Preface
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1: Michael Brown, Dignity, and Déjà Vu: From Slavery to Ferguson and Beyond Christopher Alan Bracey
The Theoretical Lens: Racial Oppression as Dignity Expropriation
Dignity Expropriation as Concept in the Modern Era
Dignity Expropriation and Police Culture in Ferguson: The Department of Justice Reports
Historical Antecedents: From Slavery to Ferguson
The Familiar Call for Equal Dignity
Chapter 2: The Psychology of Racial Violence L. Song Richardson and Phillip Atiba Goff
Suspicion Cascades
Implicit Racial Bias
Stereotype Threat
Masculinity Threat
Implications
Community Policing
Interim Solutions
Conclusion
Chapter 3: The Prosecution, the Grand Jury, and the Decision Not to Charge Katherine Goldwasser
The Grand Jury Proceedings
Differences from the Grand Jury “Norm”
Cause for Concern
The Decision to Use a Grand Jury
Lessons Learned?
Chapter 4: St Louis County Municipal Courts, For-Profit Policing, and the Road to Reforms Thomas Harvey and Brendan Roediger
The Structure of St. Louis County Police Departments and Courts
The Municipal Court Experience for Defendants
Civil Rights Violations in St. Louis County Municipal Courts
Conditions of Incarceration
The “Muni Shuffle”
Justice by the Numbers: Planning for Warrants and Counting on Revenue
Inside the Numbers in Other St. Louis County Municipalities
Pine Lawn
St. Ann
Maplewood
Municipal Court Injustice and Its Toll
Efforts at Transforming the System
Arch City Defenders’ White Paper
Requesting Municipal Court Amnesty to City of Ferguson
Proposal to the Supreme Court of Missouri
Litigation Attacking Illegal Fees
Writ of Prohibition
Debtors’ Prisons Lawsuits
The Ferguson Commission
Missouri Legislature
Missouri Supreme Court
Reforms in Individual Municipalities
Department of Justice Investigation and Report
Chapter 5: Making Ferguson: Segregation and Uneven Development in St Louis and St Louis County Colin Gordon
The Politics of Segregation in Greater St. Louis
Making Ferguson
Photographic Insert
Additional Reading
Chapter 6: From Brown to Brown: Sixty-Plus Years of Separately Unequal Public Education Kimberly Jade Norwood
A Segregated and Unequal Past
Racial Inequality in Public Schools
Graduation
Literacy
Resources
Normandy Schools
What Is Left of Brown?
What Now?
What Now for Normandy?
Appendix
Chapter 7: If Michael Brown Were Alive, Would He Be Employable? Terry Smith
The Enterprise of Criminalizing Black Lives
Structural Inequality and Petty-Crimes Law Enforcement
Discrimination, Criminalization, and Employment Opportunity
Expungement of Criminal Records
Antidiscrimination Laws
Eighth Amendment Concerns
Chapter 8: The Geography of Inequality: A Public Health Context for Ferguson and the St Louis Region Jason Q. Purnell
For the Sake of All—Background
Historical and Demographic Context
Population and Place of Residence
Educational Attainment
Unemployment
Poverty
Income
Mapping Inequality
Recommendations
Chapter 9: Media Framing in Black and White: The Construction of Black Male Identity Candice Norwood
The Real Michael Brown
A Brief History of Framing Theory and Techniques
“Michael Brown Remembered as ‘Gentle Giant’”—St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Aug. 11, 2014)
“Surveillance Video of Strong-Arm Robbery Tied to Michael Brown”—Fox News (Aug. 16, 2014)
“Mike Brown Had Marijuana in System at the Time of Shooting”—International Business Times (Aug. 18, 2014)
Chapter 10: Psychic Pain: Residents, Protesters, Police, and Community Kira Hudson Banks and Vetta L. Sanders Thompson
Shooting Reactions
Protest Exposure
Youth Exposure
Distanced Exposure
Police Reactions
Not Just African Americans
Other Community Concerns
Summary
Chapter 11: Ferguson and the First Amendment Chad Flanders
Introduction: Wilson-Brown as Metaphor
1. A Man Was Told by a Police Officer to Get Out of the Street, and to Walk Somewhere Else
2. When the Man Turned toward the Police Officer, There Was a Struggle, and the Officer in Response Used a Large Amount of Force against the Man
3. There Was No Reliable Video of the Event, and the Police Early on Were Selective in What They Shared with the Media
4. In the Days That Followed, Perceptions Differed as to What Happened: Whether the Man Was Mostly Blameless or Mostly to Blame, and Whether the Force Was Excessive or Proportional
5. The Deliberations of the Grand Jury Were Kept Secret, But the Prosecutor in a News Conference and in Subsequent Public Events Got to Tell His Side of the Story
6. A DOJ Report Released in March Showed That Aggressive Policing Tactics Were Long a Part of Ferguson’s History, and Demands Were Made for Reform
Conclusion: History Keeps on Repeating Itself
Chapter 12: The Uncertain Hope of Body Cameras Howard M. Wasserman
Unknown Effects and Unintended Consequences
Limits of Video Evidence
Implementation: The Devil in the Details
Chapter 13: Policing in the 21st Century Tracey L. Meares
Two Views: More Law? Or Less Crime?
Legitimacy as an Element of Rightful Policing
Recommendations of the Task Force
Conclusions and Implications for Policing
Training
Strategies and Tactics
Democracy and Community Participation
About the Contributors
Index