumsted, A History of the Canadian Peoples, 283.
3. Ibid., 280.
4. Ibid., 281.
5. Robert Borden, Robert Laird Borden: His Memoirs (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1969), 216.
6. Innis papers, University of Toronto Archives, B1972.0003 Series 17/003 (003).
7. Lithograph NAC C-147822, Library and Archives Canada.
8. Anne Innis Dagg, “Memoir of Harold Adams Innis,” Canadian Journal of Communication 29.2 (2004), http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1472/1591.
9. Donald Creighton, Harold Adams Innis: Portrait of a Scholar (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957), 19.
10. Innis papers, University of Toronto Archives, B1972.0003 Series 17/004 (03).
11. Quoted in Alexander John Watson, Marginal Man: The Dark Vision of Harold Innis (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 79.
12. Creighton, Harold Adams Innis, 31.
13. Dagg, “Memoir of Harold Adams Innis.”
14. Quoted in Sandra Gwyn, Tapestry of War (Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992), 374.
15. Dagg, “Memoir of Harold Adams Innis.”
16. Creighton, Harold Adams Innis, 43.
17. Ibid., 48.
18. Ibid., 56.
19. Harold Innis, “A Trip through the Mackenzie River Basin,” University of Toronto Quarterly (January 1925): 151.
20. See Jim Mochoruk, “Harold Adams Innis and Northern Manitoba,” in Harold Innis and the North, ed. William J. Buxton (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013), 149–64.
21. Dagg, “Memoir of Harold Adams Innis.”
22. Matthew Evenden, “The Northern Vision of Harold Innis,” in Harold Innis and the North, 78.
23. Creighton, Harold Adams Innis, 62.
24. Evenden, “The Northern Vision,” 78.
25. Mary Quayle Innis, Personal Diary, April 12, 1924, UTA-IFR, B1991-0029/057 (02).
26. Personal communication, Mary Innis Cates, July 25, 2015.
27. Creighton, Harold Adams Innis, 63.
28. Evenden, “The Northern Vision,” 77.
29. Ibid., 83.
30. Ibid., 85.
31. Harold Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada (Yale University Press, 1930; repr., Toronto: University of Toronto, 1970), 391.
32. Ibid., 42.
33. Ibid., 388.
34. Ibid., 392.
35. Ibid., 393.
36. Ibid., 401.
37. Quoted in John Bonnett, Emergence and Empire: Innis, Complexity, and the Trajectory of History (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013), 3.
38. “Diamond Jubilee Broadcast Links Canadians,” CBC Digital Archives, http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1927-diamond-jubilee-broadcast-links-canadians.
39. Times Literary Supplement (London) July 17, 1930.
40. New York Times, September 28, 1930.
41. Boston Globe, June 14, 1930.
42. Frank H. Underhill, writing in the Canadian Forum, October 1930.
43. Carl Berger, The Writing of Canadian History (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1976), 97.
44. Creighton, Harold Adams Innis, 82–83.
45. Ibid., 74.
46. Evenden, “The Northern Vision,” 91–92.
47. Sandra Campell, Both Hands: A Life of Lorne Pierce of Ryerson Press (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013), 329– 35.
48. Creighton, Harold Adams Innis, 77.
49. Ibid., 101.
50. Ibid., 110.
51. Harold Innis, “Some English-Canadian University Problems,” Queen’s Quarterly (Spring 1943): 35–36.
52. Quoted in Bonnett, Emergence and Empire, 3.
53. Watson, Marginal Man, 282.
5. Caring for Each Other
1. Joseph Roberts Smallwood, I Chose Canada (Toronto: Macmillan, 1973), 256.
2. Jeffrey Simpson, Chronic Condition: Why Canada’s Health-Care System Needs to Be Dragged into the 21st Century (Toronto: Allen Lane, 2012), 1.
3. Ibid., 60.
4. Margaret Conrad and Alvin Finkel, Canada: A National History (Toronto: Longmans, 2003), 380.
5. “Farming: Praire Drought and Recovery,” in The Canadian Atlas Online, http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=farming&sub=farming_20thcentury_drought&lang=En.
6. Charlotte Gray, Canada: A Portrait in Letters, 1800–2000 (Toronto: Doubleday, 2003), 357–58.
7. Don Haldane, Drylanders (National Film Board, 1962), https://www.nfb.ca/film/drylanders/.
8. Quoted in Walter Stewart, The Life and Times of Tommy Douglas (Toronto: McArthur & Co., 2003), 321.
9. Lewis H. Thomas, The Making of a Socialist: The Recollections of T. C. Douglas (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1982), 30.
10. Conrad and Finkel, Canada: A National History, 372.
11. Stewart, Life and Times of Tommy Douglas, 31–32.
12. Thomas, Making of a Socialist, 60–61.
13. Stewart, Life and Times of Tommy Douglas, 71.
14. Thomas, Making of a Socialist, 64–67.
15. Vincent Lam, Extraordinary Canadians: Tommy Douglas (Toronto: Penguin, 2011), 219–21.
16. Thomas, Making of a Socialist, 350.
17. Ibid., 348.
18. “Regina Manifesto” (Ottawa: Mutual Press Limited, 1933), in the Bruce Peel Special Collection, http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/5674/reader.html#9.
19. Bill Waiser, Saskatchewan: A New History (Calgary: Fifth House, 2005), 315.
20. Quoted in Dave Margoshes, Tommy Douglas: Building the New Society (Montreal: XYZ Publishing, 1999), 82.
21. Thomas, Making of a Socialist, 104–5.
22. Waiser, Saskatchewan, 342.
23. Ibid., 342.
24. Stewart, Life and Times of Tommy Douglas, 159.
25. Lam, Extraordinary Canadians, 148.
26. Stewart, Life and Times of Tommy Douglas, 165.
27. Time, “Canada: Prairie Socialism,” May 16, 1960.
28. Waiser, Saskatchewan, 195.
29. Quoted in Edwin A. Tollefson, “The Medicare Dispute,” Politics in Saskatchewan, eds. Norman Ward and Duff Spafford (Toronto: Longmans, 1968), 245, 272, n. 67, cited in Waiser, Saskatchewan, 384.
30. Quoted in Stewart, Life and Times of Tommy Douglas, 229.
31. Waiser, Saskatchewan, 387.
32. Quoted in Lam, Extraordinary Canadians, 180.
33. L. D. Lovick, Tommy Douglas Speaks (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1979), 220.
34. Quoted in Margoshes, Tommy Douglas, 149.
35. Lam, Extraordinary Canadians, 171.
6. Landscaping a Literature
1. Marshall McLuhan BrainyQuote.com, no date, retrieved August 13, 2015, http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/marshallmc385321.html.
2. Roy MacSkimming, The Perilous Trade: Publishing Canada’s Writers (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2003), 186.
3. George Woodcock, review in Vancouver Sun, 1972.
4. Pamela Ingleton, “Margaret Atwood, Dennis Lee and the Survival of Canadian Literature,” in Historical Perspectives on Canadian Publishing, 2010, http://hpcanpub.mcmaster.ca/case-study/margaret-atwood-dennis-lee-and-survival-canadian-literature.
5. Quoted in Rosemary Sullivan, The Red Shoes: Margaret Atwood Starting Out (Toronto: Harper Flamingo, 1998), 75.
6. Quoted in Charlotte Gray, Sisters in the Wilderness (Toronto: Penguin, 1999), 89.
7. See Campbell, Both Hands.
8. Ibid., 268.
9. Ibid., 271.
10. Ibid., 268.
11. Quoted in ibid., 317.
12. MacSkimming, Perilous Trade, 24.
13. Hugh MacLennan, Thirty and Three (Toronto: Macmillan, 1954), 53.
14. Graeme Gibson, Eleven Canadian Novelists (Toronto: Anansi, 1973), 281.
15. J. D. M. Stewart and Helmut Kallmann, “Massey Commission,” in Canadian Encyclopedia, February 7, 2006, last edited March 4, 2015, http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/massey-commission-emc/.
16. Margaret Atwood, Moving Targets: Writing with Intent 1982–2004 (Toronto: Anansi, 2004), 41.
17. Ibid., 34.
18. Margaret Atwood and Charles Pachter, The Illustrated Journals of Susanna Moodie (Toronto: Cormorant Books, 2014), 75.
19. Sullivan, Red Shoes, 201.
20. Constance Rooke, Writing Home: A PEN Anthology (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1997), 6.
21. Sullivan, Red Shoes, 33.
22. Ibid., 49.
23. Michael Rubbo, Margaret Atwood: Once in August (National Film Board, 1984), https://www.nfb.ca/film/margaret_atwood_once_in_august.
24. Margaret Atwood, Stone Mattress (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2014), 20.
25. Sullivan, Red Shoes, 111.
26. Douglas Fetherling, Travels by Night: A Memoir of the Sixties (Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1994), 238.
27. Quoted in Sullivan, Red Shoes, 126.
28. Kildare Dobbs, Toronto Star, September 12, 1972.
29. Quoted in Sullivan, Red Shoes, 289.
30. Margaret Atwood, “Great Unexpectations,” Ms, July/August 1987, 196.
31. Sullivan, Red Shoes, 309.
32. “The Margaret Atwood Society,” http://themargaretatwoodsociety.wordpress.com.
33. Carl Spadoni, “Publishers’ Catalogues and a Chariot on Yonge Street: Marketing Canadian Books,” in Historical Perspectives on Canadian Publishing, http://hpcanpub.mcmaster.ca/case-study/publishers-catalogues-and-chariot-yonge-street-marketing-canadian-books.
34. Judy Donnelly, “Jack McClelland and McClelland & Stewart,” in Historical Perspectives on Canadian Publishing, http://hpcanpub.mcmaster.ca/case-study/jack-mcclelland-and-mcclelland-amp-stewart.
35. Margaret Atwood, Survival (Toronto: House of Anansi, 1972), 265–66.
36. Sullivan, Red Shoes, 303.
37. MacSkimming, Perilous Trade, 393.
38. Quoted in Sullivan, Red Shoes, 310.
7. Establishing Our Rights
1. Christopher Moore, Founding the Writers’ Union of Canada: An Oral History (Toronto: The Writers’ Union of Canada, 2015), 43.
2. Jane O’Hara, et al., “Trudeau 30 Years Later,” in Canadian Encyclopedia, March 17, 2003, last edited August 1, 2014, http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/trudeau-30-years-later/.
3. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Memoirs (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1993), 322–23.
4. John Ibbitson, “The Charter Proves to Be Canada’s Gift to the World,” Globe and Mail, April 15, 2012, last updated September 6, 2012.
5. Interview, January 27, 2015.
6. Bertha Wilson, “Speech to Women’s Canadian Club, Ottawa, September 23, 1982,” in Speeches Delivered by the Honourable Bertha Wilson, 1976–1991 (Ottawa: Supreme Court of Canada, 1992), 21.
7. Ibid., 23.
8. “A hundred years of immigration to Canada 1900–1999,” in Canadian Council for Refugees, May 2000, http://ccrweb.ca/en/hundred-years-immigration-canada-1900-1999.
9. Herald-Chronicle, September 10, 1949.
10. Wilson, Speeches, 130.
11. Bertha Wilson, “Reminiscences of My Years at Dalhousie Law School,” Ansul Magazine, January 1977.
12. Sandra Gwyn, “Sense & Sensibility,” Saturday Night, July 1985, 13.
13. Wilson, Speeches, 25, quoted in Wilson, “Reminiscences of My Years.”
14. Phyllis R. Blakeley, “Henry, William Alexander,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography (Toronto: University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–), vol. 11, accessed April 1, 2016, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/henry_william_alexander_11E.html.
15. Paul Weiler, In the Last Resort: A Critical Study of the Supreme Court of Canada (Toronto: Carswell/Methuen, 1974), 4.
16. The only diamond in this bucket of gravel was Justice Ivan Rand in the 1950s, who showed a more enlightened approach to the law in Roncarelli v. Duplessis.
17. Interview, January 22, 2015.
18. Philip Slayton, Mighty Judgement: How the Supreme Court of Canada Runs Your Life (Toronto: Penguin, 2011), 34–35.
19. Gwyn, “Sense & Sensibility,” 17.
20. Angela Fernandez and Beatrice Tice, “Bertha Wilson’s Practice Years (1958–75),” Justice Bertha Wilson: One Woman’s Difference, ed. Kim Brooks (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2009), 19.
21. Bertha Wilson, “Mount Saint Vincent University Convocation Address, 1984,” in Speeches.
22. Gwyn, “Sense & Sensibility,” 17.
23. Ellen Anderson, Judging Bertha Wilson: Law as Large as Life (Toronto: Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, University of Toronto Press, 2002), 88.
24. Tracey Tyler, “Bertha Wilson, 83: First Female Supreme Court Justice,” Toronto Star, May 1, 2007.
25. The cases are Pettkus v. Becker (1978), Ontario Human Rights Commission v. Ontario Rural Softball Association (1979) and Bhadauria v. Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology (1981). Much of the information about these cases comes from the Gwyn article.
26. Interview, January 20, 2015.
27. Bertha Wilson, “Will Women Judges Really Make a Difference?” Barbara Betcherman Memorial Lecture, Osgoode Hall Law School, February 8, 1990, Speeches.
28. Bertha Wilson, “Aspects of Equality-Rendering Justice,” unpublished speech given in Hull, Quebec, on November 19, 1995, quoted in Anderson, Judging Bertha Wilson, 30.
29. Shell Oil Co. v. Commissioner of Patents, [1982] 2 SCR 536, 1982 CanLII 207 (SCC), http://canlii.ca/t/1z1d3, retrieved on March 1, 2016.
30. “Voices on the Charter’s 30th Anniversary,” CBC News, April 17, 2012, last updated April 18, 2012, http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/voices-on-the-charter-s-30th-anniversary-1.1132863.
31. Wilson, Speeches, 506.
32. Ibid., 523, quoted in Anderson, Judging Bertha Wilson, 419.
33. Interview, February 13, 2015.
34. Jeffrey Simpson, Faultlines: Struggling for a Canadian Vision (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1993), 96–97.
35. F. Morton, Peter Russell, and Michael Withey, “The Supreme Court’s First One Hundred Charter of Rights Decisions: A Statistical Analysis,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 30 (1992): 44.
36. Anderson, Judging Bertha Wilson, 228.
37. R v. Morgentaler, January 28, 1988.
38. Anderson, Judging Bertha Wilson, 219.
39. Personal communication, February 2015.
40. Benjamin Shingler, “Charter of Rights, Universal Health Care Top Canadian Unity Poll,” Canadian Press, June 30, 2014.
41. R. E. Hawkins and R. Martin, “Democracy, Judging and Bertha Wilson,” McGill Law Journal 41, no. 1 (1995): 13.
42. The Lawyers Weekly, April 13, 2012.
43. Personal communication.
44. Personal communication.
45. Mark Tushnet, “The Charter’s Influence around the World,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 50 (2013): 527–46.
46. Wilson, Speeches, 715.
1. Quoted in Pauline Comeau, Elijah: No Ordinary Hero (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1993), 175.
2. Interview, Anita Olsen Harper, March 27, 2015.
3. Quoted in Comeau, Elijah, 162.
4. “Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: First Nations People, Métis and Inuit,” Statistics Canada, last modified December 23, 2015, http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm.
5. James Daschuk, Clearing the Plains: Disaster, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life (Regina: University of Regina Press, 2013), 118.
6. Ibid., 127.
7. Comeau, Elijah, 47.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 48.
10. Ibid., 66.
11. Ibid., 88.
12. Ibid., 111.
13. Andrew Cohen, A Deal Undone: The Making and Breaking of the Meech Lake Accord (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1990), 175.
14. Comeau, Elijah, 138.
15. “Elijah Harper: The Man with a Feather Who Changed the Course of History,” Working Effectively with Indigenous Peoples, May 21, 2013, http://www.ictinc.ca/blog/elijah-harper-the-man-with-a-feather-who-changed-the-course-of-history.
16. Cohen, A Deal Undone, 268.
17. Comeau, Elijah, 202.
18. J. R. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A History of Indian-White Relations in Canada, 3rd ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011), 403.
19. Shawn McCarthy, “First Nations Leader Phil Fontaine,” Globe and Mail, May 16, 2014.
20. Arthur J. Ray, Telling It to the Judge: Taking Native History to Court (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2011), xix.
21. Phil Fontaine interview, March 16, 2015.
22. David Neel, “Just Say No [Elijah Harper],” Library and Archives Canada, David Neel Collection, 1991.
9. What Does the West Want?
1. Aritha van Herk, Mavericks: An Incorrigible History of Alberta (Toronto: Viking, 2011), 3.
2. Ibid., 1.
3. See Richard Connors and John M. Law, Forging Alberta’s Constitutional Framework (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2005), chap. 11.
4. Preston Manning, Think Big: My Adventures in Life and Democracy (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2003), 3.
5. Interview, May 14, 2015.
6. Preston Manning, The New Canada (Toronto: Macmillan, 1992), 8–9.
7. W. O. Mitchell, Who Has Seen the Wind (Toronto: Macmillan, 1947; repr., Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991), 192.
8. Preston Manning, “Federal Provincial Tensions and the Evolution of a Province,” in Connors and Law, Forging Alberta’s Constitutional Framework, 315–341.
9. Bradford J. Rennie, Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, 2004), 172.
10. Premier Manning’s 1951 New Year’s Address, quoted in Doug Owram, “1951, Oil’s Magic Wand,” Alberta Formed, Alberta Transformed, ed. Michael Payne, Donald Wetherell, and Catherine Cavanaugh (Calgary: University of Alberta Press, 2005), vol. 2, 570.
11. Ibid.
12. Quoted in Frances Swyripa, “1955: Celebrating Together, Celebrating Apart,” Alberta Formed, Alberta Transformed, 589–611.
13. Quoted in Rennie, Alberta Premiers, 196.
14. Aritha van Herk, Audacious and Adamant: The Story of Maverick Alberta (Toronto: Key Porter, 2007), 63.
15. Manning, Think Big, 21.
16. Interview, May 14, 2015.
17. Manning, The New Canada, 7.
18. Interview, May 14, 2015.
19. Quoted in Tammy Nemeth, “1980, Duel of the Decade,” Alberta Formed, Alberta Transformed, 677–702.
20. Manning, Think Big, 25.
21. Interview, May 14, 2015.
22. Interview, May 14, 2015.
23. Ian Pearson, “The West Wants In,” Saturday Night (December 1990): 34–43, 74–75.
24. Interview, June 25, 2015.
25. Manning, Think Big, 66.
26. Ibid., 94.
27. Jean Chrétien, My Years as Prime Minister (Toronto: Knopf, 2007), 132.
28. Manning, The New Canada, 310.
29. Interview, November 4, 2015.
30. Conrad Black, “Conrad Black: Stephen Harper Did Many Great Things for This Country, but He Hung On to Power a Little Too Long,” National Post, October 17, 2015, last updated October 19, 2015.
31. Interview, June 25, 2015.
32. Margaret Atwood, “Preston Manning, Man of the Future,” National Post, August 28, 2015.
1. Hans Ulrich Obrist, “In Conversation with Douglas Coupland,” Douglas Coupland, everywhere is anywhere is anything is everything, ed. Daina Augaitis (London: Vancouver Art Gallery, Black Dog Publishing, 2014), 42.
2. Shadrach Kabango, “Fam Jam (Fe Sum Immigrins) Lyrics,” Genius, http://genius.com/Shad-fam-jam-fe-sum-immigrins-lyrics.
3. “Projections of the Diversity of the Canadian Population,” Statistics Canada, March 8, 2010, http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5126&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2.
4. Andrea Nemtin, CEO Inspirit, interview November 9, 2015.
5. Douglas Coupland, “Growing up Utopian,” in Augaitis, Douglas Coupland, 107.
6. Daina Augaitis, “Everywhere is Anywhere is Anything is Everything: Locating Douglas Coupland’s Visual Art Practice,” in Augaitis, Douglas Coupland, 28.
7. Obrist, “In Conversation with Douglas Coupland,” in Augaitis, Douglas Coupland, 40.
8. Ibid., 43.
9. Kabango, “Fam Jam.”
10. “Who Is Shad? 4 Things to Know about the New Face of Q,” Thestar.com, March 11, 2015, http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2015/03/11/who-is-shad-4-things-to-know-about-the-new-face-of-q.html.
11. Guy Lawson, “Trudeau’s Canada, Again,” New York Times Magazine, December 8, 2015.
12. Graham Fraser, René Lévesque and the Parti Québécois in Power (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 1984), 222.
13. Telephone interview, October 29, 2015.
14. Ibid.