Abernathy, Ralph, 178
Advertising Council, 161, 166–67, 176–78
AFL-CIO, 175, 178, 182, 186–87, 191, 195–96
African Americans, 66, 71, 82, 146, 149, 207
discrimination against, 16–17, 43, 49, 52, 68, 91–93, 98–100, 104, 106, 109, 122–23, 135, 137, 145, 153, 157, 162–65, 172, 174, 176–77, 179–80, 182–85
emancipation of, 22, 24, 81, 162
employment and, 43–44, 46, 61, 67–68, 100–101, 122, 139, 174, 177, 185, 188
equality and, 52, 122, 153, 163, 175
E. Roosevelt and, 48, 68, 122, 169
Four Freedoms and, 15–16, 108–9, 120–23, 140, 179
F. Roosevelt and, 44–46, 48, 61, 63–64, 91, 93, 98–99, 122–23, 127–28, 140
Great Depression and, 27–28
highlighting contributions of, 94
labor unions and, 23–24, 49, 51–52, 67–68, 93–94, 98, 122, 136–37, 139, 152–53, 156–57, 175
militancy of, 191–92
Myrdal on, 139–40
New Deal and, 40–47, 52, 59–61, 122, 137
political intellectual life of, 52
rioting and, 100–101, 122–23, 188, 191–94
South and, 22–23, 43, 46–47, 50–52, 61, 68, 93–94, 98–101, 109, 122, 140, 152–53, 155, 159, 162–63, 165, 169, 173–75, 177, 179–80, 183–84
violence against, 27, 45, 52, 98–99, 101, 153, 159, 163–64, 180, 184
voting of, 52, 68, 93–94, 98–99, 139, 152–53, 155, 157, 178, 183, 185–86, 188
World War II and, 16, 77, 91–93, 98–101, 104–9, 120, 127–29, 139–40, 152–54, 159, 174, 178, 183
see also civil rights; race, racism
Agar, Herbert, 112
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 17, 40–41, 47, 51
agriculture, 20, 133–37, 163, 171
Great Depression and, 26–27, 30
labor unions and, 50–51, 136–37, 153–54, 182
Roosevelt and, 32, 36–37, 46, 48, 55, 85
World War II and, 89–90, 96, 135
Allen, Frederick Lewis, 106–7
Alpha Kappa Alpha, 121
Alsop, Joseph, 19
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA), 20, 23, 37, 49
Ambrose, Stephen, 8, 17, 110, 218n
America First Committee, 80, 179
American Baptist Bill of Rights, 81–82
American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 139–40
American Enterprise Institute, 176, 197
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 23, 49–50, 66, 78, 123, 152, 154, 156–57, 166, 175
social insurance and, 126–27
World War II and, 91, 97, 120–21, 129, 137–38
American Heritage Foundation, 161–62
labor unions and, 21, 23, 49, 137
American Junior League of America (AJLA), 89
American Legion, 67, 69, 78, 135, 138, 154–55, 163, 173
American Liberty League, 56–57, 69, 197
American Medical Association (AMA), 160
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, 209
Americans All, Immigrants All, 67
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 156, 166, 168
American Student Union (ASU), 59
American Veterans Committee (AVC), 154–55, 169, 180–81, 187
American Youth Congress (AYC), 18, 53
“America was Promises” (MacLeish), 70–71
Anderson, Marian, 68
Arsenal of Democracy, 4–5, 72–74, 95, 119, 217n
Assignment: U.S.A. (Menefee), 97
Atlantic Charter, 87–88, 107, 126
authoritarianism, 29, 186, 190–91
Baker, Ella, 183
Banker, Al, 108
Beecher, John, 39
Benét, Stephen Vincent, 80–81, 86, 117
Bennett, Elaine, 108
Berlet, Chip, 10–11
Bernstein, Edward, 38–39
Bethlehem Steel, 91–92
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 44–45, 122, 137, 139
Bill of Rights, 42, 81, 89, 94, 101, 107, 137, 162–63
Birmingham, Ala., 39, 68, 153, 162, 184
Bolte, Charles G., 129, 155, 251n
Bourke-White, Margaret, 105, 128–29
Bradley, James, 8
Brady, Dorothy, 73–74
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 23, 93
Brown, John Mason, 102–3
Brown v. Board of Education, 172, 174
Bruner, Jerome, 77, 102–3, 125
building boom, 173
Bulge, Battle of the, 11, 106, 110, 188
Bulosan, Carlos, 117
Bunche, Ralph, 52
Burke, Thomas, 49
Business Roundtable, 197
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 119–20
Cantril, Hadley, 96
capitalists, capitalism, capital, 20–23, 34, 59, 80, 146, 150, 155, 157, 166–68, 175, 190, 196–98
Carter and, 200–201
Four Freedoms and, 99, 112, 118–20
labor unions and, 21, 23, 40, 47, 151–52, 168, 177–78
public relations and, 20, 69, 166, 176
World War II and, 78, 90, 118–19, 145
see also corporations
New Deal and, 43–44
prejudice against, 19, 25, 43, 159
World War II and, 79, 106, 139
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 158, 172, 175
Challenge to Liberty, The (Hoover), 55
Chaplain Corps, U.S., 104
Chase, Stuart, 151
Chávez, César, 182
Chicago Sun, 94
Christian Front, 78
Christians, Christianity, 66, 81–82, 104, 195
Four Freedoms and, 112–13
Churchill, Winston, 87–88, 111, 132
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 17, 40, 42, 47, 64
Civilian War Services Division (CWS), 89
civil rights, 5–7, 11, 30, 71, 78, 113, 120, 151, 156, 169–72
labor unions and, 152–54, 157, 182, 186, 191
South and, 159, 164–65, 174–75
voter-registration drives and, 152–53, 157
war veterans and, 152–55
Washington marches and, 92–93, 127, 185
see also under African Americans
Civil Rights Act (1866), 99
Civil Rights Act (1957), 178
Civil Rights Act (1964), 184–85
Civil Rights Act (1968), 186, 188
Civil Works Administration (CWA), 40, 42, 44, 46, 58
Clanton, Harold, 106
Clark, Tom, 161
Coca-Cola, 119
Cohen, Ben, 44
Cold War, 6, 149, 155–58, 162, 171–72, 177–78, 182, 189–90, 194, 203
college students, 48, 52–53, 125, 186, 189, 198, 203
African Americans and, 122–23, 179–80, 182–83
New Deal and, 59–61
Obama and, 208–9
Vietnam War and, 191–94
Committee for Economic Development (CED), 160–61
Committee on Economic Security, 58
Communists, 11, 51–53, 59, 78, 91, 122, 149, 168–73, 258n
Eisenhower and, 171–72
Great Depression and, 27–30
Johnson and, 190–92
labor unions and, 21, 51, 92, 141, 156, 160–61, 169
and red baiting and scares, 19, 21, 141, 158, 165, 169, 173, 180, 194
Roosevelt and, 9–10, 32, 61, 70, 141
see also Soviet Union
Community Service Organization (CSO), 153
Conference on Progressive Labor Action, 30
Congress, U.S., 212
African Americans and, 78, 93, 98–99, 145, 159, 165, 178, 184–86
Carter and, 199–200
and Economic Bill of Rights, 123–24, 131, 134, 145
Four Freedoms and, 120, 131, 145, 150–51
Johnson and, 185–88
Kennedy and, 179–81, 184–85, 188
labor unions and, 92, 121, 152, 156–57, 160–61, 163, 167, 177–78, 186
New Deal and, 35, 40, 42–43, 47, 63–64, 100, 102
1920s and, 19–20
Nixon and, 194–95
NRPB and, 124–26
Roosevelt and, 2–4, 15, 35, 42, 53, 58, 62, 65, 72–75, 79, 86, 89–90, 97, 123, 131–36, 140, 142–43
social insurance and, 58–59, 65, 126–27
Truman and, 150–51, 156, 158, 163–65
World War II and, 4, 78–80, 96, 99–102, 127–29, 132–33, 135, 140, 155
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 18, 59, 66–67, 78, 122, 151, 155–57, 166, 175
PAC of, 127, 136–37, 141, 152–53, 157
social insurance and, 126–27
World War II and, 91, 97, 121, 136
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 98, 153, 183, 191
conservatives, 1, 7, 25, 51–52, 123, 155–58, 170, 176, 186–87, 189, 196, 218n
African Americans and, 98, 165
E. Roosevelt and, 68–69
Four Freedoms and, 112, 118, 120, 150, 206
F. Roosevelt and, 3, 5–6, 9–10, 17–18, 32, 34, 54–55, 59, 61, 64–65, 74, 85, 141, 156, 160
Greatest Generation and, 9, 207
Kennedy and, 181–82
labor unions and, 21, 120, 152, 167, 177–78, 191
New Deal and, 18, 35, 59–60, 150
1920s and, 19–20
Nixon and, 193–95
Obama and, 210–11
World War II and, 6, 74, 79, 100–101, 104, 135, 146
Constitution, U.S., 10, 17, 30, 42, 63, 84, 89, 94, 112, 137, 172
Consumer Bill of Rights, 184, 188
Consumer Goes to War, The (Ware), 120
consumers, consumerism, 5–6, 69, 167, 194, 196–97, 199, 203
New Deal and, 39, 41, 47–48, 55
Coolidge, Calvin, 20
Corcoran, Tom, 44
corporations, 1, 26, 125, 134–35, 155, 162, 169, 178, 194, 196–200
Carter and, 199–200
Four Freedoms and, 99, 112, 118–20, 150, 166, 206
labor unions and, 16, 20, 50, 56, 65–66, 92, 97, 99, 121, 138, 160–61, 198, 200
New Deal and, 18, 40–41, 47–48, 56, 59–60, 99–100
1920s and, 19–20
public relations campaigns and, 56–57, 69, 161, 166–67, 176–77
regulation and deregulation of, 3, 7, 18, 40, 192, 200, 203
Roosevelt and, 3, 6, 10, 37, 41, 43, 55–56, 61, 85, 90–91, 97, 132, 160, 190
South and, 159–61
World War II and, 6, 88, 90–92, 97–101, 118–19, 129, 138, 166
Corwin, Norman, 89, 113, 115, 144, 146–47
Council for Democracy (CFD), 83
Cox, James, 33
Croly, Herbert, 26
culture, 3, 7, 9, 12, 18–20, 51, 60, 67, 85, 136, 140, 162, 170, 198, 274n
World War II and, 80–82, 113–18, 128
Dachau concentration camp, 148
Danner, James, 47
Dash, Martin, 15
Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), 65, 67–68
Davis, Leon, 182
Declaration of Independence, 30, 36, 137, 162–63
DeMint, Jim, 208
democracy, 3–10, 12, 16–24, 26, 63–71, 145–46, 148–50, 153–58, 160–62, 170, 181, 192, 196–202, 206
African Americans and, 24, 68, 93, 109, 122, 153, 180
Carter and, 199–201
cultural references and celebrations of, 80–82
Four Freedoms and, 16, 112, 117, 119–20, 149, 166, 213
F. Roosevelt and, 3–5, 17–18, 31–32, 34–35, 38–39, 41, 48, 54–55, 61, 63, 65, 70, 75–77, 85–88, 90, 124, 131, 156, 211–12
governing elites and, 176–78
Great Depression and, 16, 18–19, 28, 30–31, 35, 146
Greatest Generation and, 8–10, 202, 205, 207
labor unions and, 6, 21–24, 49–51, 91–92, 125, 137–38, 149, 155, 168, 175, 198
New Deal and, 38–39, 41–42, 46, 59–61, 64, 82, 146, 150
new liberals and, 168–69
public relations campaigns and, 69, 161, 166, 176–77
remembering and, 1, 10, 13, 17, 24, 33, 35
World War II and, 5–6, 75, 77, 80–81, 83, 86, 88, 90–92, 94, 96, 99–105, 107, 109–10, 118–20, 129, 135–36, 146, 150, 154, 173
Democracy at the Crossroads, 30
Democrats, Democratic Party, 25, 125, 140–43, 158, 161, 183, 187, 192–200, 203, 207–12, 218n, 253n
African Americans and, 52, 178
Carter and, 199–200
Four Freedoms and, 140, 171, 198
labor unions and, 141, 152, 174, 178
New Deal and, 40, 63–64, 102, 140, 155
Roosevelt and, 31–34, 36, 61, 63–64, 75, 90
South and, 22–23, 61, 64, 91, 102, 128, 140–41, 155, 165
Truman and, 163–65
World War II and, 91, 100, 128, 155
Detroit, Treaty of, 167–68
Dies, Martin, 70
Divine, Robert A., 87
Dixie, Operation, 152, 156–57, 169
Double V campaign, 98, 109, 183
DuPont Corporation, 56, 69, 78
Durham Manifesto, 98
Economic Bill of Rights, 83–84, 136–38, 141–42, 151–52, 168, 204
and Congress, 123–24, 131, 134, 145
and Roosevelt, 84, 123–24, 126, 131, 133–34, 138, 142, 151, 162, 179
economics, economy, 148–51, 178, 274n
African Americans and, 24, 52, 169
Carter and, 200–202
Four Freedoms and, 5, 8, 11, 15–16, 112, 118, 120
Greatest Generation and, 8, 207
Kennedy and, 181–82
labor unions and, 24, 66–67, 136–38, 149, 151, 176
New Deal and, 40–42, 47, 55, 59–60, 110, 150
new liberals and, 168–69
1920s and, 19–20
Obama and, 207–11
public relations campaigns and, 166–67, 176–77
recessions and, 12, 66–67, 177, 195, 202, 210
Roosevelt and, 2, 4, 9–10, 17, 34–36, 38, 45, 48, 55, 57–58, 62–63, 65–67, 74, 84–85, 88, 90–91, 98–100, 123–24, 126–27, 132–33, 143, 156, 190, 212
South and, 22–23
World War II and, 6, 74, 88–91, 94–95, 97–98, 103, 110, 117–18, 120, 126–27, 132–33, 135, 139, 172
see also Great Depression; inflation; poverty
Edgerton, John, 21
African Americans and, 68, 98, 153, 172, 174, 177, 186, 188
Johnson and, 187–90
New Deal and, 59–61
public relations campaigns and, 69, 166
World War II and, 88, 90, 103–4, 130, 135, 138–39, 154
see also college students
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 169–74, 176, 178, 189–90, 193
Elliott, Harriet, 88
employment, 12, 20, 117, 165, 169, 172–74, 183, 209
African Americans and, 43–44, 46, 61, 67–68, 100–101, 122, 139, 174, 177, 185, 188
and Economic Bill of Rights, 84, 123–24, 133–34
full, 124, 136, 138, 141, 151, 157, 179, 188, 199
Great Depression and, 26–28, 30, 40–41
Obama and, 210–11
public relations campaigns and, 166–67
Roosevelt and, 3–4, 32, 36–37, 41–42, 48–49, 53, 55, 58, 64, 85, 123–24
unemployment and, 4, 16, 26–28, 30, 41–42, 55, 58–61, 77, 125–26, 134–35, 151, 154, 171, 177, 185, 194–96, 198, 200, 210
World War II and, 88, 95–96, 100, 103, 105, 111, 125, 128–30, 135, 139, 145, 154
see also labor unions
equality, inequality, 1–4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, 20, 67, 71, 82, 146, 149, 151, 162–63, 176, 181, 192
African Americans and, 52, 122, 153, 163, 175
Carter and, 200–201
Four Equalities and, 84–85, 113, 126
Greatest Generation and, 8, 205
labor unions and, 21, 136–38, 175
Myrdal on, 139–40
Obama and, 207–8
Roosevelt and, 2–4, 18, 31, 35–36, 48, 57, 63, 131–33
women and, 7, 16, 122, 179, 183, 203
World War II and, 94, 98, 104, 107, 116, 139, 150
Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC), 93, 98–99, 101, 127, 141, 151, 153, 155–57, 162, 164
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 64
fascists, fascism, 29, 51, 55, 57, 78, 81, 101, 168, 273n
Roosevelt and, 9–10, 32, 61–62, 64, 70, 85, 159
World War II and, 1–2, 4, 9, 11, 45, 71, 73, 79–80, 82–83, 90, 114–16, 121, 129, 149–50, 173
FDR Memorial, 7–9
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 39–40, 44
Fifth Freedom, 119–20, 155, 204
World War II and, 73, 76–77, 126
Foner, Moe, 182
Fortune, 125
Four Equalities, 84–85, 113, 126
Four Freedoms, 15–18, 64, 141, 146, 159–71, 181, 197
African Americans and, 15–16, 108–9, 120–23, 140, 179
attempts to contain, co-opt, and suppress, 6, 118–20, 145, 195, 199, 204, 206, 208
calls for public action in favor of, 121–23
corporations and, 99, 112, 118–20, 150, 166, 206
Freedom Train and, 162–63
Hackshaw on, 15–16
labor unions and, 91, 118, 120–21, 136–38, 151–52
Nixon and, 193–94
promise and vision of, 2, 5–8, 13, 28, 89, 123, 150–51, 157, 166, 185, 189, 193, 198, 206–7, 213
public opinion on, 87, 90, 111, 116, 118
public relations campaigns and, 166, 176
of Rockwell, 11–12, 116–18, 162
Roosevelt and, 4–8, 15, 18, 72–75, 83–84, 86–87, 89–90, 92, 94, 111–12, 116–17, 119–20, 122–25, 131, 138, 142, 144, 149, 160–61, 163, 170–71, 193, 199, 206, 258n
Truman and, 150–51, 163–65, 258n
Wallace and, 112–13
World War II and, 5, 15–16, 76, 87–89, 91, 101–2, 104, 107–9, 112–23, 126, 129–31, 136, 139–40, 149, 153–54, 159, 171, 206
“14 August” (Corwin), 147
Fraser, Douglas, 199–200
freedom, 1–6, 8–11, 39, 148–51, 156, 169–70, 181, 197
African Americans and, 22–24, 94
and Economic Bill of Rights, 124, 133–34
of enterprise, 119–20, 155, 204
from fear, 5, 8, 11, 15–16, 75, 86, 112–13, 117, 120, 124–25, 131, 137, 142–44, 150–51, 153, 157, 162, 164, 167, 176, 183, 186, 191, 193, 204, 206
Great Depression and, 29–30
Greatest Generation and, 8, 205
labor unions and, 21–23, 137, 151
public relations campaigns and, 166, 176
of religion, 4–5, 8, 11, 15, 32, 45, 62, 75, 84, 86, 112–13, 116–18, 139, 142–43, 162, 164, 204, 206
Roosevelt and, 2–5, 10, 18, 31, 35–36, 45, 48, 56, 62–63, 75, 77, 85–86, 111, 126, 131, 143
of speech, 4–5, 8, 11, 15, 21–24, 29, 59, 75, 84, 86, 105, 111–13, 116–18, 137, 139, 142–43, 153, 162–64, 186, 204, 206
from want, 5, 8, 11, 15–16, 75, 86, 112–13, 116–17, 120, 123–25, 129–31, 137, 139, 142–43, 150–51, 153, 162, 164, 167, 176, 183, 186, 188–89, 191, 193, 199, 204, 206, 208
World War II and, 75, 80, 82, 86, 102, 104–5, 111, 116, 119–20, 126, 150, 157
Freedom’s People, 94
Freedom Summer, 186
Freedom Train, 161–63
Full Employment bill, 151, 157, 199
Fuller, Walter D., 116, 118, 166
Gagnon, Rene, 110–11
Gaines v. Canada, 68
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 168
Gangwer, Roland, 106
General Motors (GM), 56, 59, 65–66, 78, 92, 151, 160, 167–68, 209
Gerber, Albert, 118
Germany, 2, 4, 6, 73, 78–79, 103, 105–6, 110, 144, 148, 195, 202
Gibbons, Sam, 218n
G.I. Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act), 135–36, 149, 154, 172, 186
Goebbels, Joseph, 95
Goldberg, Herschel, 106
Goldwater, Barry, 186–87, 189, 193
Gosser, Richard, 121
Great Britain, 4, 72–73, 79–80, 83, 87–88, 101, 105, 107, 129, 251n
Great Depression, 16–19, 26–31, 146, 150, 156–57, 176, 205, 207–8
demonstrations, protests, and insurgencies in, 27–31
generation of, 1–2, 8, 17–19, 170
labor unions and, 27–30, 40, 66–67
New Deal and, 38, 40–41, 46–47, 55, 104, 109, 208
Roosevelt and, 2, 4, 9–10, 17, 34–35, 38, 45, 55, 57–58, 66–67, 84, 143, 156
U.S. confrontation of, 17–19, 38–39, 45
Greatest Generation, 17, 146, 170
ignoring and dismissing of, 9–10
remembering and, 8–9, 13, 202, 205, 207
Greatest Generation, The (Brokaw), 8, 11
Green, Edith, 183
Hackshaw, Leotha, 15–16
Hale, William Harlan, 148
Harris, Abram, Jr., 52
Hart, Gary, 196
Hays, Arthur Garfield, 70–71
health care, health insurance, 6–7, 125–27, 134, 141, 165, 170, 173, 179, 192, 194, 199
labor unions and, 23, 151–52, 168, 175, 187
Henderson, Leon, 88
Henry, Aaron, 174
Hersey, John, 109–10
Hibbs, Ben, 117–18
Hillman, Sidney, 20–21, 37, 141
Hitler, Adolf, 70, 76, 80, 139, 144
World War II and, 78–79, 87, 107, 110
Hoover, Herbert, 25, 27, 31, 34, 52, 55
Hopkins, Harry, 44–45, 58, 60, 73–74, 90
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 70, 158
housing, 27, 41, 141, 179, 182, 184, 191
African Americans and, 122, 139, 153, 174
labor unions and, 23, 65, 138, 151–52
World War II and, 135, 138–39, 172
Houston, Charles Hamilton, 52
How About It, Dixie (Hughes), 120–21
Hughes, Langston, 120–21
Humphrey, Hubert, 164, 187, 192
Hunger Marchers, 28
Huntington, Samuel P., 198
Hynes, Samuel, 96
immigrants, immigration, 7, 22–25, 67, 117, 179, 182, 184, 187, 274n
labor unions and, 23, 49–50, 137
1920s and, 19–20
Roosevelt and, 31, 45–46, 61, 65
imperialism, 1–2, 9, 45, 71, 73, 77–79, 114–16, 149, 173
Indian Reorganization Act, 108
Carter and, 200–201
labor unions and, 97, 121, 152, 167
World War II and, 88, 97–98, 121, 127, 130
infrastructure, 3, 7, 18, 42, 58, 179, 208
Inouye, Daniel, 97
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 18, 23, 49, 82
isolationism, 10, 19, 94, 149, 190
Roosevelt and, 3, 5, 72, 74–76, 79, 87, 234n-35n
World War II and, 72, 74–76, 78–80, 87, 91, 102, 146, 234n-35n
World War II and, 2, 4, 6, 79, 105–6, 108, 128
Jackson, Robert H., 83–84, 123
Pearl Harbor attacked by, 5, 72
World War II and, 2, 5–6, 45, 72–73, 79, 87, 103, 105, 109, 141, 143, 150, 219n
Japanese Americans, 153
World War II and, 97, 101, 106–8, 129
Jefferson, Thomas, 22, 34, 62, 70–71, 77, 81, 86, 133, 162, 179
Jefferson and Hamilton (Bowers), 24, 34
Jews, Judaism, 11, 15, 20, 25, 66, 122, 153
anti-Semitism and, 16, 19, 43, 45, 57, 67, 70, 78, 80, 101, 105–6, 141–42, 159
and cultural celebrations of democracy, 81–82
World War II and, 104–5, 107, 118, 182
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 179–80, 185–94, 199
Great Society of, 186, 191, 193
speeches of, 186–89
Johnston, Eric, 99
Justice Department, U.S., 65, 99, 161, 165
Kennedy, John F., 179–85, 188, 192
comparisons between Johnson and, 185, 189–90
presidential campaign of, 179–82
speeches of, 181–82
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 174, 178, 183, 185–86, 188, 192
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 19, 101, 174, 186
Labor-Management Relations Act (Taft-Hartley Act), 160–61, 163, 165, 170, 175, 179, 186–87, 190–91
labor unions, 3, 5–7, 12, 16, 20–25, 49–52, 70, 78, 81, 113, 166–71, 173–79, 195–200, 203
African Americans and, 23–24, 49, 51–52, 67–68, 93–94, 98, 122, 136–37, 139, 152–53, 156–57, 175
agriculture and, 50–51, 136–37, 153–54, 182
Carter and, 199–200
civil rights and, 152–54, 157, 182, 186, 191
Communists and, 21, 51, 92, 141, 156, 160–61, 169
democracy and, 6, 21–24, 49–51, 91–92, 125, 137–38, 149, 155, 168, 175, 198
and Economic Bill of Rights, 83–84, 124, 136–37, 152
expansion of, 49–50, 66–67, 92, 121, 156
falling membership of, 177, 196
Four Freedoms and, 91, 118, 120–21, 136–38, 151–52
Great Depression and, 27–30, 40, 66–67
health care and, 23, 151–52, 168, 175, 187
liberals and, 51, 136–37, 168–69, 174, 176, 178, 187–88, 200
Mexican Americans and, 49–50, 71, 182
New Deal and, 40–41, 43–44, 47, 49, 51, 55, 59–60
PACs of, 127, 136–37, 141, 152–53, 157
of public employees, 6–7, 178, 184, 198, 211
public opinion on, 125, 152, 173–74
public relations campaigns and, 56, 166–67, 176
Roosevelt and, 37, 51, 55, 58–59, 61, 65–67, 85, 92, 97, 121, 123, 132–33, 136–38, 164
social insurance and, 126–27, 138
South and, 50–52, 141, 152, 156–57, 159–61, 173, 182, 187–88, 190, 198
striking of, 50, 58, 65–66, 92, 121, 132, 138, 149, 152, 167–68, 173–74, 178, 192
and Treaty of Detroit, 167–68
Wagner Act and, 43, 59, 64–66, 161–62
women and, 24–25, 67, 98, 136, 138, 178, 183, 196
World War II and, 88–92, 97–100, 120–21, 129, 132–33, 136–39, 149, 151–52, 154–57, 188
La Guardia, Fiorello, 84, 88–89
Larnen, Brendan, 139
Latinos, 43, 71, 101, 107, 146
see also Mexican Americans
left, 7, 9, 20, 28, 51–52, 70, 81, 113, 136, 168–69, 182, 192, 196, 204, 210
Carter and, 199–200
labor unions and, 51, 138, 199–200
World War II and, 79, 115, 135
Lerner, Max, 33, 55, 83, 100–102, 112–13, 121, 128, 137, 155, 157–58, 177, 212
Levitt, Saul, 106
Lewis, John L., 23, 37, 59, 125
Lewis, Sinclair, 57
liberals, liberalism, 1, 7, 10, 25, 30, 80, 157, 159, 164, 166, 170, 183, 203, 218n
African Americans and, 68, 153
Carter and, 199–200
and Economic Bill of Rights, 83–84, 124, 138
Four Freedoms and, 6, 112, 117, 136, 138
Johnson and, 180, 185, 187, 189, 191
Kennedy and, 179–80, 182, 184–85, 188
labor unions and, 6, 51, 136–37, 168–69, 174, 176, 178, 187–88, 200
neoliberalism and, 196–97, 200–201, 211
new, 168–69
New Deal and, 55, 149, 156, 169
Obama and, 210–11
Roosevelt and, 17, 32–33, 55, 57, 151, 169, 253n
World War II and, 6, 88, 99, 101, 103, 115, 119, 130
Lichtenstein, Nelson, 98
Lincoln, Abraham, 22, 42, 52, 64, 77, 81, 86–87, 133, 144, 156, 179, 200, 204
Little Rock school desegregation, 172, 177
Los Angeles riots, 100–101, 122, 188
McCarthy, Joseph, 158, 165, 170–72, 176, 179, 258n, 264n
McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 29–31
McGovern, George, 195
MacLeish, Archibald, 70–71, 81, 83, 101, 113, 179
March of Freedom, The (Hale), 148
Mazzocchi, Tony, 188
Meacham, Jon, 208
Meany, George, 175, 186, 191, 195–96
Menefee, Selden, 97
Mexicans, Mexican Americans, 19, 27, 149, 185
labor unions and, 49–50, 71, 182
World War II and, 71, 107–8, 153–54
Miller, Donald, 110
Miners’ Fight for American Standards, The (Lewis), 23
Moment of the Nation’s Time, A (Corwin), 115
Montgomery bus boycott in, 174, 178
Moral Basis of Democracy, The (Roosevelt), 84–85
Morin, Raul, 107–8
Morrison, Walter, 16
Murphy, Frank, 65–66
Murray, Philip, 91–92, 127, 136, 151, 166
Myrdal, Gunnar, 139–40
Nader, Ralph, 188
Nakai, Raymond, 108
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 24, 44, 65, 93, 98, 109, 122–23, 152–53, 174, 183–84, 191
separate but equal suits of, 52, 68, 153
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 21, 56, 69, 100, 116, 118, 124, 159–61, 166, 176, 197
National Conference of Christians and Jews (NCCJ), 81–82
National Congress of Spanish Speaking Peoples (El Congreso), 71
National Consumers’ League (NCL), 24–25, 51
National Defense Mediation Board (NDMB), 92, 97
National Farm Labor Union (NFLU), 153–54
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 40–41, 43, 47, 49–51, 58–59
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 43, 59, 64–66, 161–62
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 59, 92, 160–61, 198
National Negro Congress (NNC), 18, 52, 59–60
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 17, 40–41, 43, 55, 58
Blue Eagle symbol of, 46–48
National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), 84, 123–26
National War Labor Board (NWLB), 97, 138
National Youth Administration (NYA), 17, 45, 60–61, 64, 185
Native Americans, 106–8
Nazis, Nazism, 70, 80, 95, 148, 168
World War II and, 2, 9, 78, 107, 110–11, 143–44, 251n
New Deal, 82, 108, 113, 122–25, 146, 158, 160, 171, 173, 176, 196
African Americans and, 40–47, 52, 59–61, 122, 137
corporations and, 18, 40–41, 47–48, 56, 59–60, 99–100
Great Depression and, 38, 40–41, 46–47, 55, 104, 109, 208
Kennedy and, 181–82
labor unions and, 40–41, 43–44, 47, 49, 51, 55, 59–60
liberals and, 55, 149, 156, 169
Obama and, 207–9
opposition to, 18, 35, 40, 43–44, 46, 55, 59–60, 64, 70, 100, 102, 150, 155, 200
public works and, 18, 36, 42–43, 64, 125
renewed interest in, 9–10, 149–50, 156
Roosevelt and, 3, 17–18, 31, 35–36, 38–48, 55, 58–59, 61, 64, 73, 76–77, 79, 86, 124, 130, 141–42, 164, 190, 193, 207–8, 273n
World War II and, 81, 88, 90, 94, 100, 102, 104, 109–10, 135
New World A-Coming (Ottley), 122
Nixon, Richard, 158, 180, 193–97, 202
North American Aviation, 92
nuclear weapons, 79, 145, 165, 173, 184
Obama, Barack, 207–12
Occupy Wall Street movement, 211–12
Office of Civilian Defense (OCD), 88–89, 96
Office of Price Administration (OPA), 88, 98, 121, 127, 138, 151, 155–57
Office of Public Opinion Research (OPOR), 96–97, 102, 125
Office of War Information (OWI), 97, 101, 113, 119, 127, 137, 143, 173, 179
old-age pensions, 4, 21, 30, 58, 125, 168
On a Note of Triumph (Corwin), 144
One World (Willkie), 116
Ottley, Roi, 122
Paine, Thomas, 30, 70–71, 81, 86–87, 162, 204
Panay, USS, 76
Parks, Rosa, 174
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), 209–10
Payne, Jesse, 159
Pearl Harbor attack, 5, 71–72, 94–95, 97, 107, 141
People’s Program for 1944, The, 136–37, 152
Pesotta, Rose, 49
Peterson, Esther, 183
Petrohelos, George, 106
political action committees (PACs), 127, 136–37, 141, 152–53, 157, 197
populists, populism, 81, 185, 209–11
Post-War Program, 137–38
poverty, 6–7, 12, 25, 44, 84, 148–49, 169, 177, 181, 194, 200, 210
Kennedy and, 184–85
Powdermaker, Hortense, 46
Powell, Lewis, 197
President’s Committee on Civil Rights (PCCR), 163
“Price of Free World Victory, The” (Wallace), 112–13
Progressive Party, 156, 158, 164
progressives, progressivism, 2, 12, 23, 51, 67, 69–72, 146, 153, 155–56, 159, 161, 177, 180, 186, 195–97, 199, 209, 212
African Americans and, 93–94, 139–40, 162, 165, 169
and Economic Bill of Rights, 124, 138
Four Freedoms and, 7, 112–14, 138, 201
Greatest Generation and, 8–10, 205
Kennedy and, 181–82
labor unions and, 66, 127, 136–37, 152, 156, 168, 175, 187–88
New Deal and, 39–43, 46, 49, 64, 149, 156
Reagan and, 203–4
Roosevelt and, 6, 10, 17, 32, 34–35, 39, 41, 54, 56, 61, 64–65, 69, 72, 127, 140, 151, 189, 253n
World War II and, 6, 77, 82–83, 91, 99, 101, 103, 114, 118, 139, 155
public works, 25, 30, 58, 141, 172, 182, 190, 209–10
New Deal and, 18, 36, 42–43, 64, 125
Public Works Administration (PWA), 40, 43–44
Pullum, Joe, 46
Pyle, Ernie, 105
“Quarantine Speech” (Roosevelt), 234n-35n
race, racism, 6, 10–11, 19, 51–53, 65–68, 70, 78, 118, 133, 151, 162, 170, 172, 174–76, 188–90, 196
F. Roosevelt and, 44, 65, 91, 141–42, 190
Kennedy and, 184–85
labor unions and, 49, 51, 67, 156–57, 175, 182
Myrdal on, 139–40
New Deal and, 40, 43–44, 47, 59
World War II and, 91, 95, 97, 100–101, 105–9, 115–16, 129, 139, 145, 154–55
see also African Americans
Randolph, A. Philip, 23–24, 49, 52, 59–60, 71, 83, 91–93, 139, 164, 175, 182, 185, 188
Reagan, Ronald, 154, 186, 199, 201–5, 273n-74n
Rebuck, Lester, 143–44
recessions, 12, 66–67, 177, 195, 202, 210
Berlet and, 10–11
democracy and, 1, 10, 13, 17, 24, 33, 35
Four Freedoms and, 13, 201, 206
Great Depression and, 1, 9, 29
Greatest Generation and, 8–9, 13, 202, 205, 207
Roosevelt and, 7–9, 12–13, 17, 33, 35–36, 44, 65, 69, 86, 143, 169, 200, 204, 207, 212
World War I and, 77–78
World War II and, 1–2, 8, 103, 110, 202
Young and, 11–12
Republicans, Republican Party, 2, 10–11, 20, 25, 31, 67, 113, 120, 125, 135, 158, 161, 179, 187, 197, 209, 211–12, 218n
African Americans and, 52, 178
labor unions and, 141, 152, 156, 160, 177–78, 211
New Deal and, 64, 100, 141, 155
Reagan and, 202–3
Roosevelt and, 31, 33–34, 37, 57, 61, 70, 75, 141, 253n
World War II and, 79, 100–102, 128, 155
Reuther, Walter, 91–92, 136, 151, 167, 169, 175, 182, 182, 185, 191
Revolutionary War, 17, 62, 65, 76, 186, 193
Right, 7, 134, 157, 168–69, 171, 176, 179, 189–90, 192, 196–98, 208–11
Greatest Generation and, 9–10
Reagan and, 202–4
Roosevelt and, 9–10, 61, 140, 156, 160, 208
Truman and, 163–64
Robeson, Paul, 67, 82, 94, 137
Rockefeller, David, 196–98
Rockwell, Norman, 11–12, 116–18, 162
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 2, 31, 33, 44, 74, 93
African Americans and, 48, 68, 122, 169
on Four Equalities, 84–85, 113, 126
popularity of, 68–69
World War II and, 83, 89, 96, 113
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 2–10, 53–59, 155, 159, 167, 174, 181, 183, 197
African Americans and, 44–46, 48, 61, 63–64, 91, 93, 98–99, 122–23, 127–28, 140
background and heritage of, 2, 31–34, 45, 65, 76
Carter and, 199–200
Communists and, 9–10, 32, 61, 70, 141
and Economic Bill of Rights, 84, 123–24, 126, 131, 133–34, 138, 142, 151, 162, 179
enemies of, 55–56, 61, 100, 123, 128, 141, 179, 208
Four Freedoms and, 4–8, 15, 18, 72–75, 83–84, 86–87, 89–90, 92, 94, 111–12, 116–17, 119–20, 122–25, 131, 138, 142, 144, 149, 160–61, 163, 170–71, 193, 199, 206, 258n
Great Depression and, 2, 4, 9–10, 17, 34–35, 38, 45, 55, 57–58, 66–67, 84, 143, 156
Greatest Generation and, 8, 63, 201
illnesses of, 2, 33, 131, 136, 141
labor unions and, 37, 51, 55, 58–59, 61, 65–67, 85, 92, 97, 121, 123, 132–33, 136–38, 164
legacy of, 17, 143–44, 169–70, 179–80, 200, 203–4, 211
liberals and, 17, 32–33, 55, 57, 151, 169, 253n
New Deal and, 3, 17–18, 31, 35–36, 38–48, 55, 58–59, 61, 64, 73, 76–77, 79, 86, 124, 130, 141–42, 164, 190, 193, 207–8, 273n
Obama and, 207–11
presidential campaigns of, 2, 31, 34–37, 56–58, 61–63, 70, 73, 79, 85–86, 91, 113, 116, 124, 137, 140–43, 187
public relations campaigns and, 56–57, 69, 176
Reagan and, 203–4
remembering and, 7–9, 12–13, 17, 33, 35–36, 44, 65, 69, 86, 143, 169, 200, 204, 207, 212
on social insurance and social security, 42, 58–59, 65, 126
speeches of, 2–5, 15, 32, 35–37, 42, 44–46, 48–49, 58, 62–65, 70, 72–77, 83–86, 89, 92, 111, 123–24, 126, 131–33, 136, 140–42, 162, 203, 217n, 234n-35n
vision of, 32–35, 41, 45, 58, 72, 75, 87, 141, 144, 151, 160, 189
World War II and, 2–4, 45, 64, 72–77, 79, 86–88, 90–91, 96–101, 111–12, 123, 126–28, 130–35, 141–43, 154, 156, 234n-36n
Roosevelt, Theodore, 31, 34, 62
Rosenblum, Walter, 110
Rosenthal, Robert, 107
Rossiter, Clinton, 170
Rural Electrification Administration (REA), 43, 58
Sanchez, George, 71
Saperstein, Harold, 15
Second Amenia Conference, 52
Seldes, Gilbert, 29
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill of Rights), 135–36, 149, 154, 172, 186
Shannon, Robert Lee, Jr., 111
Shelley, John, 120
Sherwood, Robert E., 73–74, 81, 143
Silverman, Stanley, 106
Skidell, Akiva, 15
Sloan, Alfred, Jr., 56, 59, 160
social insurance, social security, 3, 6, 12, 43, 55, 64–65, 125, 139, 141, 162, 165, 187, 211
Eisenhower and, 171–72
Roosevelt and, 42, 58–59, 65, 126
socialists, socialism, 20, 25, 27, 51–52, 56, 59, 165, 184
democratic, 91, 124, 135–38, 157, 160, 175, 196, 211
Eisenhower and, 169–70
Soldier Vote bill, 99, 128–29, 133, 135
South, 57, 135, 159–65, 170, 195
African Americans and, 22–23, 43, 46–47, 50–52, 61, 68, 93–94, 98–101, 109, 122, 140, 152–53, 155, 159, 162–63, 165, 169, 173–75, 177, 179–80, 183–84
Democrats and, 22–23, 61, 64, 91, 102, 128, 140–41, 155, 165
labor unions and, 50–52, 141, 152, 156–57, 159–61, 173, 182, 187–88, 190, 198
New Deal and, 40–41, 43–44, 46–47, 102
Roosevelt and, 46, 55, 61, 63–64, 90, 159
Truman and, 163–64
World War II and, 91, 99, 128, 155, 159
Southern Conference for Human Welfare (SCHW), 68, 156, 169
Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union (STFU), 51–52, 68, 154
Soviet Union, 32, 156, 165, 202
Cold War and, 6, 149, 155, 157–58, 177, 190
World War II and, 78, 101, 105
Staupers, Mabel, K., 122
Steber, John, 110
Steinbeck, John, 129–30
Stone, I. F., 54, 90, 124, 144
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 180, 183, 186, 191
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 180, 182, 191
Suberman, Stella, 172
Supreme Court, U.S., 59, 83, 184, 197
African Americans and, 68, 140, 172, 174
Taft, William Howard, 20, 22, 152
taxes, 7, 59, 141, 157, 163, 172, 182, 192, 194, 197–98, 209–10
poll, 22–23, 52, 68, 93–94, 98–99, 128, 154
Roosevelt and, 132–35
South and, 68, 128, 160, 173, 190
World War II and, 90–91, 98, 132–33
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 40, 43, 141, 157
Time, 74, 82, 133, 173, 175, 196
Treasury Department, U.S., 38–39, 90, 117
Trilateral Commission, 197–98
Truman, Harry S., 140, 155–58, 161, 169, 200, 258n
Cold War and, 157–58
Four Freedoms and, 150–51, 163–65
presidential campaign of, 163–66
Tugwell, Rexford, 47–48
Twentieth Century Fund, 124, 151
unemployment insurance, 4, 30, 58–59, 126, 151, 171
Union for Democratic Action (UDA), 91, 156
United Auto Workers (UAW), 66, 92, 121, 151–52, 167–69, 182, 185, 191, 199–200
United Farm Workers (UFW), 182
United Mine Workers (UMW), 18, 23, 37, 49, 52, 121, 125
United Nations, 149
United Nations Fight for the Four Freedoms, The, 113
United Services Organization (USO), 96
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 56, 99, 160–61, 176, 197, 204
United States Junior Chamber of Commerce, 119
United Steelworkers of America (USWA), 66, 92, 151–52
opposition to, 7, 189, 191–95, 218n
Wagner, Robert F., 25, 30, 47, 59, 78, 112, 126–27, 138–39
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act), 43, 59, 64–66, 161–62
Wallace, Henry, 112–13, 140, 151, 157–58
Wallner, Thomas J., 99–100
War Advertising Council, 113, 119, 161
Ward, Donovan, 160
War Department, U.S., 22, 128, 132
Washington, George, 64, 81, 86–87, 144
Washington marches, 92–93, 127, 185
Watergate scandal, 195–96, 202
White, Walter, 44, 52, 93, 109, 139
White, William Allen, 82–83, 87
Whitman, Walt, 82
Wilbur, Bud, 47
Williams, Charles, 109
Willkie, Wendell, 2, 116, 122–23, 253n
Wilson, Herrett, 129
Wilson, Woodrow, 31, 33–34, 62, 76, 78
women, 162–63, 183–84, 195, 198
consumerism and, 51, 88, 120, 127, 183
discrimination against, 188–89
equality and, 7, 16, 122, 179, 183, 203
F. Roosevelt and, 44, 46, 48, 51, 64, 75
labor unions and, 24–25, 67, 98, 136, 138, 178, 183, 196
World War II and, 89–90, 94–95, 98–99, 108, 121–22, 140, 146, 155
Woodard, Isaac, 159
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 17, 42–45, 55, 58–60, 64, 67, 183, 185
World War I, 19, 21, 25, 27–28, 40, 77–78, 112, 140
comparisons between World War II and, 97, 102, 139
World War II, 1–6, 8–12, 71–83, 86–159, 165–67, 170–74, 197, 219n, 251n
African Americans and, 16, 77, 91–93, 98–101, 104–9, 120, 127–29, 139–40, 152–54, 159, 174, 178, 183
aims of, 16, 101–5, 107, 109–13, 115–18, 123
Atlantic Charter and, 87–88, 107, 126
commitment and determination in, 87–88, 99, 101, 103–4, 109
culture and, 80–82, 113–18, 128
democracy and, 5–6, 75, 77, 80–81, 83, 86, 88, 90–92, 94, 96, 99–105, 107, 109–10, 118–20, 129, 135–36, 146, 150, 154, 173
Eisenhower and, 169, 171–72, 189
Four Freedoms and, 5, 15–16, 76, 87–89, 91, 101–2, 104, 107–9, 112–23, 126, 129–31, 136, 139–40, 149, 153–54, 159, 171, 206
generation of, 2–6, 9, 11–12, 170, 180, 202–3, 205, 208
German surrender and, 6, 144, 148
home front in, 88–92, 94–99, 113–23, 131–32, 145
isolationism and, 72, 74–76, 78–80, 87, 91, 102, 146, 234n-35n
Japanese surrender and, 6, 145–47, 150
labor unions and, 88–92, 97–100, 120–21, 129, 132–33, 136–39, 149, 151–52, 154–57, 188
letters from servicemen in, 110–11
Mexican Americans and, 71, 107–8, 153–54
military orientation programs in, 103–4
mixing ethnicities in, 106–8, 111, 174
Pearl Harbor attack and, 5, 71–72, 94–95, 97, 107, 141
plans and concerns for life after, 116, 124, 126, 129–30, 132–33, 135, 137–39, 141–42
preparing for, 4, 9, 16, 45, 72, 74, 76–77, 79–80, 83, 86–91, 94
public opinion on, 80, 83, 87, 96, 101–3, 125
racial issues in, 91, 95, 97, 100–101, 105–9, 115–16, 129, 139, 145, 154–55
Reagan and, 201–5
remembering and, 1–2, 8, 103, 110, 202
Roosevelt and, 2–4, 45, 64, 72–77, 79, 86–88, 90–91, 96–101, 111–12, 123, 126–28, 130–35, 141–43, 154, 156, 234n-36n
South and, 91, 99, 128, 155, 159
veterans of, 107, 126, 132, 134–36, 141–42, 146, 149, 151–55, 158–59, 172, 174, 178–79, 182–88, 192–93, 195, 199
voting and, 99, 128–29, 133, 135, 152–53
Young and, 11–12
Young, Lorrie, 11–12
Zosel, Wallace, 16