LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND BOXES
TABLES
Table 1.1 Thinking About and Measuring Public Opinion: American Health Care
Table 6.1. Differences in Support for Marijuana Legalization across Demographic Groups
Table 7.2. Unrealistic Optimism about Future Life Events
Table 9.1. Levels of Conceptualization, 1956
Table 9.2. A Summary of Responses from (Non-Hispanic) Whites and Blacks to Race-related Statements
Table 10.1. Public Preference and Policy Outcome for All Nonspending Cases
Table 10.2. Congruence Between Opinion and Policy, 1935–1979
Table 10.3. Frequency of Congruence for Opinion Changes of Different Sizes
Table 10.4. Delegates to the 2008 Party Conventions: How They Compare on Issues
FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Public Opinion Demonstration during the Vietnam War Years
Figure 1.2. “Having Their Fling.”
Figure 2.1. Niccolò Machiavelli, Political Adviser and Author of The Prince
Figure 2.2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Figure 2.3. Karl Marx’s Identity Card
Figure 2.4. “A True Representation of a Printing House with the Men at Work”
Figure 2.5. Lloyd’s Coffeehouse in London, 1798
Figure 5.1. Beliefs, Values, Attitudes, and Opinions: A Cognitive Hierarchy
Figure 5.2. An Example of Classical Conditioning
Figure 5.3. An Example of Operant Conditioning
Figure 5.4. The Elaboration Likelihood Model
Figure 5.5. An Illustration of Balance Theory
Figure 5.6. Theory of Planned Behavior
Figure 7.1. The Distribution of Public Opinion on an Issue
Figure 8.1. Spatial Model of Preferences for Government Spending
Figure 9.1. Trends in Public Knowledge: Party Control of US House of Representatives
Figure 9.2. Index of Political Predisposition and Presidential Vote, 1940
Figure 9.3. Party, Candidates, and Issues in the 2012 Presidential Election
Figure 9.4. “The Funnel of Causality”
Figure 9.5. Women Working Outside the Home, 1936–1998
Figure 9.6. Attitudes toward Capital Punishment and Courts’ Treatment of Criminals, 1936–2012
Figure 9.7. Defense Spending, 1973–2002: Opinion by Region
Figure 9.8. Civil Liberties of College Teachers, 1976–2014
Figure 10.1. The Opinion-Policy Relationship in Defense Spending
Figure 10.2. Public Opinion and Social Spending in 15 Countries
Figure 10.3. Abortion Restrictions and Support for Abortion in the States, 1988
Figure 10.4. Public Opinion and Gay Rights Policies in the States
Figure 10.5. Public Opinion and State Policy
Figure 10.6. Public Mood and Net Liberal Laws, 1951–2012
Figure 10.7. Payments to White House Pollsters, 1977–2000
Figure 11.1. “Smokey Bear” Wildfire Prevention Advertisement
Figure 11.2. Barack Obama Speaks at a 2008 Campaign Rally in Ohio
BOXES
Box 1.1. Culture, Art, and Public Opinion
Box 1.2. Do Groups Matter More Than Individuals, When It Comes to Public Opinion?
Box 2.1. One Philosopher’s View
Box 2.2. Aristotle Versus Plato: The Value of Public Opinion
Box 2.3. Rousseau on the General Will
Box 2.4. Gabriel Tarde’s Model of Public Opinion
Box 2.5. George Gallup on Polling in a Democracy
Box 3.1. Questionnaire Wording and the Holocaust Denial Controversy
Box 3.2. An Illustration of Focus Group Research
Box 5.1. Traveling America: Weak Links Between Prejudiced Attitudes and Prejudiced Behavior
Box 6.1 Lombroso’s Criminal Types
Box 6.2. Group Identity and Group Polarization: The Stanford Prison Study
Box 7.1. Festinger’s Social Comparison Theory
Box 7.2. A Case of False Consensus: Origins of the Pro-Life Movement