abjurations, 7–9, 11, 14, 18, 19–20, 22–32, 33–57, 58–80, 119–20, 129, 145; Continental, 31–32; to Ireland, 61, 62, 121, 141; as mercy, 6, 14, 21, 22–23, 27–30, 41, 51, 66, 94–95, 116, 118, 146, 158n122; mistaken, 51–53, 60–61, 127, 185–86n77; multiple, 19–20, 143; numbers of, 24–27, 33, 92, 156–57n117, 158n137; oath of, 9, 11, 19, 58–59, 118; and plea bargaining, 27–28; process of, 9, 58–80; as proof of date, 60; records of, 24–30, 33, 47, 60, 133–35, 156n112; to Scotland, 8, 61, 129, 141, 142; unavailability of to clergy, 20, 43, 51
abjurers, 33, 43, 117; crimes of, 44–53; deportation of, 132; property of, 8, 33–43, 47, 53–57, 59–60, 129, 131; social status of, 8, 34–44, 120–22
abjurers and exiles, individual: Adam of Wystle, 128; Agnes, 36; Agnes, Robert’s wife, 36; Aguillon, William, 42–43, 64; Alan le Lung, 127–28; Albus, Walter (see White, Walter); Alice le Blunt, 49; Alice of Ireland, 36; Alice of la Venele, 131; Alway, Walter, 36; Aunsel, Juliana, 62–63, 78; Balle, Adam, 130; Barbe, William, 61; Beche, John, 38; Bereman, Alan, 35; Blandus, Walter (see White, Walter); Brito, John, 37; Brun, Wille, 11; Bukerel, Walter, 133; Byndedevel, Roger, 35; Carpicat, Roger, 46–47; Chaundelan, Thomas, 38; Cicely of Winchelsea, 36; Clement, son of William of St. Botolph, 42; Cobbe, John, 38; Colier, Walter, 52, 55; Crok(e), John, 38; Curteys, Matilda, 49; Daythef, Agnes, 48, 114; Dobyn, John, 65–67; Emma, wife of John le Mazon, 50; Ernebald, 50; Flambord, William, 60; Fromund, Robert, 51; Galhard de Montlaur, 100; Geoffrey, son of William and grandson of Henry of Conington, 38; Geoffrey of Knuston, 38, 50; Germeyn, Roger, 39, 55; Godinough, William, 51–52; Gregory of Stradsett, 132; Haket, Walter, 69, 123; Halengrat the Balister, 124; Hardy, John, 60; Henry, 98; Henry le Petit, 37; Henry of Boyleston, 36; Henry of Buke, 54; Henry of Handsacre, 128; Henry of Ockendon, 42; Hipecok, John, 20; Hodynet, Philip, 67; Hubert de Burgh, 17, 19; John, son of Richard of Baldersham, 42; John, son of Robert of Iver, 41; John, son of Robert of Rothwell, 39; John, son of Roger of Fincham, 52, 130; John, son of William le Muleward, 41; John, son of William of Westfield, 67; John atte Loke, 65; John Bird of Barnwell, 36; John le Chaumpeneys, 130; John le Stiward, 45; John le Taverner, 120–21; John of Aundeville, 37, 47; John of Bourne, 38; John of Bradford, 65; John of Brankiston, 128–29; John of Ditchford, 68; John of Gildhousdale, 36–37; John of Great/Little Bedwyn, 62; John of Hinton, 14–15; John of Malton, 43, 62–63, 78; John of Wheatley, 62; John the Franklin, 67–68, 39; Juliana of Kyngton, 41; Jurday, William, 154n74; Kettel, 55; King, William, 42; Latronissa, Emelota, 48; Lenglesche, Alison, 179n110; Lichefot, John, 51; Lubbe, Richard, 36; Mandeville, Richard, 36, 48; Margaret, 98, 179n110; Margery, 42; Martel, James, 37; Martyn, Robert, 121; Matilda of Dunhurst, 51; Morkin of Enfield, 34, 35, 45; Nicholas of Canterbury, 41; Norman, William, 60; Nouneman, Adam, 62; Osmund, John, 42; Parkwell, John, 39–40; Peter of Dalton, 39; Peter of Eling, 38, 55; Pig, Andrew, 56; Pinel, Richard, 42; Ralph of la Hes’, 128; Richard, son of Geoffrey Boleng, 39; Richard, son of Picot, 63;Richard of Canterbury, 41; Richard of Oakington, 127–28, 130, 183–84n77; Robert, 36; Robert, son of Geoffrey, 19–20; Robert, son of Roger of Madeley, 39; Robert le Blund, 40; Robert le Leche, 62; Robert of Balderstone, 55; Robert of Baldock, 40, 42; Robert of St. Osyth, 42; Roger le Cornur, 64; Roger le Sauser, 50; Sandre, John, 55; Sauvage, William, 38; Scrogaine, John, 51; Sibilla of Ashbourne, 36; Simon, son of Robert, 52; Somer, John, 63; Sperlenge, Marsilia, 39; Stephen of Bagnall, 37; Stephen of Handsworth, 125–26; Stettel, Philip, 55; Stoker, Edith, 97; Tartre, Jacquet, 169n59; Thomas, son of Goce, 37; Thomas le Taverner, 121; Thomas of Sheppel, 124–25; Tibbe, John, 26; unnamed, 24, 46, 51, 53–54, 56, 130–31, 135, 161n72; Walter, son of Beatrice Gomme, 61–62; White, Walter, 115, 161n74; the wife of Peter Crossbowman, 50; William, 49; William, son of Alice, 47; William, son of Nobus, 39; William le Lede, 62; William le Pape, 45; William le petit, 42; William le Soutere, 62; William le Toliere, 62; William le Vilur, 128; William of Asby, 35; William of Bray, 63; William of Bugbrooke, 43–44, 129–30; William of Grendon, 36; William of Langford, 40–41; William of Postlip, 39; William of Yhadefenn, 50; Wyne, John, 41. See also Becket, Thomas; criminals, individual; Longchamps, William; Riccardi (bankers); sanctuary-seekers, individual; Weyland, Chief Justice Thomas
accusation, 9, 12, 23, 120, 127
acquittal, 9, 10–11, 13, 23, 24, 152n22
amputation: of branded digits, 21, 143–44; punitive (see punishment: corporal)
anchoresses. See hermits
Anselm, Archbishop, 79
appeal. See accusation
approvers, 23–24, 25, 27–28, 33, 116, 158n128
army. See military, the
assessment. See property: value of
Assize of Clarendon of 1166, 9
Assize of Northampton of 1176, 9
asylum. See sanctuary
ballincboek. See Book of Exiles
banishment. See exile
bannita/bannitus. See abjurers, individual
beheading. See punishment: capital
benefit of clergy, 20, 43, 116, 129
blinding. See punishment: corporal
Book of Exiles, 27, 136, 156–57n117
Brand, Paul, 44
branding, 20–22, 69–70, 102, 117, 133, 142–44, 190n31. See also punishment: corporal
Bricun, Eustace, 86, 88, 175n40
britannicus portus. See Wissant
burning. See punishment: capital
Calais, 78, 84–85, 89, 99, 140–41, 189n22
castration. See punishment: corporal
Chanson de Roland, 82–83, 174n16
chattels. See property
churches, 48, 70–71, 101; charity by, 54, 73–74, 96; in Dover, 72, 73–74; as sanctuaries, 14–17, 19, 142, 191n41; in Wissant, 89–90, 96, 128
circumstantial evidence, 9, 46–47, 102
clergy, 2, 10, 12, 19, 20, 43–44, 45, 58, 72, 73, 74, 87, 90, 102, 116, 123, 125, 128, 129, 144
commerce, 3, 4, 76, 86, 91. See also bankers
confession, judicial, 9, 16, 18, 23, 45
confiscation. See property: confiscation of
coroners, 15, 16, 18, 33, 43, 45, 60–61, 62, 142
Cousin, Louis, 83, 85, 93, 174n21
Cox, J. Charles, 61, 62, 91, 171n96, 177n73
crimes, 44–53; accidental, 15–16, 48, 51–53, 125–26, 130; arson, 47; 50, 128; assault, 98, 104–05; assisting an escape, 24, 45–46, 67, 154n74; attempted murder, 51, 77, 131; blasphemy, 21, 117–18; brothel-keeping, 98; counterfeiting, 14–15, 47, 75, 118; false claims, 56–57; forgery, 109, 135, 144; in France, 88–89, 98, 100, 158n22; harboring a felon, 20, 28–29, 44, 45, 115, 119, 124, 130, 169n59; heresy, 188n2; homicide, 7, 10, 15, 40, 43, 46, 48–50, 51, 52, 69, 97, 98, 106, 107, 109–12, 121, 124, 127, 134, 143, 147, 183–84n40; kidnapping, 22; malfeasance, 60–61; mayhem, 51; piracy, 75, 85, 100; proofs of (see confession, judicial; ordeal; trial: by jury); rape, 50, 117–18; sodomy, 109–11; spousal abuse, 49; theft, 14–15, 16, 20, 21, 29, 40–41, 47–48, 55, 100, 103, 105, 106–08, 111–12, 117, 132, 135, 143–44, 182n21, 190n39; treason, 116. See also escape
criminals, individual: Adam of Pickering, 114; Agnes, 158n128; Agnes of York, 104; Aguillon, Borchier Jehannot, 105; Augustin, Jehan, 105; Betty the Englishwoman (see Ysabellot l’Engelsche); Blakers, Walter, 97; Bonneville, Alexander (see Richard the Englishman); Carmadin, Jacquet (see David, Jehanneton [Johnny]); Cavillon, Philippot, 102, 106, 108, 111, 113–15; David, Jehanneton (Johnny), 106–11; English Betty, 98; Farmant. Michiel, 150; Fremont, Guillaume, 105; Haust rès, Jehan, 1055; Inga, 50; Inghelsche Bette (see English Betty); Jehan le Teillier, 105; Jehannot Herpin de Saint Joire, 10; Jehannot Lenglais, 103; Jehannot Rauche de Preaux, 105; Johannin de la Vente, 107; John l’Angleyse, 134; Johnny, 107; Johnny the Englishman (1) (see Jehannot Lenglais); Johnny the Englishman (2), 106; Juliana of Elm Bridge, 45; Lambert, 104; Margaret, 49; Oldere, Richard, 132; Perrin-Quatre-Doigts (Pete Four-Fingers), 102; Raoulin (Ralphie), 108–111; Richard de Venys. (see Richard the Englishman); Richard of Leicester, 156n102; Richard of Mistsel, 51; Richard of Rochester, 88–89; Richard the Englishman, 105–12, 115; Rose, Perrot, 105; Sabine, 132; unnamed, 15, 17, 20–21, 24, 28–29, 36, 46, 49, 68–69, 98, 100, 103, 104–05, 116–17, 118, 125; Waleys, Adam, 156n102; Walter of Elm Bridge, 45; Webley, Milo, 51; William of Codenorde, 156n102; Ysabellot l’Engelsche, 105. See also abjurers and exiles, individual; sanctuary-seekers, individual
customal, 171n90
dismemberment. See punishment: corporal
disputes. See property: disputes
Dover, 31, 61–63, 65, 70–80, 82, 91, 93–94, 124, 140–41, 170n89; Castle, 70–72, 77, 94; damaged by storm, 77
Edward I, King, 5, 44, 65, 75–76, 91, 94, 121–22, 124, 125–26, 131, 132
Edward II, King, 4, 55, 131–32
Edward III, King, 73, 76, 82, 83–84
ejurare regnum, 8
Eleanor, Princess, 73, 74, 86, 82
Eleanor, Queen, 55
England, 1–10, 12–14, 18–33, 58–91, 96, 101, 113–47. See also Dover; London
English. See language
escape, 15–16, 18–19, 24, 45–46, 64–69, 72, 77, 110
executions. See punishment: capital
exile, 3–6, 7, 146; Biblical precedent for, 7; deaths en route to, 93–94; as mercy, 6, 14, 21, 22, 27–30, 41, 94–95, 116, 118, 146; and property, 34–44, 53–57; as punishment, 8–9, 21, 22, 27, 30, 98; return from, 32, 54, 113–35, 183–84n40, 190–91n40, 158n137; weather and, 64, 77–78. See also abjurations
exoneration. See acquittal; innocence; pardons
felonies. See crimes
ferries. See shipping
foreswearing. See abjurations
Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, 12
France: under English rule, 139–40; judicial practices, 20–21, 64, 67, 110–11, 117, 143, 144; as travel site, 1–2, 3, 81. See also Calais; Paris; Wissant
frankpledge, 35
French. See language
fugitives. See escape; outlaws
gangs, 23, 28, 46, 52, 61, 99, 100–12
guards. See escorts
hanging. See punishment: capital
Henry III, King, 12, 54, 74, 82, 86, 124–25, 126, 129, 130
hospitals, 73, 90–91, 93, 96, 178n86
informers. See approvers
innocence, 9–10, 11, 12, 13, 14. See also acquittal; exoneration
Innocent III, Pope, 12
intermediaries, 86–87, 99, 126–30. See also coroners
itinerant laborers, 92, 95–96, 178n96
Jews, 5, 8, 51, 70, 101, 139, 145
juries, 24; God’s role in, 12–13; grand, 10, 11, 12, 30; petit, 13, 142; and rule of unanimity, 12–13; trial by, 12–14, 23, 28
jurisdiction, 5–6, 9, 20, 22, 27, 30–31, 43, 54, 58, 63–64, 69, 87–91, 100, 102–03, 117, 126, 133–34, 136, 137, 140, 144
language, 2, 58, 83, 85, 92, 95, 113, 122, 124, 140
Latin. See language
leniency. See mercy
leprosy, 93
Longchamps, William, 17, 170n87
Maitland, Frederic William, 24–25, 66
marl, 95
mercy, 6, 14, 21, 22–23, 27–30, 41, 51, 66, 94–95, 116, 118, 145, 146, 158nn122 and 128
military, the: demobilized, 3, 4, 138, 188n6; and exiles, 132–33, 137, 139, 142, 189n27
misidentification, 20, 99, 114
mobs. See vigilantism
mutilation: accidental, 21, 133; punitive (see punishment: corporal)
Nowacka, Keiko, 179n110
ordeal, 9, 10–13; criticism of, 11, 12; God’s will in, 10, 11, 12; suspension of, 12–13. See also acquittal
outlaws, 8, 18, 64, 65–69, 120, 122, 126, 132–33
oyer and terminer, commission of, 17
papal elections, 13
pardons, 6, 10, 46, 116, 119–35, 138, 139, 146, 183–84n40, 184nn41, 43, and 50, 190–91n40; proof of, 133–35, 187n112
pariah groups, 3, 4–5. See also crimes; Jews; political exiles
Paris, 1, 92, 99, 101–02, 103–04, 123
patrons. See intermediaries
peace, 4, 76, 81, 85, 90, 124, 133
peine forte et dure, 14
pilgrims, 2, 3, 5, 8, 19, 20, 61, 73, 90, 93, 107, 115, 123, 167n16, 178n86
political exiles, 3–4, 5, 8, 44–45, 65, 82, 94–95, 121–22, 137, 170n85
priests. See clergy
prison, 12, 13–14, 22, 46, 71, 89, 94, 110, 143, 144
prison forte et dure, 13
property: confiscation of, 4, 8, 13, 34–44, 53–57, 59, 86, 89, 95, 132; disputes over, 53–57; dower, 56; loss of in war, 3; return of, 40, 53–55, 69; value of, 34–44, 115, 182n21
punishment, 24, 146–47; capital, 10, 11, 13, 18, 20–21, 23, 45, 66, 89, 98, 107, 110, 114, 115, 116–19, 145–46, 158n128, 182n21; corporal, 9, 10, 11, 13, 23, 24, 29, 110–11, 117, 118–19, 133, 143–44, 146, 183n35, 190n39. See also exile
recidivism, 100–03, 117–19, 144
recluses. See hermits
rescue, 18, 20, 49–50, 77, 129
revenge, 10, 11, 121, 135, 145
Richard of Cornwall, Earl, 3, 5, 82
sanctuary: Biblical justification for, 14; chartered, 142–45, 189–90n28, 191n41; general, 14–25, 33, 34, 41, 45, 47, 50, 51, 65, 74, 142, 153n41, 190–91nn40–41; in port, 74
sanctuary-seekers, individual: Alisaundre, John, 16; Broun, William, 24; Duket, Laurence, 17; Longbeard, William, 17; Philpot, John, 19, 65; unnamed, 17–18, 50; Yungwin of Enfield, 18. See also abjurers and exiles, individual; criminals, individual; Weyland, Chief Justice Thomas
shipping, 31, 65, 75–80, 82, 87–88, 92, 93–94, 124, 140, 183n26
Shoemaker, Karl, 28, 120, 126, 165n146
soldiers. See military, the
summary justice. See vigilantism
taverns, 75, 82, 91–93, 97, 99
tides, 78
trade. See commerce
travel, 1–3, 8; cross-Channel, 60–61, 75–80, 82, 92; by exiles, 95–97; to port of exile, 61–64, 70–75
trial: by battle, 12, 23–24, 47; conviction rates of, 13, 152n22; by jury, 12–14, 23, 28. See also ordeal
Valdemar II, King, 12
vigilantism, 16, 17–18, 30, 46, 64, 65–68, 138
Vincent, Nicholas, 155–56n99, 158n133, 168n50, 170n87, 177n67, 180n144
waifs. See outlaws
war, 4, 5, 71, 76, 81, 85, 89, 129, 131–33; Civil, 67, 90; Hundred Years’, 78, 83–84, 99, 101, 136–41, 145, 188n6; of Religion, 137
Weyland, Chief Justice Thomas, 19, 44–45, 62, 65, 94, 121–22
William II Rufus, King, 79
Wissant, 5, 31, 77–80, 81–100, 115, 123, 124–25, 126, 127, 128, 140–41, 173nn1 and 2, 174n20, 176n51; cemetery of, 93, 94; destruction of, 83–84, 104; taverns in, 82, 91–93, 97, 99; as trade center, 81, 85
women: as criminals, 18, 48, 105; as laborers, 95; and ordeal, 23; as outlaws, 8; and property, 55–57; as prostitutes, 92, 96–98, 137; as servants, 50, 92