Notes
INTRODUCTION
1
W. P. Cresson, James Monroe (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), p. 28. This entire story was told, according to Cresson, by President Monroe to Lewis S. Coryell of New Hope, Pennsylvania, at a White House dinner.
2
Ibid., p. 14.
3
Ibid., p. 21.
4
Ibid., p. 24, n. 14.
5
Ibid., p. 25.
6
Ibid., p. 51, n. 11.
1: THE PORTRAIT OF A PATRIOT
1
Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1990), p. 28.
2
Ibid., p. 30.
3
Cresson, Monroe, p. 70, n. 18.
4
Ibid., p. 72.
5
James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, November 1, 1784, The Political Writings of James Monroe, ed. James P. Lucier (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2001), pp. 38-40. Hereinafter cited as Political Writings.
6
Cresson, Monroe, pp. 79-80.
7
James Monroe to Patrick Henry, Political Writings, pp. 31-33.
8
Ammon, Monroe, p. 43
9
Cresson, Monroe, p. 82.
10
Ammon, Monroe, p. 60.
11
Ibid., p. 62
12
Ibid.
13
Cresson, Monroe, p. 95.
14
Ammon, Monroe, p. 69.
15
See the author’s The Minuteman (New York: Free Press, 1997).
16
Ammon, Monroe, p. 76.
17
Ibid., p. 77.
18
Ibid., p. 79.
19
Ibid., p. 81.
20
Ibid., p. 84, n. 15.
21
Noble Cunningham, Jr., The Presidency of James Monroe (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), p. 21.
22
Ibid., p. 87, n. 25.
2 WASHINGTON’S LIEUTENANT, JEFFERSON’S PUPPET, OR MADISON’S PAWN?
1
Joyce Appleby, Thomas Jefferson (New York: Times Books, 2003), pp. 32-33.
2
Carl J. Richards, The Founders and the Classics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 107, 112, 140.
3
Political Writings, p. 256.
4
Ammon, Monroe, p. 112, n. 17.
5
Cresson, Monroe, pp. 124-25.
6
Richard Brookhiser, The Founding Father (New York: Free Press, 1996), p. 83.
7
Ammon, Monroe, p. 112.
8
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 4, n. 10.
9
Ibid., n. 11.
10
Ibid., p. 114.
11
Ibid., n. 31.
12
Cresson, Monroe, p. 128, n. 4.
13
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 5.
14
Cresson, Monroe, pp. 128-29.
15
Ibid., p. 131.
16
Political Writings, pp. 111-13.
17
Ammon, Monroe, p. 122.
18
Ibid., p. 148.
19
The Oxford Companion to United States History, ed. Paul S. Boyer (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 403.
20
Cresson, Monroe, p. 140, n. 14.
21
Brookhiser, Founding Father, p. 83.
22
Quoted in Ammon, Monroe, p. 155.
23
Cresson, Monroe, p. 154, n. 26.
24
Ammon, Monroe, p. 129, n. 75.
25
Quoted in ibid., p. 168.
26
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 209.
27
Ammon, Monroe, p. 164.
28
Quoted in ibid., p. 177.
29
Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, January 13, 1803, Jefferson’s Works, iv., p. 453, cited in Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Library of America, 1986), p. 292.
30
Ibid., p. 469.
31
Ibid., p. 468.
32
Ibid., p. 717.
33
Ibid., p. 878.
34
Ibid., p. 1015.
35
Ammon, Monroe, p. 268.
36
Ibid., p. 278.
37
Ibid., p. 287.
38
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, pp. 247-48.
39
Ammon, Monroe, p. 382.
40
Ibid., p. 29.
41
Garry Wills, James Madison (New York: Times Books, 2002), p. 91.
42
James Monroe to James Madison, March 23, 1811, Political Writings, p. 435.
43
Ammon, Monroe, p. 313.
44
Ibid., pp. 312-14; also see, Wills, James Madison, p. 117.
45
Cresson, Monroe, p. 259.
46
Ibid., p. 273.
47
Ibid.
48
Ammon, Monroe, p. 341.
49
Ibid., pp. 352-54.
3: “WE CANNOT GO BACK”
1
Ammon, Monroe, p. 44.
2
Ibid.
3
Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, November 24, 1801, quoted in Anthony F. C. Wallace, Jefferson and the Indians (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 17.
4
Ammon, Monroe, p. 46.
5
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 2.
6
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 71, n. 25.
7
Ibid., p. 79.
8
Ibid.
9
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 39.
10
“To Congress—Removal of Indians,” Political Writings, pp. 324-27.
11
Ammon, Monroe, p. 91.
12
Ibid., p. 177.
13
Ibid., p. 345, n. 1.
14
Quoted in Ammon, Monroe, p. 193.
15
Ibid.
16
Ibid., p. 315.
17
Ibid., p. 323.
18
“Explanatory Observations: Defense of the Coast,” Political Writings, pp. 448-59.
19
James Monroe to James Madison, Political Writings, pp. 462-63.
20
“To the President,” Political Writings, p. 464.
21
Ibid., p. 333.
22
Ammon, Monroe, p. 333.
23
Ibid., p. 337.
24
Ibid., p. 338. See also Cresson, Monroe, p. 275.
25
Ammon, Monroe, p. 557.
26
James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, December 21, 1814, Political Writings, pp. 470-72.
27
Ammon, Monroe, p. 345.
28
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 29.
29
First inaugural address, Political Writings, pp. 487-95.
30
Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), p. 298.
31
First inaugural address.
32
Quoted in Ammon, Monroe, p. 370.
33
Cunningham, The Presidency, pp. 30-31.
34
Ibid., p. 37.
35
“To the Members of the Cabinet,” Political Writings, p. 499.
36
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 43.
37
Ibid., 45, n. 14.
38
Ammon, Monroe, p. 420.
39
The entire episode of Jackson’s invasion of Florida is discussed at greater length in chapter 5.
40
James Monroe to General Andrew Jackson, Political Writings, pp. 502-6.
41
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 106.
42
Quoted in Lynn W. Turner, “Elections of 1816 and 1820,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Fred L. Israel, eds., History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968, 4 vols. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 1:316; cited in Cunningham, The Presidency.
43
Ammon, Monroe, p. 366.
44
Ibid., p. 470. The War Department’s expenditure was more than 35 percent of the federal budget.
45
Ibid.
46
Quoted in Cunningham, The Presidency, pp. 75-76.
47
Ibid., pp. 110-11.
48
Quoted in Ammon, Monroe, p. 471, n. 21.
49
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 112.
50
Quoted in Ammon, Monroe, p. 472, n. 26.
51
Second inaugural address, Political Writings, pp. 526-35.
52
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 119.
53
Eighth annual message to Congress, Political Writings, pp. 541-44.
54
Quoted in Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 172, n. 42.
55
Ibid., p. 118.
56
Ibid.
4: JAMES MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
1
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 291.
2
Ammon, Monroe, p. 361, n. 51.
3
James Monroe to John Quincy Adams, Political Writings, p. 494.
4
Robert V. Remini, John Quincy Adams (New York: Times Books, 2002), p. 48.
5
Political Writings, pp. 549-602.
6
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 23.
7
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 299, n. 53.
8
Ammon, Monroe, p. 359.
9
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 292, n. 39.
10
Ammon, Monroe, p. 384.
11
Ibid., p. 446.
12
Quoted in Remini, John Quincy Adams, p. 55.
13
Cresson, Monroe, pp. 312-13, n. 35.
14
Quoted in Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 60, n. 23.
15
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 316, n. 41.
16
Quoted in ibid., p. 325.
17
James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, February 7, 1820, Political Writings, pp. 516-17.
18
Quoted in Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 97, n. 29.
19
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 345, n. 8.
20
Quoted in Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 104, n. 56.
21
Quoted in ibid.
22
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 458, n. 28.
23
Ammon, Monroe, pp. 450-51.
24
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 149.
25
“Sketch of Instructions for Agent for South America,” Political Writings, pp. 611-16.
26
Message to Congress, March 8, 1822, Political Writings, pp. 616-19.
27
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 326.
28
Ammon, Monroe, pp. 481-82.
29
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 413.
30
Quoted in Cunningham, The Presidency, pp. 149-63.
31
Quoted in ibid.
32
James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, October 17, 1823, Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, October 24, 1823, Political Writings, pp. 632-37.
33
Seventh annual message to Congress, Political Writings, pp. 637-51.
34
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 151.
35
Cresson, Monroe, p. 439.
36
Ammon, Monroe, p. 362.
37
Quoted in ibid., p. 521.
38
Ibid., p. 527.
39
Ibid., p. 409.
40
Ammon, Monroe, p. 405.
41
Cresson, Monroe, pp. 364-65.
5: “THIS SETS OUR COMPASS”
1
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 149.
2
Quoted in ibid., p. 150, n. 2.
3
Quoted in ibid., pp. 151-52, n. 10.
4
Quoted in ibid., p. 155, n. 2.
5
Political Writings, pp. 621-24.
6
Ibid., p. 623.
7
Ibid., p. 624.
8
Ibid., p. 625.
9
Ibid., p. 632.
10
Ibid., p. 633.
11
Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, Political Writings, p. 632.
12
From the memoirs of John Quincy Adams, Political Writings, p. 637.
13
Political Writings, p. 632.
14
Ibid.
15
James Madison to James Monroe, October 30, 1823, Political Writings, p. 635.
16
Ibid., p. 637.
17
From the memoirs of John Quincy Adams, November 15, 1823, Political Writings, p. 637.
18
Quoted in Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 156, n. 30.
19
Quoted in ibid., p. 156, n. 34.
20
Quoted in ibid., p. 158.
21
Ibid., p. 159, n. 44. This later came to be known as the “no transfer” principle and had first been asserted by Congress in 1811 with reference to Spanish ownership of East Florida.
22
Political Writings, p. 640.
23
Ibid., p. 649.
24
Ibid., p. 650.
25
Ibid.
26
Ibid.
27
Quoted in Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 160.
28
Ibid.
29
Political Writings, p. 650.
30
Ammon, Monroe, p. 491.
31
Ibid., p. 492.
32
Remini, John Quincy Adams, p. 51.
33
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 163.
34
James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, Political Writings, pp. 651ff.
35
James Madison to James Monroe, Political Writings, pp. 653-54.
36
Ibid., pp. 654-55.
37
Political Writings, pp. 655-58.
38
Ammon, Monroe, p. 479.
39
Ibid., p. 491.
40
David Y. Thomas, One Hundred Years of the Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1923 (New York: Macmillan, 1923), p. vii.
41
Salvador de Madariaga, Latin America Between the Eagle and the Bear (New York: Praeger, 1962); quoted as an epigraph in Donald Marquand Dozer, The Monroe Doctrine: Its Modern Significance (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965).
42
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Imperial Presidency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), p. 27.
43
Ibid., p. 316.
44
Dexter Perkins, A History of the Monroe Doctrine (originally published as Hands Off: A History of the Monroe Doctrine) (London: Longmans, 1955), p. 393.
45
Cited in Dozer, The Monroe Doctrine, p. 186.
CONCLUSION
1
Cunningham, The Presidency, p. 191.
2
Quoted in ibid., p. 172, n. 41.
3
Quoted in Ammon, Monroe, p. 569, n. 75.
4
Quoted in ibid., p. 468.
5
Quoted in ibid., p. 469, n. 1.
6
Quoted in Cresson, Monroe, p. 369.