GERUND
Nom. ——
Gen. audiendī, of hearing
Dat. audiendō, for hearing
Acc. audiendum, hearing
Abl. audiendō, by hearing
SUPINE (Active Voice) Acc. [[audītum]], to hear Abl. [[audītu]], to hear, in the hearing
PRINCIPAL PARTS «capiō, capere, cēpī, captus»
PRES. STEM cape- PERF. STEM cēp- PART. STEM capt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
capiō capimus ca´pior ca´pimur
capis capitis ca´peris, -re capi´minī
capit capiunt ca´pitur capiun´tur
IMPERFECT
capiēbam capiebamus capiē´bar capiēbā´mur
capiēbas capiēbātis capiēba´ris, -re capiēbā´minī
capiēbat capiēbant capiēbā´tur capieban´tur
FUTURE
capiam capiēmus ca´piar capiē´mur
capiēs capiētis capiē´ris, -re capiē´minī
capiet capient capiē´tur capien´tur
PERFECT
cēpī, cēpistī, cēpit, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc.
PLUPERFECT
cēperam, cēperās, cēperat, captus, -a, -um eram, erās, erat, etc.
etc.
FUTURE PERFECT
cēperō, cēperis, cēperit, captus, -a, -um erō, eris, erit, etc.
etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
capiam, capiās, capiat, capiar, -iāris, -re, -iātur, etc.
etc.
IMPERFECT
caperem, caperēs, caperet, caperer, -erēris, -re, -erētur, etc.
etc.
PERFECT
cēperim, cēperis, cēperit, captus, -a, -um sim, sīs, sit, etc.
etc.
PLUPERFECT
cēpissem, cēpissēs, captus, -a, -um essem, essēs, esset,
cēpisset, etc. etc.
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
2d Pers. cape capite capere capiminī
FUTURE
2d Pers. capitō capitōte capitor ——
3rd Pers. capitō capiuntō capitor capiuntor
INFINITIVE
Pres. capere capī
Perf. cēpisse captus, -a, -um esse
Fut. captūrus, -a, -um [[captum īrī]]
esse
PARTICIPLES
Pres. capiēns, -ientis Pres. ——
Fut. captūrus, -a, -um Ger. capiendus, -a, -um
Perf. —— Perf. captus, -a, -um
GERUND
Gen. capiendī etc.
SUPINE (Active Voice) Acc. [[captum]] Abl. [[captū]]
[Transcriber’s Note:
Asterisks in this section are from the original text (“marked with a
star”).]
I. «hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum», urge
II. «vereor, verērī, veritus sum», fear
III. «sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», follow
IV. «partior, partīrī, partītus sum», share, divide
NOTE. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -iō verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capiō.
INDICATIVE
Pres. hortor vereor sequor partior
hortāris, -re verēris, -re sequeris, -re partīris, -re
hortātur verētur sequitur partītur
hortāmur verēmur sequimur partīmur
hortāminī verēminī sequiminī partīminī
hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur
Impf. hortābar verēbar sequēbar partiēbar
Fut. hortābor verēbor sequar partiar
Perf. hortātus sum veritus sum secūtus sum partītus sum
Plup. hortātus eram veritus eram secūtus eram partītus eram
F.P. hortātus erō veritus erō secūtus erō partītus erō
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. horter verear sequar partiar
Impf. hortārer verērer sequerer partīrer
Perf. hortātus sim veritus sim secūtus sim partītus sim
Plup. hortātus essem veritus essem secūtus essem partītus essem
IMPERATIVE
Pres. hortāre verēre sequere partīre
Fut. hortātor verētor sequitor partītor
INFINITIVE
Pres. hortārī verērī sequī partīrī
Perf. hortātus esse veritus esse secūtus esse partītus esse
Fut. *hortātūrus *veritūrus *secūtūrus *partītūrus
esse esse esse esse
PARTICIPLES
Pres. *hortāns *verēns *sequēns *partiēns
Fut. *hortāturus *veritūrus *secūtūrus *partītūrus
Perf. hortātus veritus secūtus partītus
Ger. hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus
GERUND
*hortandī, etc. *verendī, etc.
*sequendī, etc. *partiendī, etc.
SUPINE
*[[hortātus, -tū]] *[[veritum, -tū]]
*[[secūtum, -tū]] *[[partītum, -tū]]
«494.» «sum», am, be
PRINCIPAL PARTS «sum, esse, fuī, futūrus»
PRES. STEM es- PERF. STEM fu- PART. STEM fut-
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
SINGULAR PLURAL
sum, I am sumus, we are
es, thou art estis, you are
est, he (she, it) is sunt, they are
IMPERFECT
eram, I was erāmus, we were
erās, thou wast erātis, you were
erat, he was erant, they were
FUTURE
erō, I shall be erimus, we shall be
eris, thou wilt be eritis, you will be
erit, he will be erunt, they will be
PERFECT
fuī, I have been, was fuimus, we have been, were
fuistī, thou hast been, wast fuistis, you have been, were
fuit, he has been, was fuērunt, fuēre, they have been, were
PLUPERFECT
fueram, I had been fuerāmus, we had been
fuerās, thou hadst been fuerātis, you had been
fuerat, he had been fuerant, they had been
FUTURE PERFECT
fuerō, I shall have been fuerimus, we shall have been
fueris, thou wilt have been fueritis, you will have been
fuerit, he will have been fuerint, they will have been
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT IMPERFECT
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
sim sīmus essem essēmus
sīs sītis essēs essētis
sit sint esset essent
PERFECT PLUPERFECT fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissēmus fueris fueritis fuissēs fuissētis fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
2d Pers. Sing. es, be thou
2d Pers. Plur. este, be ye
FUTURE
2d Pers. Sing. estō, thou shalt be
3d Pers. Sing. estō, he shall be
2d Pers. Plur. estōte, ye shall be
3d Pers. Plur. suntō, they shall be
INFINITIVE Pres. esse, to be Perf. fuisse, to have been Fut. futūrus, -a, -um esse or «fore», to be about to be
PARTICIPLE futūrus, -a, -um, about to be
«495.» «possum», be able, can
PRINCIPAL PARTS «possum, posse, potuī, ——»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Pres. possum pos´sumus possim possī´mus
potes potes´tis possīs possī´tis
potest possunt possit possint
Impf. poteram poterāmus possem possē´mus
Fut. poterō poterimus —— ——
Perf. potuī potuimus potuerim potuerimus
Plup. potueram potuerāmus potuissem potuissēmus
F.P. potuerō potuerimus —— ——
INFINITIVE Pres. posse Perf. potuisse
PARTICIPLE Pres. potens, gen. -entis, (adjective) powerful
«496.» «prōsum», benefit
PRINCIPAL PARTS «prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus»
PRES. STEM «prōdes-» PERF. STEM «prōfu-» PART. STEM «prōfut-»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Pres. prōsum prō´sumus prōsim prōsī´mus
prōdes prōdes´tis prōsīs prōsī´tis
prōdest prōsunt prōsit prōsint
Impf. prōderam prōderāmus prōdessem prodessē´mus
Fut. prōderō prōderimus —— ——
Perf. prōfuī prōfuimus prōfuerim prōfuerimus
Plup. prōfueram prōfuerāmus prōfuissem prōfuissēmus
F.P. prōfuerō prōfuerimus —— ——
IMPERATIVE Pres. 2d Pers. prōdes, prōdeste Fut. 2d Pers. prōdestō, prōdestōte
INFINITIVE Pres. prōdesse Perf. prōfuisse Fut. prōfutūrus, -a, -um esse
FUTURE PARTICIPLE prōfutūrus, -a, -um
«497.» [ «volō», «nōlō», «mālō»]
PRINCIPAL PARTS:
«volō, velle, voluī», ——, be willing, will, wish
«nōlō, nōlle, nōluī», ——, be unwilling, will not
«mālō, mālle, māluī», ——, be more willing, prefer
«Nōlō» and «mālō» are compounds of «volō». «Nōlō» is for «ne» (not) + «volō», and «mālō» for «mā» (from «magis», more) + «volō». The second person «vīs» is from a different root.
INDICATIVE
SINGULAR
Pres. volō nōlō mālō
vīs nōn vis māvīs
vult nōn vult māvult
PLURAL
volumus nōlumus mālumus
vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis
volunt nōlunt mālunt
Impf. volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam Fut. volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc. Perf. voluī nōluī māluī Plup. volueram nōlueram mālueram F.P. voluerō nōluerō māluerō
SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR
Pres. velim nōlim mālim
velīs nōlīs mālīs
velit nōlit mālit
PLURAL
velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus
velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis
velint nōlint mālint
Impf. vellem nōllem māllem Perf. voluerim nōluerim māluerim Plup. voluissem nōluissem māluissem
IMPERATIVE
Pres. nōlī
nōlīte
Fut. nōlītō, etc.
INFINITIVE
Pres. velle nōlle mālle
Perf. voluisse nōluisse māluisse
PARTICIPLE
Pres. volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ——
«498.» «ferō», bear, carry, endure
PRINCIPAL PARTS «ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus»
PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lāt-
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Pres. ferō ferimus feror ferimur
fers fertīs ferris, -re ferimimī
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
Impf. ferēbam ferēbar
Fut. feram, ferēs, etc. ferar, ferēris, etc.
Perf. tulī lātus, -a, -um sum
Plup. tuleram lātus, -a, -um eram
F.P. tulerō lātus, -a, -um erō
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc.
Impf. ferrem ferrer
Perf. tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim
Plup. tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE
Pres. 2d Pers. fer ferte ferre feriminī
Fut. 2d Pers. fertō fertōte fertor
3d Pers. fertō ferunto fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE
Pres. ferre ferrī
Perf. tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse
Fut. lātūrus, -a, -um esse ——
PARTICIPLES
Pres. ferēns, -entis Pres. ——
Fut. lātūrus, -a, -um Ger. ferendus, -a, -um
Perf. —— Perf. lātus, -a, -um
GERUND Gen. ferendī Dat. ferendō Acc. ferendum Abl. ferendō
SUPINE (Active Voice) Acc. [[lātum]] Abl. [[lātū]]
«499.» eō, go
PRINCIPAL PARTS «eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum» (n. perf. part.)
PRES. STEM ī-
PERF. STEM ī- or īv-
PART. STEM it-
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
SING. PLUR.
Pres. eō īmus eam 2d Pers. ī īte
īs ītis
it eunt
Impf. ībam īrem
Fut. ībō —— 2d Pers. ītō ītōte
3d Pers. ītō euntō
Perf. iī (īvī) ierim (īverim)
Plup. ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem)
F. P. ierō (īverō)
INFINITIVE Pres. īre Perf. īsse (īvisse) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um esse
PARTICIPLES Pres. iēns, gen. euntis (§472) Fut. itūrus, -a, -um Ger. eundum
GERUND Gen. eundī Dat. eundō Acc. eundum Abl. eundō
SUPINE Acc. [[itum]] Abl. [[itū]]
a. The verb «eō» is used impersonally in the third person singular of the passive, as «ītur», «itum est», etc.
b. In the perfect system the forms with «v» are very rare.
«500.» «fīō», passive of «faciō»; be made, become, happen
PRINCIPAL PARTS «fīō, fierī, factus sum»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
Pres. fīō —— fīam 2d Pers. fī fīte
fīs ——
fit fīunt
Impf. fīēbam fierem
Fut. fīam ——
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE Perf. factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim Plup. factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem F.P. factus, -a, -um erō
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES Pres. fierī Perf. factus, -a, -um Perf. factus, -a, -um esse Ger. faciendus, -a, -um Fut. [[factum īrī]]
[Illustration: CASTRA MURO FOSSAQUE MUNIUNTUR]
NOTE. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each.
Nominative Case
«1.» The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the question Who? or What? §36.
Agreement
«2.» A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject. §28.
«3.» A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb.
§76.
«4.» An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains.
§81.
«5.» Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. §65.
«6.» A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. §215.a.
«7.» A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. §224.
Prepositions
«8.» A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case. §52.
Genitive Case
«9.» The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the question Whose? §38.
«10.» The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of «sum», and is then called the predicate genitive. §409.
«11.» Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the partitive genitive. §331.
«12.» Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective. §443.
Dative Case
«13.» The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. §45.
«14.» The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs «crēdō», «faveō», «noceō», «pāreō», «persuādeō», «resistō», «studeō», and others of like meaning. §154.
«15.» Some verbs compounded with «ad», «ante», «con», «dē», «in», «inter», «ob», «post», «prae», «prō», «sub», «super», admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. §426.
«16.» The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning near, also fit, friendly, pleasing, like, and their opposites. §143.
«17.» The dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which; often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected. §437.
Accusative Case
«18.» The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question Whom? or What? §37.
«19.» The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. §214.
«20.» The place to which is expressed by «ad» or «in» with the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§263, 266.
«21.» Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative. §336.
«22.» Verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. §392.
Ablative Case
«23.» Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what? §102.
«24.» Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This
answers the question By means of what? or With what? §103.
«25.» Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with «cum». This answers the question With whom? §104.
«26.» The ablative with «cum» is used to denote the manner of an action. «Cum» may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? §105.
«27.» With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference. §317.
«28.» The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called the ablative absolute. §381.
«29.» 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective. §444.
2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective. §445.
«30.» The ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true. §398.
«31.» The place from which is expressed by «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or «ex» with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§264, 266.
«32.» Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning. This is called the ablative of separation. §180.
«33.» The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition «ā» or «ab». This is called the ablative of the personal agent. §181.
«34.» The comparative degree, if «quam» is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative. §309.
«35.» The time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. §275.
«36.» 1. The place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with «in». This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small islands, and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§265, 266.
2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or second declension, and the word «domus» express the place in which by the locative. §268.
Gerund and Gerundive
«37.» 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. §406.1.
2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual. §406.2.
«38.» The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with «ad», or the genitive with «causā», is used to express purpose. §407.
Moods and Tenses of Verbs
«39.» Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by secondary. §358.
«40.» The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause. §349.
«41.» A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs of commanding, urging, asking, persuading, or advising, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. §366.
«42.» Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by «ut» (that not) or «nē» (that or lest). §372.
«43.» Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by «ut» or «ut nōn», and have the verb in the subjunctive. §385.
«44.» Object clauses of result with «ut» or «ut nōn» are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. §386.
«45.» A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description. §390.
«46.» The conjunction «cum» means when, since, or although. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. §396.
«47.» When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. §416.
«48.» The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying, telling, knowing, thinking, and perceiving. §419.
«49.» A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. §418.
«50.» In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. §432.
[Illustration: DOMINA]
[Footnote 1: It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned
for a written test.]
[Transcriber’s Note:
In this Review section, the lists of English words for translation may
not be in the same order as in the original.]
«502.» Give the English of the following words:[1]
NOUNS
agricola «gallīna»
ancilla iniūria
«aqua» «īnsula»
«casa» «lūna»
«causa» «nauta»
cēna «pecūnia»
«corōna» puella
«dea» «pugna»
domina «sagitta»
fābula «silva»
«fera» «terra»
«fīlia» «tuba»
«fortūna» «via»
«fuga» «victōria»
ADJECTIVES «alta» «magna» «bona» «mala» «clāra» «nova» «grāta» «parva» «lāta» «pulchra» «longa» «sōla»
VERBS
amat «necat»
«dat» «nūntiat»
«est» «parat»
habitat «portat»
«labōrat» «pugnat»
«laudat» «sunt»
nārrat «vocat»
PREPOSITIONS «ā» or «ab» «ad» «cum» «dē» «ē» or «ex» «in»
PRONOUNS «mea» «tua» «quis» «cuius» «cui» «quem» «quid»
ADVERBS «cūr» «deinde» «nōn» «ubi»
CONJUNCTIONS
«et»
quia
«quod»
INTERROGATIVE
PARTICLE
«-ne»
[Footnote 1: Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in
the reviews. Words used in Cassar’s “Gallic War” are in heavy type.]
«503.» Give the Latin of the following words:[1]
Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined.
flight wide story tells new money lives (verb) calls away from with who your why then, in the next place forest daughter wreath to whom deep, high fortune dinner famous out from labors (verb) my kills where not trumpet in lady, mistress and whom sailor island farmer goddess what wild beast way praises (verb) bad alone loves pleasing pretty prepares water are great to is because announces arrow injury, wrong cottage battle (noun) gives small girl fights (verb) good maid carries down from chicken long victory cause land whose
[Footnote 1: The translations of words used in Cæsar are in italics.]
«504.» «Review Questions.» How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order?
«505.» Fill out the following summary of the first declension:
THE FIRST OR Ā-DECLENSION
1. Ending in the nominative singular
2. Rule for gender
3. Case terminations
a. Singular
b. Plural
4. Irregular nouns
«506.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION «agrī cultūra» «galea» «cōnstantia» «inopia» «cōpia» «lacrima» «dīligentia» «lōrīca» «fāma» «patria» fēmina «praeda»
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION «ager» «līberī» «amīcus» magister «arma» (plural) «mūrus» «auxilium» «numerus» «bellum» «oppidānus» «carrus» «oppidum» «castrum» «pīlum» «cibus» «populus» «cōnsilium» «praemium» «domicilium» «proelium» dominus «puer» «equus» «scūtum» «fīlius» «servus» fluvius «studium» «frūmentum» «tēlum» «gladius» «vīcus» «lēgātus» «vir»
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS «aeger, aegra, aegrum» «alius, alia, aliud» «alter, altera, alterum» «armātus, -a, -um» «crēber, crēbra, crēbrum» «dūrus, -a, -um» «fīnitimus, -a, -um» «īnfīrmus, -a, -um» «legiōnārius, -a, -um» «līber, lībera, līberum» «mātūrus, -a, -um» «meus, -a, -um» «miser, misera, miserum» «multus, -a, -um» «neuter, neutra, neutrum» «noster, nostra, nostrum» «nūllus, -a, -um» «pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum» «sōlus, -a, -um» «suus, -a, -um» «tōtus, -a, -um» «tuus, -a, -um» «ūllus, -a, -um» «ūnus, -a, -um» «uter, utra, utrum» validus, -a, -um «vester, vestra, vestrum»
VERBS arat «cūrat» «dēsīderat» «mātūrat» «properat»
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN «is, ea, id»
CONJUNCTIONS «an» «-que» «sed»
ADVERBS
«iam»
quō
«saepe»
PREPOSITION
«apud»
«507.» Give the Latin of the following words:
sword shield (noun) corselet whole man it your (plural) aid (noun) hasten legionary but weak among arms tear (noun) master (of school) village friend strong neighboring long for sick and (enclitic) lieutenant often field want (noun) report, rumor which (of two) abode care for boy or (in a question) his own whither alone wagon prize (noun) townsman master (owner) wretched carefulness ripe plenty war troops number plan (noun) my people free (adj.) beautiful children no (adj.) wall our grain battle weapon spear one food plow (verb) steadiness this or that fatherland already town helmet fort river camp zeal neither (of two) any much he agriculture son other slave the other (of two) your (singular) hard she booty woman frequent horse armed
«508.» «Review Questions.» How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in «-er» is declined like «puer» or like «ager»? Decline «bonus», «līber», «pulcher». How can we tell whether an adjective in «-er» is declined like «līber» or like «pulcher»? Why must we say «nauta bonus» and not «nauta bona»? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use «tuus» and when «vester»? Why is «suus» called a reflexive possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by with? Give an illustration in Latin of the ablative of manner; of the ablative of cause; of the ablative of means; of the ablative of accompaniment. What ablative regularly has «cum»? What ablative sometimes has «cum»? What uses of the ablative never have «cum»? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline «alius», «nūllus». Decline «is». What does «is» mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?
«509.» Fill out the following summary of the second declension:
THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION
1. Endings in the nominative
2. Rule for gender
3. Case terminations of nouns in «-us»
a. Singular
b. Plural
a. The vocative singular of nouns in «-us»
4. Case terminations of nouns in «-um»
a. Singular
b. Plural
5. Peculiarities of nouns in «-er» and «-ir»
6. Peculiarities of nouns in «-ius» and «-ium»
«510.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION «disciplīna» rēgīna «fōrma» superbia «poena» «trīstitia» «potentia»
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
lūdus
«ōrnāmentum»
sacrum
«socius»
«verbum»
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS «amīcus» īrātus «antīquus» «laetus» «fīnitimus» «molestus» «grātus» «perpetuus» «idōneus» «proximus» «inimīcus» «septem» «interfectus» «superbus»
ADVERBS
hodiē
«ibi»
«maximē»
mox
«nunc»
«nūper»
CONJUNCTIONS «etiam» «nōn sōlum … sed etiam»
PERSONAL PRONOUN
«ego»
VERBS
CONJ. I
volō, -āre
CONJ. II
«dēleō, -ēre» «noceō, -ēre»
«doceō, -ēre» «pāreō, -ēre»
«faveō, -ēre» «persuādeō, -ēre»
«habeō, -ēre» sedeō, -ēre
«iubeō, -ēre» «studeō, -ēre»
«moneō, -ēre» «videō, -ēre»
«moveō, -ēre»
CONJ. III
«agō, -ere» «fugiō, -ere»
«capiō, -ere» «iaciō, -ere»
«crēdō, -ere» «mittō, -ere»
«dīcō, -ere» rapiō, -ere
«dūcō, -ere» «regō, -ere»
«faciō, -ere» «resistō, -ere»
CONJ. IV «audiō, -īre» «mūniō, -īre» «reperiō, -īre» «veniō, -īre»
IRREGULAR VERB
«sum, esse»
«511.» «Give the Latin of the following words.» In the case of verbs always give the first form and the present infinitive.
ancient power come make, do resist injure see now be annoying fly lead I move proud soon word glad sadness punishment find believe rule (verb) advise be eager for especially, most of all not only…but also angry seven beauty ally, companion say pride command (verb) fortify there send slain sit training also take school have hear to-day hurl unfriendly persuade drive only favor (verb) nearest suitable sacred rite pleasing queen teach flee neighboring obey destroy lately friendly constant seize ornament
«512.» «Review Questions.» What is conjugation? Name two important differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible translations of a present, as of pugnō? Inflect arō, sedeō, mittō, faciō, and veniō, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What forms of -iō verbs of the third conjugation are like audiō? what like regō? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present active imperative of portō, dēleō, agō, faciō, mūniō.
«513.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION «āla» «cūra» «mora» «porta» «prōvincia» «vīta»
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
«animus» «nāvigium»
aurum ōrāculum
«bracchium» «perīculum»
«deus» «ventus»
«locus» «vīnum»
mōnstrum
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS «adversus» «dubius» attentus «maximus» «cārus» perfidus «commōtus» «plēnus» «dēfessus» saevus «dexter» «sinister»
ADVERBS
«anteā» «ita»
«celeriter» «longē»
«dēnique» «semper»
«diū» «subitō»
«frūstrā» «tamen»
«graviter» «tum»
CONJUNCTIONS «autem» «sī» «ubi»
PREPOSITIONS «dē» «per» «prō» «sine»
VERBS
CONJ. I
«adpropinquō» «servō»
«nāvigō» «stō»
«occupō» «superō»
«postulō» «temptō»
«recūsō» «vāstō»
«reportō» «vulnerō»
CONJ. II «contineō» «egeō» «prohibeō» «respondeō» «teneō»
CONJ. III «discēdō» «gerō» «interficiō»
IRREGULAR VERB
«absum»
«514.» Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
be away heavily wind monster through approach if nevertheless savage place wound (verb) be without, lack wine moved delay gold faithless restrain, keep from right without seize hold quickly suddenly before, in behalf of dear battle always down from or concerning god moreover hold in, keep greatest afar oracle thus, so, as follows danger arm (noun) lay waste when gate in vain doubtful stand opposite, adverse bring back, win demand before, previously finally depart, go away attentive province then, at that time care, trouble weary kill overcome, conquer reply (verb) conquer wing boat, ship mind, heart sail (verb) left (adj.) life bear, carry on save try full for a long time refuse
«515.» Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:
«sum» «faveō» «dō» «noceō» «teneō» «dīcō» «iubeō» «pāreō» «agō» «dūcō» «mittō» «faciō» «mūniō» «persuādeō» «moveō» «sedeō» «crēdō» «studeō» «rapiō» «fugiō» «reperiō» «veniō» «dēleō» «iaciō» «resistō» «videō» «audiō» «absum» «moneō» «egeō» «capiō» «gerō» «doceō» «stō» «regō»
«516.» «Review Questions.» What are the personal endings in the passive voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb «sum» in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (§494). What is meant by the separative ablative? How is the place from which expressed in Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the ablative. What does the preposition «in» mean when it governs the ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to introduce yes-and-no questions? Explain the force of each. What words are sometimes used for yes and no? What are the different meanings and uses of ubi?
«517.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION SECOND DECLENSION
«rīpa» «barbarī»
«captīvus»
«castellum»
«impedīmentum»
THIRD DECLENSION
«animal» «homō» «ōrdō»
«arbor» «hostīs» «pater»
«avis» «ignis» «pedes»
«caedēs» «imperātor» «pēs»
«calamitās» «īnsigne» pōns
calcar «iter» «prīnceps»
«caput» iūdex «rēx»
«cīvis» «labor» «salūs»
«cliēns» «lapis» «sanguis»
«collis» «legiō» «soror»
«cōnsul» «mare» tempus
«dēns» «māter» «terror»
«dux» «mēnsis» «turris»
«eques» «mīles» «urbs»
«fīnis» «mōns» «victor»
«flūmen» «nāvis» «virtūs»
fōns «opus» «vīs»
«frāter» «ōrātor»