A page with a figure or figures is indicated by “fig.” following the page number.
ABC (American Broadcasting Company): Agnew, Spiro and, 149–150; as author resource, 19; Boston and, 190, 194–95, 195–96, 197; Chicago busing and, 72–73, 75; Civil Rights Act (1964) violation and, 194–95; Hicks, Louise Day and, 83–84; Kirk, Claude and, 103, 105, 107; McCabe, Irene and, 142, 145–48, 157, 159, 163fig.; Nixon, Richard and, 115, 136; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City) and, 24, 27fig.; production decisions and, 13; research lack and, 14
Adabo, Jean, 23
Agnew, Spiro, 13, 101, 106, 116, 121, 149–150
Alabama: busing and, 174; civil rights movement and, 10, 14; de facto segregation and, 127; desegregation and, 8, 104; freedom of choice school legislation and, 52, 110–11; governors meeting and, 102; Hood, James and, 106, 207; Jones, Vivian Malone and, 106; judicial oversight and, 210; Montgomery Advertiser (newspaper), 11; Rosa Parks and, 2; Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing, 77; Sparkman, John and, 50–51; University of Alabama integration, 207. See also Wallace, George
Albert, Carl, 138fig.
Alcott Parent-Teacher Association (Pontiac, Michigan), 155
Alexander v. Holmes (1969), 103, 122–23
Alinsky, Saul, 58
Alioto, Joseph, 170
Allen, James, 122
Allin, Lyndon (Mort), 116
Altschuler, Glenn, 240n10
American Jewish Congress, 43
American Party, 187–88
An American Dilemma (Myrdal), 8
Anderson, Alan, 228n12
Annenberg, Walter, 240n10
antibusing activists, 11–12, 164, 170, 186, 187–88, 199, 246n1. See also individuals
antibusing amendments, 1, 28, 52, 96–100, 110–13, 134, 157, 158, 163fig., 165
antibusing legislation, 5, 52, 100, 110
antibusing protests: Chicago and, 70–75; Labor Day March (Pontiac, Michigan), 145–46, 147fig.; legislation and, 5; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and, 170; news media and, 11, 179; New York and, 56; Nixon, Richard and, 131; television and, 13–14, 145–46, 147fig., 155, 164, 192–94, 197, 198fig., 209; white parents and, 11–12, 24–26, 46–47, 144; women and, 152. See also mothers’ march (McCabe) (1972); National Action Group (NAG); Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City)
antibusing provision (Civil Rights Act) (1964), 15, 28, 50–52, 56
antibusing resolution (National Black Political Convention), 181–85, 188
Anti-Defamation League, 43
Armor, David, 5
Ashbrook, John, 95
Associated Press (AP), 14, 33, 159, 163fig., 165, 186, 187
“As We See It” (television), 166
Atlanta Journal Constitution (newspaper), 19
Austin High School (Chicago), 61
Austin School Board (Texas), 131–32
“Backlash in Boston—and Across the U.S.” (Newsweek), 83
Baldwin, James, 6
Baltimore Afro-American (newspaper), 19, 136, 175
Baraka, Imamu (Amiri), 184
Barnett, Ross, 102
Bart, Peter, 33
Batson, Ruth, 16, 20–21, 77, 78–81, 86, 90, 144
Batson, Susan, 77–78
Batten, Tony, 184
Bayh, Birch, 26
Bay State Banner (newspaper), 19
“Because It Is Right—Educationally” (report) (Boston), 81
Bedford-Stuyvesant (New York City), 29, 36–37, 40
Bell v. School City of Gary, Indiana, 66
Benti, Joseph, 150
Berger, Martin, 217n41
Bertram, Frederick, 61
Bickel, Alexander, 111, 136–37
Biden, Joe, 1
bilingual education, 45
black communities: black educators, 18, 37–38, 169, 171, 175–76, 178–79, 180; black mothers, 37, 58, 75, 144, 168, 170; busing and, 18, 154–56, 170–75, 180, 183, 184, 188–89; Chicago and, 59–60, 67; Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (Lukas) and, 20; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 25, 43, 45–46, 59, 87, 170, 181, 183, 186; Crestwood High School (Virginia) and, 176; Intergroup Committee on New York Public Schools and, 30; National Action Group (NAG) and, 170–71; news media and, 8, 18, 155, 170–71, 180, 184, 189, 217n41; Northeastern University conference (1994), 20; opinion diversity and, 18, 154–55, 170, 171–72, 184; Pontiac (Michigan) and, 154–56; school closures and, 171, 176–78; school desegregation and, 18, 29–36, 87, 170, 171, 175–180, 184; television and, 208, 217n41. See also black parents; National Black Political Convention; New York Amsterdam News (newspaper); Smothers, Clay
black educators, 18, 37–38, 169, 171, 175–76, 178–79, 180
Black Journal (television), 173–74
black migration, 7–8, 29, 58, 140
black mothers, 37, 58, 75, 144, 168, 170. See also black parents; individuals
Blackmun, Harry, 118
Black Nationalism, 169
black parents: Boston and, 79–80, 174; busing and, 171–72; Intergroup Committee on New York Public Schools and, 30, 32; Jackson, Ellen, 16, 84, 85–90, 144; McCabe, Irene and, 170–71; news media and, 170–71; New York City and, 30, 36, 39, 43; Operation Exodus (Boston) and, 85–86, 90; Parents Committee for Better Education (New York City) and, 37, 43, 45–46; Parents in Actions Against Education Discrimination (New York City) and, 37; Pontiac (Michigan) and, 154–56; San Francisco Board of Education and, 168–170; school boycotts and, 37–39, 43
black students: “As We See It” (television) and, 166; Boston and, 79, 85, 88, 179–180; busing data and, 214n20; Chicago and, 54, 57–59, 63, 71, 74–75; desegregation and, 4, 18, 166–67, 171, 174–75, 176–180; Florida and, 106; Michigan and, 154; New York City and, 39, 43, 179; open enrollment policy and, 42, 44; Operation Exodus (Boston) and, 85–90, 192, 194; Princeton Plan and, 46; Public Education Association (PEA) and, 32; school boycotts and, 43; school conditions and, 36, 37, 57, 58, 59, 79, 85, 91, 154; suspensions, pushouts of, 18, 171, 179–180; white parents and, 2, 36, 74, 212
Blocker v. Board of Education on Manhassett (1964), 49
Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell (1991), 210
Bodroghkozy, Aniko, 217n41
Bogan High School (Chicago), 60–61
Booker, James, 93–94
Booker T. Washington High School (Virginia), 176–78
Boston, 77–92, 190–210; ABC (American Broadcasting Company) and, 190, 194–95, 195–96, 197; antibusing and, 187; “As We See It” (television) and, 166; “Backlash in Boston—and Across the U.S.” (Newsweek), 83; Batson, Ruth and, 16, 20–21, 77, 78–81; “Because It Is Right—Educationally” (report), 81; black parents and, 79–80, 174; black students and, 79, 85, 88, 179–180; “Boston’s Busing Battle” (Time), 83; busing and, 3, 29, 82–85, 87–88, 174, 192–93, 197–200; busing frame and, 18, 78, 83, 91, 192–93; Charlestown, 18, 193, 200–204, 205; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 4, 192, 194; civil rights movement and, 4, 194–95; Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (Lukas) and, 19, 20; court ordered school desegregation and, 7; de facto segregation and, 8, 77–78, 80–81, 84; forced busing and, 197–200; Garrity, W. Arthur and, 190, 193–94, 194–95, 196, 199–200, 202–3, 208; housing discrimination and, 88, 90, 200, 203; judicial oversight and, 210; Kiernan Commission report and, 81, 82; Morgan v. Hennigan (1974) and, 7; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and, 84, 174; news media and, 3, 78, 190–210; New York Times on, 190, 195; open enrollment policy and, 85; Operation Exodus and, 85–90, 192, 194; other cities and, 193, 195, 204–8; probusing events and, 164; protests and, 174; Racial Imbalance Act (1965), 78, 81–83, 85, 91, 193; Roxbury, 77–78, 85–90, 193, 203–4, 207–8; San Francisco Board of Education busing and, 169–170; school boycotts and, 64fig., 80, 81, 191; segregation and, 7, 16, 194–95, 200; Smothers, Clay and, 185, 186–88; South Boston, 18, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200–204, 205–6; “Southern Perspective on School Busing in Boston, A” (television), 206; “Stay Out for Freedom” protests, 80, 81; television and, 13, 18, 84, 166, 171, 190–210; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and, 190; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and, 192, 194–95; violence and, 191, 193, 196, 204. See also Boston Globe; Boston School Committee; Hicks, Louise Day; school desegregation (Boston)
Boston Globe: as author resource, 19; Batson, Ruth and the, 80–81; Boston busing and the, 1, 82, 191; Chicago Board of Education and the, 76; Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (Lukas) and the, 19; on Hicks, Louise Day, 3, 84; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the, 3; Nixon, Richard and the, 138; on Racial Imbalance Act (1965), 85; “Stay Out for Freedom” protest (Boston) and the, 80
“Boston’s Busing Battle” (Time), 83
Boston School Committee: Atkins, Thomas and the, 78; Batson, Ruth and the, 79–81; de facto segregation and the, 78; Fourteenth Amendment violation and the, 199; Garrity, W. Arthur and the, 199–200; Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) and the, 90; Morgan v. Hennigan (1974) and the, 7, 84, 199; Operation Exodus and the, 88, 90; racial discrimination and the, 128, 180; Racial Imbalance Act (1965) and the, 78, 85, 91; segregated schools and the, 194. See also Boston; Hicks, Louise Day; school desegregation (Boston)
boycotts. See school boycotts
Brady, Phil, 199
Brennan, William, 128
Breyer, Stephen, 210–11
Brinkley, David, 130
Brooklyn (New York), 37, 42, 49, 96. See also Bedford-Stuyvesant (New York City)
Brooklyn’s Parents’ Workshop, 42
Brown, Linda, 2
Brownsville (New York City), 29
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954): Alexander v. Holmes County (1969) and, 122; Brown, Linda and, 2; busing and, 212; Chicago and, 55; civil rights movement and, 4; Clark, Kenneth and, 30, 31; Florida and, 103; House Joint Resolution 620 (H.J. Res. 620) and, 111; Nixon, Richard and, 121–22, 126, 129; northern violation of, 7; school desegregation (New York City) and, 31–32; taxpayer rights and, 26
Brudnoy, David, 187
Buchanan, Pat, 13, 116, 135, 149
Buffalo (New York), 210
Burger, Warren, 118, 123, 125, 126, 129–130, 140
Burnside Elementary School (Chicago), 58–59
busing: ABC (American Broadcasting Company) and, 72–73; “As We See It” (television) and, 166; black communities and, 18, 154–56, 170–75, 180, 183, 184, 188–89; Boston and, 3, 29, 82–85, 87–88, 174, 192–93, 197–200; Chicago and, 70–76; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 51–52, 95, 103; extremism and, 21, 35–36, 121–22; Glendale-Ridgewood (Queens) (New York City) transfer plan and, 39–41; intact busing, 91; Kirk, Claude and, 16, 95–96, 101, 108, 164, 238n60; Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) and, 90, 203; moratorium on, 114–15, 134, 136, 139, 172, 174, 182–83; myths and, 15; National Black Political Convention and, 181–84; news media and, 3, 5, 12, 14, 18, 29, 33–34; New York and, 15, 16, 28–29, 33, 34–36, 39–41, 52–53, 93, 111; Nixon, Richard and, 1, 17, 101, 113, 114–15, 118, 130–141, 182–83; as northern de jure segregation remedy, 7; one-way busing, 40fig., 74, 90, 91, 212; politicians and, 3, 4, 5, 15, 16–17, 92, 93–96, 109, 164, 170, 172; Pontiac (Michigan) and, 7, 11–12, 13, 29, 145–46, 154–56, 192; racism of debate on, 172–75; San Francisco Board of Education and, 168–170; school desegregation and, 2, 3, 6, 35–36, 82–84, 87–90, 192, 193, 212; Smothers, Clay and, 18, 171, 185–89; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) and, 129–133, 140; television and, 11, 13–14, 88–89, 95, 133, 150, 192, 204–8, 209; term appearance of, 33; two-way, 90, 203; Wallace, George and, 95, 114, 135, 164. See also antibusing amendments; busing frame; Hicks, Louise Day; Kirk, Claude; McCabe, Irene; Nixon, Richard
“Busing Foe Fades from Limelight” (New York Times), 165–66
busing frame: black communities and the, 170, 180, 183, 184, 189; Boston and the, 18, 78, 83, 91, 192–93; Clark, Kenneth on the, 35; Hicks, Louise Day and the, 89fig., 91; news media and the, 3, 5, 12, 83, 89fig., 170–71, 175, 180, 189, 209; politicians and the, 170; school desegregation and the, 4, 35–36, 91, 170–71, 192–93, 212
“Busing Gets OK from Black Unit” (Chicago Tribune), 184
Byrd, Robert, 65–66
California, 28, 85, 104, 128, 166, 192, 204, 205. See also Los Angeles (California)
CALM (Concerned About Louisville’s Mood), 204
Carmichael, Stokely, 86–87, 150
Carter, Hodding, III, 45
Carver, George Washington, 177
Castleberry, Jackie, 195–96
Catholic Interracial Council, 43
CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System): Agnew, Spiro and, 149–150; Benti, Joseph and, 150; Boston busing and, 190, 191, 194–96, 201; Burger, Warren and, 130; CBS v. Democratic National Committee (1973), 12; civil rights coverage and, 10; Goldwater, Barry and, 94; Kirk, Claude and, 103–4, 105, 107; McCabe, Irene and, 142, 145–49, 159–161, 162; Nixon, Richard and, 115, 135, 136; production decisions and, 13; research lack and, 14; Smothers, Clay and, 186; on South Boston, 201; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) and, 130
CBS v. Democratic National Committee (1973), 12
CCCO (Coordinating Council of Community Organizations), 54–56, 59, 61–62, 64, 66, 67, 68
Cellar, Emmanuel, 27, 49–51, 54
Chancellor, John, 13, 191, 196, 202fig.
Charlestown (Boston), 18, 193, 200–204, 205
Charlotte (North Carolina), 124, 209
Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools, 111, 124, 129–131, 140
Chatham-Avalon Park Community Council (Chicago), 59
Cheney, James, 138–39
Chew, Charles, 62
Chicago, 54–76; ABC (American Broadcasting Company) and, 72–73, 75; Abner, Willoughby and, 56, 228n12; “As We See It” (television) and, 166; black communities and, 59–60, 67; black students and, 54, 57–59, 63, 71, 74–75; Bogan High School, 60–61; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) and, 55; Burnside Elementary School, 58–59; busing and, 70–76; Chatham-Avalon Park Community Council, 59; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 4, 15–16, 28, 54–56, 65–70; de facto segregation and, 55, 66, 67, 69, 127; Dirksen, Everett and, 15–16, 28, 55, 67; Freedom Day school boycotts and, 61–63, 64fig.; Goldwater, Barry and, 94; Hirsch High School, 61; housing discrimination and, 73; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and, 56–57, 228n12; NBC (National Broadcasting Company) and, 13; news media and, 9; New York Times on, 69; Operation Transfer and, 57–58; racism and, 71–72, 73, 74; riots and, 48; segregation and, 15–16, 54, 55, 57, 63, 75, 195; Smothers, Clay and, 185; Stennis, John on, 99; Taxpayers Council of the Northwest Side, 71; Teachers for Integrated Schools, 59; Title VI (Civil Rights Act) and, 15–16, 54–56, 65–67, 117; truth squad mothers and, 58, 144; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and, 63; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and, 15–16, 54–56, 65–70, 75, 76, 96, 99, 117; Washington High School, 61; white parents and, 58–59, 61, 70–75; Woodlawn Experimental Schools Project and, 178. See also Chicago Defender (newspaper); Chicago Tribune (newspaper); Daley, Richard J.; Title VI (Civil Rights Act)
Chicago Board of Education, 54–76; Boston Globe and the, 76; busing opposition and the, 63; consent degree and the, 75; Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO), 54–56, 67; “Increasing Desegregation of Facilities, Students, and Vocational Education Programs” (report), 70; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the, 56–57; Redmond, James and the, 70–72, 74; segregation and the, 75; Title VI (Civil Rights Act) violation and the, 15–16, 54–56, 65–70, 76, 117; Webb v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago (1963), 57–58; Whitson, Frank and, 59–60, 66, 68, 229n27. See also Willis, Benjamin
Chicago Defender (newspaper): as author resource, 19; on busing, 136, 144, 173; Chicago Board of Education Title VI violation and the, 67; on Freedom Day school boycotts, 62; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the, 57; on the National Black Political Convention, 181, 183; on Nixon, Richard, 136; parent protests and the, 58–59, 71–72, 74, 75; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and the, 67; Willis, Benjamin and the, 59–60
Chicago Tribune (newspaper): as author resource, 19; busing and the, 71; federal funds withholding and the, 66, 67, 68; on Freedom Day school boycotts, 62; on McCabe, Irene, 161–62; on the National Black Political Convention, 181, 184; Operation Exodus (Boston) and, 87; school desegregation and the, 11, 56; Willis, Benjamin and the, 60, 61, 68
Children’s Defense Fund, 179
Chisholm, Shirley, 127, 170, 173, 174
Chotin, Arthur, 138–39
Christian Science Monitor (newspaper), 150
Cincinnati Enquirer (newspaper), 238n60
city-to-suburb busing programs, 90, 91, 212
Citywide Coordinating Council (Boston), 180
civil rights. See civil rights activists; civil rights movement; civil rights movement modeling; northern vs. southern civil rights; U.S. Civil Rights Commission
Civil Rights Act (1964): antibusing provision and the, 15, 56; bill evolution and the, 49–52; Boston and the, 4, 192, 194; busing and the, 51–52, 95, 103; Cellar, Emmanuel and the, 27, 49–51; Chicago and the, 4, 15–16, 28, 54–56, 65–70, 117; debate over the, 26–28; de facto segregation and, 27–28, 49–50, 51, 111; Dirksen, Everett and the, 15–16, 28, 55, 67; Eastland, James and the, 50; Goldwater, Barry and the, 94; House Joint Resolution 620 (H.J. Res. 620) and the, 111; Humphrey, Hubert H. and the, 94–95; New York and the, 4, 28, 50–51; Nixon, Richard and the, 126; northern opposition and the, 28–29; northern vs. southern civil rights and the, 50, 52; politicians and the, 4, 49–52, 56; Racial Imbalance Act (1965) and the, 82, 119; racial imbalance and the, 49–52, 56; school desegregation and the, 4, 27–28, 49–50, 51, 111; Title IV and the, 4, 28, 51, 111; white backlash and the, 28, 48; white mothers and the, 51. See also Javits, Jacob; Title VI (Civil Rights Act)
civil rights activists: Chicago and, 56; Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (Lukas) and, 20; de facto segregation and, 7; as extremists, 42; intact busing and, 91; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and, 228n12; news media and, 217n41; Nixon, Richard and, 122, 136; opinion diversity and, 170; white antibusing marches and, 25. See also individuals
Civil Rights Commission. See U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
civil rights movement, 4, 5–6, 9–10, 11–12, 14, 20, 25, 86, 208, 217n41
civil rights movement modeling, 5–6, 11–12, 17, 24–26, 46–48, 144, 148, 157, 170
Clark, Kenneth, 15, 30–31, 32, 34–35, 38
Clark, Mamie, 30
Clarke, K. Marie, 203–4
Cleveland (Ohio), 13, 64fig., 164, 179, 205, 210
Cleveland Call and Post (newspaper), 19, 91
Cohen, Wilbur, 68
Coleman, James, 5
Columbia (South Carolina), 132
Columbus (Georgia), 149
Commission on Integration (New York), 31–32, 33, 34–35
Committee for Parents of Transported Pupils (Saint Louis), 91
Committee on Education and Labor (House of Representatives), 179
Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (Lukas), 19–20
Concerned About Louisville’s Mood (CALM), 204
Concerned Parents (Pontiac, Michigan), 246n1
Congress. See U.S. Congress
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): busing and the, 170, 181, 183–84, 186; Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO) and the, 59; Dennison, Mary and the, 183–84; education control and the, 170, 253n55; Innis, Doris and the, 25; Innis, Roy and the, 170, 181, 182fig., 183, 186; Operation Exodus (Boston) and, 87; school boycotts (New York City) and the, 43, 45–46; Willis, Benjamin and the, 59
Conheim, Maryanne, 150
Connecticut, 99
constitutional amendments, 52, 157. See also antibusing amendments
Conyers, John, 186
Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO), 54–56, 59, 61–62, 64, 66, 67, 68
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). See Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
court ordered school desegregation, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 29, 190, 192, 204
Cox, Edward, 178
Coxey’s Army march (1894), 157
Cradle, Johnnie Mae, 176
Craig, Winston, 36
Cramer, William, 49–50
Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education (1982), 100, 175
Crespino, Joseph, 104
Crestwood High School (Virginia), 168, 176, 178
Crisis (journal), 57
Cronkite, Walter, 13, 103–4, 149, 159fig., 196
Crouch, Tom, 132
Dahmer, Vernon, 138–39
Daley, Richard J., 15–16, 55–56, 62–63, 67–68, 70, 76, 99, 117
Dallas (Texas), 13, 149, 179, 205
Davidson, Jack, 109
Davis, Donald, Sr. and Jr., 154–55. See also Davis v. School District of City of Pontiac (1970)
Davis, Dwight, 177
Davis, Milton, 59
Davis, Sadie, 154–55
Davis v. School District of City of Pontiac (1970), 7, 152–55
Dawson, William, 228n12
Deacons for Defense and Justice, 86–87
de facto segregation: Baldwin, James on, 6; Boston and, 8, 77–78, 80–81, 84; Chicago and, 55, 66, 67, 69, 127; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 27–28, 49–50, 51, 111; Davis v. School District of City of Pontiac (1970) and, 153; de jure–de facto dichotomy, 6; housing discrimination and, 3–4; Lassiter, Matthew on, 214n21; myth of, 8; New York City and, 32; Nixon, Richard and, 101, 113, 118, 123, 126–29, 130, 153; northern school desegregation and, 3–4, 6, 51; Parents Involved v. Seattle (2007) and, 210–11; politicians and, 96; Shagaloff, June on, 7; Stennis amendment and, 100
de jure segregation: Boston and, 7; Chicago and, 55, 69; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 111; Davis v. School District of City of Pontiac (1970) and, 7, 152; de jure–de facto dichotomy, 6; Lassiter, Matthew on, 214n21; Michigan and, 7, 140; Missouri v. Jenkins (1995) and, 210; Nixon, Richard and, 101, 113, 117, 118, 123, 126–29, 153; Parents Involved v. Seattle (2007) and, 210–11; politicians and, 96; Stennis amendment and, 100; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and, 69, 98
Delaney, Steve, 149
Delaware, 210
Delta Democrat-Times (newspaper), 45
Democratic Party, 12, 95, 96, 133, 135, 186. See also individuals
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, 96–97
Dennison, Mary, 183–84
Dent, Harry, 120, 121, 123, 139
Dentler, Robert, 20
Denver (Colorado), 7, 128, 131, 139, 153, 192, 204, 210
desegregation. See school desegregation
Desegregation Assistance Centers, 211
Detroit (Michigan): Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 28, 50, 51, 76, 140; de facto segregation and, 8; de jure segregation and, 7; McCabe, Irene and, 162; Milliken v. Bradley (1974) and, 17, 118, 140, 153, 210; O’Hara, James and, 95, 97; school boycott (1960) and, 3; school district discrimination and, 8, 128; television and, 13; U.S. Department of Justice and, 139
Detroit Free Press (newspaper), 19, 154–55, 155–56
Diggs, Charles, Jr., 184
Dillon, Rae, 206
Dirksen, Everett, 15–16, 28, 55, 67
Dirksen-Mansfield substitute, 28. See also Civil Rights Act (1964)
Dorchester (Boston), 207–8
educational inequality, 16, 18, 21, 30, 57
Egly, Paul, 12
Ehrlichman, John, 114, 117, 123–24, 129–130, 165
Eisenhower, Dwight, 35–36, 42, 115, 122, 192
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (Title I), 67, 97, 126, 137
Elli, Michael, 156
Emergency School Aid Act of 1972, 211
Englewood Council for Community Action (Chicago), 59
Epstein, Edward Jay, 13
Erickson, Kai, 20
Evans, Rowland, 68–69, 120, 132–33
Eve, Arthur, 172
Eyes on the Prize (television), 208
Fairness Doctrine (FCC), 12, 46–48
Farmer, James, 87
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 9, 12, 46–48
Federal funds, 54–56, 64–65, 67, 230n49. See also Title VI (Civil Rights Act)
feminist movement, 147, 161–62
51st State, The (television), 184
Finch-Mitchell statement, 120–21
Fino, Paul, 97
Fligger, Lorene, 165
Florida: “As We See It” (television) and, 166; black students and, 106; busing opposition and, 16, 114, 137, 181–83; Cramer, William and, 49–50; forced busing and, 109–10; Holland, Spessard and, 51; judicial oversight and, 210; Manatee County School Board, 16, 95, 100–101, 103, 104–5, 109; McGovern, George and, 136; Nixon, Richard and, 112, 120, 133–34; Parents Against Forced Busing and, 110; U.S Department of Justice and, 103; U.S. Supreme Court and, 103. See also Kirk, Claude
forced busing: Alexander v. Holmes County (1969) and, 103; Boston and, 18, 192–93, 197–200; fears, myths and, 14; Florida and, 109–10; Ford, Gerald and, 199; McCabe, Irene and, 144, 162; news media and, 209; New York Times on, 192; Reynolds, William Bradford on, 1; Whitten amendment and, 97
Ford, Gerald, 138fig., 141, 161, 199
Forman, Stanley, 187
Fourteenth Amendment, 7, 136, 184, 199
Frank, Reuven, 149–150
Franklin, John Hope, 174
Frank McGee Report (television), 87–89
Frantz, Shirley, 155
Freedom Day school boycotts (Chicago), 61–63, 64fig.
freedom of choice, 39, 42, 52, 73, 85, 97, 98, 103, 110–11, 120
Freeman v. Pitts (1992), 210
Fuchs, Lawrence, 82
Galamison, Milton, 15, 25, 36, 39, 42, 43, 45–48, 87
Garret, Clarence, 177
Garrity, W. Arthur: Boston and, 190, 193–94, 194–95, 196, 199–200, 202–3, 208; Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (Lukas) and, 19; Morgan v. Hennigan (1974) and, 7, 84, 180, 199–200
Garvey, Marcus, 78–79
Geer, Stephen, 103
Geismer, Lily, 203
Georgia, 8, 26, 52, 100, 110–11, 149, 172, 174
Gibson, Charles, 196
Gitleson, Alfred, 6–7, 100, 124, 126, 175
Gitlin, Todd, 197
Glendale-Ridgewood (Queens) (NYC) transfer plan, 39–41
Gloria, Leopoldo, 204
Goldberg, Arthur, 136
Goode, Mark, 135
Goodman, Andrew, 138–39
Graber, Doris, 191
Graham, Billy, 125
Grant, William, 156
grassroots antibusing protests, 145, 150, 152, 161
grassroots educational traditions, 169
Green, Richard, 204
Greenberg, Gary, 122
Greensboro (North Carolina), 132
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968), 103
Griffin, Robert, 158
Gross, Calvin, 42
Grossvogel, David, 240n10
Halsey, Margaret, 45
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 86–87
Harlem (New York City), 29–30, 37–38, 43, 45–46. See also Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Harris, Cheryl, 222n7
Harrisburg (Pennsylvania), 133
Hartford (Connecticut), 91
Hatcher, Richard, 184
Havinghurst, Robert, 63
Hawkins, Augustus, 126–27
Height, Dorothy, 184
Heineman, Ardith, 165
Henderson, Lloyd, 176
Hesburgh, Theodore, 2, 111, 122, 209
Hicks, Louise Day: ABC (American Broadcasting Company) and, 83–84; Boston schools and, 3, 16, 77–78, 80–81, 82–84, 87–88, 91; Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (Lukas) and, 19; Morgan v. Hennigan (1974) and, 84; mothers’ march (McCabe) (1972) and, 161; neighborhood schools and, 77, 83; news media and, 194; political career of, 83, 91, 165, 251n85; Racial Imbalance Act (1965) and, 78, 82, 91; San Francisco Board of Education and, 169–170
Hirsch High School (Chicago), 61
H.J. Res. 620 (House Joint Resolution 620), 52, 110–12, 134, 157, 163fig. See also Lent, Norman
Hodgson, James, 137–38
Hoffman, Julius, 58
Holland, Spessard, 51
Holland Evening Sentinel (newspaper), 142
Holley, Edward DeLeyatte, 176
Holmes, Peter, 179
House Education and Labor Committee, 67
House Joint Resolution 620 (H.J. Res. 620), 52, 110–12, 134, 157, 163fig. See also Lent, Norman
housing discrimination: Boston and, 88, 90, 200, 203; Chicago and, 73; de facto segregation and, 3–4; federal policies and, 101; Kerner Commission report and, 9; New York City and, 29–30; politicians and, 26; Pontiac (Michigan) and, 153
housing patterns, 127–28. See also de facto segregation
Howe, Harold, 70
Howell, A. J., 176
Huggins, Nathan Irvin, 12, 144
Human Events (newspaper), 123
Humphrey, Hubert H., 16, 65–66, 94–95, 115, 136
Huntley-Brinkley Report (television), 10
Hyde Park (Massachusetts), 193, 194
Illinois, 28, 58, 67, 181. See also Chicago
“Increasing Desegregation of Faculties, Students, and Vocational Education Programs” (report), 70
Indiana, 26, 28, 66, 182fig., 205–6, 210. See also National Black Political Convention
Indianapolis (Indiana), 205–6, 210
Innis, Doris, 25
Innis, Roy, 170, 181, 182fig., 183, 186, 188, 189
intact busing, 91
Integrated Education (journal), 64
Intergroup Committee on New York Public Schools, 30, 32
“It’s Not the Distance, ‘It’s the Niggers’” (NAACP report), 114, 172
Ivie, Ardie, 184
Jackson, Ellen, 16, 84, 85–90, 144
Jackson, Gregory, 106, 194, 195, 196, 197
Jackson, Robert, 148
Jacksonville (Florida), 210
Jaffa, Henry, 94
Jansen, William, 29–30, 31, 32, 34–36, 42
Jarrett, Vernon, 75
Jim Crow laws, 6, 31, 43, 62, 77–78, 93, 111, 173, 191
John Birch Society, 187–88
Johnnene, Fran, 199
Johnson, Lady Bird, 68
Johnson, Lyndon: Chicago schools and, 15–16, 55, 68, 69, 117; Goldwater, Barry and, 94; Model Cities legislation and, 96; Nixon, Richard and, 115; school desegregation and, 120, 121; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and, 121
Johnson, Nicholas, 9
Jones, Vivian Malone, 106, 207
Jordan, Vernon, 172–73, 175, 178
judiciary branch, 117–18, 121, 123, 187. See also U.S. Department of Justice; U.S. Supreme Court
Justice Department. See U.S. Department of Justice
Kallina, Edmund, Jr., 109
Kansas City (Missouri), 7
Katzenbach, Nicholas, 49
Kaufman, Irving, 6
Keating, Kenneth, 50
Keith, Damon J., 7, 145, 152–53, 246n1
Kemmitt, Edward, 169
Kennedy, Edward, 195–96
Kentucky, 13, 35–36, 164, 185, 204–5, 210–11
Keppel, Francis, 66–67, 68, 69, 70
Kerner Commission, 9
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver (1973), 128, 153
Kiernan, Owen, 81
Kiesling, Herbert, 137
Kiley, Robert, 206
Kincaid, Jim, 157
King, Coretta Scott, 122
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 10, 11–12, 23, 73, 138–39, 148, 170, 187
Kirk, Claude, 100–110; ABC (American Broadcasting Company) and, 103, 105, 107; busing and, 16, 95–96, 101, 108, 164, 238n60; McCabe, Irene and, 110, 112fig.; national school desegregation policy and, 106; news media and, 238n60; New South and, 102; Nixon, Richard and, 101, 104, 109, 238n60; political ambitions of, 101–2, 109, 110; standoff end and, 109; television and, 101, 102, 103–10; Wallace, George and, 101, 102, 103, 105. See also Manatee County School Board
Klucsynski, John, 67
KNXT (television), 205
Kornegay, Francis, 162
Kranich, Kimberlie, 247n9
Krasowski, Joseph, 70
Krentzman, Ben, 104, 105–6, 109
Kuhr, Harry, 71
Kunzeman, Joseph, 52
Labor Day March (Pontiac, Michigan), 145–46, 147fig.
Lambda Corporation, 137
Landry, Lawrence, 62
Landsmark, Ted, 187
Lassiter, Matthew, 214n21
Las Vegas (Nevada), 7, 209, 210
law enforcement (Boston), 197–200, 204, 205
Lawrence, Tina, 43
lawsuits, 7–8. See also individual cases
“Law vs. the Mob, The” (New York Times), 174
Le Baron Elementary School (Michigan), 146, 154
Lee, Joseph, 82
Lent, Norman, 16, 52, 93, 95, 110–12, 134, 157
Lent-Kunzeman neighborhood schools bill, 52, 110–11, 172
Leonard, Jerris, 121, 122, 125
Levitt, Arthur, 31
Lewis, Anthony, 122–23
Little Rock Nine of Harlem, 37
Little Rock school integration crisis (1957), 4, 14, 74, 106, 173, 191–92, 207
Liuzzo, Viola, 138–39
Long, Russell, 26
Long Island Press (newspaper), 111
Los Angeles (California): Boston busing and, 204, 205; busing and, 7; Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education (1982), 100; de facto segregation and, 8, 127; de jure segregation and, 7, 124; Fiedler, Bobbi and, 165; school district discrimination and, 128; television and, 13, 205; Wakefield, Floyd and, 3
Los Angeles School Board. See Los Angeles Unified School District
Los Angeles Sentinel (newspaper), 19, 172, 175, 183
Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 19, 130, 175, 182, 187
Los Angeles Unified School District, 6–7, 100, 124, 126–27
Louisiana, 26, 52, 100, 104, 110–11, 177
Louisville (Kentucky), 13, 164, 185, 204–5, 210–11
Louisville Defender (newspaper), 183
Louis X, 86–87
Lukas, J. Anthony, 19–20
MacGregor, Clark, 134–35
MacNeil, Robert, 14
Malcolm X, 45–46
Manatee County School Board, 16, 95, 100–101, 103, 104–5, 109. See also Kirk, Claude
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963), 60, 157
Marshall, Thurgood, 17, 140–41
Massachusetts, 48, 79, 81–82, 91, 161, 199, 200, 205. See also Boston; Boston School Committee; Hicks, Louise Day; Racial Imbalance Act (1965); school desegregation (Boston)
Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination (MCAD), 79
Mays, Benjamin, 119
McCabe, Charles, 161–62
McCabe, Irene, 142–167; black parents and, 170–71; civil rights movement modeling and, 11–12, 144, 148, 157; Detroit Free Press (newspaper) on, 155–56; as housewife and mother, 144, 145, 146, 157–58, 161–62, 165–66; Kirk, Claude and, 110, 112fig.; Michigan and, 162; mothers’ march (1972) and, 17, 110, 134, 142, 157–166, 184; news media and, 142, 146–47, 148–49, 157–58, 159–161, 162–64, 167; Nixon, Richard and, 134, 135fig., 184; political career of, 165; as racist, 156; sexuality use and, 17, 150–52; Smothers, Clay and, 186; television and, 17, 143, 144–152, 156–164, 166; Washington Post (newspaper) and, 145, 148, 162; white parents and, 145. See also National Action Group (NAG)
McGee, Frank, 87–88
McGovern, George, 136
McKeithen, John, 100
McNairy, Gladys, 133
Medeiros, Humberto, 19
media. See news media; television
Memphis (Tennessee), 125, 149, 166, 179, 185
Mendelsohn, Jack, 84
Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO), 90, 203
Michigan: Detroit Free Press (newspaper), 19, 154–55, 155–56; Dirksen-Mansfield substitute and, 28; Ford, Gerald and, 138fig., 141, 161, 199; Griffin, Robert, 158; Hart, Philip, 120–21; Le Baron Elementary School, 146, 154; Milliken v. Bradley (1974) and, 17, 118, 140, 153, 210; O’Hara, James, 95; school boycotts and, 149; school desegregation cases and, 153. See also Detroit (Michigan); McCabe, Irene; Pontiac (Michigan)
Michigan Civil Rights Commission, 153
Milliken v. Bradley (1974), 17, 118, 140, 153, 210
Milwaukee (Wisconsin), 64fig., 91
Minneapolis (Minnesota), 210
Minnesota, 44, 65–66, 97, 154, 210
Mississippi: busing and, 174; Delta Democrat-Times (newspaper), 45; Eastland, James and, 28, 50; federal funds and, 119; Meredith, James and, 106, 207; Mississippi Burning (film) (1988) and, 20; Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 86–87; Nixon, Richard and, 121–22, 123; Pasadena (California) school desegregation case and, 104; school desegregation lawsuits and, 8; television and, 206; Thurmond, Strom and, 26; Title VI (Civil Rights Act) and, 66; University of Mississippi, 106, 207; Whitten, Jamie and, 95, 97–98. See also Stennis, John
Mississippi Burning (film) (1988), 20
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 86–87
Missouri v. Jenkins (1995), 210
Mitchell, John, 120, 122, 129, 130, 131
Mizell, Hayes, 132
Mobile (Alabama), 210
Model Cities legislation, 96, 97
Molotoch, Harvey, 152
Monroe, William, 10
Montgomery Advertiser (newspaper), 11
Moore, Queen Mother, 184
Morgan v. Hennigan (1974), 7, 20, 84, 179–180, 199–200
mothers’ march (1967), 157
mothers’ march (McCabe) (1972), 17, 110, 134, 142, 157–166, 184. See also Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City)
Mothers Support Neighborhood Schools (San Francisco), 168, 169
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 120
Mudd, Roger, 191
Multer, Abraham, 96–97
Myrdal, Gunner, 8
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
NAG (National Action Group). See National Action Group (NAG)
Nakdimen, Dave, 204–5
Nashville (Tennessee), 139, 210
National Action Group (NAG): black communities and the, 170–71; civil rights movement modeling and, 148; decline of the, 165; news media and the, 142–43, 146, 149, 150, 157; origin of the, 246n1; Patterson, L. Brooks and the, 143, 162, 165; Pontiac (Michigan) and the, 154; rally of the, 112fig.; school boycotts and the, 147–48, 149; Smothers, Clay and the, 186; television and the, 17, 164. See also McCabe, Irene; mothers’ march (McCabe) (1972)
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 9
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): Atkins, Thomas and the, 77–78, 84; Baker, Ella and the, 30; Batson, Ruth and the, 79–80; Bedford-Stuyvesant rezoning and the, 37; Boston and the, 84, 174; Boston Globe and the, 3; Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools and the, 125; Chicago and the, 56–57, 228n12; Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO) and the, 59; Craig, Winston and the, 36; Crisis (journal), 57; Davis v. School District of City of Pontiac (1970) and the, 153; Fuqua, Carl and the, 57, 228n12; Hatchett, Elbert and the, 154, 170–71; Hicks, Louise Day and the, 3; “It’s Not the Distance, ‘It’s the Niggers’” (report), 114, 172; Manatee County School Board and the, 103; news media and the, 170–71; New York City school boycott (1964) and, 43, 45; New York Times and the, 2–3, 121, 174; Nixon, Richard and the, 114, 115, 119, 136, 172; Parks, Paul and the, 80; school desegregation and the, 7, 31, 33; Shagaloff, June and the, 7, 32, 42, 81; U.S. Supreme Court and the, 121; white domination and the, 86; Wilkins, Roy and the, 115, 119, 120–21, 136
National Association of Puerto Rican Rights, 45
National Black Political Convention, 1, 18, 134, 171, 181–85, 188
National Council of Negro Women, 184
National Home and Property Owners Foundation, 61
National Observer (newspaper), 148
national school desegregation policy, 52, 98–100, 104, 106, 111, 128
National Urban League, 31, 45, 59, 86, 162, 172–73, 178
National Welfare Rights Organization, 184
Nation of Islam, 86–87
NBC (National Broadcasting Company): Agnew, Spiro and, 149–150; as author resource, 19; Boston busing and, 190, 191, 196–97, 198fig., 199, 201–5, 207fig., 208; civil rights and, 10, 12; Fairness Doctrine (FCC) and, 46–48; McCabe, Irene and, 142, 148, 149, 159; Nixon, Richard and, 115, 136; Operation Exodus (Boston) and, 88, 89fig.; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City) and, 24, 25fig., 46–47; production decisions and, 13; research lack and, 14; Smothers, Clay and, 186; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) and, 130; WAVE-TV, 204; WKYC, 205; WTHR-TV, 205–6
Negro Teachers Associations, 37
neighborhood schools: Boston and, 18, 77, 192, 193, 200–204; Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools and, 124; Chicago and, 72–75; Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education (1982) and, 100; Hicks, Louise Day on, 77, 82, 83; Lent-Kunzeman neighborhood schools bill, 52, 110–11, 172; Look (magazine) on, 234n36; Milliken v. Bradley (1974) and, 141; Model Cities legislation and, 97; New York and, 41, 93; Nixon, Richard and, 101, 124, 127, 130, 173; politicians and, 3, 94–95; Pontiac (Michigan) and, 145–46; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) and, 130; United Concerned Citizens of America (UCCA) and, 185; white parents and, 3, 234n36
network news: Agnew, Spiro and, 106, 149–150; black communities and, 155, 170–71; Boston busing and the, 193–94, 197–99, 200, 206; civil rights movement and, 217n41; feminist movement and, 162; Kirk, Claude and, 106; law enforcement (Boston) and, 197–99; McCabe, Irene and, 142–43, 162; national v. local, 206; school desegregation and, 11; Vietnam war and, 12–13; wire services and, 14. See also ABC (American Broadcasting Company); CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System); NBC (National Broadcasting Company)
New Haven (Connecticut), 91
New Rochelle (New York), 6, 38–39, 58, 128
news media: Agnew, Spiro and the, 13, 106, 116, 149–150; Associated Press (AP), 14, 33, 159, 165, 186, 187; Austin School Board (Texas) and the, 133; bias of, 106; black communities and the, 8, 18, 155, 170–71, 180, 184, 189, 217n41; Boston busing and the, 3, 78, 190–210; Buchanan, Pat and the, 13, 116, 135, 149; busing frame and the, 3, 5, 12, 83, 89fig., 170–71, 175, 180, 189, 209; civil rights and the, 44; Hicks, Louise Day and the, 84, 194; Kirk, Claude and the, 238n60; McCabe, Irene and the, 142, 146–47, 148–49, 156, 157–58, 159–161, 162–64, 167; National Action Group (NAG) and the, 142–43, 146, 149, 150, 157; National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders and the, 9; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the, 170–71; National Black Political Convention and the, 181–84; New York City and the, 33, 34–35; Nixon, Richard and the, 13, 17, 115–17, 133, 136; northern vs. southern civil rights and the, 9, 11, 44–45, 195; Operation Exodus (Boston) and, 87; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City) and the, 26; politicians and the, 15, 92, 149, 164; production decisions and the, 13–14; school boycotts and the, 147–48; school desegregation and the, 6, 11–12, 14, 29, 33–34, 46–48, 91–92, 133, 156, 175, 209; Smothers, Clay and the, 186, 188; Stennis amendment and the, 100; United Press International (UPI), 14, 159; white backlash and the, 28; white media, 9, 18, 32, 171, 173, 175, 181, 184, 185, 217n41. See also ABC (American Broadcasting Company); CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System); NBC (National Broadcasting Company); network news; television; individual magazines; individual newspapers; individual wire services
Newsweek (magazine), 83, 84, 186
New York: Blocker v. Board of Education on Manhassett (1964) and, 49; busing and, 15, 16, 28–29, 33, 34–36, 39–41, 52–53, 93, 111; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 28, 50–51; Commission on Integration, 31–32, 33, 34–35; Dirksen-Mansfield substitute and, 28; freedom of choice school legislation and, 52; Javits, Jacob, 50, 53, 95, 96; Keating, Kenneth and, 50; neighborhood schools and, 41, 93; New Rochelle and, 6, 38–39, 58, 128; Powell, Adam Clayton, 66–67; riots and, 48; school boycotts and, 15, 24–25, 37–39, 43–46, 48, 64fig.; school desegregation and, 52; Stennis, John on, 98–99; white parents and, 3. See also Galamison, Milton; House Joint Resolution 620 (H.J. Res. 620); Lent, Norman; New York City; New York City School Board; Rockefeller, Nelson; school desegregation (New York City)
New York Amsterdam News (newspaper), 19, 31, 37, 38, 41, 93–94
New York City: Baker, Ella, 15, 30–31, 34; Bedford-Stuyvesant, 29, 36–37, 40; black population of, 29; black students and, 39, 43, 179; busing and, 33, 34–36, 43–44, 52–53, 93, 94; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 4, 28; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and, 43; de facto segregation and, 32; educational inequality and, 30; Goldwater, Barry and, 93; housing discrimination and, 29–30; Intergroup Committee on New York Public Schools, 30, 32; New York Amsterdam News (newspaper), 19, 31, 37, 38, 41, 93–94; New York Citywide Committee for Integrated Schools, 43; Northside Center for Child Development, 30; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT), 46, 48, 52, 87, 93; Parents Committee for Better Education and, 37, 43, 45–46; Parents in Actions Against Education Discrimination, 37; Parents’ Workshop for Equality in New York City Schools, 39, 43, 45–46; Public Education Association (PEA), 31–33, 43; school boycotts and, 15, 24–25, 37–39, 43–46, 48, 64fig.; segregation and, 29–33, 195; television and, 13; United Parents Associations of New York City, 31, 43. See also New York Times; school desegregation (New York City)
New York City School Board: busing and the, 43–44, 94; Commission on Integration and the, 31–32, 33, 34–35; desegregation and the, 31–38, 41; discrimination and the, 128; Donovan, James and the, 44, 94; Glendale-Ridgewood (Queens) transfer plan and the, 39–41; Gross, Calvin and the, 42; Jansen, William and the, 29–30, 31, 32, 34–36, 42; open enrollment policy and the, 39, 40, 41; Princeton Plan and the, 46; Skipwith vs. NYC Board of Education (1958), 37–39; white backlash and the, 49
New York Citywide Committee for Integrated Schools, 43
New York Times: Austin School Board (Texas) and the, 133; as author resource, 19; on Bedford-Stuyvesant rezoning, 36–37; on Boston, 190, 195; busing and the, 34, 43–44, 192; on Chicago, 69; Civil Rights Act (1964) and the, 50–51; Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (Lukas) and the, 20; Kirk, Claude and the, 101, 102; on McCabe, Irene, 165–66; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the, 2–3, 121, 174; on the National Black Political Convention, 182; on northern vs. southern civil rights coverage, 11, 44, 45; on open enrollment policy (New York), 41; Operation Exodus (Boston) and, 87; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City) and the, 23, 25; on school boycotts (New York City), 43–44, 48; school desegregation and the, 11, 31; Smothers, Clay and the, 186; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) and the, 130; on white backlash, 48–49
Nickerson, Michelle, 250n69
Nixon, John, 122
Nixon, Richard, 114–141; Alexander v. Holmes County (1969) and, 122–23; Annenberg, Walter and, 240n10; antibusing amendments and, 165; Austin School Board and, 131–33; Boston Globe and, 138; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) and, 121–22, 126, 129; busing and, 1, 17, 101, 113, 114–15, 118, 130–141, 182–83; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 126; de facto segregation and, 101, 113, 118, 123, 126–29, 130, 153; de jure segregation and, 101, 113, 117, 118, 123, 126–29, 153; Emergency School Aid Act of 1972 and, 211; Florida and, 112, 120, 133–34; judiciary branch and, 117–18, 121; Kirk, Claude and, 102, 104, 109, 238n60; Lambda Corporation study and, 137; Los Angeles case and, 124–25; McCabe, Irene and, 134, 135fig., 184; Milliken v. Bradley (1974) and, 17, 141; Mississippi and, 121–22, 123; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and, 114, 115, 119, 121, 172; neighborhood schools and, 101, 124, 127, 130, 173; news media and, 13, 17, 115–17, 133, 136; northern vs. southern school desegregation and, 101, 127, 128; Panetta, Leon and, 7; racial imbalance and, 113, 118–19, 120; racism and, 136, 184; Safire, William and, 101; school desegregation and, 36, 101, 112–13, 116–129, 133, 173; Southern Strategy and, 120–21, 127; Stennis amendment and, 128, 243n70; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) and, 124–25, 129–133; television and, 115, 116, 133, 134–36, 138, 143, 164; Texas and, 120, 131–32; U.S. Congress and, 114, 119, 134–35, 136–37, 138fig., 139, 182–83; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and, 17, 112–13, 117, 118–19, 120–21, 122, 124, 128–29, 131–32, 139–140; U.S. Department of Justice and, 17, 112–13, 114, 117, 121, 122, 124, 128–29, 136, 138–140, 153; U.S. Supreme Court and, 118, 123, 129–130, 132, 136–37; Wallace, George and, 114, 118, 134, 136; Washington Post (newspaper) and, 114–15, 122, 125, 138–39, 174, 184
Nixon administration. See individuals; Nixon, Richard
Norfolk Journal and Guide (newspaper), 19, 173, 175, 176, 177
North Carolina, 2–3, 119, 132, 176, 177, 209. See also Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools
Northeastern University, 20
Northern Student Movement (civil rights group), 86
northern vs. southern civil rights: Chicago and, 54, 69; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 50, 52; Malcolm X on, 45–46; news media and, 9, 11, 21, 44–45, 195; New York Times on, 44, 45; Ribicoff, Abraham on, 99; Stennis, John on, 98–99; Title VI (Civil Rights Act) and, 65–66; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and, 69
northern vs. southern school desegregation: antibusing and, 3; anti-HEW measures and, 96; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 4, 28, 51; de jure–de facto dichotomy and, 6; Human Events (newspaper) and, 123; news media and, 21; Nixon, Richard and, 101, 127, 128; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City) and, 48; Pasadena (California) school case and, 104; school desegregation (New York City) and, 32
Northshield, Shad, 150
Northside Center for Child Development (New York City), 30
Novak, Robert, 68–69, 120, 132–33
Office of Civil Rights (OCR), 179
Ohio, 28, 49, 95, 157, 172, 179, 205, 210
Oliphant, Thomas, 138
one-way busing, 40fig., 74, 90, 91, 212
open enrollment policies, 39–42, 44, 85, 194, 195. See also Operation Exodus (Boston)
Operation Exodus (Boston), 85–90, 192, 194
Operation Transfer (Chicago), 57–58
Osborne, Ray, 109
Page, Ray, 67
Pan-Africanism, 169
Parents Against Forced Busing (Florida), 110
Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City), 23–29, 46, 48, 52, 87, 93
Parents Committee for Better Education (New York City), 37, 43, 45–46
Parents in Actions Against Education Discrimination (New York City), 37
Parents Involved v. Seattle (2007), 111, 210–11
Parents’ Workshop for Equality in New York City Schools, 39, 43, 45–46
Parker, Mike, 205
Pasadena (California), 104, 128, 131, 204, 209
Patterson, L. Brooks, 143, 162, 165
PBS (Public Broadcasting Service), 166
PEA (Public Education Association), 31–33, 43
Peabody, Endicott, 81
Penn, Lemuel, 138–39
Pennsylvania, 1, 28, 48, 133, 138fig., 195
Peters, William, 10
Pettigrew, Thomas, 5
Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), 1, 48, 195
Philadelphia Tribune (newspaper), 19
Philip Hauser, 58
Pickering, George, 228n12
Pittsburgh Board of Education, 133
Pittsburgh Courier (newspaper), 19, 183
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 139, 174
Polier, Justine Wise, 37–38
politicians: anti-HEW measures and, 96–100; busing and, 3, 4, 5, 15, 16–17, 92, 93–96, 109, 164, 170, 172; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 4, 49–52, 56; de facto, de jure segregation and, 96; housing discrimination and, 26; neighborhood schools and, 3, 94–95; news media and, 15, 92, 149, 164; Nixon, Richard and, 117; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City) and, 26; racism and, 172. See also antibusing amendments; House Joint Resolution 620 (H.J. Res. 620); individual politicians
“Poll Shows Whites in City Resent Civil Rights Drive” (New York Times), 48
Pontiac (Michigan): ; “As We See It” (television) and, 166; black parents and, 154–56; busing and, 7, 11–12, 13, 29, 145–46, 154–56, 192; Concerned Parents, 246n1; Davis v. School District of City of Pontiac (1970), 7, 152–55; housing discrimination and, 153; National Action Group (NAG) and, 112fig., 246n1; neighborhood schools and, 145–46; racial segregation of, 153–54; school boycotts and, 149; school district discrimination and, 128, 131; Smothers, Clay and, 185, 186; U.S. Civil Rights Commission and, 209. See also McCabe, Irene; mothers’ march (McCabe) (1972)
Porter, David H., 133
Post, Rollin, 169–170
Pottinger, J. Stanley, 194
Powell, Adam Clayton, 54, 66–67, 69, 230n49
Powell, Lewis, 118
Powledge, Fred, 48
Princeton Plan, 46
Public Education Association (PEA), 31–33, 43
Puerto Rican students: “As We See It” (television) and, 166; Glendale-Ridgewood (Queens) (NYC) transfer plan and, 39, 40fig.; National Association of Puerto Rican Rights, 45; one-way busing and, 212; open enrollment policy (New York) and, 42, 44; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City) and, 23, 25, 26; Princeton Plan and, 46; Public Education Association (PEA) and, 32; school boycotts (New York City) and, 15, 43
Quie, Albert, 97
Quigley, James, 66
racial imbalance: antibusing amendments and, 96–97, 98, 99; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 49–52, 56; Dirksen-Mansfield substitute and, 28; Ford, Gerald and, 199; Milliken v. Bradley (1974) and, 140; Nixon, Richard and, 113, 118–19, 120; Reagan, Ronald and, 211; Stennis amendment and, 100; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) and, 140; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and, 96, 97–98
Racial Imbalance Act (1965), 78, 81–83, 85, 91, 119, 193
racism: Boston and, 82, 201, 203–4; busing and, 170, 171, 172–75; Chicago and, 71–72, 73, 74; de facto segregation myth and, 8; educational policies and, 176; Hicks, Louise Day and, 82, 83, 84; Nixon, Richard and, 136, 184; politicians and, 172; television and, 8–9; Wallace, George and, 136
Rakow, Lana, 247n9
Rand Corporation, 137
Raspberry, William, 125
Rather, Dan, 186
Reagan, Ronald, 1, 75, 100, 210, 211
real estate discrimination, 3–4, 39. See also housing discrimination
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission (1969), 12
Republican Party, 116, 120, 182fig., 243n70. See also individuals
Research Council for the Great Cities Program for School Improvement, 76
Reston, James, 106
Restore Our Alienated Rights (ROAR), 186, 187, 199, 251n85
Reynolds, Frank, 105
Reynolds, William Bradford, 1, 211
Ribicoff, Abraham, 99
Richardson, Elliot, 91, 131, 137
ROAR (Restore Our Alienated Rights), 186, 187, 199, 251n85
Roberts, John, 210
Robertson, Absalom, 26
Rochester (Massachusetts), 48, 91
Rockefeller, Nelson, 52, 100, 102, 110
Roddewig, Clair, 63
Rostenkowski, Daniel, 67
Roth, Stephen, 153
Roxbury (Boston), 77–78, 85–90, 193, 203–4, 207–8
rural to urban migration, 2
Russell, Richard, 26
Saint Louis (Missouri), 91, 210
San Francisco (California), 128, 166, 168–170, 192, 210
San Francisco Board of Education, 168–170
San Jose (California), 210
Santaella, Irma Vidal, 43
Saturday Evening Post (magazine), 102
Saturday Review (magazine), 55
Saunders, Beaulah, 184
Schakne, Robert, 10
school boycotts: Boston and, 64fig., 80, 81, 191; Freedom Day school boycotts (Chicago) and, 61–63, 64fig.; National Action Group (NAG) and, 147–48, 149; news media and, 147–48; New York and, 15, 24–25, 37–39, 43–44, 45–46, 48, 64fig.; “Stay Out for Freedom” protest (Boston), 80, 81
school desegregation: black communities and, 18, 29–36, 170, 171, 175–180, 184; black educators and, 18, 171, 178–79; black students and, 4, 18, 166–67, 171, 174–75, 176–180; busing and, 2, 3, 6, 35–36, 82–84, 87–90, 91, 192, 193, 212; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 4, 27–28, 49–50, 51, 111; definitions of, 4, 27–28, 50, 56, 111, 119; Detroit (Michigan) and, 140; Johnson, Lyndon and, 120, 121; King, Mel on, 208; Lambda Corporation and, 137; lawsuits and, 7–8; Milliken v. Bradley (1974) and, 140; National Black Political Convention and, 181, 184; as national issue, 101; national school desegregation policy and, 52, 98–100, 104, 106, 111, 128; news media and, 6, 11–12, 14, 29, 33–34, 46–48, 91–92, 133, 156, 175, 209; Nixon, Richard and, 36, 101, 112–13, 116–129, 133, 173; North vs. South and, 3–4, 28; Pontiac (Michigan) and, 152–56; television and, 11, 14, 46–48, 156, 192; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and, 209; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and, 15, 176; U.S. Department of Justice and, 211; U.S. Supreme Court and, 4–5, 119; Willis, Benjamin and, 61, 63–64, 76. See also Chicago; mothers’ march (McCabe) (1972); neighborhood schools; northern vs. southern school desegregation; school desegregation (New York City); Title VI (Civil Rights Act)
school desegregation (Boston), 77–92; Batson, Ruth and, 16, 20–21, 78–81, 90; busing frame and, 3, 78, 82–84, 87–89, 91, 192–93; Hicks, Louise Day and, 3, 16, 77–78, 80–81, 82–83, 84, 87–88, 91; marches and, 250n80; Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) and, 90, 203; Operation Exodus and, 85–90, 192, 194; other cities and, 204; Racial Imbalance Act (1965) and, 78, 81–83, 85, 91, 193; Roxbury and, 77–78, 85–90; “Stay Out For Freedom” protests and, 80, 81; suspensions, pushouts of black students and, 179–180; television and, 84, 192–93
school desegregation (Chicago). See Chicago
school desegregation (New York City), 23–53; black communities and, 29–36; Clark, Kenneth and, 15, 30–31, 32, 34–35; Dirksen-Mansfield substitute and, 28; Galamison, Milton and, 15; New York City school board and, 31–38, 41; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) and, 23–29; school zoning policies and, 29–30; Shagaloff, June and, 32, 42
school desegregation (Pontiac, Michigan), 152–56
school district gerrymandering, 31, 58, 59, 68, 128, 152–53
school segregation research, 5, 63–64
school siting, 3–4, 131, 153, 195, 200
school-zoning policies, 29–30, 31, 33, 36–37, 101, 125, 131, 153, 200, 202
Schorr, Daniel, 195
Schwerner, Michael, 138–39
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), 30, 73, 170
Seattle (Washington), 64fig., 111, 204, 210–11
segregation: Boston and, 7, 16, 194–95, 200; busing frame and, 21; Chicago and, 15–16, 54, 55, 57, 63, 75, 195; Denver (Colorado) and, 128; New York City and, 29–33, 195; Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) and, 195; television and, 10–11. See also de facto segregation; de jure segregation
Select Senate Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity, 133
Semple, Robert, Jr., 136
Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity, 154
separate but equal, 54, 139, 174
Shadur, Milton, 75
Shagaloff, June, 7, 32, 42, 81
Shapiro, Rose, 32
Sharpe, Jeffrey, 176
Sieber, Hal, 132
Silver, Charles, 41
Sims, Charles, 86–87
Simuel, Tony, 166–67
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing (Alabama), 77
Sizemore, Barbara, 178
Skipwith vs. NYC Board of Education (1958), 37–39, 57–58
Smith, Betty, 178–79
Smith, John, 178–79
Smothers, Clay, 18, 171, 185–89
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 10, 30, 86–87, 172
“Soiling of Old Glory, The” (photo), 187
South Boston, 18, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200–204, 205–6
South Boston High School, 196, 197, 199
South Carolina, 52, 110–11, 118, 119, 132
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 30, 73, 170
Southern Governors Conference, 121
“Southern Perspective on School Busing in Boston, A” (television), 206
Southern Regional Council, 179
Sparkman, John, 50–51
Springfield (Illinois), 91
“Stay Out for Freedom” protests (Boston), 80, 81
Stennis, John, 16, 50–51, 52, 95, 98–100, 104, 111, 128, 243n70
Stennis amendment, 98–100, 104, 128, 243n70
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 10, 30, 86–87, 172
Student Pushout: Victim of Continued Resistance to Desegregation, The (Southern Regional Council), 179
student transfers, 3–4, 23, 39–40, 60–61, 195. See also Operation Exodus (Boston)
student transportation, 2, 125, 131, 214n20. See also busing
Sullivan, Neil, 85
suspensions, pushouts of black students, 18, 171, 179–180
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971), 111, 129–133, 140, 178
Sweatt v. Painter (1950), 38
Sweeney, Al, 91
Tampa (Florida), 209
taxpayer rights, 73, 222n8. See also Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City)
Taxpayers Council of the Northwest Side (Chicago), 71
Taylor v. Board of Education of City School District of City of New Rochelle (1961), 6, 38–39, 58
Teachers for Integrated Schools (Chicago), 59
television: antibusing protests and, 13–14, 145–46, 147fig., 155, 164, 192–94, 197, 198fig., 209; Associated Press (AP) and, 14; “As We See It,” 166; bias of, 12–13, 106, 143; black communities and, 208, 217n41; Black Journal, 173–74; Boston and, 13, 18, 84, 171, 190–210; busing and, 11, 13–14, 88–89, 95, 133, 150, 192, 204–8, 209; civil rights and, 9–11, 170; Egly, Paul on, 12; Eyes on the Prize and, 208; Fairness Doctrine (FCC) and, 12, 46–48; 51st State, The, 184; Frank McGee Report, 87–89; Goldwater, Barry and, 94; Kirk, Claude and, 101, 102, 103–10; McCabe, Irene and, 17, 143, 144–152, 156–164, 166; National Action Group (NAG) and, 143; Nixon, Richard and, 115, 116, 133, 134–36, 138, 143, 164; Operation Exodus (Boston) and, 87–89; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City) and, 23–24, 25fig.; Pontiac (Michigan) and, 154, 155, 156; production decisions and, 13–14; racism and, 8–9; research lack and, 14; San Francisco Board of Education and, 168; school desegregation and, 11, 14, 46–48, 156, 192; segregation policies and, 10–11; Smothers, Clay and, 188; South Boston, Charlestown and, 193, 200–204; “Southern Perspective on School Busing in Boston, A,” 206; violence and, 196; white backlash and, 144; women and, 247n9. See also ABC (American Broadcasting Company); Boston; CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System); NBC (National Broadcasting Company); network news; news media
Tennessee, 35–36, 52, 110–11, 125, 149, 158, 161, 166, 179, 185
Texas: Austin School Board, 131–32; black student suspension rates and, 179; Boston busing and, 205; Dallas, 13, 149, 179, 205; McCabe, Irene and, 149; Nixon, Richard and, 120, 131–32; Tower, John, 118–19, 132; violence and, 35–36. See also Johnson, Lyndon
Theobold, John J., 41
Thomas, Clarence, 111
Thurmond, Strom, 26, 102, 103, 118–120, 121, 123
Time (magazine), 83
Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 137
Title IV (Civil Rights Act) (1964), 4, 28, 51, 111
Title VI (Civil Rights Act): antibusing amendments and, 97; Chicago and, 15–16, 54–56, 65–70, 117; federal enforcement of, 98; Federal funds denial and the, 230n49; northern vs. southern civil rights and, 65–66, 69; school segregation and, 15
“Title VI: Southern Education Faces the Facts” (Saturday Review), 55
Trilling, Leon, 90
Tucker, Charles, Jr., 155
Tucker, Lem, 196
TV Guide (magazine), 116, 240n10
United Concerned Citizens of America (UCCA), 185
United Parents Associations of New York City, 31, 43
United Press International (UPI), 14, 159
University of Alabama integration, 207
University of Georgia, 19
University of Mississippi, 106, 207
University of Notre Dame, 2, 111
Urban League. See National Urban League
Urla, Joe, 166
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: Boston and the, 190; busing and the, 15, 209; Chicago and the, 63; Coons, John and the, 66; Hesburgh, Theodore and the, 2, 111; Horn, Stephen and the, 5, 209; Kiley, Robert and the, 206; Nixon, Richard and the, 122, 133; school desegregation and the, 209
U.S. Congress: busing and the, 95, 114; civil rights legislation and the, 49; Daley, Richard J. and the, 68; Hauser, Philip and the, 61; mothers’ march (McCabe) (1972) and the, 157, 158, 161, 162; Nixon, Richard and the, 114, 119, 134–35, 136–37, 138fig., 139, 182–83; Reagan, Ronald and the, 211; Title VI (Civil Rights Act) and the, 65; U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and the, 97–98. See also antibusing amendments; Civil Rights Act (1964); House Joint Resolution 620 (H.J. Res. 620); individuals
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW): anti-HEW measures and, 96–100; “As We See It” (television) and the, 166; black educators and the, 178; Boston and the, 192, 194–95; Chicago and the, 15–16, 54–56, 65–70, 75, 76, 96, 99, 117; Crestwood High School (Virginia) and the, 176; Johnson, Lyndon and the, 121; Lambda Corporation and the, 137; Nixon, Richard and the, 17, 112–13, 117, 118–19, 120–21, 122, 124, 128–29, 131–32, 139–140; Panetta, Leon and the, 7, 123–24; Quigley, James and the, 66; Richardson, Elliot, 131; school desegregation and the, 15, 176; Title VI (Civil Rights Act) and the, 98; U.S. Department of Justice: Chotin, Arthur and the, 138–39; Finch-Mitchell statement and the, 121; Florida and the, 103; lawyer resignations and the, 114–15, 122, 139, 174; Nixon, Richard and the, 17, 112–13, 114, 117, 121, 122, 124, 128–29, 136, 138–140, 153; Reagan, Ronald and the, 75, 211; school desegregation and the, 211; school district discrimination and the, 124
U.S. House of Representatives, 27, 91, 165, 179, 251n85
U.S. Justice Department. See U.S. Department of Justice
U.S. News and World Report (magazine), 120
U.S. Office of Education, 54, 55, 119, 122
U.S. Supreme Court: Alexander v. Holmes County (1969), 103, 122–23; Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell (1991), 210; CBS v. Democratic National Committee (1973); Freeman v. Pitts (1992), 210; Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968), 103; Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver (1973), 128, 153; Kirk, Claude and, 103, 104; Milliken v. Bradley (1974), 17, 118, 140, 153, 210; Missouri v. Jenkins (1995), 210; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the, 121; Nixon, Richard and the, 118, 123, 129–130, 132, 136–37; Parents Involved v. Seattle (2007), 111, 210–11; Rehnquist, William and the, 94; school desegregation and the, 4–5, 119; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971), 129–131, 178; taxpayer rights and the, 26; Thomas, Clarence and the, 111; United Concerned Citizens of America (UCCA) and the, 185. See also Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954); individual Justices
Vanderbilt Television News Archive, 12–13, 19
violence, 35–36, 37, 171, 191, 192, 193, 196, 204
Virginia, 26, 139, 159, 168, 176–77, 178
Volpe, John, 82
voluntary busing, 84, 90, 204, 212, 214n20, 247n9
Wakefield, Floyd, 3
Walker, Jo Ann, 154
Wallace, George: busing and, 95, 114, 135, 164; Florida primary and, 114, 181–83; Kirk, Claude and, 101, 102, 103, 105; Nixon, Richard and, 114, 118, 134, 136; Smothers, Clay and, 186; Willis, Benjamin and, 59–60
Wall Street Journal (newspaper), 19, 33, 238n60
Walsh, Camille, 222n8
Walter J. Brown Media Archives, 19
Washington, Booker T., 177, 185
Washington High School (Chicago), 61
Washington Post (newspaper): as author resource, 19; McCabe, Irene and the, 145, 148, 162; on the National Black Political Convention, 181, 182; Nixon, Richard and the, 114–15, 122, 125, 138–39, 174, 184; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) and the, 130; U.S. Department of Justice lawyer resignations and the, 174; on Willis, Benjamin, 68–69
Waterbury (Connecticut), 91
Watergate scandal, 116, 140, 141
WAVE-TV (NBC), 204
Webb v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago (1963), 57–58
W. E. B. DuBois High School, 177
Weinberg, Meyer, 64–65
Westfeldt, Wallace, 10
Westin, Av, 14
West Roxbury (Boston), 193, 203–4
white antibusing protestors, 11–12, 24–26, 46–47, 70–75, 144, 192
white backlash, 4, 17, 28, 48–49, 78, 83, 84–85, 144, 194
white homeowners’ associations, 3–4
white media, 9, 18, 32, 171, 173, 175, 181, 184, 185, 217n41
white mothers, 12, 28, 29, 51, 144, 168. See also McCabe, Irene; mothers’ march (McCabe) (1972); Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City)
whiteness as property, 222n7
white parents: antibusing protestors, 11–12, 24–26, 46–47, 144; Bedford-Stuyvesant rezoning and, 36–37; black communities and, 170–71; vs. black students’ rights, 2, 36, 74, 212; Bogan High School (Chicago) student transfers and, 60–61; Charlotte, Los Angeles decisions and, 124; Chicago and, 58–59, 61, 70–75; Civil Rights Act (1964) and, 52; civil rights movement modeling and, 24–26, 46–47, 144; Glendale-Ridgewood (Queens) (NYC) transfer plan and, 39, 40fig.; Kirk, Claude and, 108; neighborhood schools and, 3, 234n36; New York City and, 3, 34; Nixon, Richard and, 117; Northern Civil Rights Act exemption and, 28. See also antibusing activists; McCabe, Irene; Parents and Taxpayers (PAT) (New York City); white backlash; individual parent groups
white press. See white media
Whitmer, Dana, 147–48
Whitson, Frank, 59–60, 66, 68, 229n27
Whitten amendments, 97–98
Wicker, Tom, 133
Wilkins, Roy, 115, 119, 120–21, 136
Willeford, George, 132
Williams, Ben, 169
Williams, Harrison, 51
Willis, Benjamin: Chicago Defender (newspaper) and, 59–60; Freedom Day school boycotts and, 62, 63–64; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and, 57; Research Council for the Great Cities Program for School Improvement and, 76; resignation of, 61, 70; school desegregation and, 61, 63–64, 76; school transfers and, 60–61; Title VI (Civil Rights Act) and, 66–67, 68; Washington Post (newspaper) on, 68–69; Webb v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago (1963) and, 58; “Willis Wagons” and, 59
Wilmington (Delaware), 210
Winship, Thomas, 19
WKYC (NBC), 205
WLBT (television), 206
women: antibusing protests and, 152; black mothers, 37, 58, 75, 144, 168, 170; housewife populism and, 250n69; Parents and Taxpayers protest march (NYC) and, 23; white mothers, 12, 28, 29, 51, 144, 168. See also mothers’ march (McCabe) (1972); individual women
Women’s National Press Club, 124
Women’s Strike for Equality, 147
Wood, Clifton, 178
Woodlawn Experimental Schools Project (Chicago), 178
Woodlawn Organization (Chicago), 58, 59, 144
WTHR-TV (NBC), 205–6
WTTW (television), 166
Young, Whitney, 173