First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.
I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificiōrum incendit. 2. Magna pars mūnītiōnis aquā flūminis dēlēta est. 3. Gallī huius regiōnis quīnque mīlia hominum coēgerant. 4. Duo ex meīs frātribus eundem rūmōrem audīvērunt. 5. Quis Rōmānōrum erat clarior Caesare? 6. Quīnque cohortēs ex illā legiōne castra quam fortissimē dēfendēbant. 7. Hic locus aberat aequō spatiō[1] ab castrīs Caesaris et castrīs Germānōrum. 8. Caesar simul atque pervēnit, plūs commeātūs ab sociīs postulāvit. 9. Nōnne mercātōrēs magnitūdinem īnsulae cognōverant? Longitūdinem sed nōn lātitūdinem cognōverant. 10. Paucī hostium obtinēbant collem quem explōrātōrēs nostrī vīdērunt.
II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. 2. Cæsar stormed that very town with three legions. 3. In one hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification. 4. When the enemy could no longer[2] defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3] 5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4]
[Footnote 1: Ablative of the measure of difference.]
[Footnote 2: Not «longius». Why?]
[Footnote 3: Latin, was distant by a small space.]
[Footnote 4: Not the accusative.]
NUMERALS (Continued) · THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT
[Special Vocabulary]
«agmen, agminis», n., line of march, column;
«prīmum agmen», the van;
«novissimum agmen», the rear
«atque», «ac», conj., and; «atque» is used before vowels and
consonants, «ac» before consonants only. Cf. «et» and «-que»
«concilium, conci´lī», n., council, assembly
«Helvētiī, -ōrum», m., the Helvetii, a Gallic tribe
«passus, passūs», m., a pace, five Roman feet;
«mīlle passuum», a thousand (of) paces, a Roman mile
«quā dē causā», for this reason, for what reason
«vāllum, -ī», n., earth-works, rampart
«cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus», fall (decadence)
«dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus», surrender, give up;
with a reflexive pronoun, surrender one’s self, submit, with the
dative of the indirect object
«premō, premere, pressī, pressus», press hard, harass
«vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus», annoy, ravage (vex)
«333.» Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (§478). The ordinals are all declined like «bonus».
«334.» The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of «bonus». The first three are
«singulī, -ae, -a», one each, one by one «bīnī, -ae, -a», two each, two by two «ternī, -ae, -a», three each, three by three
«335.» We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative. We have had such expressions as «per plūrimōs annōs», for a great many years; «per tōtum diem», for a whole day. Here the space relation is one of extent of time. We could also say «per decem pedēs», for ten feet, where the space relation is one of extent of space. While this is correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no preposition, as,
«Vir tōtum diem cucurrit», the man ran for a whole day
«Caesar mūrum decem pedēs mōvit», Cæsar moved the wall ten feet
«336.» RULE. «Accusative of Extent.» Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative.
a. This accusative answers the questions how long? how far?
b. Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time how long and the ablative of time when, or within which.
Select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in the following:
When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o’clock. How long had he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the king’s death.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.
I. Cæsar in Gaul. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem annōs gessit. Prīmō annō Helvētiōs vīcit, et eōdem annō multae Germanōrum gentēs eī sēsē dēdidērunt. Multōs iam annōs Germānī Gallōs vexabant[1] et ducēs Germānī cōpiās suās trāns Rhēnum saepe trādūcēbant.[1] Nōn singulī veniēbant, sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendēbant. Quā dē causā prīncipēs Galliae concilium convocāvērunt atque statuērunt legates ad Caesarem mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rūmōrem audīvit, cōpiās suās sine morā coēgit. Primā lūce fortiter cum Germanīs proelium commīsit. Tōtum diem ācriter pugnātum est. Caesar ipse ā dextrō cornū acicm dūxit. Magna pars exercitūs Germānī cecidit. Post magnam caedem paucī multa milia passuum ad flūmen fūgērunt.
II. 1. Cæsar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He fortified the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high. 3. The camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great space). 4. On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours. 5. Suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an attack upon («in» with acc.) the rear. 6. For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians. 7. In three hours the barbarians were fleeing.
[Footnote 1: Translate as if pluperfect.]
[Special Vocabulary]
«aut», conj., or; «aut … aut», either … or
«causā», abl. of «causa», for the sake of, because of. Always stands
after the gen. which modifies it
«ferē», adv., nearly, almost
«opīniō, -ōnis», f., opinion, supposition, expectation
«rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae», f. (lit. the grain affair),
grain supply
«timor, -ōris», m., fear. Cf. «timeō»
«undique», adv., from all sides
«cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum», attempt, try
«ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum», move out, disembark;
«prōgredior», move forward, advance (egress, progress)
«moror, morārī, morātus sum», delay
«orior, orirī, ortus sum», arise, spring; begin; be born (from)
(origin)
«proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum», set out
«revertor, revertī, reversus sum», return (revert). The forms of
this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect
system. Perf. act., «revertī»
«sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», follow (sequence). Note the following
compounds of «sequor» and the force of the different prefixes:
«cōnsequor» (follow with), overtake;
«īnsequor» (follow against), pursue;
«subsequor» (follow under), follow close after
«338.» A number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning; as, «hortor», I encourage; «vereor», I fear. Such verbs are called «deponent» because they have laid aside («dē-pōnere», to lay aside) the active forms.
a. Besides having all the forms of the passive, deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later. (Sec§§375, 403.b.)
«339.» The principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form, as,
Conj. I «hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum», encourage
Conj. II «vereor, verērī, veritus sum», fear
Conj. III (a) «sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», follow
(b) «patior, patī, passus sum», suffer, allow
Conj. IV «partior, partīrī, partītus sum», share, divide
Learn the synopses of these verbs. (See §493.) «Patior» is conjugated like the passive of «capiō» (§492).
The prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are
«ante», before «apud», among «circum», around «contrā», against, contrary to «extrā», outside of «in», into, in, against, upon «inter», between, among «intrā», within «ob», on account of («quam ob rem», wherefore, therefore) «per», through, by means of «post», after, behind «propter», on account of, because of «trāns», across, over
a. Most of these you have had before. Review the old ones and learn the new ones. Review the list of prepositions governing the ablative, §209.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.
I. 1. Trēs ex lēgātīs, contrā Caesaris opīniōnem, iter facere per hostium fīnīs verēbantur. 2. Quis eōs hortātus est? Imperātor eōs hortātus est et iīs persuādēre cōnātus est, sed nōn potuit. 3. Quid lēgātōs perterruit? Aut timor hostium, quī undique premēbant, aut longitūdō viae eōs perterruit. 4. Tamen omnēs ferē Caesarem multō magis quam hostīs veritī sunt. 5. Fortissimae gentēs Galliae ex Germānīs oriēbantur. 6. Quam ob rem tam fortēs erant? Quia nec vīnum nec alia quae virtūtem dēlent ad sē portārī patiēbantur. 7. Caesar ex mercātōribus dē īnsulā Britanniā quaesīvit, sed nihil cognōscere potuit. 8. Itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere, et mediā ferē aestāte cum multīs nāvibus longīs profectus est. 9. Magnā celeritāte iter confēcit et in opportūnissimō locō ēgressus est. 10. Barbarī summīs vīribus eum ab īnsulā prohibēre cōnātī sunt. 11. Ille autem barbarōs multa mīlia passuum īnsecūtus est; tamen sine equitātū eōs cōnsequī nōn potuit.
II. 1. Contrary to our expectation, the enemy fled and the cavalry followed close after them. 2. From all parts of the multitude the shouts arose of those who were being wounded. 3. Cæsar did not allow the cavalry to pursue too far.[1] 4. The cavalry set out at the first hour and was returning[2] to camp at the fourth hour. 5. Around the Roman camp was a rampart twelve feet high. 6. Cæsar will delay three days because of the grain supply. 7. Nearly all the lieutenants feared the enemy and attempted to delay the march.
[Footnote 1: Comparative of «longē».]
[Footnote 2: Will this be a deponent or an active form?]
* * * * *
«Seventh Review, Lessons LIII-LX, §§524-526»
* * * * *
[Illustration]
The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb, and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, they must be mastered. They properly form the basis of the study of words, and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the remaining lessons.
For practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions presented, a continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this point (see p. 204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient length to accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with equal profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account of the life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, who fought in Cæsar’s campaigns and shared in his triumph. The colored plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of ancient life and are deserving of careful study.
«342.» In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive. The tenses of the subjunctive are
«343.» The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, each of them may refer to future time. No meanings of the tenses will be given in the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used.
«344.» The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE VOICE
SINGULAR
1. a´mem mo´neam re´gam ca´piam au´diam
2. a´mēs mo´neās re´gās ca´piās au´diās
3. a´met mo´neat re´gat ca´piat au´diat
PLURAL
1. amē´mus moneā´mus regā´mus capiā´mus audiā´mus
2. amē´tis moneā´tis regā´tis capiā´tis audiā´tis
3. a´ment mo´neant re´gant ca´piant au´diant
PASSIVE VOICE
SINGULAR
1. a´mer mo´near re´gar ca´piar au´diar
2. amē´ris moneā´ris regā´ris capiā´ris audiā´ris
(-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re)
3. amē´tur moneā´tur regā´tur capiā´tur audiā´tur
PLURAL
1. amē´mur moneā´mur regā´mur capiā´mur audiā´mur
2. amē´minī moneā´minī regā´minī capiā´minī audiā´minī
3. amen´tur monean´tur regan´tur capian´tur audian´tur
a. The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.
b. The mood sign of the present subjunctive is «-ē-» in the first conjugation and «-ā-» in the others. It is shortened in the usual places (cf. §12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and fourth.
c. The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.
d. In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«345.» The present subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» is inflected as follows:
{ 1. sim { 1. sīmus
SING. { 2. sīs PLURAL { 2. sītis
{ 3. sit { 3. sint
«346.» «The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared.»
1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or assumed. If, then, we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact, we use the indicative.
2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a desire or wish, a purpose, a possibility, an expectation, or some such notion, we must use the subjunctive. The following sentences illustrate the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas.
1. He is brave 1. May he be brave
«Fortis est» «Fortis sit» (idea of wishing)
2. We set out at once 2. Let us set out at once
«Statim proficīscimur» «Statim proficīscāmur»
(idea of willing)
3. You hear him every day 3. You can hear him every day
«Cotīdiē eum audīs» «Cotīdiē eum audiās»
(idea of possibility)
4. He remained until the ship 4. He waited until the ship
arrived should arrive
«Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit» «Exspectāvit dum nāvis
pervenīret»[1]
(idea of expectation)
5. Cæsar sends men who find the 5. Cæsar sends men
bridge who are to find
(or to find) the bridge
«Caesar mittit hominēs quī» «Caesar hominēs mittit quī»
«pontem reperiunt» «pontem reperiant»
(idea of purpose)
[Footnote 1: «pervenīret», imperfect subjunctive.]
NOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more common in the latter than in the former.
Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation?
There have been times in the history of our country when you might be proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemy’s fleet? You might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the harbor’s mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the past.
«348.» Observe the sentence
«Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant», Cæsar sends men to find the bridge
The verb «reperiant» in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in other words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.
«349.» RULE. «Subjunctive of Purpose.» The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause.
«350.» A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:
I. If something is wanted, by
«quī», the relative pronoun (as above)
«ut», conj., in order that, that
«quō» (abl. of «quī», by which), in order that, that, used when
the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative «quō»
expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. §317.)
II. If something is not wanted, by
«nē», conj., in order that not, that not, lest
1. «Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur»
Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe
2. «Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur»
They ask for peace in order that they may return home
3. «Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant» They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily (lit. by which the more easily)
4. «Fugiunt nē vulnerentur» They flee that they may not (or lest they) be wounded
«352.» «Expression of Purpose in English.» In English, purpose clauses are sometimes introduced by that or in order that, but much more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as We eat to live, She stoops to conquer. In Latin prose, on the other hand, «purpose is never expressed by the infinitive». Be on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this error.
I.
1. Veniunt ut { dūcant, mittant, videant, audiant,
{ dūcantur, mittantur, videantur, audiantur.
2. Fugimus nē { capiāmur, trādāmur, videāmus,
{ necēmur, rapiāmur, resistāmus.
3. Mittit nūntiōs quī { dicant, audiant, veniant,
{ nārrent, audiantur, in conciliō sedeant.
4. Castra mūniunt { sēsē dēfendant, impetum sustineant,
quō facilius { hostīs vincant, salūtem petant.
II. 1. The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek[1] peace. 2. They are setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march before night. 3. They will hide the women in the forest (acc. with «in») that they may not be captured. 4. The Gauls wage many wars to free[1] their fatherland from slavery. 5. They will resist the Romans[2] bravely lest they be destroyed.
[Footnote 1: Not infinitive.]
[Footnote 2: Not accusative.]
«354.» The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive.
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
1. amā´rem monē´rem re´gerem ca´perem audī´rem
2. amā´rēs monē´rēs re´gerēs ca´perēs audī´rēs
3. amā´ret monē´ret re´geret ca´peret audī´ret
1. amārē´mus monērē´mus regerē´mus caperē´mus audīrē´mus 2. amārē´tis monērē´tis regerē´tis caperē´tis audīrē´tis 3. amā´rent monē´rent re´gerent ca´perent audī´rent
PASSIVE
1. amā´rer monē´rer re´gerer ca´perer audī´rer
2. amārē´ris monērē´ris regerē´ris caperē´ris audīrē´ris
(-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re)
3. amārē´tur monērē´tur regerē´tur caperē´tur audīrē´tur
1. amārē´mur monērē´mur regerē´mur caperē´mur audīrē´mur 2. amārē´minī monērē´minī regerē´minī caperē´minī audīre´minī 3. amāren´tur monēren´tur regeren´tur caperen´tur audīren´tur
a. In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«355.» The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» is inflected as follows:
{ 1. es´sem { 1. essē´mus
SING. { 2. es´sēs PLURAL { 2. essē´tis
{ 3. es´set { 3. es´sent
«356.» The three great distinctions of time are present, past, and future. All tenses referring to present or future time are called «primary tenses», and those referring to past time are called «secondary tenses». Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence He «says» that he «is» coming, the principal verb, says, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and is coming, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I change he says to he said,—in other words, if I make the principal verb secondary in character,—I feel it natural to change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, He «said» that he «was» coming. This following of a tense by another of the same kind is called tense sequence, from sequī, “to follow.”
In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of the subjunctive. Learn the following table:
+——-+—————————-+—————————————————————-+
| | PRINCIPAL VERB | DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE |
| P | IN THE +——————————-+——————————-+
| R | INDICATIVE | Incomplete or | Completed Action |
| I | | Continuing Action | |
| M +—————————-+——————————-+——————————-+
| A | Present | | |
| R | Future | Present | Perfect |
| T | Future perfect | | |
+——-+—————————-+——————————-+——————————-+
| S D | | | |
| E A | Imperfect | | |
| C R | Perfect | Imperfect | Pluperfect |
| O Y | Pluperfect | | |
| N- | | | |
+——-+—————————-+——————————-+——————————-+
«358.» RULE. «Sequence of Tenses.» Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by secondary.
I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:
«Mittit» }
«Mittet» } «hominēs ut agrōs vāstent»
«Mīserit» }
{ sends } { that they may }
He { will send } men { in order to }
{ will have sent } { to lay waste the fields }
II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:
«Mittēbat»}
«Mīsit» } «hominēs ut agrōs vāstārent»
«Mīserat» }
{ was sending } { that they might }
He { sent or has sent } men { in order to }
{ had sent } { to lay waste the fields }
I.
1. Vēnerant ut {dūcerent, mitterent, vidērent, audīrent,
{dūcerentur, mitterentur, vidērentur, audirentur
2. Fugiēbat nē {caperētur, trāderētur, vidērētur,
{necārētur, raperētur, resisteret.
3. Misit nūntiōs quī {dīcerent, audīrent, venīrent
{nārrārent, audīrentur, in conciliō sedērent.
4. Castra mūnīvērunt {sēsē dēfenderent, impetum sustinērent, quō facilius {hostīs vincerent, salūtem peterent.
II. 1. Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. 3. The scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans. 4. Cæsar inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory.
«361.» The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows:
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
SINGULAR
1. amā´verim monu´erim rē´xerim cē´perim audī´verim
2. amā´veris monu´eris rē´xeris cē´peris audī´veris
3. amā´verit monu´erit rē´xerit cē´perit audī´verit
PLURAL
1. amāve´rimus monue´rimus rēxe´rimus cēpe´rimus audīve´rimus
2. amāve´ritis monue´ritis rēxe´ritis cēpe´ritis audīve´ritis
3. amā´verint monu´erint rē´xerint cē´perint audī´verint
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
SINGULAR
1. amāvis´sem monuis´sem rēxis´sem cēpis´sem audīvis´sem
2. amāvis´sēs monuis´sēs rēxis´sēs cēpis´sēs audīvis´sēm
3. amāvis´set monuis´set rēxis´set cēpis´set audīvis´set
PLURAL
1. amāvissē´mus monuissē´mus rēxissē´mus cēpissē´mus audīvissē´mus
2. amāvissē´tis monuissē´tis rēxissē´tis cēpissē´tis audīvissē´tis
3. amāvis´sent monuis´sent rēxis´sent cēpis´sent audīvis´sent
a. Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.
b. Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends in «-m» and not in «-ō».
c. Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding «-issem, -issēs», etc. to the perfect stem.
d. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive
active of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«362.» The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with «sim», the present subjunctive of «sum.»
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
SINGULAR
1. amā´tus sim mo´nitus sim rēc´tus sim cap´tus sim audī´tus sim
2. amā´tus sīs mo´nitus sīs rēc´tus sīs cap´tus sīs audī´tus sīs
3. amā´tus sit mo´nitus sit rēc´tus sit cap´tus sit audī´tus sit
PLURAL
1. amā´tī sīmus mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s.
2. amā´tī sītis mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s.
3. amā´tī sint mo´nitī sint rēc´tī sint cap´tī sint audī´tī sint
«363.» The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with «essem», the imperfect subjunctive of «sum».
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
SINGULAR
1. amātus essem monitus essem rēctus essem captus e. audītus e.
2. amātus essēs monitus essēs rēctus essēs captus e. audītus e.
3. amātus esset monitus esset rēctus esset captus e. audītus e.
PLURAL
1. amātī essēmus monitī essēmus rēctī essēmus captī e. audītī e.
2. amātī essētis monitī essētis rēctī essētis captī e. audītī e.
3. amātī essent monitī essent rēctī essent captī e. audītī e.
a. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive
passive of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō.»
«364.» The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» are inflected as follows:
PERFECT PLUPERFECT fu´erim fue´rimus fuis´sem fuissē´mus fu´eris fue´ritis fuis´sēs fuissē´tis fu´erit fu´erint fuis´set fuis´sent
«365.» A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,
That the men are afraid is clear enough (clause as subject) He ordered them to call on him (clause as object)
We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. §213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the subjunctive in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages.
«366.» RULE. «Substantive Clauses of Purpose.» A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of «commanding», «urging», «asking», «persuading», or «advising», where in English we should usually have the infinitive.
1. The general ordered the soldiers to run
«Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent»
2. He urged them to resist bravely
«Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent»
3. He asked them to give the children food
«Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent»
4. He will persuade us not to set out
«Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur»
5. He advises us to remain at home
«Monet ut domī maneāmus»
a. The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. §348.)
«367.» The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones.
«hortor», urge
«imperō», order (with the dative of the person ordered and a
subjunctive clause of the thing ordered done)
«moneō», advise
«petō», «quaerō», «rogō», ask, seek
«persuādeō», persuade (with the same construction as imperō)
«postulō», demand, require
«suādeō», advise (cf. «persuādeō»)
N.B. Remember that «iubeō», order, takes the infinitive as in English.
(Cf. §213.1.) Compare the sentences
«Iubeō eum venīre», I order him to come
«Imperō eī ut veniat», I give orders to him that he is to come
We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the difference in meaning between iubeō and imperō in the Latin requires the infinitive in the one case and the subjunctive in the other.
I. 1. Petit atque hortātur ut ipse dīcat. 2. Caesar Helvētiīs imperrāvit nē per prōvinciam iter facerent. 3. Caesar nōn iussit Helvētiōs per prōvinciam iter facere. 4. Ille cīvibus persuāsit ut dē fīnibus suīs discēderent. 5. Caesar prīncipēs monēbit nē proelium committant. 6. Postulāvit nē cum Helvētiīs aut cum eōrum sociīs bellum gererent. 7. Ab iīs quaesīvī nē proficīscerentur. 8. Iīs persuādēre nōn potuī ut domī manērent.
II. 1. Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (Write this sentence both with «imperō» and with «iubeō».) 2. The faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak. 3. They will ask him not to inflict punishment. 4. He demanded that they come to the camp. 5. He advised them to tell everything («omnia»).
NOTE. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review §352.
[Illustration: LEGIO ITER FACIT]
«369.» Learn the subjunctive of «possum» (§495), and note especially the position of the accent.
«370.» «Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.» We have learned that what we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause of purpose. In this class belong also clauses after verbs of fearing, for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by «ut». If we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, «nē» is used. Owing to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate «ut» after a verb of fearing by that not, and «nē» by that or lest.
«timeō» } { «veniat» «timēbō» } «ut» { «timuerō» } { «vēnerit»
I fear, shall fear, shall have feared, that he will not come, has not come
«timēbam» } { «venīret» «timuī» } «ut» { «timueram» } { «vēnisset»
I was fearing, feared, had feared, that he would not come, had not come
The same examples with «nē» instead of «ut» would be translated I fear that or lest he will come, has come, etc.
«372.» RULE. «Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.» Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by «ut» («that not») or «nē» («that» or «lest»).
I. 1. Caesar verēbātur ut supplicium captīvōrum Gallīs placēret. 2. Rōmānī ipsī magnopere verēbantur nē Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam facerent. 3. Timēbant ut satis reī frūmentāriae mittī posset. 4. Vereor ut hostium impetum sustinēre possim. 5. Timuit nē impedīmenta ab hostibus capta essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit nē legiōnēs vincerentur. 7. Legiōnēs pugnāre nōn timuērunt.[1]
II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they are coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that they had not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended. 6. Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp.
[Footnote 1: Distinguish between what one is afraid to do (complementary infinitive as here) and what one is afraid will take place or has taken place (substantive clause with the subjunctive).]
«374.» The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[Transcriber’s Note:
For reasons of space, this table is given in two forms: first a
reduced version without translation, and then the complete text,
including translations, split into two elements.]
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus
CONJ. I CONJ. II
ACTIVE
PRESENT amāns monēns
loving advising
FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus
about to love about to advise
PASSIVE
PERFECT amātus monitus
loved, having advised, having been advised
been loved
FUTURE[2] amandus monendus
to be loved to be advised
CONJ. III CONJ. IV
ACTIVE
PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns
ruling taking hearing
FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
about to rule about to take about to hear
PASSIVE
PERFECT rēctus captus audītus
ruled, having taken, having heard, havinh
been ruled been taken been heard
FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus
to be ruled to be taken to be heard
[Footnote 1: Review §203.]
[Footnote 2: The future passive participle is often called the gerundive.]
a. The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.
b. The present active participle is formed by adding «-ns» to the present stem. In «-iō» verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of «-ē-», as «capi-ē-ns», «audi-ē-ns». It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)
«amāns», loving
BASE «amant-» STEM «amanti-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
Nom. amāns amāns amantēs amantia
Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium
Dat. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
Acc. amantem amāns amantīs amantia
or -ēs
Abl. amantī amantī amantibus amantibus
or -e or -e
(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in «-ī»; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in «-e».
(2) In a similar way decline «monēns», «regēns», «capiēns», «audiēns».
c. The future active participle is formed by adding «-ūrus» to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with «esse» to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)
d. For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding «-ndus» to the present stem.
e. All participles in «-us» are declined like «bonus».
f. Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.
g. Give all the participles of the following verbs: «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«375.» «Participles of Deponent Verbs.» Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,
Pres. Act. «hortāns», urging
Fut. Act. «hortātūrus», about to urge
Perf. Pass. (in form) «hortātus», having urged
Fut. Pass. (Gerundive) «hortandus», to be urged
a. Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning. No other verbs have a perfect active participle. On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.
b. Give the participles of «cōnor», «vereor», «sequor», «patior», «partior».
«376.» «Tenses of the Participle.» The tenses express time as follows:
1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in -ing, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, «mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs», the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many. Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.
2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary having been; as, «audītus», heard or having been heard.
3. The future active participle, translated about to, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb.
«377.» Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:
1. «Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī», the soldiers who were running (lit. running) were weary.
2. «Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit», Cæsar, when about to
set out (lit. about to set out) for Rome, did not wait.
3. «Oppidum captum vīdimus», we saw the town which had been captured (lit. captured town).
4. «Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est», the general, since (when, or after) he had delayed (lit. the general, having delayed) three days, set out.
5. «Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt», the soldiers, though they were conquered (lit. the soldiers conquered), did not retreat.
In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (when, since, after, though, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally.
I. 1. Puer timēns nē capiātur fugit. 2. Aquila īrā commōta avīs reliquās interficere cōnāta erat. 3. Mīlitēs ab hostibus pressī tēla iacere nōn potuērunt. 4. Caesar decimam legiōnem laudātūrus ad prīmum agmen prōgressus est. 5. Imperātor hortātus equitēs ut fortiter pugnārent signum proeliō dedit. 6. Mīlitēs hostīs octō milia passuum īnsecūtī multīs cum captīvīs ad castra revertērunt. 7. Sōl oriēns multōs interfectōs vīdit. 8. Rōmānī cōnsilium audāx suspicātī barbaris sēsē nōn commīsērunt. 9. Nāvis ē portū ēgressa nūllō in perīculō erat.
II.[3] 1. The army was in very great danger while marching through the enemy’s country. 2. Frightened by the length of the way, they longed for home. 3. When the scouts were about to set out, they heard the shouts of victory. 4. When we had delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings and departed. 5. While living at Rome I heard orators much better than these. 6. The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver than we.
[Footnote 3: In this exercise use participles for the subordinate clauses.]
«379.» Learn the principal parts and conjugation of «volō», wish; «nōlō» («ne» + «volō»), be unwilling; «mālō» («magis» + «volō»), be more willing, prefer (§497). Note the irregularities in the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. §354.)
a. These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative; as, «volunt venīre», they wish to come; «volunt amīcōs venīre», they wish their friends to come. The English usage is the same.[1]
[Footnote 1: Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See §366.)]
[ Conjugations given in §497:
PRINCIPAL PARTS:
«volō, velle, voluī», ——, be willing, will, wish
«nōlō, nōlle, nōluī», ——, be unwilling, will not
«mālō, mālle, māluī», ——, be more willing, prefer
INDICATIVE
SINGULAR
Pres. volō nōlō mālō
vīs nōn vis māvīs
vult nōn vult māvult
PLURAL
volumus nōlumus mālumus
vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis
volunt nōlunt mālunt
Impf. volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam Fut. volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc. Perf. voluī nōluī māluī Plup. volueram nōlueram mālueram F.P. voluerō nōluerō māluerō
SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR
Pres. velim nōlim mālim
velīs nōlīs mālīs
velit nōlit mālit
PLURAL
velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus
velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis
velint nōlint mālint
Impf. vellem nōllem māllem Perf. voluerim nōluerim māluerim Plup. voluissem nōluissem māluissem