NOTES

CHAPTER 1

  1.     Quotation from Kevin Spacey in the James MacTaggart Memorial Lecture at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, 2013. Video available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oheDqofa5NM.

  2.     Nancy Hass, “And the Award for the Next HBO Goes to…,” GQ, January 29, 2013. https://www.gq.com/story/netflix-founder-reed-hastings-house-of-cards-arrested-development.

  3.     Numbers taken from U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, D.C.: USGPO, 1944, 1947, 1950), and Army Air Forces, Statistical Digest (World War II), available at https://archive.org/details/ArmyAirForcesStatisticalDigestWorldWarII.

  4.     Material on the life of Abraham Wald was drawn from the following sources: W. Allen Wallis, “The Statistical Research Group, 1942–1945,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 75, no. 370 (June 1980): 320–30; Marc Mangel and Francisco J. Samaniego, “Abraham Wald’s Work on Aircraft Survivability,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 79, no. 386 (June 1984): 259–67, and see also “Comment” by James O. Berger (267–69) and “Rejoinder” by the authors (270–71); J. Wolfowitz, “Abraham Wald, 1902–1950,” Annals of Mathematical Statistics 23, no. 1 (1952): 1–13; Oskar Morgenstern, “Abraham Wald, 1902–1950,” Econometrica 19, no. 4 (Oct. 1951): 361–67; Karl Menger, “The Formative Years of Abraham Wald and His Work in Geometry,” Annals of Mathematical Statistics 23, no. 1 (1952): 14–20; L. Weiss, “Wald, Abraham,” in Leading Personalities in Statistical Sciences: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present, ed. Norman L. Johnson and Samuel Kotz (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 164–67; “Abraham Wald,” MacTutor History of Mathematics, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Wald.html.

  5.     W. Allen Wallis, “The Statistical Research Group, 1942–1945,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 75, no. 370 (June 1980): 320–30.

  6.     Our presentation of Wald’s approach uses modern notation and terms and is therefore intentionally anachronistic. Wald did not frame the problem in precisely these terms. We have also left out a lot of technical detail. We encourage the interested reader to consult Marc Mangel and Francisco J. Samaniego, “Abraham Wald’s Work on Aircraft Survivability,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 79, no. 386 (June 1984): 259–67; see also “Comment” by James O. Berger, 267–69, and “Rejoinder” by the authors, 270–71.

  7.     W. Allen Wallis, “The Statistical Research Group, 1942–1945,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 75, no. 370 (June 1980): 320–30; Mangel and Samaniego, “Rejoinder.”

  8.     Available at https://www.netflixprize.com/community/topic_1537.html.

  9.     Dan Keating, Kevin Schaul, and Leslie Shapiro, “The Facebook Ads Russians Targeted at Different Groups,” Washington Post, November 1, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/business/russian-ads-facebook-targeting/.

  10.   National Cancer Institute, “Study Shows Promise of Precision Medicine for Most Common Type of Lymphoma,” July 20, 2015, https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/press-releases/2015/ibrutinib-lymphoma-subtype.