The following bibliography is selective, and reflects chiefly works in English that I have drawn upon directly and have sometimes cited in the text or notes. The topics I have been dealing with – Sparta, the Graeco-Persian Wars, Herodotus – are among those most heavily researched by specialist historians of ancient Greece and the Near and Middle East, and the Achaemenid Empire is coming up hard on the rails for a number of different, mutually reinforcing reasons: prominently among them, the increasing availability of primary written and archaeological data, and the subject’s extreme topical interest. But I have tried to make the selection helpful also for those who wish to pursue their enquiries further and more deeply in a scholarly way. Some works, of course, apply to more than one chapter, but I have normally listed them only where I have found them to be most helpful and relevant.
One – The Ancient World in 500 BCE: From India to the Aegean
Several useful general works on ancient Greek history cover the period of the Graeco-Persian Wars: see esp. Bengtson et al. 1969 (mainly written by Bengtson himself with the addition of chapters by specialists on particular topics or areas); Cartledge 2001a (biographical) and Cartledge (ed.) 1998 (a richly illustrated history by divers hands, mainly that of the editor); Fornara 1983 (translated ‘documents’); Freeman 1999; Grote 1846–56: chs 39–40 (outdated, clearly, but pioneering and still consultable with profit); Kebric 1997: ch. 5 (‘The Problem with Persia’, a prosopographical/biographical approach via the lives of Polygnotus, Ephialtes, Artemisia and Timarete); Osborne 1996 (expert up-to-date problematizing synthesis) and 2002 (special reference to Herodotus). For interactions between Greeks and non-Greeks, with special emphasis on the archaeological evidence, see Boardman 1999; for a selection of archaeological artefacts with illustrations, see Boardman 1988.
On the wars specifically, see Balcer 1989 and 1995; Burn 1984 (admirably written, originally published 1962, with updated addenda by D. Lewis); Cawkwell 2004 (masterly but argumentative and controversial); Green 1970/1996 (the best single relevant work, to be returned to often); Hignett 1963 (excessively nitpicking but indispensable for scholars). On Spartan history in particular, see Cartledge 1979/2001 and other general works cited under Chapter Four.
The relationship between, and antithesis of, Greeks and non-Greek ‘barbarians’, especially Persians, are explored in any number of publications, beginning with the landmark lectures of Momigliano 1975. See generally Coleman & Walz (eds) 1997; Georges 1994; Hall, J. M. 1997, 2002; Harrison 2000b; Harrison (ed.) 2002; Khan (ed.) 1993; Malkin (ed.) 2001; and Walser 1984. And for specific angles, see, e.g., Cartledge 2002 (an attempt to reconstruct the Greeks’ worldview through negative self-definition); Drews 1973 (Greek historiography); Ehrenberg 1974a (East v. West), 1974b (freedom); Hall, E. 1989 and Hall, E. (ed.) 1996 (tragic drama, esp. Aeschylus’s Persians of 472); Hornblower 2001 (war); Konstan 1987 (empire); Malkin 2004 (religion – e.g., p. 350 ‘So what [Herodotus] means is, “Ammon is how you say ‘Zeus’ in Egyptian”’); Miller 1997 (stressing Athenian cultural borrowings from Persia); Pelling 1997 (de-emphasizing the ‘East v. West’ dichotomy); Stronk 1990–1 (Sparta and Persia); and West 1997 (Greek cultural borrowings).
Two The Dynamics of Empire: Persia of the Achaemenids, 485
Anything written by distinguished Collège de France professor Pierre Briant may safely be recommended with great enthusiasm: Briant 2002 is a behemoth, in English translation; 1999 is a snappier version, also in English; cf. 1989/2002, 1997–2001.
There are many good general histories of ancient Persia and the Persian Empire: e.g., Cook 1983; Curtis 2000 (expert guide by British Museum curator); Frye 1963 and 1984; Gershevitch (ed.) 1985; Ghirshman 1971 (excellent pictures from the official commemorative volume of the then Shah’s 2,500th anniversary celebrations of the ancient Persian monarchy); Herzfeld 1968 (by the excavator of Persepolis); Laroche 1971/1974: pp. 84–116 (pictures better even than Ghirshman); Lockhart & Boyle 1978; Olmstead 1948 (e.g., ch. XX ‘New Year’s Day at Persepolis’); Wheeler 1968; and Wiesehöfer 1994/2001. The most recent, Allen 2005, deserves special praise: it is intelligently written, not loaded with prejudice, beautifully illustrated throughout, and includes an exemplary bibliography. It incidentally casts a strange light on the title (Forgotten Empire) of Curtis & Tallis (eds) 2005, the worthy catalogue of an intriguing small exhibition including artefacts never before seen outside Iran, also published by the British Museum Press.
On archaeology and iconography, see Boardman 1999 and 2000; Loukonine & Ivanov 1996/2003; Moorey 1988; Nylander 1970 (Ionians in Pasargadae); Pope 1975/1999: ch. 4 (decipherment of Persian cuneiform); Root 1979; Root 1985; Schmandt-Bessarat (ed.) 1980; Stronach 1978 (Pasargadae, Cyrus’s original capital).
On administration, see Abraham 2004 (Egibi business house); Briant & Herrenschmidt (eds) 1989 (tribute); Brosius (ed. and trans.) 2000 (documents) and 2003 (Persepolis archives); Cameron 1948 (Persepolis Treasury Texts); Cardascia 1951 (Murashu banking house); French 1998 (Royal Road); Graf 1994 (roads); Hallock 1969, 1972 (Persepolis archives); Herrenschmidt 1996/2000 (Old Persian); Kent 1953 (Old Persian); Lewis 1994 and 1997: pp. 325–31 (Persepolis fortification texts); Petit 1990 (satraps); Stolper 1985 (Murashu banking house); Tuplin 1987 (general) and 1998 (seasonal migration of kings).
On military matters, see Sekunda & Chew 1992.
On historiography, see Burkert 2004; Drews 1973; Robinson 1995; Sancisi-Weerdenburg 1983, 1989/2002, 1999; Sancisi-Weerdenburg & Kuhrt (eds) 1987–91 (6 vols); and Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Kuhrt & Root (eds) 1991.
On the Medes, see Cuyler Young 1988; Flusin 1999; Lewis 1980 and 1997 (Datis).
On Zoroastrian religion, see Boyce 1975/1982/1991; and Godrej & Punthakey Mistree (eds) 2002.
On women and society, see Brosius 1996.
For other particular aspects, see Badian 1998 (Indians in royal service); Balcer 1993 (prosopography); Cook 1985 (rise of Achaemenids); Curtis (ed.) 1997 (Mesopotamia and Iran); Dandamaev 1994 (Media and Iran); Dusinberre 2003 (Sardis); Frye 1964 (kingship); Harmatta (ed.) 1994 (central Asia); Kuhrt 1995 (within the context of Near Eastern history generally); Kuhrt 1988 and Sealey 1976 (‘earth and water’); Lewis 1977 (Sparta); Llewellyn-Jones 2002 (eunuchs); Pope 1975/1999 and Robinson 1995 (decipherment of Persian cuneiform); Potts 1999 (Elam, of which Susa was the principal city); Romey & Rose 2001 (an archaeological ‘fake’, purporting to be the tomb and corpse of an Achaemenid princess); Root 1985 (kingship); Sancisi-Weerdenburg 1999 (Kings and historiography); Sekunda & Warry 1998 (Alexander the Great’s campaign against Darius III); Sherwin-White 1978 (diplomacy).
Three Hellas: The Hellenic World in 485
See suggestions for Chapter One. Also Austin 1990 (tyrants); Badian 1994 (Macedonians); Brunt 1953/1993 (‘Hellenic League’); Ellinger 2002 (Pan); Evans 1976, Georges 2000, and Murray 1988 (Ionian Revolt).
Four Sparta 485: A Unique Culture and Society
Among general works see Cartledge 1979/2001(based originally on 1975 archaeological–historical doctoral dissertation, updated in new edition); Cartledge 1987 (mainly on the period 445–360 but with earlier relevance); Cartledge 2001b (selected essays, both reprinted in updated form and original); Cartledge 2003 (history aimed at the general reader covering esp. the last seven centuries BCE); Cartledge 2004 (the basis of the Epilogue, p. 119–213); Christ 1986/1996 (admirable introductory essay to Christ (ed.) 1986, a fine collection of reprinted essays in German or German translation with excellent bibliography); Clauss 1983 (useful mainly for bibliography); Ducat 1999b (Spartan society and war, one of a series of articles by a leading French expert on ancient Sparta); Ehrenberg 1946: ch. 4 (essay controversially debates whether Sparta was ‘totalitarian’ or merely authoritarian, still relevant despite heavy overdetermination by original context of publication and miserable personal experience); Fitzhardinge 1980 (a useful and handsomely illustrated survey of Spartan archaeology in the ‘Archaic’ period, c. 700–500); Forrest 1968/1980 (‘This account of Spartan history has not shown much sympathy with Sparta; sympathy is killed by the narrow-minded jealousy she showed for so long to anyone whose power looked like becoming greater than her own and by the utter inhumanity of her behaviour when her own power was supreme [after 404]’, p. 152, written in 1967/8); Hooker 1980 (thematically organized, very good on religion); Lazenby 1985 (army, ch. 4 on Thermopylae, an essential preliminary to Lazenby 1993); Lendon 2005: p. 352 n. 20 (Spartan drill); Lewis 1977 (esp. relations with Persia); Ollier 1933–43, Powell & Hodkinson (eds) 1994, Rawson 1969/1991 and Tigerstedt 1965, 1974 (all variously addressed to the Spartan ‘myth’); Powell (ed.) 1989 and Powell & Hodkinson (eds) 2002 (two excellent collections of essays, edited by two of the leading British scholars of Sparta); Welwei 2004 (the latest general survey of Spartan history by a well respected senior scholar); and Whitby (ed.) 2001 (imaginatively edited selection of reprinted essays, sometimes abridged and/or translated into English).
Three of the major Spartan personalities are the half-brothers King Cleomenes I and his successor Leonidas, and Pausanias the Regent, all from the Agiad royal house: on Cleomenes, see Ste Croix 2004 (pp. 438–40 are an editorial Afterword, with bibliography); on Leonidas, Baltrusch 1999; Connor 1979 (reburial of remains decades after 480); Grant 1961: pp. 20–4; and Harvey 1979 (was L. somehow implicated in the death of Cleomenes?); on Pausanias, there is a huge and growing literature, most recently Ellinger 2005 (the ‘other’ Pausanias is the 2nd-century CE religious travel writer); see also above, Appendix 1 (Simonides). For possible visual representations, see Krumeich 1997: pp.151–78.
No proper history of Sparta can be written without due attention to the troublesome economic basis of Spartan society and power, the Helots: see esp. Ducat 1990 (the first modern general study); Hunt 1997 (part of an immensely original and persuasive attack on the failure of the major Greek historians to give due attention to the role of the unfree in warfare) and 1998 (more controversial attempt to find a major role for Helots at the Battle of Plataea); and Luraghi & Alcock (eds) 2003 (published version of the first major international conference ever dedicated specifically to Helot issues).
No proper history of Sparta can be written, either, without due attention to Spartan religion: Parker 1989 is an exemplary account.
Various aspects of Spartan society and mores are expertly addressed in the following: David 1992 (hair-dressing and maintenance) and 2004 (suicide, two essays by the leading Israeli scholar of Sparta); Figueira (ed.) 2004 (an admirable collection edited by the leading American scholar of Sparta); Hammond, M. 1980 (‘with your shield – or on it!’ explained); Hodkinson 2000 (major study of property power); Hornblower 2000 (violence) and Rankin 1993: p. 187 (Sparta a ‘society dedicated to the infliction of terror and violence’); Kennell 1995 (history of the timing of introduction of the full-blown educational system, dated rather too late to my mind); Loraux 1995: esp. pp. 70–3, and Piccirilli 1995 (attitudes to death); Miller, W. I. 2000: ch. 2 (the behaviour and fate of Aristodamus, who though one of the 300 did not die at Thermopylae); Richer 1994 and Toher 1999 (burial of kings).
One of the great peculiarities of Sparta was the high status and profile of Spartan women, variously accounted for or elaborated on in Blundell 1995: pp. 150–8; Cartledge 1981/2001; Ducat 1998 and 1999a; Hodkinson 2000; Millender 2002 (brilliant study of role played by Athenian ideology); Powell 1999 (political role) and 2004.
Five Thermopylae I: Mobilization
Six Thermopylae II: Preparations for Battle
Seven Thermopylae III: The Battle
I have run together here reading suggestions relating to all stages of the evolution of the Thermopylae scenario. (See also Chapter One, pp. 15–28, for the Graeco-Persian Wars in general.)
For military aspects of the Graeco-Persian Wars generally, see De Souza 2003: pp. 54–8; Grundy 1901; Hammond, N. 1988; Hanson 1998 (perhaps our best military historian of Greek antiquity, claims to identify a specifically ‘Western’ way of warfare, brilliantly exemplified by the Greeks in 480–479), 1999 and 2001 (the first of his nine ‘landmark’ battles is Salamis); Hignett 1963; Holland 2005 (imaginatively conceived and brilliantly written account by an amateur historian of genius); Lazenby 1993 (with Green 1970/1996, the indispensable basic account); Ober 1990 and Starr 1962/1979 (why did Persia lose?); Pritchett 1971–91 (essays of immense learning and range); Sekunda & Hook 1998 (sound narrative with interestingly colourful artistic recreations); Strauss 2004a (Salamis).
For the Thermopylae campaign specifically, see Burn 1968: pp. 88–92, with fig. on p. 89 (eastern arrowheads); Cawkwell 2004; Clarke 2003 (claims unpersuasively that Sparta pushed the warrior ethos beyond the limits of sanity); Dascalakis 1956; Dillery 1996, Flower 1998, Hammond, N. 1996 and Van Wees 2004: pp. 180–3 (historiography – see also Appendix I); Evans 1964 and 1969; Grant 1961; Hodkinson 2000: pp. 157, 158 (Dieneces); Hope Simpson 1972; Strauss 2004b; Thomson 1921; Tuplin 2003 (Xerxes’s march from Doriscus to Therme); Whatley 1964 (focused on Marathon but of immensely wider historiographical application, emphasizing just how much – or rather how little – we can ever hope to know about any ancient battle).
One of the major issues of scholarly debate concerns the topography: Burn 1977: pp. 98–103; Grundy 1929; Kraft et al. 1987 and Szemler, Cherf & Kraft 1996 (sufficiently refuted by Cawkwell 2004: Appendix 5; compare Lazenby Classical Review n.s. 48 (1998), 522: ‘it will take far better arguments than these to convince me that Leonidas died fighting in a pass that did not exist’); Marinatos 1951 (pp. 61–9, results of 1939 excavation); Pritchett 1958, 1965 (on the battle of 191 BCE; ‘It is quite apparent that most of those who write about the battles have never left the carriage roads’, p. 71) and 1982 (summation); Wallace 1980 (Anopaea pass). Another major issue is whether Leonidas dismissed the allies before the final battle or they dismissed themselves (i.e. fled or melted away): see, e.g., Dascalakis 1957; Grant 1961 (one of the few to take account of Leonidas’s personal and familial situation, though far from entirely persuasively).
A side issue but an engaging one is the alleged medism of Caryae, a Perioecic city on the northern border of Laconia: Huxley 1967. ‘Caryatids’, support columns in the form of women, most famously used in the Erechtheum temple on the Athenian Acropolis, are named after the women of Caryae.
Eight The Thermopylae Legend I: Antiquity
On the Spartan legend (etc.) in antiquity generally, see Ollier 1933–43, the earlier chapters of Rawson 1969, and Tigerstedt 1965, 1974, 1978; in brief, Christ 1986/1996. Also Ehrenberg 1974a (West v. East) and 1974b (freedom). Hölkeskamp 2001 is a comparable study of the legend of Marathon.
Nine The Thermopylae Legend II: From Antiquity to Modernity
The post-Antique reception of ancient Sparta, and of the Thermopylae legend in particular, is richly varied. Barzano et al. (eds) 2003 is a collection of essays looking at the transmission of heroic models from antiquity to modernity; Clough 2004 is a useful overview of the legend from a Western perspective; Rebenich 2004 is an acute account specifically of the German reception, especially historiographical. The later chapters of Rawson 1969 are the best attempt yet at covering the entire post-Antique reception of Sparta within the European, and by extension North American, cultural tradition.
What follows are just some illustrations that I have been able to use in this book: de Botton 2004: pp. 187–8 (brief discussion of Sparta in a chapter entitled ‘Ideal Human Types’); Buchan 1912 (short fictional story about a man from the island of Lemnos who gets caught up in the Thermopylae–Artemisium conflict); Byron 1981 (1937) (not Lord Byron, but the twentieth-century Robert Byron, debunker of classicizing pieties and champion of Iranian and Islamic art and culture: ‘There are still things to be said about Persepolis’, p. 165); Golding 1965 (an occasional piece prompted by a visit to the ‘Hot Gates’); Hall & Macintosh (eds) 2005 (Persians and Greeks on the British stage); Hughes (ed.) 1944 (a brave tribute to the brave Greeks of the Second World War, published while Greece was still occupied); Keeley 1999 (reminiscences of literary Greece during the 1930s and 40s, much talk of C. P. Cavafy); Losemann 1977 (Nazi misappropriations); Macgregor Morris 2000a, 2000b, 2004 (eighteenth-century handling of the Thermopylae tradition, especially by Richard Glover); Manfredi 2002 (historical novel by a professional classical archaeologist and historian set in the early fifth century BCE world of Sparta; starts badly, from the manifestly unhistorical premise that the apparently deformed infant son of a noble Spartan family would be exposed in such a manner as to be rescuable by an extreme nationalist Helot family that raises him as a nationalist Helot – to fight, eventually, against his own brother, in the manner of Polynices and Eteocles of ancient Greek myth, and more recently the brothers in Theo Angelopoulos’s tragic film The Weeping Meadow); Miller, Frank 1998, 1999 (the ‘graphic novels’ that will be the basis of the movie 300; cf. Winkler 2000 for a discussion of the Hollywood war-movie genre in its relation to Classical models and inspirations); Montaigne 1991 (his late-sixteenth-century essais include ‘On the Cannibals’ in which, rather surprisingly perhaps, his acute judgement of Thermopylae is to be found, pp. 238–9 of Screech’s Penguin Classics edition: ‘True victory lies in your role in the conflict, not in coming safely through’); Pinelli 2005 (David’s Léonidas); and, last but by no means least, Pressfield 1999 (an ‘epic’ novel is just right; the author has done extensive homework, writes boldly and evocatively, and his imaginative supplements are usually soundly based).
Epilogue Thermopylae: Turning-point in World History
Cartledge 2004 provides full annotation. Most references are of course to be found elsewhere in this book anyway.
Those who wish to pursue the analogy I have tried to develop between the Spartan way of death at Thermopylae and Japanese patriotic suicides at the end of the Second World War may wish to consult a remarkable collection of testimonies by students enlisted in the various Special Attack Units which came to be labelled kamikaze (‘divine wind’): Listen to the Voices from the Sea: Writings of the Fallen Japanese Students (Kike Wadatsumi no Koe), compiled by Nihon Senbotsu Gakusei Kinen-Kai; trans. Midori Yamanouchi and Joseph L. Quinn SJ (Scranton: University of Scranton Press, 2000). For example, Hachiro Sasaki writes on 11 June 1943: ‘I wish to die beautifully as a person in the midst of a supreme effort’ (cf. Loraux 1995 on the Spartans’ ‘beautiful death’); but whereas the Spartan 300 were elite soldiers, Sasaki continues, ‘As an unknown member of society, my only option is to live and die while remaining faithful to my duties and responsibilities’ (both quotations, p. 122). He was killed in action on 14 April 1945 over the Okinawa Sea.
Appendix 1 and Appendix 3 – Herodotus
The most accessible and usable English translation for non-specialists is probably Herodotus 1996, as corrected and updated by John Marincola. See also Herodotus 2004, revised throughout by Donald Lateiner. Romm ed. 2003 is a good selection in translation with the editor’s running commentary. In their excellent recent scholarly commentary on Herodotus Book 9 Flower and Marincola (eds) 2002 deal fully with his account of Plataea, which sealed the Greeks’ victory over the invading Persians; see also their Introduction, 20ff., and Appendixes A and D. A commentary of similar quality on Book 7, the Thermopylae book, would be well received.
It is a good index of Herodotus’s current ‘popularity’ among scholars that he has been the subject of no fewer than five major collective volumes within the past five years alone: Bakker et al. (eds) 2002; Derow & Parker (eds) 2003; Karageorghis & Taifacos (eds) 2004; Luraghi (ed.) 2001; and Greenwood & Irwin (eds) forthcoming. Major general works to be highly recommended include: Gould 1989; Hartog 1988; Lateiner 1989; Munson 2001; and Thomas 2000. Other smaller general studies include: Marincola 2001; Momigliano 1966; Osborne 2002; and Romm 1998. Fehling 1989 should be read only as the curiosity that it is.
The following analyse in close detail, from the point of view of source criticism among others, Herodotus’s account of Thermopylae: Dillery 1996; Flower 1998; Flower & Marincola (eds) 2002; and Van Wees 2004: p. 180–3.
The following selection will also give some small inkling of the immense range of Herodotus’s interests and of the topics on which he has something eminently worth reading: Boedeker 1987a (invention of history) and 1987b (Demaratus); Cartledge 1995 (Greek identity); Dewald 1981 (women); Forrest 1979 (Ionian Revolt); Forsdyke 2001: pp. 341–54, and 2002 (Spartan despotism); Georges 1986 (oracles and credibility); Harrison 2000a (religion); Lévy 1999 (Sparta); Lewis 1997: pp. 345–61 (Persians); Mikalson 2003 (religion); Millender 2002a and 2002b (Spartan despotism); Moles 2002 (H. and Athens); Moyer 2002 (reliability of H. on Egypt defended); Munson 1988 (Artemisia) and 1993 (Spartan kingship); Murray 1987 (oral historiography); Raaflaub 1987 (historiography) and 2002 (H. as intellectual); Redfield 1985 (H. as ethnographer); Stahl, H.-P. 1975 (Croesus’s conversations); Waters 1971 (tyrants and despots).
Simonides, the texts are easily accessible in D. A. Campbell’s excellent Loeb Classical Library edition and translation. The major event in Simonides studies recently has been the partial recovery on papyrus of his post-epic poem on Plataea, apparently commissioned by the Spartans and for performance at Sparta: Boedeker 1995, 1998a, 1998b: p.190, 2001a, 2001b; Boedeker & Sider (eds) 2001. For a fine pre-discovery account, see Davies, A. 1981 (in a chapter on ‘Lyric and Other Poetry’); compare Davies, M. 2004: p. 278 (the story of Simonides’s remembering where all the guests had been sitting at a banquet in Thessaly, after the banqueting hall was wrecked by an earthquake and all the guests killed – while Simonides himself was said to have escaped through divine intervention). On the 480 Spartan poems specifically, see Molyneux 1992: pp. 186–7; and Podlecki 1968.
On Ctesias, see Auberger 1991; Lenfant 2004 (texts, translation); and Bigwood 1978.
On Diodorus (Book XI), see Green 2006 (translation and commentary).
Other sources are Bowen ed. 1992 (Plutarch on the malice of Herodotus); Rood 1999 (Thucydides on the Greco-Persian Wars; cf. Cawkwell 2004); Talbert (ed. and trans.) 2005 (Plutarch and Xenophon on Spartan lives, sayings and society).
Books, Articles, Commentaries, Editions
Abraham, K. 2004 Business and Politics under the Persian Empire: The Financial Dealings of Marduk-nasir-apli of the House of Egibi (521–487 BCE) (Bethesda, Md.: Occasional Publications of the Department of Near Eastern Studies and the Program of Jewish Studies, Cornell University)
Allen, L. 2005 The Persian Empire. A History (London: British Museum Press)
Auberger, J. 1991 Ctésias. Histoires de l’Orient (Paris: Les Belles Lettres)
Austin, M. M. 1990 ‘Greek tyrants and the Persians, 546–479 BCE’ Classical Quarterly n.s. 40: 289–306
Badian, E. 1994 ‘Herodotus on Alexander I of Macedon: a study in some subtle silences’ in S. Hornblower (ed.) Greek Historiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 107–30
1998 ‘The King’s Indians’ in W. Will (ed.) Alexander der Grosse. Eine Welteroberung und ihr Hintergrund (Bonn: Habelt) 205–24
Bakker, E. J., de Jong, I. J. F. & van Wees, H. 2002 (eds) Brill’s Companion to Herodotus (Leiden: Brill)
Balcer, J. M. 1989 ‘The Persian Wars against Greece: a reassessment’ Historia 38: 127–43
—–1993 A Prosopographical Study of the Ancient Persians Royal and Noble c. 550–450 BC (Lewiston, New York)
—– 1995 The Persian Conquest of the Greeks 545– 450 BC (Konstanz: Universitäts-Verlag)
Baltrusch, E. 1999 ‘Leonidas und Pausanias’ in K. Brodersen (ed.) GrosseGestalten der griechischen Antike (Munich: Beck) 310–18
Barzano, A. et al. 2003 (eds) Modelli eroici dell’ antichità alla cultura europea (Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider)
Bengtson, H. et al. 1969 The Greeks and the Persians. From the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson) (German original 1965)
Bigwood, J. M. 1978 ‘Ctesias as historian of the Persian Wars’ Phoenix 32: 19–41
Blundell, S. 1995 Women in Ancient Greece (London: British Museum Press)
Boardman, J. 1988 ‘The Greek World’ Cambridge Ancient History plates to vol. IV: 95–178 (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.)
—–1999 The Greeks Overseas, 4th edn (London: Thames & Hudson)
—– 2000. Persia and the West. An Archaeological Investigation of the Genesis of Achaemenid Art (London: Thames & Hudson)
Boedeker, D. 1987a ‘Herodotus and the invention of history’ Arethusa 20: 5–8
1987b ‘The two faces of Demaratus’ Arethusa 20: 185–201
1995 ‘Simonides on Plataea: narrative elegy, mythodic history’ Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 107: 217–29
—– 1998a ‘The New Simonides and heroization at Plataea’ in N. Fisher & H. Van Wees (eds) Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence (London: Duckworth) 231–49
—– 1998b ‘Presenting the past in fifth-century Athens’ in D. Boedeker & K. A. Raaflaub (eds) Democracy, Empire, and the Arts in Fifth-Century Athens (Cambridge, Mass., & London: Harvard U.P.) 185–202
—– 2001a ‘Heroic historiography: Simonides and Herodotus on Plataea’ in Boedeker & Sider (eds) 2001: 120–34 —– 2001b ‘Paths to heroization at Plataea’ in Boedeker & Sider (eds) 2001: 148–63
—– & Sider, D. 2001 (eds) The New Simonides: Contexts of Praise and Desire (Oxford: Oxford U.P.)
de Botton, A. 2004 Status Anxiety (London: Hamish Hamilton)
Bowen, A. J. 1992 (ed.) Plutarch: The Malice of Herodotus (Warminster: Aris & Phillips)
Boyce, M. 1975/1982/1991 A History of Zoroastrianism, 3 vols (Leiden: Brill)
Briant, P. 1989/2002 ‘History and ideology: the Greeks and Persian “decadence”’ in Harrison (ed.) 2002: 193–210
—– 1997–2001 Bulletin d’histoire achéménide (I–II) (TOPOI suppls 1, 2)
—– 1999 ‘The Achaemenid Empire’ in K. Raaflaub & N. Rosenstein (eds) War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Mesoamerica (Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies) 105–28
—– 2002 From Cyrus to Alexander. A History of the Persian Empire (Eisenbrauns: Winona Lake) (French original 1996)
—– & Herrenschmidt, C. 1989 (eds) Le Tribut dans l’empire perse (Paris & Louvain: Peeters)
Brosius, M. 1996. Women in Ancient Persia (559–331 BCE) (Oxford: Oxford U.P.)
—– 2000 (ed. and trans.) The Persian Empire from Cyrus II to Artaxerxes I (LACTOR 16) (London: London Association of Classical Teachers)
—– 2003 ‘Reconstructing an archive: account and journal texts from Persepolis’ in Brosius (ed.) Ancient Archives and Archival Traditions. Concepts of Record-Keeping in the Ancient World (Oxford: Oxford U.P.) 264–83
Brunt, P. A. 1953/1993 ‘The Hellenic League against Persia’, repr. in Studies in Greek History and Thought (Oxford: Oxford U.P.) 47–74, with addenda 75–83
Buchan, John 1912 ‘The Lemnian’ in The Moon Endureth (London: Hodder & Stoughton) ch. III
Burkert, W. 2004 Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis: Eastern Contexts of GreekCulture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard U.P.)
Burn, A. R. 1968 The Warring States of Greece (London: Thames & Hudson) 88–92
—– 1977 ‘Thermopylai revisited and some topographical notes on Marathon and Plataiai’ in K. H. Kinzl (ed.) Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean in Ancient History and Prehistory. Studies Presented to Fritz Schachermeyr on his Eightieth Birthday (Berlin & New York: W. de Gruyter) 89–105, at 98–103
—– 1984 Persia and the Greeks. The Defence of the West 546–478 BC, rev. edn (London: Duckworth) (original edn 1962)
Byron, R. 1981 The Road to Oxiana (repr. London: Picador) (original edn 1937)
Cambridge Ancient History[CAH] 1988 vol. IV, 2nd edn Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525–479 BC (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.) esp. pt I ‘The Persian Empire’
Cameron, G. G. 1948 Persepolis Treasury Tablets (Chicago: Oriental Institute)
Cardascia, G. 1951 Les archives de Murashu (Paris: ??)
Cartledge, P. A. 1979/2001 Sparta and Lakonia. A Regional History1300–362 BC, 2nd edn (Routledge: London & New York)
—– 1981/2001 ‘Spartan wives: liberation or licence?’ Classical Quarterly 31: 84–105, updated repr. in Cartledge 2001b: ch. 9
—– 1987 Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta (London: Duckworth, & Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press) (pb repr. 2000)
—– 1995 “We are all Greeks”? Ancient (especially Herodotean) and modern contestations of Hellenism’ Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 40: 75–82
—– 1998 (ed.) The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.) (corrected pb repr. 2002)
—– 2001a The Greeks. Crucible of Civilization (London: BBC Books)
—– 2001b Spartan Reflections (London: Duckworth, & Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press)
—– 2002 The Greeks. A Portrait of Self and Others, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford U.P.)
—– 2003 The Spartans. An Epic History, 2nd edn London: Pan Macmillan, & New York: Overlook Press)
—– 2004 ‘What have the Spartans done for us? Sparta’s contribution to Western civilization’ Greece & Rome 2nd ser., 52.2: 164–79
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Videos and Websites
The Greek and Persian Wars, Cromwell Productions Ltd, www.cromwelledu.com
‘Decisive Battles’ – Thermopylae, Paradine Productions
http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/sparta/topics/300.htm
http://www.aint-it-cool.com/display.cgi?id=4969
http://www.night-flight.com/fmiller300.html (comic strip version of the battle)
http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/T/Thermopy.asp
http://www.rhul.ac.uk/Classics/NJL/novels.html (Dr N. J. Lowe’s listing of ‘Ancient Greece in Fiction’) pp. 6–7 for novels and short stories on the Graeco-Persian Wars
http://www.csun.edu/hcfll004/sparta.html (Prof. J. P. Adams)
http://playlab.uconn.edu/pylae22k.htm (Prof. A. Yiannakis’s expedition to determine Anopaea route)