Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
A: A Novel (Warhol), 83, 97, 98
Absolute Spirit concept, 139
Abstract Expressionism, xi, xiv, 6, 22, 23, 58, 64, 108, 109
culture of, 27
enlargement of images, 14–15
nature of, 30
paint quality, 10, 13–14, 15, 16, 27
philosophy of art and, 8–9
subject matter, 10–11
“Abstract Expressionist Coca Cola Bottle, The” (Danto), 16
abstraction, 132
Advertisement (Warhol), 17, 20–21
aesthetics, x, xi, xv, 13, 15, 34, 37, 52, 54–56, 60, 83, 86, 132, 135
Agnelli, Gianni, 117
Alloway, Lawrence, 26
Amayo, Mario, 103
Andy Warhol Enterprises, 92–93, 114, 122, 123, 124, 125, 134
Andy Warhol’s Fifteen Minutes (Warhol), 87, 89
Andy Warhol TV Productions, 88, 90
Armory show of 1913, 32
art criticism, 66
art (general discussion): concept of, 48
conceptual experiment in, 81
cultural revolution in, 3, 26, 28–29
high vs. low, xv, 2, 7, 17, 28
history of, 48, 61, 62, 66, 120, 126
intellectual, 56
mass vs. high, 14
philosophical definition of, 36
philosophy of, ix–x, xiii, 48, 65, 135–136
politicization of, xii
racial and ethnic, 109
reality and, 11, 16, 23, 29, 45–46, 64, 67, 71
religious objects and, 136, 139.
See also “What is art?” controversy
“Art into life” slogan, 29, 30
Arts and Crafts Movement, xv
art schools, 107–108
art world (curators, dealers, critics, buyers, artists), 4, 16, 22, 69
death of painting and, 110–111
of Europe, xii
of New York City, xvi, 2, 92, 127
1970s, 109–110
view of Warhol’s work, 14
“Art World, The” (Danto), x, xvi
Atkinson, Ti-Grace, xviii, 101, 102, 103
Aunt Jemima, 128
avant-garde, 2, 6, 30, 32, 61, 82–83, 85, 110
Russian, 29
Avedon, Richard, 104
Bad film (Warhol), 125
Bastien, Heiner, 20–21
Beautiful People Party, 94
Beckmann, Max, 115
Bed (Rauschenberg), 11
Before and After (Warhol), 1–3, 3, 6, 12, 16, 17–20, 147
Berlin Wall, 118
Bidlo, Mike, 53
Bird in Flight (Brancusi), 68–69
Bischofsberger, Bruno, 111
Black Mountain College, 30
Blondie, 13
Blow Job film (Warhol), 76–77
Blum, Irving, 35
Bockris, Victor, ix, 1, 8, 36, 98, 101, 105, 112
Bonwit Teller.
See exhibitions of Warhol’s work: Bonwit Teller windows
Bourdon, David, ix
Bowie, David, 84
Brancusi, Constantin, 68–69, 110
Brandt, Willy, 117
Brillo Box(es) (Warhol), xiv, 52–53, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 77, 78, 81, 135–136, 145
as individual works, 67–68
literature about, 67–68
massive presence of, 68
value of, 69.
See also “What is art?” controversy
Buffalo Bob, 128
Cabanne, Pierre, 56
Camouflage Last Supper (Warhol), 144–145
Campbell’s Soup Can(s) (Warhol), 25, 32, 34–36, 37, 41, 52, 81, 105, 134, 147.
See also subject matter of Warhol’s works: Campbell Soup cans
capitalism, x, xii, 72–73, 117
Castelli Gallery, New York City/Leo Castelli, 14, 24, 25, 28, 70, 71, 106, 116, 129–130, 144
celebrities, 114–115, 118, 122
publicity photographs, 17, 24, 40
suicides of, 126–127
in Warhol’s television show, 86, 87–88
Cézanne, Paul, 143
chance aspect of artistic production, 54–55
Chelsea Girls film (Warhol), 82, 98
Cinecitta film studio, Rome, 122, 124, 125
civil rights, 7
Clemente, Francesco, 114–116
Clift, Montgomery, 94
Coca Cola (Warhol), 19
Colacello, Bob, 84, 87, 89–90, 117, 124, 132
Coltrane, John, 41
Columbia University, 30
Comfort, Charles, 69
comic books and characters, xv, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26–28, 32.
See also Pop art movement
commercial art, xv, 2, 12, 64, 143.
See also Warhol, Andy: as commercial artist
Communist Party/communism, 72, 111, 116–117, 118
Conceptual art, 125
Conversation, La (Matisse), 143
Coplans, John, 106
Correggio, Antonio da, 80
Courbet, Gustave, 56
Crone, Rainer, xii
Cuban missile crisis, 38–39
cultural change (1950s–1960s), 6–7, 25, 31
cultural revolution in art, 3, 26, 28–29
Cutrone, Ronnie, 91, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132
dance, 31
Dance Diagram (Warhol), 39, 40
De Antonio, Emile, 15–16, 18, 22, 33, 35, 37, 131
Déjeuner sur l’herbe (Manet), 6
de Kooning, Willem, 10, 98, 132–133, 141
Democratic Party, 73
Dia Foundation, 133
Diaries (Warhol), 73
Dickie, George, 69–70
Diderot, Denis, 97
Dine, Jim, 4
di Salvo, Donna, 106
Do It Yourself (Flowers) (Warhol), 39, 40, 71, 81, 106, 113
Dollar Bills (Warhol), 81
Dollar Sign(s) (Warhol), 130
Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri), 143
Donald Duck, xi
Dove soap, 143
Dracula, 128
drugs, 48, 75, 92, 94, 98, 105, 121
Duchamp, Marcel, 29, 32, 44, 54, 55–56, 62, 82–83, 110–11
concept of retinal art, 56, 66
concept of the readymade, 51–52, 55, 66
Elegy for the Spanish Republic (Motherwell), 141
Empire film (Warhol), 77, 78–80, 85, 86, 124, 136
Euthyphro (Socrates), 69–70
exhibitions of Warhol’s work: Andy Warhol: A Retrospective, 9
Bonwit Teller windows, 17–20, 21, 21–22, 23, 24, 26, 31–32, 39, 40, 106, 143, 146–147
Ferus Gallery, Los Angeles, 34, 37, 40
Galerie Daniel Templon, Paris, 116
Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania, 5
Moderna Museet, Stockholm, 52–53
Pasadena Art Museum retrospective, 53, 122, 126
proposed traveling retrospective, 106
Ronald Feldman Gallery, 127–128, 131
sidney Janis Gallery, New York City, xvi, 38
Sonnabend Gallery, Paris, xi
Stable Gallery first show, x, 38, 39, 41, 44, 45, 47
Stable Gallery second show, x, xiii, xvii, 45, 53, 64, 66–67, 70, 74, 136
success of, 44
“Exploding Plastic Inevitable” multimedia event (Warhol), 8, 110
Factory, The, 48, 59, 61, 72, 92–93, 102–103, 120–121, 122, 123, 124–125
businesslike operation of, 100, 121
cardboard grocery boxes created at, 60–61
Empire film and, 79
end of, 100
mechanical/industrial production at, 49–51, 58–59, 60, 61, 62, 73, 93, 114
movies and videos shot at, 82–84, 122
permissive atmosphere of, 49
productive capabilities of, 82, 89
silver painting of, 59, 92–94, 100
social scene at, 74–75, 82, 84–85, 88, 91, 93–96
television produced at, 90
transvestites at, 112
value scheme at, 99
Factory Diaries, The (Warhol), 84–85
Factory-Made: Warhol and the Sixties (Watson), 101
fan magazines, 17
Fauvism, 6
Feldman, Morton, 30
fifteen minutes of fame concept, 87–88
Fight video (Warhol), 86–87
films and videos, 78–79
art, 26
films and videos by Warhol, 65, 74–75, 76–77, 79–80, 81, 82–87, 96–97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 106, 111, 112, 122–123, 145
photomat shots, 115
sex portrayed in, 141–142
Film Stills (Sherman), 78
Finnegan’s Wake (Joyce), 83, 98
Fischl, Eric, 107
Flanner, Janet, 39
Flavin, Dan, 133
Fluxus movement, 30
Ford, John, 104
Frankenstein film (Warhol), 114, 124
Freedom Riders, 7
Fremont, Vincent, 83, 86, 89, 90
French Revolution, 29
Fried, Michael, 45
Friedan, Betty, 103
Fry, Roger, 139
Galerie Daniel Templon, Paris, 116, 117
Garland, Judy, 94
General Electric logo, 143
Giorno, John, 75–76
Goddard, Paulette, 117–118
Green, Sam, 5
Greenberg, Clement, 109
Green Car Crash (Warhol), 113
Green Gallery, xvi
guns, 130–131
Guston, Philip, 30
Hackett, Pat, 73
Hacklin, Allan, 107
Haircut film (Warhol), 99
Hamburger Bahnhof Museum for Contemporary Art, 20
Hammer and Sickle paintings (Warhol), 116–118, 123–124, 131
Handel, George Frideric, 140
“Hand Painted Pop” proposed retrospective, 106
Hard-Edged Abstraction, 9–10, 28
Heartney, Eleanor, 140
Herko, Freddie, 98–99
Hitler, Adolf, xii
Hofer, Evelyn, 147
Holy Spirit, 143
Holy Terror (Colacello), 89–90
homosexuality, 7, 11–12, 75–76, 81, 102
in New York City, 94
Hopper, Dennis, 84
Howdy Doody, 128–129
Hughes, Fred, 100, 103, 121, 124–125, 130
I, a Man film (Warhol), 102
I. Miller shoes, 12
Impressionism, 61–62
Independent Film Award, 82
Indiana, Robert, 35
Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA), University of Pennsylvania, 5, 6
Institutional Theory of Art (Dickie), 69
Internal Revenue Service, 73
Interview magazine, 84
Iolas, Alexandre, 142
Italy, 30, 117, 124, 142–143, 144
Jagger, Mick, 84
Janovich, Tama, 91–92
Jarry, Alfred, 6
Jefferson, Thomas, 129
Jesus Christ, 23, 136–139, 140, 144
Johns, Jasper, 10, 11, 24, 25, 70
junk mail, 17
Kaprow, Allen, 68
Karp, Ivan, 14, 15, 22, 25, 70
Kennedy, Bobby, 104
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 104
Kiss, The (Lichtenstein), xiii, 22, 28
Komar, Vitaly, 73
Koons, Jeff, 54
Krasner, Lee, 108–109
Ladies and Gentlemen (Warhol), 117
language game, 60–61
Large Coca-Cola (Warhol), 18
Last Sacrament of Saint Jerome, The (Domenichino), 143
Last Supper, 136–137, 145, 147
Last Supper, The (Da Vinci), 142–143
Last Supper(s), The (Warhol), 37, 134, 142–143, 144, 145, 147
lecture tour, 65
Léger, Fernand, 110
L.H.O.O.Q. (Duchamp), 29
Lichtenstein, Roy, 4, 6, 16, 22, 28, 33, 45, 125
exhibition at Castelli Gallery, 28
paint quality, 13
subject matter of works, 14–15
Linich, Billy (a.k.a. Billy Name), 59, 60, 67, 82, 93, 95, 99, 100, 105
social scene at the Silver Factory and, 94–95
Lisanby, Charles, 36
“Little Boxes” song (Reynolds), 57, 58
Lonesome Cowboys film (Warhol), 80–81, 100, 104, 122
Louis Napoleon, 5–6
Love Boat, The television show, 86
machisimo, 108
Mako, Chris, 112
Malanga, Gerard, 32, 50, 54, 56, 59, 93, 100, 114
Empire film and, 79
on reception of Warhol’s film Blow Job, 77
at the Silver Factory, 60
social scene at the Factory and, 94
Manet, Edouard, 6
Mantegna, Andrea, 139
Mao paintings (Warhol), 111–112, 113–114, 116, 123–124
Mao Tse Tung, 111–112, 113–114, 116, 123–124
Mapplethorpe, Robert, 126, 141
Marcos, Imelda, 117
Marie Antoinette, 73
Marilyn Diptych (Warhol), 41, 42–43
Marilyn (Warhol), 45–46
Maris, Roger, 39
Marisol (Marisol Escobar), 35
Martha Jackson Gallery, 68
Martin, Agnes, 30
Marxist critics, 72–73
mass-media popular culture, x, 26
mass production, 14, 50, 73, 93, 114, 147
Melamid, Alexander, 73
Messianic Secret, 139
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 22, 41
Mexican muralists, 110
Michaels, Lorne, 90
Midnight Cowboy film, 104
Miller, Henry, xv
Modernist art, 5–6, 29–30, 31, 38, 52, 110
“Modernist Painting” (Greenberg), 109
Mole People, 94–96, 99, 100, 140
Mona Lisa (da Vinci), 81
Mona Lisa (Duchamp), 143
Monogram (Rauschenberg), 11
Monroe, Don, 89
Monroe, Marilyn, xii, 36, 39, 40–41, 45, 81, 88, 100, 143, 144
Moral Majority, 141
Morrissey, Paul, 121, 124, 125
Motherwell, Robert, 9, 35, 141
movie stars. See celebrities
Mudd Club, The, 87
Museum of Art, Richmond, Virginia, 140
Museum of Modern Art, New York City, 55, 108–109
Sixteen Americans exhibition, 30
Name, Billy. See Linich, Billy (a.k.a. Billy Name)
Nancy comic book character, 14, 23, 26
Nation, The, ix
National Endowment for the Arts, 141
National Gallery, Berlin, 20
National Gallery of Canada, 69
National Organization for Women (NOW), 101, 103
National Socialism, xii
Neel, Alice, 104
Nevelson, Louise, 68
Newman, Barnett, 140–141
“New Realists, The” group show, Sidney Janis Gallery, 38
New Realists movement, 38
New School for Social Research, 30
newspaper advertising, 16–17, 20, 23.
See also subject matter of Warhol’s works: newspaper advertising
New York Post newspaper, 105
Niagara film, 40
Nierendorf Gallery, 68
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 28
Not Andy Warhol (Bidlo), 53
Nude Descending a Staircase (Duchamp), 32
Nureyev, Rudolph, 94
Obitrol drug, 105
Oldenburg, Claes, 4, 6, 31–32, 45
Olivo, Bob (a.k.a. Ondine), 82, 83, 95, 96–97, 98, 99
Ondine. See Olivo, Bob (a.k.a. Ondine)
127 Die (Warhol), 39–40
129 Die (Warhol), 39–40
original art concept, 54–55
Orion, the witch, 95
“painting by the numbers,” 39
Palermo, Blinky, 133
Palmer, John, 79
Pasadena Art Museum, 53, 106, 122, 126
Pepsi-Cola, 17
Phenomenology of Mind (Hegel), 97–98
Philosophy of Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again (Warhol), 119, 123
Philosophy of Arthur Danto, The, xvii
Piss Christ (Serrano), 140
Plato, 77
Podber, Dorothy, 99–100
Point of order film (de Antonio), 15
Pollock, Jackson, 10, 108, 132–133
Ponti, Carlo, 124
Pop art movement, xi, 4, 5, 6, 13, 22, 23, 26–28, 34, 73, 125
Abstract Expressionism and, xii, 27–28
American spirit of, 38–39
bond between artist and viewer, 9
Campbell’s soup and Coca-Cola images in, 24, 39
criticism of, 27
criticism of American culture in, xi
as cultural craze, 47
Modernist art and, 31
nature of, 28
paint quality, 28.
See also comic books and characters
Pope, the, 95
Postmodern art, 31
Postmodern Heretics (Heartney), 140
Presley, Elvis, xii, 39, 81, 88, 143, 144
Princess Gloria von Thurn und Taxis (Clemente), 115–116
“Queen’s Diary, The,” 73
Rabelais, François, 48–49
racial and ethnic art, 109, 117
Rambouillet, Château de, 73
Rameau’s Nephew (Diderot), 97
Rauschenberg, Robert, 10, 11, 25, 30–31, 35, 70
“readymade” objects of art, 51–52, 55, 66
Reed, Lou, 84
Republic, The (Plato), 78
Restany, Pierre, 38
Reynolds, Malvina, 57
Rockwell, Norman, 127
Ronald Feldman Gallery, 128–129, 131
Rose, Barbara, 108
Rosenquist, James, 4, 22, 33, 45
Rothko, Mark, 10
Rotten Rita, 95
Rubin, William, 109
Russian Revolution, 110
Rydell, Charles, 86
Ryman, Robert, 133
Sacre de Printemps, Le (Stravinsky), 6
Saint-Laurent, Yves, 84
Salon de Refusés (1863), 5–6
Salon of 1905, Paris, 6
Sandbeck, Fred, 133
S&H Green Stamps (Warhol), 81
Santa Claus, 128
Saturday Night Live television program, 90
Schiele, Egon, 115
Schjeldahl, Peter, 71
Schlesinger, John, 104
sculptures/three-dimensional objects by Warhol, 58–59, 110. See also Brillo Box(es) (Warhol)
SCUM (“Society for Cutting Up Men”), 101
Seeger, Pete, 57
sexual revolution of the 60s, 142
Shadow, the, 128
Shadow paintings (Warhol), 131–132, 133–134
Shah of Iran, 117
Sidney Janis Gallery, New York City, xvi, 38, 133
Slaves of New York (Janovich), 91–92
Socialist Realism, 72
Society of Independent Artists, 51
Soho, New York City, xvi, 116, 117, 118
Solanas, Valerie, xviii, 100, 101–104, 120, 121, 123, 125, 130
Sonnabend, Ileana/Sonnabend Gallery, Paris, xi, 71, 81
Soviet Russia, xii
Stable Gallery, New York City, xvi, 35.
See also exhibitions of Warhol’s work: Stable Gallery
Stalin, Josef, xii
Steinberg, Leo, 75
Steinberg, sol, 118
Stonewall Riots, 7
“Store, The” (Oldenburg), 31
Storm Door (Warhol), 58
Stravinsky, Igor, 6
style of Warhol’s works: enlargement of images, 1, 2, 22
in films, 115
machine-made effect of, 33–34, 37, 50–51, 55, 106
paint quality, 8, 13–14, 59–60, 62, 114
repetition of images (serial works), 33, 34–35, 37–38, 39, 40–41, 55, 59, 64, 106, 113, 143
silk screen works, 3, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42–43, 59, 64, 93, 142, 144
transition from commercial art to avant-garde art, 2–4
use of blank monochrome canvas, 44
use of color, 8, 12, 41, 44, 45, 116, 133
subject matter of Warhol’s works, 13
athletes, 134
Brillo cartons, 52–53, 59, 61, 62–64, 78, 137
Campbell Soup cans, x, xi, 25, 32, 33, 36–37, 38, 39, 55, 65, 86, 105, 106, 114, 127–128, 143
cardboard grocery boxes/shipping cartons, xiii–xiv, 49–50, 51, 52, 53–54, 55, 56, 64, 66, 70–71, 73, 74, 106, 114, 126
Coca Cola bottles, 16, 17–20, 38, 39, 131
comic book characters, 13, 14, 19, 20, 27, 32
Death and Disaster paintings, xi, 37, 39–40, 41 44, 46, 55, 71, 81, 106, 113, 124, 126, 130, 144
dollar bills/money, 35, 39, 65, 81, 127, 129–130
Elizabeth Taylor, 81, 88, 128, 144
Elvis Presley, xii, 39, 81, 88, 143, 144
endangered species, 134
Heinz Tomato Ketchup boxes, 56
images from popular culture, 128
Kellogg’s Corn Flakes boxes, 56, 64, 66
Mao Tse Tung, 111–112, 113–114, 116
Marilyn Monroe, 36, 39, 40–41, 42–43, 45–46, 81, 88, 100, 143, 144
Mott’s Apple Juice boxes, 56, 64
newspaper advertising, 1–3, 6, 12, 14–15, 16–17, 17–20, 22, 24–25, 32, 146
portraits (general discussion), 34, 36, 100, 106, 118, 124–125, 134
Roger Maris, 39
self-portrait, 144
S&H green stamps, 127
universal quality of, 37–38
Superstars at the Factory, 5, 49, 80, 98
Suzuki, D. T., 30
swastika, 118
Swimming Underground: My Years in the Warhol Factory (Woronov), 95–96
Switzerland, 29
Synoptic Gospels, 138
tabloids, 17
Tanager Gallery, New York City, 141–142
Taylor, Elizabeth, 81, 88, 124, 128, 144
Therrien, Robert, 54
Thomas, Dylan, 44
Time magazine, 35
To the People of New York City (Palermo), 133
Transfiguration of the Commonplace, The (Danto), x, xv–xvi
Tunnel, the, 87
Ubu Roi (Jarry), 6
Ultra Violet, 84
Ulysses (Joyce), 96–97
Velvet Underground, The, rock group, 7–8, 77
Vietnam war, 124
Vile, Ronnie, 95–96
von Thurn und Taxis, Princess Gloria, 115–116
Abstract Expressionism and, 8–9, 14, 58
aesthetic, 12–13, 29–30, 34, 49–50, 55–56, 60, 83, 86, 132, 135
Art Deco collected by, xvi, 125
as artist-executive, 121
art world and, 4, 25–26, 35, 124
attempted assassination of, 100–101, 102–105, 120, 122, 125
as avant-garde artist, 2, 3, 81, 82, 85
business art of, 117, 122–123, 125, 127–128, 130, 131, 133
cameras used by, 76, 77, 79, 82–83, 85, 87–89, 115, 122
camouflage works, 145
capitalist production and, xii
childhood poverty of, 57–58
as commercial artist, xiv, 2, 3–4, 8, 12–13, 16, 143, 146
conception of art, 51
criticism of works, 15, 26, 45, 67, 72–73, 97, 130
as critic of American culture, x–xi;
as culture and art icon, x, xii, xiv–xv, 1, 2, 3, 4–5, 6, 8, 9, 35, 45, 94
death of, 37, 53, 88, 147, 148
effect on art history, 123, 126
effete charm of works, 146
fiction about, 72
film footage of, 70
financial circumstances, 122–123, 124, 125, 130
first death of, 102–103, 104–105, 120
homosexuality of, 11–12, 75–76, 81
ideas from other people for subjects, 32–33, 35, 41–44, 71, 91, 111, 118, 142
identity/identity changes, 1, 2, 4–5, 8, 17, 47–48, 145–147
in Italy, 117
last studio, 138;
mechanical production methods, 49–51, 58–59, 60, 61, 62, 73, 115, 127
novel by, 83
Ondine and, 96–97
ordinary American life portrayed by, x, xv, 2–3, 4, 22–23, 56–57, 73, 83, 88, 144
patriotic aspects of works, 73
personality, 49, 70, 88, 118–119, 127, 132, 141
philosophy of art and, 135–136
photography and, 65
physical appearance, 12, 20, 44–45, 75, 85–86, 112, 119
as Pop artist, xi, 4, 13, 32, 33, 45, 47, 58
price of works, 122
psychological scars from attempted assassination, 104–105, 125, 131
public persona of, 45
reconfiguration of art by, 48
religiousness of, 139–141, 142, 145
reputation as an artist, 122
retirement from painting, 74, 81, 105–106, 108, 110, 121–122
sale of works, 46
sculptures/three-dimensional objects, 49, 74
serial display of works, 34–35, 39
sex portrayed in works, 141–142
as television artist, 85, 86, 87, 88–89, 90
as transvestite, 112
universal sameness concept and, 57
use of outside craftspeople, 54, 55
value of works, 100
wallpaper produced by, 109–110, 113, 114
worth of works, 137.
See also exhibitions of Warhol’s work; films and videos by Warhol; sculptures/three-dimensional objects by Warhol; style of Warhol’s works; subject matter of Warhol’s works
Warhola, Julia, 34
“What is art?” controversy, xiii–xiv, 2, 22, 31, 36, 52, 62, 63, 64, 65–66, 69–70, 110–111.
See also Brillo Box(es) (Warhol)
White, Edmund, 64–65
Whitney Museum of Art, 66, 80, 106
Who Killed Andrei Warhol?, 72
Wicked Witch of the West, 128
Williams, Tennessee, 94
Wise potato chips logo, 143
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 37, 60, 92
Wolfflin, Heinrich, 61
women artists, 108–109
Women in Revolt film (Warhol), 112
Woodlawn, Holly, 112
Woronov, Mary, 95–96
Zotz Art, 73