Aarsleff, Hans, 247, 248, 252–53, 357n29, 359n52
Abbadie, Jacques, 318n72
Akhmatova, Anna, 253
Alembert, Jean-Baptiste le Rond d’, 72
and Cassirer, 237
De la liberté de la musique, 294n4, 310n92
Discours préliminaire to Encyclopédie, 235–36
Eléments de philosophie, 236
and Isaiah Berlin, 254
and MacIntyre, 261
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 82
amour propre, 167
Anderson, Perry, 245
‘Components of the National Culture,’ 257, 258
Anet, Claude, 75
Annales de la Société Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 142
Annales school, 195
Anscombe, Elizabeth, 273
anthropology, 1–28, 31, 41, 86, 131, 185, 226
slavery in, 104–5. See also Greeks, ancient; Romans, ancient
and culture, 18–19
as degenerate men, 11
descent from, 6–13
humanity of, 131
men as fallen, 21
and perfectibility, 24. See also chimpanzees; monkeys; orang-utans
Ardrey, Robert, 6, 11–12, 13, 21, 22, 24, 25, 281n7, 284–85n39
The Social Contract, 2–3
Arendt, Hannah, Origins of Totalitarianism, 212, 343n44
Argenson, René-Louis, marquis d’, 48
Mémoires, 47
Aristotle, 286n42
and Foot, 273
and Jacobins, 272
and liberty, 157
and MacIntyre, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 276
and nature and art, 4
Arnauld, Antoine, Logique, 276
Arundel, Lord, 40
Ashcraft, Richard, 124–25
Audebert, Jean-Baptiste, 283–84n31
Augustinianism, 260, 265, 270, 276
Au revoir les enfants, 259
autonomy, 88, 90, 157, 158, 174, 206
Ayer, A. J., 273–74
Bacon, Francis, 237
Baczko, Bronislaw, 138
Baecque, Antoine de, 203
Baillie, Robert, 265
Bakunin, Mikhail, 218
barbarians, 61, 62, 64, 103, 129
Barbeyrac, Jean: and Cumberland and Pufendorf, 314–15n29
and Pufendorf, 93–94, 95, 97, 134, 276, 313–14n19, 316n45, 318n72
Rousseau’s lack of reference to, 314n20
translations by, 93, 95, 97, 106–7
Barbier, Edmond-Jean-François, 48
Barrett, William, Irrational Man, 244
Barthez, Paul-Joseph, 208
Bastid, Paul, 203
Battel, Andrew, 8
Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, 237, 238, 256
Bayle, Pierre, 102, 240, 252, 255, 269
Becker, Carl, 235
The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers, 233, 250, 251, 256
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 254–55
Begin, Menachem, 255
Begriffsgeschichte, 186, 334n4
Bell, Daniel, 271
Bellow, Saul, 247
Benedict, St., 277
Bentham, Jeremy, 79, 121, 135, 274
Bergson, Henri, 236
Berkeley, George, 237
Berlin, Isaiah, 128, 168, 238, 244–59, 271, 356n18
Against the Current, 252
The Age of Enlightenment, 245, 247
‘Alleged Relativism in Eighteenth-Century European Thought,’ 249
‘The Counter-Enlightenment,’ 244–45
The Crooked Timber of Humanity, 249
Four Essays on Liberty, 330n26
The Hedgehog and the Fox, 245
‘Historical Inevitability,’ 167, 330n26
‘Jewish Slavery and Emancipation,’ 256
‘Life and Opinions of Moses Hess,’ 256
The Magus of the North, 247
Personal Impressions, 254
The Roots of Romanticism, 247–48, 249–50
‘Two Concepts of Liberty,’ 245, 246, 249, 328n3
Vico and Herder, 246–48
Besterman, Theodore, 81, 87, 144–53
and Leigh, 145–53, 325–26n17, 326nn18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 326–27n24
Bibliothèque de Neuchâtel, 116, 144
Bichat, Marie François Xavier, 196, 208
Birch, Thomas, 125
Bloom, Allan, 132–33
Bobbio, Norberto, 214
Bordeu, Théophile, 208
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne, Histoire universelle, 251
Boyer, Noël, La guerre des bouffons et la musique française, 49
Brecht, Bertolt, 239, 256, 257
Bredin, Jean-Denis, 203
Brenkert, George, 350n63
Brizard, Gabriel, 137
Brosses, Charles de, 35, 39–40
Historia critica philosophiae, 98
Buckingham, Duke of, 40
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 4, 7, 9, 11, 75, 76, 93, 130, 276
Burdin, Jean, 208
Cours d’études médicales, 196
Burgelin, Pierre, 132
Burke, Edmund, 67, 82, 204, 272, 342n40
Reflections on the Revolution in France, 261
Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques, 93
Burney, Charles, General History of Music, 72, 251
Burns, Jimmy, 121–22
Byron, Lord, Don Juan, 40
Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 194, 196
Rapports du physique et du moral, 180, 195
Calas, Jean, 84
Camper, Petrus, 4
Cantone, Simone, 35
capitalism, 44, 189, 226, 227, 231, 350n63. See also commerce; economics
Capote, Truman, 258
Carmichael, Gershom, 276
Carver, Terrell, 349n47
Cassirer, Ernst: Freiheit und Form, 240
The Myth of the State, 241–42
Die Philosophie der Aufklärung, 234–43, 256
Das Problem Jean Jacques Rousseau, 239
Castel, Louis Bertrand, Discourse, 180
Castiglione, Dario, 122
Castillon, Jean de, 26
Castro, Fidel, 220
Cavendish, Sir Charles, 125, 126
Cazotte, Jacques, Observations sur la Lettre de Rousseau, 47
Cervantes, Miguel de, 42
Chambers, Ephraim, 269
Chandler, Richard, 41
Charron, Pierre, 126
Chartier, Roger, 234
Charvet, John, 330n18
chimpanzees, 9, 12, 13–14, 284–85n39. See also apes; monkeys; orang-utans
and Becker, 251
and Enlightenment, 251
and Foot, 273
and Middle Ages, 29
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 82, 84
Churchill, Winston, 258
citizen/citizenship, 165
and ancient Greeks and Romans, 157–58, 176
and civil religion, 84
and general will, 175–76
and Habermas, 209–10
and individual, 216
and legislation, 205–6
and liberty, 158, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174
and Marx and Rousseau, 215, 216, 218, 220, 226
and nationality, 213
and popular sovereignty, 112
self-rule through state by, 90
and United States, 213
and voluntary subjection, 96
and women, 344n45
civilization, 212
advance from barbarism to, 26
as bane of humanity, 161
and colonialism, 252
and degeneration, 7–8
as denaturing, 22
as disease, 114
as enslavement, 130
and Grand Tour, 31, 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44
and MacIntyre, 261, 262, 266, 269
and men as cattle, 21–22
and nation-state, 45
and northern and southern cultures, 61
and orang-utan, 12
and perfectibility, 24, 26, 27
and primitive men, 97
progress of, 252
and property, 17–18
and Pufendorf, 101
Rousseau’s view of, 118, 160, 203–4, 225
as self-domestication, 8
as term, 30, 190, 334n5. See also society
civil society, 239
advent of, 113
and bürgerliche Gesellschaft, 44
and commerce, 105
and common good, 98
and contract, 205
decadence of, 103
and formation of people, 106
and language, 223
and property, 15, 124, 168, 222, 223
and representation, 109
and vice, 168
and virtue, 88
Clarke, Edward Daniel, 41
climate, 7, 60–61, 83, 170, 208, 228–29, 307n74
Cloots, Anacharsis, 137
Club of the Cordeliers, 206
Cohen, Hermann, 241
Cohen, Jerry, 134, 221, 222, 223, 347–48n34, 349n43, 350–51n64
Colletti, Lucio, Ideologia e società, 214, 215
Collini, Stefan, 122
Collins, Anthony, 135
commerce, 42, 44, 115, 120, 261
and civil society, 105
and Europe, 29–30
and language, 129
and liberty, 103–4
as misrepresentation of need, 109
and Pufendorf, 100
Rousseau’s contempt for, 88
and sociability, 100, 102, 103
and social corruption, 104
and society, 79, 112, 129, 261. See also capitalism; economy; money
communism, 216, 228, 350n63, 351n78
Communist League, 231
communitarians, 246, 250, 252, 254, 261
compassion, 22–23, 306. See also pity
Condé, Prince de, 33
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 14, 16, 31, 130
Traité des sensations, 135, 208
Traité des systèmes, 208
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de, 195, 196, 201, 202, 242, 250, 254
Esquisse d’un tableau des progrès de l’esprit humain, 235, 238, 242–43
Projet de décret sur l’organisation sociale, 193
consent, 106, 107, 206, 211, 222, 223
Constant, Benjamin, 156, 159, 176, 177, 178, 245
Cours de politique constitutionnelle, 329n12
Constitution of 1793, 202, 218
Constitution of 1795, 194, 218
Conti, Louis-François de Bourbon, Prince de, 73
contract: and Hegel, 205
and institution of government, 107
and property, 106
and submission, 107. See also Rousseau, Jean-Jacques—Contrat social; social contract
Corneille, Pierre, 87
Corsica, 182
Cotta, Sergio, 214
Counter-Enlightenment, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 253, 257
Counter-Reformation, 30
Cranston, Maurice, 157, 172, 181
Crusades, 30
Crystal Palace, 190
Ctesias, 7
culture: and adaptation, 23–24
and Ardrey, 2
and compassion vs. self-love, 22–23
and deception, 20
evolution of, 19
fixity of, 20
and illusion of liberty, 162
and Isaiah Berlin, 246
and loss of innocence, 120
and luxury, 84
northern vs. southern, 60–61
passage from nature to, 1, 22–23, 161
physical explanation for, 24
and plasticity of human nature, 25
of primitive peoples, 5
and religion, 114
Rousseau’s attack on, 160
and society, 18, 19, 22, 24, 225
and symbols, 19
and Volney, 195
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 84. See also society
De legibus naturae, 314–15n29
d’Alembert, Jean-Baptiste le Rond. See Alembert, Jean-Baptiste le Rond d’
Danube, 32–33
Dapper, Olfert, 8
Darnton, Robert, 234
Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, 44–45, 238, 240, 344n45
Declaration of Independence, American, 238
Declarations of the Rights of Man, 206, 212, 218
Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe, 165, 215
Delessert, Madeleine-Catherine, 74
Deleyre, Alexandre, 70
della Volpe, Galvano, Rousseau e Marx, 214, 215
democracy: and Constant, 159
and French Revolution, 211, 261
and Geneva, 85
and Grand Tour, 41
and imagination, 230
and Locke, 124
and MacIntyre, 262
participatory, 111
and popular sovereignty, 206
and representation, 211, 343n43
and Sieyès, 200, 201, 207, 211
and United States of America, 197–98
Derathé, Robert, 111, 112, 172
Rousseau et la science politique de son temps, 89–90, 91–93
De la grammatologie, 307–8n76
and Cassirer, 237
Discours de la méthode, 125
and Enlightenment, 276
and intelligence, 134
and Voltaire, 82
despotism, 161
dangers of political, 88
and French Revolution, 194
and government as shaping human nature, 183–84
and justice, 224
of Le Mercier de la Rivière, 210
and liberty, 182
and Madison, 198
and popular sovereignty, 174
and Voltaire, 83
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, comte, 193, 194
Diderot, Denis, 68
‘Agriculture,’ 97
‘Autorité politique,’ 97
‘Cité,’ 97
‘Citoyen,’ 97
and colonialism, 277
and Confessions, 76
‘Droit naturel,’ 95, 97, 98, 288–89n72, 315n36
and Encyclopédie, 130
and general will, 315n36
‘Hobbisme,’ 97–98
and Isaiah Berlin, 254
and language, 13
‘Législateur,’ 307–8n76
and MacIntyre, 261, 267, 269, 271
Mémoires pour Catherine II, 31
Le Neveu de Rameau, 264, 269–70
and painting, 72
and physiology, 208
and Rameau, 71
and religious toleration, 240
Rousseau’s break with, 69
Rousseau’s interrogation of, 130
Rousseau’s response to, 98–99
Suite du rêve de d’Alembert, 286n43
Supplément au voyage de Bougainville, 252, 269–70
Diodorus Siculus, 101
Dostoyevski, Fyodor, 253
Dubos, Jean-Baptiste, Réflexions critiques, 307n74
Duchez, Marie-Élisabeth, 116, 305n65, 320n14, 323n19
Dufour, Théophile, 141–43, 144
Recherches bibliographiques sur les oeuvres imprimées de Rousseau, 143
Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste, Description de la Chine, 73, 304n62
Dumont, Étienne, 193
Dunn, John, 123
duty, 69
and government, 111
and Hobbes, 98
and Hont, 100
and instinct, 163
and language, 224
and liberty, 105, 155, 172, 173, 181
and state, 90
and state of nature, 92, 97, 99
and Voltaire, 83
Eckart, Dietrich, 240
and language, 224
and Marx and Rousseau, 219, 227, 229, 347n23, 349n47
and rules, 223
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 82. See also capitalism; money
economy: and English government, 85
and Europe, 29
and Hegel, 205
market, 205
and Marx and Rousseau, 222. See also commerce
education: and Emile, 133
and Helvétius, 208
and law, 169
and MacIntyre, 265
negative, 133
and sensationalism, 135
and universities, 30–31
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 261
and Cassirer, 237
and Koselleck, 190
and philosophes, 268
and Saint-Simon, 196
Engels, Friedrich, 222–23
Anti-Dühring, 215, 216–17, 218
Glorious Revolution in, 251
government of, 85
and radical culture, 257
and sovereignty of Parliament, 107
and Treaty of Union of 1707, 265
Enlightenment: and Becker, 251
and French Revolution, 203, 208
and Isaiah Berlin, 246, 247, 249–50, 254, 255, 256–57
and MacIntyre, 260–78
and modernity, 188
Rousseau’s critique of, 188
as subversive, 269
as term, 244
and totalitarian democracy, 233
and Voltaire, 208
Enlightenment Project: and Cassirer, 234, 235
coherence of, 191
and colonialism, 252
concept of, 185–92
international dimensions of, 192
and MacIntyre, 261, 262, 265, 267–68
and modernity, 210
and nation-state, 209
and Pascal, 264
and politics, 209
and privilege, 213
and religious toleration, 240
Rousseau’s critique of, 192
Epicureanism, 100
Épinay, Louise Florence Pétronille Tardieu d’Esclavelles, marquise d’, 69, 76
equality: and liberty, 216
and liberty and fraternity, 177, 178
and Marx and Rousseau, 218, 219, 226
and modern states, 109
and sovereignty, 171
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 85
Erasmus, Desiderius, 42–43, 241
Estates General, 198
Ferguson, Adam, 253
Principles of Moral and Political Science, 209
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 232
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 205, 239
Filangieri, Gaetano, La scienza della legislazione, 209
First International, 231
Fontenelle, Bernard de, Pluralité des mondes, 251
Foot, Philippa, 273
Forsyth, Murray, 203
Foucault, Michel, 79, 134, 191, 203, 333–34n3, 334–35n6
and Cassirer, 234
and government, 197
and human sciences, 208–9
Les mots et les choses, 190
and Rousseau’s Dialogues, 77
and science sociale, 194
France: and Grand Tour, 32–35, 42, 43
and MacIntyre, 268
May 1968 student uprisings in, 257
and radical culture, 257
Third Estate, 193
François, Alexis, 143
Frank, Anne, 79
French language, 51, 53, 55, 71, 72, 296n26
French music, 55–56
French opera, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 296n24
French Revolution, 48, 67, 189
and Cassirer, 238
and Contrat social, 113, 204–5, 218
and democracy, 211
and despotism, 194
and Engels, 218
and Enlightenment, 188, 203, 208
and equality, 177
and Foucault, 190
and fraternity, 177
and Hegel, 203–8
and Jews, 255
and Kant, 210
and MacIntyre, 271–72
and Marx and Rousseau, 218
and National Assembly, 342n40
and nation-state, 44–45, 196, 337n19
and popular sovereignty, 171
and postmodernism, 134
and Rousseau, 293n1
Rousseau’s influence on, 46, 49, 88, 89, 114, 137, 158, 159–60, 204–5
and social sciences, 191
and Terror, 261
and virtue, 272
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 80, 81
Fréron, Élie-Catherine, 297–98n27, 299n39
Freud, Sigmund, 249
Gagnebin, Bernard, 144
Garat, Dominique-Joseph, 193, 194
Gardiner, Patrick, 247
Gassendi, Pierre, 126
Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Jean, Jugements allemands sur la musique française au XVIIIe siècle, 49
Gay, Peter, 234, 239, 352n5, 354n35
Geisteswissenschaften, 246
Gellner, Ernest, 246
general will/volonté générale, 97, 98
and Cassirer, 239
and citizens, 175–76
and Diderot, 315n36
and fraternity, 177
and laws, 174
and liberty, 170
and Marx and Rousseau, 219, 227
and moral liberty, 175
and National Assembly, 198
and particular wills, 110
and popular sovereignty, 172
and Sieyès, 200, 201, 206, 212
and state, 204. See also will
Calvinist pastorate of, 86
civil war in, 83
constitution of, 230
and Contrat social, 331–32n38
idealization of, 174
Rousseau as Citizen of, 80, 85, 88, 164, 174
sovereign assembly of, 86
and Voltaire, 80–81, 83, 85–86
George I, 107
George III, 73
German Enlightenment, 256
Germany, 32, 43, 239–40, 242, 243, 257
Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, 190
Geworfenheit, 253
Gibbon, Edward, 31, 33–34, 41, 292n14
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 40
Girondins, 202
Gluck, Christoph Willibald: Alceste, 72
Iphigenia in Aulis, 72
God, 101
and Emile, 165
goodness from, 113
and intelligence, 134
and Locke, 135
and Nature, 117
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 84
Goebbels, Joseph, 240
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 40, 237, 240, 254–55
Italienische Reise, 39
Goldschmidt, Victor, Anthropologie et politique, 281n3, 284n37, 290n88, 312n4
Gombrich, E. H., 257
government: and Foucault, 197
institution of, 107
and language, 65–66
and Montesquieu, 83
and popular sovereignty, 172
as shaping character, 169
as shaping human nature, 183–84
and Sieyès, 201
and sovereignty, 109
and United States of America, 198
and Voltaire, 82–83
itinerary of, 31–43
Gray, John, 186–87, 250, 253, 356n18
Gray, Thomas, 33
Greece, 40–41
and autonomy, 174
and equality and fraternity, 177
and liberty, 156, 157, 159, 176, 177
and liberty and slavery, 182
music of, 58, 129, 304–5n62. See also antiquity; Romans, ancient
Green, T. H., 90
Gregory, John, A Comparative View, 294n4
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, baron von, 26, 76, 290–91n93
and Confessions, 76
Correspondance littéraire, 48
‘Lyrical Poem,’ 72
Petit prophète de Boehmischbroda, 297n27
Grotius, Hugo, 276, 287n49, 314n20
De jure belli ac pacis, 105–6, 107
and liberty, 105
and Locke, 123
and natural law, 82, 93, 105, 167
Rousseau’s reference to, 314n20
and subjection to ruler, 96, 105, 106, 107, 110
Gueniffey, Patrice, 203
Gusdorf, Georges, 190
Habermas, Jürgen, 79, 209, 210
Haller, Albrecht von, 208
Hamann, Johan Georg, 245, 246, 248, 253, 256
Hampshire, Stuart, 273
Hanley, Ryan, 119
Hardy, Henry, 128
Hare, R. M., 273
Hartley, David, 135
Hauerwas, Stanley, Revisions, 273
Hayek, Friedrich von, 258
Head, Brian, 190
and Enlightenment, 244
and French Revolution, 203–8
Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, 339n29
and history, 189
misrepresentation of Rousseau, 203–8
and morality, 205
Phänomenologie des Geistes, 198, 199, 200, 202–3, 204, 240
Philosophie des Rechts, 203, 204, 205
and revolution, 67
and Rousseauism, 159–60
and social contract, 218
and state, 188, 189, 191, 204, 205
and Terror, 203, 204, 205, 206, 218
Über die englische Reformbill, 199
Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie, 203
Heidegger, Martin, 235, 240–42, 253
Sein und Zeit, 240
Heine, Heinrich, 254
Helvétius, Claude Adrien: De l’esprit, 47, 132, 135
and education, 208
and intelligence and sensory experience, 132–33
and Isaiah Berlin, 250
and morality and human nature, 276
Rousseau’s interrogation of, 130
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 245
and apes, 14
and Claude Perrault, 4
and Encyclopédistes, 247
and human nature, 10
Ideen, 253
and Isaiah Berlin, 246–47, 248, 249, 252–53
and language, 305–6n68
and orang-utans, 24
and perfectibility, 26
Herzen, Alexander, 253–54
Hess, Moses, Rome and Jerusalem, 256
Hindemith, Paul, Symphonic Metamorphoses, 73, 304n62
historical materialism, 221, 222, 231, 347–48n34
history, philosophy of, 109, 160
and human corruption, 169
and MacIntyre, 262–63
and Marx, 222, 223, 227, 228, 347–48n34
and Marx and Rousseau, 219, 221
and music and religion, 114
and perfectibility, 26–27
and Pufendorf, 101
and Rousseau, 26–27, 84, 86, 110, 114, 163, 166, 169
and voluntary subjection, 110
Hitchens, Christopher, 357n29
Hitler, Adolf, 155, 166, 176, 184, 239
and British monism, 179
and Constant, 329n12
and Descartes, 126
and Diderot, 97–98
and human nature, 21, 101–2, 167
and Isaiah Berlin, 330n26
Leviathan, 38, 108, 127, 197, 207
and liberalism, 159
and liberty, 98, 108, 155–56, 157, 158, 161, 163, 166–67, 170, 171–72, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181
and MacIntyre, 266
and Marx, 228
and Montesquieu, 97
and natural law, 82
and natural rights, 98
and obligation, 108
and passions vs. needs, 103
and Plamenatz, 130
and Pufendorf, 94–95, 96, 99, 100, 102, 318n77
Rousseau’s interrogation of, 130, 161–62
Rousseau’s opposition to, 93
Rousseau’s response to, 98–99
and rule of law, 155–56
and self-love, 102
and A Short Tract on First Principles, 125–26, 127, 322n14
and Sieyès, 198–99, 207, 341n35
and sociability, 101
and sovereignty, 108, 174, 197, 207, 211
and state of nature, 113–14, 161, 168
and subjection to ruler, 106, 107, 110
and war, 168
Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, baron d’, 135, 208, 250, 252
Hont, Istvan, 99, 100–101, 102, 104, 203, 341n35
Horace, 101
Houdetot, Élisabeth Françoise Sophie de la Live de Bellegarde, comtesse d’, 69–71, 74, 124–25
Story of Madame de Mont-brillant, 76
Hudson, W. D., The Is–Ought Question, 273
human nature: animal and cultural features of, 3
atomistic conceptions of, 186
as benign, 114
indeterminacy of, 25
and Isaiah Berlin, 246
and Kant, 276
legislators as transforming, 183
and Lévi-Strauss, 1
and morality, 208
original goodness of, 2
and physical development as species, 6
political institutions as shaping, 88, 112, 163, 183–84
and politics, 209
as same everywhere, 186
and slavery, 106
society as denaturing, 163–64
as timid, 314–15n29
as timid vs. aggressive, 94, 96, 101–2
transformation of, 87
uniformity of, 276
humans: and animals, 23
capacity for progressive self-instruction, 23
as cattle, 21–22
decline of, 86
degeneration of, 114
degradation of, 25
descent from apes, 6–13
development of, 76
as estranged from selves, 87
loss of innocence by, 120
and modern evolutionary theory, 10–11
self-domestication of, 71
human sciences, 185, 191, 193, 194, 196, 208–9
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 156, 159
Hume, David, 73
and Ayer, 273
and British monism, 179
and Cassirer, 237
Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, 264
and MacIntyre, 260, 264, 266–67, 271, 275, 277
and morality, 271, 274, 275, 276
Treatise of Human Nature, 264, 266–67, 274
and Voltaire, 81
and MacIntyre, 260, 265–67, 270–71, 275, 276, 277
Synopsis metaphysicae, 271
System of Moral Philosophy, 266, 271
idéologues, 194, 195, 208, 336n13
Ignatieff, Michael, 253, 356n18
imagination, 70, 71, 72, 112, 117, 183, 184, 229, 230–31, 306n71. See also reverie
individuals, 339n29
and citizens, 216
and collectives, 90
and Diderot, 97
freedom and autonomy of, 88
and general will, 97
and Hobbes, 100
liberty of, 91, 109, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 163, 170, 172, 175, 176, 178, 184, 205, 206, 225, 260, 265
and Marx, 216
and will, 204
inequality, 180
evolution of, 25–26
and Marx and Rousseau, 226
and perfectibility, 26–27
and positive law, 92
and social decay, 115
and theatre, 163. See also equality
instinct, 4, 5, 21, 22, 23, 25, 163, 166, 168
Italian language, 52, 55, 296n26, 307–8n76
Italian music, 55–56
Ivernois, Jean-Antoine d’, 73
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, 245
Jacobins, 206
and Constant, 159
and Engels, 218
and liberty and popular sovereignty, 171
and MacIntyre, 271–72
misrepresentation of Rousseau by, 111
and representation, 112
and science sociale, 194
and Sieyès, 201–2
and Terror, 261
Jaucourt, Louis, Chevalier de: ‘Morale,’ 269
‘Moralité,’ 269
Jaume, Lucien, 203
Jefferson, Thomas, Notes on the State of Virginia, 284n32
Jesuits, 41
Johnson, Samuel, 32, 40, 77, 147, 150
judgement, 132–33, 135, 306n71
Kant, Immanuel, 29
Anthropologie, 44
and Cassirer, 234, 239, 240, 241
and Continental dualism, 179
and Counter-Enlightenment, 244
and Enlightenment, 244
and French Revolution, 210
and Hare, 273
and Hegel, 204
and human nature, 276
and justice, 213
Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 240
and morality, 210, 241, 271, 276
and state, 210
Kelly, Christopher, 116
Kennedy, Emmet, 190
Kennet, Basil, 316n45
Kern, Edith, 148
Enten–Eller (Either–Or), 263
Kirk, Linda, 314–15n29
Klein, Ernst Ferdinand, 257
Kolb, Peter, Caput Bonae Spei hodierum, 120
Koselleck, Reinhart, 189, 190, 191, 203, 334n4
Kritik und Krise, 204, 207, 333–34n3, 340n30
Kramer, Matthew, John Locke and the Origins of Private Property, 321–22n6
La Barre, Chevalier de, 84
La Borde, Jean-Benjamin de, Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne, 294–95n4
Lacretelle, Pierre-Louis, De l’établissement des connoissances humaines, 193
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, 4, 14, 135, 208, 252
language(s): and apes, 4, 5, 131
artificial, 64
and Cassirer, 241
and civilization, 14
and civil society, 223
and commerce, 129
and corruption, 114–15
and Discours sur l’inégalité, 114, 115, 116
and economics, 224
fixity of, 20
and government, 65–66
and hybridization, 20
and Isaiah Berlin, 246
loss of inflection in, 17, 110, 129, 161
and Marx and Rousseau, 222, 223–25, 349n47
and Middle Ages, 29
and modern Europe, 65
and morality, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 62, 224
and music, 17, 51–52, 53, 55, 56, 59–67, 71, 115, 129, 130, 161, 296n26, 305–6n68, 308n77
and objects of thought, 16
and passions, 17, 60, 61, 62, 65, 129
and politics, 18
and property, 16, 17–18, 162, 223, 224
and prose, 17, 62, 63, 65, 110, 129, 225
and Pufendorf, 95
of sincerity, 79
and society, 14–19, 20, 62, 65–67, 97, 102–3, 114, 224
and symbols, 18
and thought, 14
and writing, 64, 309n89. See also French language; Italian language; speech
La Rochefoucauld, François de, 102
Laski, Harold, 250
Laslett, Peter, 123
La Tour de Franqueville, Madame de, 138, 294n4
Laubel, M., 139
Launay, Michel, 116
changes in, 230–31
and citizens, 170, 172, 173, 174
and education, 169
and Engels, 223
and general will, 174
and Hobbes, 155–56
and inequality, 92
and liberty, 158, 160, 161, 164–65, 173
and Marx, 222–23
and Montesquieu, 208
and natural law, 91
and Pufendorf, 96
and savages, 92
and Voltaire, 82
Legislative Assembly, 199–200
legislators, 109, 154, 176, 183–84, 216, 332–33n47
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 219, 238
and Cassirer, 234, 237, 240, 256
and goodness of all, 117
and intelligence, 134
and natural development, 10
and Voltaire, 82
Leibowitz, Yeshayahu, 255
Leigh, Ralph, 81, 117, 127, 136–41
and Besterman, 145–53, 325–26n17, 326nn18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 326–27n24
‘Les manuscrits disparus,’ 116
Le Mercier de la Rivière, Pierre-Paul, 210
Le Nôtre, André, 33
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 237
Levasseur, Thérèse, 136
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 287n55, 289n77
and history and morality, 27
influence of Rousseau on, 1–3
and naturalized culture, 25
neglect of Rousseau’s ideas in, 5–6, 11, 20–21, 22, 23
L’Origine des manières de table, 1–2
La Pensée sauvage, 20
Les Structures élémentaires de la parenté, 2
Le Totémisme aujourd’hui, 1
Tristes tropiques, 1
liberalism: adoption of, 182
and French Revolution, 261
and Hobbes, 159
and Isaiah Berlin, 245, 246, 253, 254, 258
and Romanticism, 164
Rousseau’s influence on, 158–60
liberty, 328n3
and absolute sovereign, 156
and ancient Greeks and Romans, 156, 157–58, 159, 176, 177
and ancient slavery, 104–5, 182
ancient vs. modern, 245, 329n12
and citizens, 158, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174
civil, 85, 156, 170–71, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 205, 206
and civilization, 163
and civil society, 161, 176, 181
and commerce, 103–4
and Constant, 159, 177, 178, 245, 329n12
and dependence, 178
and despotism, 182
and duty, 105, 155, 172, 173, 181
and English government, 85
French Revolution of 1789, 171, 177
and Grotius, 105
and Hobbes, 98, 108, 155–56, 157, 158, 161, 163, 166–67, 170, 171–72, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181
of individuals, 91, 109, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 163, 170, 172, 175, 176, 178, 184, 205, 206, 225, 260, 265
and Isaiah Berlin, 155, 245, 258, 328n3, 330n26
and Jacobins, 171
and law, 158, 160, 161, 164–65, 173
and Locke, 158
loss of, 18, 154, 160–64, 165, 167–68, 169, 174
and Machiavelli, 158, 328–29n8
and Marx, 350n63
and Marx and Rousseau, 219, 226–27, 230
misrepresentation of, 109
misuse of, 25
and modernity, 181–82
and money, 104
moral, 170–71, 174–76, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 219
and music, 65, 115, 129, 163, 310n92
natural, 158, 163, 164, 166, 170, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 206
negative, 155, 164–65, 166, 168, 169, 178, 245, 258, 328n3
and perfectibility, 24, 179, 183
personal vs. political, 178
political dimension of, 89, 169–78
and popular sovereignty, 160, 171, 174
public control of, 155
and Pufendorf, 94
and reason vs. passion, 158
and representation, 105, 106, 109, 110–11, 205–6
Rousseau’s defense of, 154–55
Rousseau’s definition of, 155, 160
and Rousseau’s estrangement from society, 76
Rousseau’s passion for, 88
Rousseau’s vision of, 78
and society, 97, 161, 163, 165, 167–68, 224
and sovereign assembly, 160
and Spinoza, 158
and state, 88, 90, 157, 163, 175
and state of nature, 23, 91, 161, 163
surrender of, 96
as term, 179–80
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 85
and voluntary subjection, 105–12
and will, 158, 165, 166–67. See also slavery
Philosophia botanica, 75
Regnum vegetabile, 75
Systema naturae, 75
Lisbon, earthquake at, 117–18
Livy, Rise of Rome, 114
Locke, John, 126, 127, 321–22n6
and Cassirer, 237
democratic radicalism of, 124
and Emile, 132
and Enlightenment, 276
Essay concerning Human Understanding, 134
and God, 135
and Grotius, 123
and Hobbesian sovereignty, 211
and human nature, 21
and Hutcheson, 271
and James II, 124
and language, 16
Letter concerning Toleration, 134
and liberty, 158
and materialism, 133–35
and morality, 135
and popular sovereignty, 201–2
and religion, 135
and religious toleration, 240, 255
and right and force, 174
Rousseau’s interrogation of, 130
Rousseau’s opposition to, 93
Second Treatise of Government, 106, 123–24, 125, 134
and social contract, 90
and society and state of nature, 113–14
and sovereign, 92–93
and state of nature, 101
Thoughts concerning Education, 132, 134
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 85
Lorenz, Konrad, On Aggression, 288n66
Louis XIII, 107
Louis XV, 48
Lovejoy, Arthur, 10
Low Countries, 42–43
Lucretius, 101
Lukács, Georg, 257
Lully, Jean-Baptiste, 296n24
Luther, Martin, 241
Lutheranism, 268
Luxemburg, Rosa, 211
Lyotard, Jean-François, 233
Mably, Jean Bonnot de, 93
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 158, 169, 171, 328–29n8
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 186, 260–78
After Virtue, 244, 260, 262, 263–65, 268, 272–73, 274, 277
Revisions, 273
Short History of Ethics, 273, 274
The Significance of Moral Judgements, 275
Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry, 260, 263, 269, 277
Whose Justice? Which Rationality?, 260, 263, 265–67, 268, 270
Madison, James, 198
Mailer, Norman, 258
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, Madame de, 33
Maistre, Joseph-Marie, comte de, 67, 80, 195, 218, 245, 246
Malebranche, Nicolas, 180
Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de, 78, 144
Malinowski, Bronisław Kasper, 257
Malle, Louis, 259
Malthus, Robert, 41
mandat impératif, 200, 206, 211, 212
Mandeville, Bernard, 102, 103, 118, 266, 276
Fable of the Bees, 317n54
manuscripts, 121–35
and contextualism, 121, 122–33, 135, 186
and historical readings, 122, 127
and interpretation, 131–32
and philosophical readings, 122, 123, 127
and published works, 123
Marana, Giovanni Paolo, Espion turc, 32
Marcuse, Herbert, 234
Marramao, Giacomo, 214
Marsilius, 108–9
Martin, Kingsley, 356n18
Martyn, Thomas, 74
Marvell, Andrew, 125
Marx, Eleanor, 215
Marx, Karl, 214–32, 347n23, 347–48n34
Address to the Communist League, 351n78
and citizenship, 215, 216, 218, 220, 226
and class and capitalism, 189
Communist Manifesto, 220
Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, 216
Critique of the Gotha Programme, 227, 228
and Discours sur l’inégalité, 216–17
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, 216, 219
and economics, 219, 227, 229, 347n23, 349n47
and economy, 222
eleventh thesis on Feuerbach, 232
father of, 215
and French Revolution, 205
and Germany and Russia, 231
and history, 27
and Hobbes, 228
and individuals, 216
and inequality, 226
Jewish Question, 216, 218, 226
and Jews, 255
and language, 222, 223–25, 349n47
and laws, 222–23
and liberty, 219, 226–27, 230, 350n63
and Montesquieu, 228–29
and morality, 226–30
philosophy of history of, 124, 219, 221, 222, 223, 227, 228, 347–48n34
Preface to the Critique of Political Economy, 223
and property, 218, 219, 222, 224, 225, 227, 228
and Pufendorf, 101
and religion, 117
and Rousseauism, 159–60
and social class, 219, 220, 222, 226
and society, 220–26
and state and civil society, 191
and vampires, 22
and Voltaire, 80
Wages, Price and Profit, 226
Mason, John Hope, 347n23
Masson, Pierre-Maurice, La Religion de Rousseau, 132
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de, 135, 208
McLellan, David, 349n47, 350n53, 350n63
Meier, Heinrich, 116
Mendelssohn, Moses, 241, 244, 254
Plea for the Toleration of the Jews, 256
Mercier, Louis Sébastien: Le Tableau de Paris, 47
Rousseau, 204
Mercken-Spaas, Godelieve, 289n77
Merolla, Girolamo, 8
Merriam, Charles, 185
Mersenne, Marin, 126
Harmonie universelle, 300n42, 306–7n72
Michels, Roberto, 211
Mill, James, 135
Mill, John Stuart, 127, 135, 156, 159, 245, 274, 276, 356n18
Mirabeau, Victor de Riquetti, marquis de, La science ou les droits et les devoirs de l’homme, 209
modernity, 187
and Cassirer, 234, 236, 237, 239
coherence of, 191
communitarian critics of, 210
and democracy, 211
and Enlightenment, 188
and Enlightenment Project, 210
and Hegel, 199, 203, 204, 205, 206
jettisoned heritage of, 208–13
and Koselleck, 190
and liberty, 181–82
and MacIntyre, 260
nature and roots of, 189
passage from antiquity to, 178
and postmodernism, 134
and representation, 109
Rousseau’s contempt for, 182
and secularism, 233
and Sieyès, 200, 207, 209, 212
and vice, 105
Molesworth, Viscount, 270
Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 87
Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, 33
Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord, 4, 10, 14, 305–6n68
On the Origin and Progress of Language, 131
Mondolfo, Rodolfo, 214
money, 102, 103–5. See also commerce; economics
monkeys, 6, 9, 10, 24, 283n24. See also apes; orang-utans
Essais, 101
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de, 93, 94, 170, 193, 196, 276
and government, 83
and Herder, 253
and human nature, 314–15n29
and liberty, 171
and MacIntyre, 268
and Marx and Rousseau, 228–29
and Pufendorf, 96
and religious toleration, 240
and Sieyès, 201
Moore, G. E., 275
Principia Ethica, 274
morality: and anthropology, 28
and association, 216
and Cassirer, 239
decadent, 17
and free will, 167
and government, 169
and Hegel, 205
and human nature, 208
and Hutcheson, 270–71
and Jaucourt, 269
and language, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 62, 224
and Locke, 135
and MacIntyre, 260–62, 263–64, 265, 266–67, 269–70, 272–74
and Marx and Rousseau, 226–30
and Montesquieu and Rousseau, 229
and natural differences, 25–26
and natural dissimilarities, 180
and physical dissimilarities, 16, 180
and Pufendorf, 94
and self-love, 23
and social contract, 90
and sovereign, 172
and subjection to ruler, 106
and uniformity of human nature, 276
universal standards for, 260–61
and wealth, 103
moral liberty. See under liberty
Moravia, Sergio, 190
More, Thomas, Utopia, 230
Moréri, Louis, 269
Morgan, Lady Sydney, France, 48–49
Moses, 184
Müller, Charles-Louis, The Last Roll Call of the Victims of the Terror, 233
Murray, Johann Anders, 75
and ancient Greeks, 58, 129, 304–5n62
ancient vs. modern, 308–9n82
and basse fondamentale, 54, 56, 58, 130
chords in, 129
and Discours sur l’inégalité, 114, 115, 116
diversity of conventions in, 57
evolution of, 57
French, 55–56
and French politics, 48–49
and Greek vs. Latin languages, 308n77
harmony vs. melody in, 50–51, 52–53, 54–55, 57–58, 62–63, 71, 110, 163, 225, 300n41, 301–2n52, 303n60
Italian, 55–56
and language, 17, 51–52, 53, 55, 56, 59–67, 71, 115, 129, 130, 161, 296n26, 305–6n68, 308n77
and liberty, 65, 115, 129, 163, 310n92
loss of meaning in, 61–62
nature of, 49
and political theory, 129
and virtue, 72
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 86
nation: and French Revolution, 191
and National Assembly, 198
National Assembly, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 205, 206, 207, 212, 342n40
nation-state, 196–203
advent of, 29
and civilization, 45
and Enlightenment Project, 209
and French Revolution, 44–45, 196, 337n19
and personality of the people, 212
and representation, 212
and republicanism, 212
and rights of man and rights of citizen, 212–13, 344n45
and Sieyès, 198–99, 200–202, 203, 207, 210, 213
and sovereignty, 337n19. See also state
natural law, 105
anterior, 96–99
and collectivism, 91
defined, 89
generative, 99–104
and Hobbes, 82
and Jacobins, 111
modern vs. ancient, 94
moral, 97
and natural rights, 92–93
and passion, 92
and sociability, 14
and sociology, 185
and sovereign, 172
superior, 89–93
natural liberty. See under liberty
natural rights, 92–93
nature, 78
and animals vs. humans, 23
and Aristotle, 4
and chain of being, 10
and first communities, 15
and God, 117
as making humans happy and good, 113, 160, 220
passage to civil state from, 162
passage to culture from, 1, 22–23, 161
and Plato, 4
Rousseau’s communion with, 88, 112, 164
and society, 22. See also state of nature
Naturwissenschaften, 246
New Liberals, 158
Newton, Sir Isaac, 85, 219, 237
Newtonian physics, 186
Nicole, Pierre, Logique, 276
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 247, 249
Nozick, Robert, 134
Numa, 184
Oakeshott, Michael, Experience and Its Modes, 122
and ancient Greeks and Romans, 157
and animals, 23
and MacIntyre, 265
and natural law, 91
orang-utans, 12, 28, 131, 282n18, 283–84n31, 284n32, 285n41
and Herder, 24
humanity of, 8–10
and savages, 9, 11, 13. See also apes; chimpanzees; monkeys
Ovid, Metamorphoses, 114
Palestinian state, 255
Palissot, Charles, 47
Palladini, Fiammetta, 101, 102
Discussioni seicentesche su Samuel Pufendorf, 99
Samuel Pufendorf discepolo di Hobbes, 99
Paris Commune of 1871, 211, 219
Pascal, Blaise, 87, 102, 264–65, 267
Pasquino, Pasquale, 203
passions, 99
and Hutcheson, 266
and language, 17, 60, 61, 62, 65, 129
and natural law, 92
slavery to, 158, 166–67, 170, 178
and society, 102–3
Passmore, John, The Perfectibility of Man, 290–91n93
Paul, 30
perfectibility, 276, 290–91n93
and antiquity, 30
and Enlightenment, 186
and humans vs. animals, 23
and malleability of human nature, 276
of men and apes, 24
and natural liberty, 24
and plasticity of human nature, 25
of primates, 10–11
and property, 26–27
Rousseau’s concept of, 26–28
and society, 97
as source of misfortunes, 26
Pergolesi, Giovanni, La Serva padrona, 297n27
Perrault, Claude, 4
Petty, Sir William, 4
Petty, William, 40
influence of, 268–69
and Isaiah Berlin, 254
and Locke, 135
and natural goodness, 118
and perfectibility, 26
and religious toleration, 240
Rousseau’s estrangement from, 160
Rousseau’s relationship with, 82, 87
and toleration, 277
Philosophic Radicals, 135
physics, 209
physiology, 194, 196, 208, 209
Piozzi, Mrs. (Hester Thrale), 35, 36
Pittard-Dufour, Hélène, 143, 144
Plamenatz, John, 130, 217, 219, 231
Karl Marx’s Philosophy of Man, 214
Plan, Pierre-Paul, 141, 142–44
Plato, 93
and Grand Tour, 41
Laws, 72
and nature and custom, 4
Phaedrus, 309n90
Republic, 31, 129, 165, 169, 230
pluralism, 246, 248, 249, 250, 251–52, 254, 356n18
Poland, 182
Polignac, Cardinal de, 13
art of, 195
and human nature, 209
human nature as shaped by, 88
and Marx and Rousseau, 226
and natural law, 91
and social sciences, 193
and virtue, 88
and Volney, 195
Popkin, Richard, 126
Port-Royal Grammaire générale, 276
postmodernism, 79, 134, 233, 235, 241, 250
and difference, 256
and Enlightenment, 251
and Isaiah Berlin, 246, 252, 253
Prague Spring, 257
Prévost, Antoine François, 251
Histoire générale des voyages, 8, 120
Price, Richard, 275
Prichard, H. A., 274
Priestly, Joseph, 135
priests, 22, 30, 115, 117. See also religion
Prior, Arthur, Logic and the Basis of Ethics, 275
production, forces and relations of, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227, 228–29, 347–48n34, 350n53
progress: and Enlightenment, 186–87, 204, 210, 252
and MacIntyre, 261
and Pufendorf, 104
and Vaughan, 91
property, 101
abolition of, 179
and civil society, 15, 124, 168, 222, 223
corruption through, 16
and language, 16, 17–18, 162, 223, 224
and Marx, 227
and Marx and Rousseau, 218, 219, 222, 224, 225, 228
and perfectibility, 26–27
in persons, 15
and society, 123
unequal distribution of, 178
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 159–60, 218
Proust, Marcel, 75
Pufendorf, Samuel, 31, 276, 287n49
and Barbeyrac, 313–14n19, 318n72
and Cumberland’s De legibus, 314–15n29
De jure naturae et gentium, 93, 95, 101, 104, 106–7, 108, 134, 314–15n29, 316n45
De officio hominis et civis, 93, 97
and Grotius, 316n45
and Hobbes, 99, 100, 102, 318n77
and human nature, 21, 314–15n29
and Hutcheson, 271
and representation, 108
Rousseau’s references and allusions to, 93–96
and society and state of nature, 113–14
and voluntary subjection, 106, 110
Purchas, Samuel, 251
Pythagoras, 300n43
Querelle des anciens et des modernes, 189
Querelle des Bouffons, 48, 49, 52, 53, 252, 297n27, 298n31
Quesnay, François, ‘Évidence,’ 135
Quetelet, Adolphe, 185
raison d’état, ragione di stato, 29, 197
Rameau, Jean-Philippe, 50, 71, 72, 300n41, 302n58, 303n60, 306n69
Code de musique pratique, 299n36
and d’Alembert, 305n63
Démonstration du principe de l’harmonie, 54
Erreurs sur la musique dans l’Encyclopédie, 53, 54, 56, 57
Génération harmonique, 54
and Mersenne and Zarlino, 300n42
Nouveau systême de musique théorique, 299n36
Observations sur notre instinct pour la musique, 53, 54, 55, 56, 298n31
Les Paladins, 302n55
Platée, 302n55
La Princesse de Navarre, 302n55
and Pythagoras, 300n43
response to Rousseau, 52–57
and Rousseau’s ‘Choeur,’ 302n54
Rousseau’s response to, 57–67, 93, 129–31
and Serre, 300–301n44
Raphael, David, 274–75
The Moral Sense, 275
Raynal, Guillaume Thomas François, Histoire des deux Indes, 252
reason, 252
and antiquity, 30
and Becker, 251
dogmatic, 233
and Enlightenment, 186
and human development, 9
and human nature, 4
and Hutcheson, 266
and Isaiah Berlin, 247
and liberty, 158
and MacIntyre, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 268, 272–73
and Moral Letters, 71
and state of nature vs. society, 97
Redouté, Pierre Joseph, 74
Reinhold, Karl Leonhard, 244
civil, 84
and culture, 114
and Discours sur l’inégalité, 117
in Emile, 70
and Enlightenment, 186
and Jaucourt, 269
and Montesquieu, 208
and science, 233
and Volney, 195
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 82, 84. See also priests
Renaissance, 30, 31, 32, 189, 260
and civil society, 109
as distorting, 110–11
and French Revolution, 191
and liberty, 105, 106, 109, 110–11, 205–6
and nation-state, 212
and United States of America, 197–98
republicanism, classical, 210, 211–12
republic of letters, 30, 34–35
democratic, 197–98
modern, 176
reverie, 71, 72, 75, 77–78, 112, 117, 138, 183, 184, 230. See also imagination
Revett, Nicholas, Antiquities of Athens, 41
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 30, 251
Rey, Marc-Michel, 150
Ricardo, David, 215
rights: and Cassirer, 238–39
civil, 238
and Diderot, 98
and Gray, 186–87
and Hobbes, 98
as inalienable, 238–39
of man and rights of citizen, 212–13, 344n45
and Marx, 228
and Marx and Rousseau, 218
and nation-state, 212–13, 344n45
and natural law, 89
as safeguarded from state, 156
of slavery, 106
and state, 90
Robespierre, Maximilien, 202, 204
and Louis XVI, 199
misrepresentation of Rousseau by, 111
and popular sovereignty, 112, 201, 206
and Rousseauism, 207
visit to Rousseau, 83
Robinet, Jean-Baptiste-René, 10
De la nature, 26
Roche, Daniel, 234
Rochemont, M. de, 47
and Contrat social, 174
and equality, 177
and fraternity, 177
and Grand Tour, 40
and language, 61
and liberty, 156, 157–58, 159, 176, 177
and music, 129
and plebiscites, 206
and Rousseau’s contempt for modernity, 182
taxes in, 104. See also antiquity; Greeks, ancient
Roosevelt, Franklin, 258
Rorty, Richard, 250–51
Rosenberg, Alfred, 240
Ross, W. D., 356n18
Rothschild, Emma, Economic Sentiments, 119
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 29
abandonment of children by, 78, 81
articles for Encyclopédie, 52, 53, 71, 72, 130, 299n34
as Citizen of Geneva, 80, 85, 88, 164, 174
dictionary of botanical terms, 74, 75
discrediting of, 76
education of, 93
influence on public affairs, 83
and Island of Saint-Pierre, 77, 78
and Jacobins, 272
and Lake Geneva, 78
as legislator, 83
letter of October 1757 to Sophie d’Houdetot, 69
letter of September 1762, 132
letter to Saint-Germain of 26 February 1770, 137
‘Lettre sur la Providence’ to Voltaire of 18 August 1756, 117, 118, 137
and Lisbon earthquake, 117
marriage of, 73
as music copyist, 73
political career of, 83
as secretary to French ambassador to Venice, 52–53, 83
third letter to Malesherbes, 78
transfer of remains to Panthéon, 204
and visit from Robespierre, 83
—‘Choeur,’ 302n54
—Confessions, 21
and botany, 75
and composition, 137–38
composition of, 76
and Dictionary of Music, 72
and Essai sur l’origine des langues, 305n66
and French Revolution of 1753, 46–47, 294n3
government as shaping character in, 169
and La Nouvelle Héloïse, 68
and Lettre sur la musique françoise, 46–47
love in, 69
prohibition of public readings from, 76
and Pufendorf, 93
and Tacitus, 319n5
and Voltaire, 118
and walking, 74
—Considerations on the Government of Poland, 169, 176, 177
—Constitution pour la Corse, 103, 104
—Contrat social: and citizenship, 165
and commercial society, 129
condemnation of, 81
and constitution of Geneva, 230
and correction of abuses of liberty, 183
and corruption of civilization, 105
and culture, 18
and Discours sur l’inégalité, 117
and Engels, 218
and fraternity, 177
and French Revolution, 67, 113, 204–5, 218
and Grotius, 314n20
and Hegel, 203
and individual vs. collective, 90
and language, 223–24
and laws, 230–31
and Lettre sur la musique françoise, 49
and liberty, 164, 165, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 181, 182
and liberty and commerce, 103
and Livy, 114
and morality, 229
and moral liberty, 175
and perfectibility, 27
and Pufendorf, 96
and religion, 115
and representation, 104, 105, 107, 110, 206
and right and force, 229
and sovereign, 172
and state, 205
and subjection to ruler, 106, 107
and Terror, 218
—Correspondance complète de Jean Jacques Rousseau (Leigh edition), 127, 136–53
—Correspondance générale de Rousseau (Dufour-Plan edition), 141–44, 148, 149, 325n8
—Le Devin du village, 47, 52–53, 72, 297–98n27
—Dictionnaire de musique, 52, 71–72, 73, 116, 251–52, 302n58, 303n60, 304–5n62, 306n69, 306–7n72, 308n79
—Discourse on Political Economy, 169–70, 175, 183
—Discours sur les sciences et les arts, 47, 84, 161, 162, 217
—Discours sur l’inégalité: and anatomy, 7
and Castel, 180
and colonialism, 252
and Du Principe de la mélodie, 129, 130
editions of, 115–16
and Essai sur l’origine des langues, 59, 117
fragments of, 115–17
and Geneva, 85
and human development, 76, 230
and human evolution, 10, 12–13
and individual vs. collective, 90
and inequality, 92
and ‘invisible hand,’ 119, 139–40
and language, 14, 15, 114, 115, 116, 223
and liberty, 161, 163, 165, 166, 174, 179
manuscripts of, 116
and Monboddo, 131
and natural law and state of nature, 92
and natural right, 97
and Ovid, 114
and passage to civil state from state of nature, 105
and perfectibility, 26, 27, 179, 290–91n93
philosophy of history in, 115
and priests, 117
and Pufendorf, 93–95, 96, 101, 104
and representation, 105
and savages, 97
and Smith, 118–19
and sociability, 102
and social impurities, 70
and society as depraving, 113
and subjection to ruler, 106, 107
—‘Dissonance,’ 71
—Du Principe de la mélodie, 116, 128–30, 323n19, 323n21
—‘Economie politique,’ 94, 97, 217, 315n36
—Emile: and Bloom, 132–33
and citizens, 165
condemnation of, 81
and correction of abuses of liberty, 183
and Cumberland, 314–15n29
and Defoe, 215
and education, 133
and goodness of mankind, 113
and La Nouvelle Héloïse, 133
and law, 92
and Locke, 132
and modernity, 207
and money, 103
and Montesquieu, 229
‘Profession de foi du vicaire Savoyard,’ 115, 132–33
and sensation and judgement, 135
—Emile et Sophie, 183
—Essai sur l’origine des langues, 305n66, 307–8n76, 310n95
and corruption, 114–15
and Discours sur l’inégalité, 116, 117
and economics, 102
and finance, 177
and Marx, 217
and music, 114, 129, 296n26, 301–2n52, 303n60, 304n62
and Pufendorf, 104
and religion, 114
Rousseau’s reply to Rameau in, 59–67
and society, 16–17
and submission, 225
—‘L’Etat de guerre,’ 93
—Examen de deux principes avancés par M. Rameau, 57–59, 116, 303n60, 310n95
—Les Fêtes de Ramire, 86
—‘Fundamental Bass,’ 71
—Gouvernement de Pologne, 104, 206
—‘Imitation,’ 72
—Julie, ou La Nouvelle Héloïse, 68–69, 70, 73, 74
and Emile, 133
and equality, liberty and fraternity, 177
and love, 68–69
and money, 104
and public participation, 230
Voltaire’s opinion of, 86
—Lettre à Christophe de Beaumont, 289n81
—Lettre à d’Alembert sur les spectacles, 70, 104, 132–33, 162–63, 176, 217, 230
—Lettre à M. Grimm sur ‘Omphale,’ 299n34
—‘Lettre à Philopolis,’ 8
—Lettres de la montagne, 85, 94, 132, 170, 173–74, 182–83, 208, 230, 331–32n38
—Lettres morales, 183
—Lettre sur la musique françoise, 59, 72, 301–2n52, 303n60, 307–8n76
central theses of, 49–52
compositions treated in, 297–98n27, 298n29, 299n36
public reaction to, 46–49
Rameau’s response to, 52–57
—‘Lettre sur la Providence,’ 84
—Lettre sur les spectacles, 85
—Manuscrit de Genève, 90, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98
—‘Mémoire à M. de Mably,’ 93
—Moral Letters, 70–71
—‘Music,’ 72
—‘Musique,’ 308–9n82
—‘Notes,’ 72
—Observations sur l’ ‘Alceste’ de Gluck, 303n60
—Oeuvres (Lequien edition), 141, 325n8
—Oeuvres complètes (Georges Streckeisen-Moultou edition), 115–16, 117, 142
—Oeuvres complètes (Hachette edition), 142
—Oeuvres complètes (Moultou-Du Peyrou Geneva edition), 141
—Oeuvres complètes (Musset-Pathay editions), 141–42, 325n8
—Oeuvres complètes (Pléiade edition), 90, 116
—‘On Public Happiness,’ 181
—‘On the State of War,’ 161–62
—‘Opera,’ 72
—‘Plainsong,’ 72
—Project for a Constitution for Corsica, 177, 178
—‘Projet pour l’éducation de Sainte-Maire,’ 93
—Rêveries du promeneur solitaire, 27, 74, 75, 76, 77–78, 124–25
—Rousseau, Judge of Jean Jacques: Dialogues, 71, 77
—‘System,’ 72
Rousseau, Thérèse, 73
Royal Academy, 41
Russell, Bertrand, 155
Sade, marquis de, The New Justine, 168
Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon de, 201, 272
Saint-Lambert, Jean François de, 69, 307–8n76
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, 138
Saint-Pierre, Charles Castel, abbé de, 29
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de, 185, 195–96, 208
Introduction aux travaux scientifiques du XIXe siècle, 196
Mémoire sur la science de l’homme, 196
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, duc de, Mémoires, 33
Sandel, Michael, 261
Sattelzeit, 189, 190, 191, 333–34n3, 334n4
Saussure, Horace Bénédict de, 42
Sauttersheim, Ignaz de, 73
savages, 283n22
and animals, 97
and apes, 6
change into citizens, 165
decadence of, 103
and degeneration, 7–8
and evolution, 7
and human plasticity, 25
and impurities of society, 70
and language, 14
and law, 92
and Lévi-Strauss, 1
and natural catastrophes, 14–15, 115
overcoming of defects of, 113
and Pufendorf, 95
as self-sufficient, 118–19
and territorial proximity, 14–15, 115
Scandinavia, 41
Scholasticism, 89, 264, 266, 270, 276
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 249
Schuhmann, Karl, 126
Schumpeter, Joseph, 211
science, 185
Cartesian, 209
and Cassirer, 237
and MacIntyre, 261
natural, 185
and religion, 233
and submission, 225
science de la société, 195
science de l’homme, 195
science de l’ordre sociale, 193
science de l’organisation sociale, 196
sciences morales et politiques, 193
science sociale, 190–91, 192–94, 208, 209
Scotland, 270
and Treaty of Union of 1707, 265, 270
Scottish Enlightenment, 244, 263, 265–67, 268
Scouten, Arthur, 247
Selby-Bigge, L. A., British Moralists, 275
self-love, 22–23, 99, 103, 110
sensationalism, 208
Serre, Jean Adam, Essais sur les principes de l’harmonie, 300–301n44
Sewell, William, 203, 338n25, 339n28, 341n38
sexuality, 15
and education, 165
and Foucault, 190
and language, 17
and orangutans, 11
and Pufendorf, 95
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, third earl of, 266
Shakespeare, William, As You Like It, 70, 230
Short Tract on First Principles, A, 125–26, 127, 322n14
Sidgwick, Henry, 274
Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph, abbé, 194, 195, 203, 335–36n10
and general will, 200, 201, 206, 212
and Hobbes, 198–99, 207, 341n35
and Louis XVI, 199
and nation-state, 198–99, 200–202, 203, 207, 210, 213
and physiocrats, 341n38
and popular sovereignty, 201–2, 206
Qu’est-ce que le tiers-état?, 192–93
and representation, 207
and Rousseauism, 207
and social sciences, 208
and sovereignty, 198–99
and Terror, 207
sin, original, 26, 30, 113, 118, 270
Sirven, Pierre-Paul, 84
Skinner, Quentin, 122, 197, 245, 328–29n8
‘Liberty before Liberalism,’ 258
slavery: and ancient Greeks, 182
in antiquity, 104–5
civilization as, 130
to compulsions, 25
and ethos of private gain, 178
and Marx, 227
to passions, 158, 166–67, 170, 178
and property, 16
right of, 106
as self-imposed, 161–62
and Voltaire, 106. See also liberty
Smellie, William, 11, 283–84n31
Smith, Adam, 101, 119–20, 208, 215, 268, 276, 341n38
and source of phrase ‘invisible hand,’ 119–20, 139–40
Theory of Moral Sentiments, 118, 119, 120
The Wealth of Nations, 119
Smith, James Edward, 36
Smollett, Tobias, 32
sociability, 14, 95, 96–99, 101, 314–15n29
social class, 162, 219, 220, 222, 226
social contract, 211
and Ardrey, 21
and Engels, 218
and Hegel, 218
and human nature, 168
and Locke, 90
and Marx and Rousseau, 219
and morality, 90
and natural law, 91
and state, 175. See also contract; Rousseau, Jean-Jacques—Contrat social
social sciences, 187, 246, 248
and Ardrey, 2
development of, 190–91, 192–96
and England, 257
and French Revolution, 191
physiological conception of, 208
and Sieyès, 208
Société Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 143
society: and Ardrey, 11–12, 21
and Cassirer, 239
and conflict, 99
as corrupt/corrupting, 87, 92, 98, 103, 104, 112, 115, 183
and culture, 18, 19, 22, 24, 225
decay of, 64
as denaturing man, 163–64
as depraving, 113–14, 160, 220
development of, 3
and Diderot, 98
diversity among different, 19
and duty, 99
illusory bonds of, 224–25
improvement of, 183
impurities of, 70
initial formation of, 14–15
and instinct, 4
and language, 14–19, 20, 62, 65–67, 97, 102–3, 114, 224
and Lettre sur la musique françoise, 50
and liberty, 97, 161, 163, 165, 167–68, 224
and MacIntyre, 266
market, 120
and Marx and Rousseau, 220–26
misery from, 113–14, 118, 160, 220
mutual dependence in, 22
nature and culture in, 22
need for, 102
passage from state of nature to, 178
and passions vs. needs, 102–3
and perfectibility, 97
and physical explanation for culture, 24
and physical properties and faculties, 8
and property, 123
Rousseau’s estrangement from, 76, 77
and sociologie, 196
and sociology, 185
and state of nature, 93, 96–97, 113–14, 167
symbolic relations of, 18
and timidity vs. aggression, 102
and vice, 168. See also civilization; culture
Society of Dilettanti, 40–41
Solon, 114
Sorell, Tom, 126
sovereign: absolute, 156, 159, 174, 179
constraints on, 92
and morality, 172
and natural law, 172
and totalitarianism, 179
as voice of people, 110. See also rulers
sovereignty: absolute, 171, 172
and Bodin, 197
concept of, 171–72
and English government, 85
and equality, 171
and Hobbes, 108, 174, 197, 207, 211
and Jacobins, 201
and Marx and Rousseau, 226, 227
and nation-state, 337n19
of Parliament, 107
popular, 109
as voluntary subjection, 211
sovereignty, popular: and citizens, 112
and constraint, 172
and democracy, 206
and French Revolution, 261
and general will, 172
and government, 172
and Locke, 201–2
and Robespierre, 206
Rousseau’s support of, 206
and tyranny, 111–12
Spain, 41–42
and barbarians, 17
corruption of, 161
and human development, 9
and human vs. animal behaviour, 9, 10, 13, 14, 59
and music, 51, 52, 55, 56, 59, 60–61, 63–64
poetic vs. prosaic, 305–6n68
prosaic, 225
and writing, 110, 309n89. See also language
Spengler, Oswald, 262
Spink, John, 132
Spinoza, Baruch, 134, 158, 240, 255, 276
Stair, Viscount, 265
Starobinski, Jean, La transparence et l’obstacle, 110, 288n70, 290–91n93
state: ancient vs. modern, 176
and citizen/citizenship, 90, 109, 110, 111
and collectivism, 91
and duties, 90
establishment of, 107
free, 157
and French Revolution, 188, 191
and general will, 204
and Hegel, 188, 189, 191, 204, 205
and Kant, 210
and moral liberty, 175
and National Assembly, 198
and nation-state, 197
and popular sovereignty, 109
and Pufendorf, 95
and representation, 110–11
and rights, 90
rights as safeguarded from, 156
and social contract, 175
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 84, 85. See also nation-state
state of nature: and Cassirer, 239
and duty, 99
as free of vice and danger, 113
and individuals, 91
and natural liberty and perfectibility, 23
passage to civil state from, 101, 105
passage to society from, 178
and pity, 99
and plasticity of human nature, 25
and Rousseau’s contempt for modernity, 182
savages as orangutans in, 11, 13
and society, 93, 96–97, 113–14, 167
and Switzerland, 42. See also nature
Staum, Martin, 190
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 30
Stephen, James Fitzjames, 356n18
Ethics and Language, 274
Streckeisen-Moultou, Georges, 115, 116, 117
Stuart, James, Antiquities of Athens, 41
Suárez, Francisco, 123
subjection, voluntary, 96, 105–12, 211
Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver’s Travels, 251
Taine, Hippolyte, Origines de la France contemporaine, 261
Talmon, Jacob, 159, 186, 233, 271
Origins of Totalitarian Democracy, 250
Taylor, Charles, 261
Teleki, Geza, 284–85n39
Terror: and Contrat social, 218
and Engels, 218
and French Revolution, 261
and Hegel, 203, 204, 205, 206, 218
and Jacobins, 202
and MacIntyre, 271–72
and science sociale, 194
and Sieyès, 207
and Voltaire and Rousseau, 85, 86
Thévenin, Nicolas-Eloy, 139
Thirty Years’ War, 29
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 82, 189, 342n40
toleration, 82, 240, 255, 276–77
Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace, 254
Tönnies, Ferdinand, 125
totalitarian democracy, 159, 186, 233
totalitarianism, 49, 111, 154, 156, 171, 182
and absolute sovereign, 179
and Emile, 165–66
and Koselleck, 204
and MacIntyre, 271–72
Rousseau as anticipating, 184
and Talmon, 159
Tour de Franqueville, Mme de la, 294–95n4
Toynbee, Arnold, 262
Traité des droits de la reine, 94
Treaty of Versailles, 45
Trotsky, Leon, 211
Our Political Tasks, 331n37
Tuck, Richard, 122, 125–26, 128, 322n10
Tully, James, 123–24, 126, 321–22n6
Locke in Contexts, 124
Turgenev, Ivan, 253
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de l’Aulne, 101, 276, 290–91n93
Tyson, Edward, Orang-Outang, 12
United States, 197–98, 200, 213, 257
Usteri, Leonhard, 142–43
utilitarians, 135, 261, 264, 274
van Lawick-Goodall, Jane, 284–85n39
The Political Writings of Rousseau, 89–91, 92
vice: and government, 169
modern, 182
and modernity, 105
and society, 168
Vico, Giovanni Battista, 245, 246–47, 248, 249, 305–6n68
Vicq-d’Azyr, Félix, 196
virtue, 82
and French Revolution, 272
and government, 169
and MacIntyre, 265
and music, 72
and perfectibility, 27
from political life, 88
republic of, 220
Volney, Constantin François, 195, 336n13
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 33
Correspondence, 144–47, 149, 151–52
Dictionnaire philosophique, 82, 285n41
and Enlightenment, 208
Les Fêtes de Ramire, 86
and Frederick the Great, 31
and French Revolution of 1753, 48
influence on policy, 83
intellectual style of, 87
and Isaiah Berlin, 250
Lettres philosophiques, 85, 135, 255, 277
and Lisbon earthquake, 117
and MacIntyre, 268
Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne, 84
and Rousseau’s Discours sur l’inégalité, 118, 317n70
Rousseau’s ‘Lettre sur la Providence’ to, 117, 118
Sentiment des citoyens, 81
and slavery, 106
and vampires, 22
Waldron, Jeremy, 123, 124, 126
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 219
The Malay Archipelago, 11
Wallas, Graham, 185
Walsh, William, 248
war, state of, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 161, 168
Warens, Françoise Louise, Madame de, 73, 75, 93
Wartensleben, comtesse de, 138–39
Weber, Carl Maria von, Turandot, 73, 304n62
Weber, Max, 189
Weimar Republic, 239, 240, 256
Weizmann, Chaim, 258
Welch, Cheryl, 190
Weldon, T. D., 155
Whewell, William, 274
White, Hayden, 247
Wieland, Christoph Martin, 244
will: and force, 181
free, 167
individualist notion of, 339n29
and Marx, 228
and Marx and Rousseau, 222
material forces independent of, 222
moral, 172
and sovereignty, 171
submergence of separate under collective, 175. See also general will/volonté générale
Wilson, Edward, 18
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 40, 41
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 134, 257
Wolin, Sheldon, 210
Wordsworth, William, 42
World War II, 45
Zagorin, Perez, 126
Zarlino, Giofesso, Istitutioni harmoniche, 300n42