1. Walt Haney, “The Myth of the Texas Miracle in Education,” Education Policy Analysis Archives 8, no. 41 (August 19, 2000); Stephen P. Klein et al., “What Do Test Scores in Texas Tell Us?” RAND Issue Paper IP-202, RAND, Santa Monica, Calif., 2000, 2, 9–13.
2. Jennifer Brown, “Cost Doesn’t Spell Success for Colorado Schools Using Consultants to Improve Achievement,” Denver Post, February 19, 2012.
3. Rick Hess, “The Common Core Kool-Aid,” Education Week, November 30, 2012.
4. Joanne Weiss, “The Innovation Mismatch: ‘Smart Capital’ and Education Innovation,” Harvard Business Review, HBR Blog Network, March 31, 2011.
5. Stephanie Simon, “Privatizing Public Schools: Big Firms Eyeing Profits from U.S. K–12 Market,” Huffington Post, August 2, 2012.
6. Daniel Taub, “Andre Agassi Forms Charter-School Fund with Canyon Capital,” Bloomberg News, June 2, 2011; Brian Toporek, “Billionaire Donates $18 Million to Agassi’s Charter School,” Education Week, October 31, 2011.
7. Tierney Plumb, “Movie-House Investor Dives into the Charter-School Space,” The Motley Fool, August 16, 2011; Capital Roundtable, For-Profit Education Roundtable Brochure, July 16, 2012, http://capitalroundtable.com/masterclass/Capital-Roundtable-For-Profit-Education-Private-Equity-Conference-2012.html; Juan Gonzalez, “Albany Charter Cash Cow: Big Banks Making a Bundle on New Construction as Schools Bear the Cost,” New York Daily News, May 7, 2010.
1. Rick Snyder, “A Special Message from Rick Snyder: Education Reform” (memoran-dum), April 27, 2011, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/snyder/SpecialMessageonEducationReform_351586_7.pdf.
2. Sam Dillon, “Behind Grass-Roots School Advocacy, Bill Gates,” New York Times, May 21, 2011; Sam Dillon, “Foundations Join to Offer Online Courses for Schools,” New York Times, April 27, 2011; Stephanie Simon, “K–12 Student Database Jazzes Tech Startups, Spooks Parents,” Reuters, March 3, 2013.
3. The National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers together gave a total of $330 million to political campaigns and civil rights groups over a six-year period from 2005 to 2011. Alicia Mundy, “Teachers Unions Give Broadly,” Wall Street Journal, July 12, 2012. During the same period of time, the major foundations supporting test-based accountability and choice spent many times that amount. Gates spends $300–$400 million each year on education. Ken Libby, “A Look at the Education Programs of the Gates Foundation,” Shanker Blog, March 2, 2012, http://shankerblog.org/?p=5234. In 2011, the Walton Family Foundation spent $159 million on education grants: http://www.waltonfamilyfoundation.org/mediacenter/walton-family-foundation-invests-$159-million-in-k12-education-reform-in-2011. These figures do not include political contributions made by either Gates or the Walton family.
4. Steven Brill, Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America’s Schools (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 131–32, 224–25.
5. “Chiefs for Change Statement on Louisiana’s Bold Education Reforms,” Foundation for Excellence in Education Web site, April 18, 2012, http://www.excelined.org/ReformNews/2012/Chiefs_for_Change_Statement_on_Louisianas_Bold_Education_Reforms.aspx.
6. Andrew Ujifusa, “Policy Shop Casts Long K–12 Shadow,” Education Week, April 25, 2012; Julie Underwood and Julie F. Mead, “A Smart ALEC Threatens Public Education,” Education Week, February 29, 2012.
7. Anthony Cody, “Obama Blasts His Own Education Policies,” Living in Dialogue (blog), Education Week, March 29, 2011.
8. Sunlen Miller, “Obama on Wisconsin Budget Protests: ‘An Assault on Unions,’ ” ABC News, February 17, 2011; Nia-Malika Henderson and Peter Wallsten, “Obama Praises Jeb Bush on Education Reform,” Washington Post, March 4, 2011; “Struggling Florida Schools Get More Time,” WCTV, July 19, 2011, http://www.wctv.tv/news/headlines/Struggling_Schools_Ask_to_Remain_Open_125809473.html?ref=473.
9. Adam Peshek, “ALEC Responds to Ravitch Blog Post,” Education Week, May 15, 2012.
1. Jeffrey M. Jones, “Confidence in U.S. Public Schools at New Low,” Gallup Politics, June 20, 2012.
2. William J. Bushaw and Shane Lopez, “Betting on Teachers: The 43rd Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public’s Attitudes Toward the Public Schools,” Phi Delta Kappan, September 2011, 18–19.
3. Bill Gates, “America’s High Schools Are Obsolete” (speech to the National Governors Association, February 26, 2005).
4. Melinda Gates, interview with Jeffrey Brown and Hari Sreenivasan (video and transcript), NewsHour, PBS, June 4, 2012.
5. Diane Ravitch, “The Myth of Charter Schools,” New York Review of Books, November 11, 2010.
6. Joel I. Klein, Condoleezza Rice, and others, U.S. Education Reform and National Security (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2012).
7. Tom Loveless, The 2012 Brown Center Report on American Education, Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., February 16, 2012; Tom Loveless, “Does the Common Core Matter?,” Education Week, April 18, 2012; Diane Ravitch, “Do Our Public Schools Threaten National Security?,” New York Review of Books, June 7, 2012.
1. Robert Rothman, “NAEP Board Urged to Delay Standard-Setting Plan,” Education Week, January 16, 1991.
2. Ravitch, “Myth of Charter Schools.”
3. A screen shot of the StudentsFirst Web site: http://msteacher65.tumblr.com/post/24901512311/michelle-rhee-no-friend-to-educators.
4. National Center for Education Statistics, The Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2011 (Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2011), 15, 44; National Center for Education Statistics, The Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2011 (Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2011), 16, 41.
5. Gerald Bracey pointed out how education statistics are misreported by ignoring Simpson’s paradox. See Gerald Bracey, “On Knowing When You’re Being Lied to with Statistics,” Huffington Post, January 27, 2007. He explained: “Simpson’s Paradox occurs whenever the whole group shows one pattern but subgroups show a different pattern.” Thus, the whole group may show a flat line at the same time that every subgroup shows gains because of increased numbers of those in the lowest-scoring groups.
6. NAEP began reporting data for American Indian/Alaska Native in 2000.
7. B. D. Rampey, G. S. Dion, and P. L. Donahue, NAEP 2008 Trends in Academic Progress (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 2009). Progress stopped in 2008, the high-stakes testing era of NCLB and Race to the Top. The update of this report in 2013 showed virtually no change in scores between 2008 and 2012. See http://www.nationsreportcard.gov/ltt_2012/.
1. Martin Carnoy and Richard Rothstein, What Do International Tests Really Show About U.S. Student Performance? (Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, 2013).
2. Paul E. Barton and Richard J. Coley, The Black-White Achievement Gap: When Progress Stopped (Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service, 2010).
3. National Center for Education Statistics, Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2011, 11.
4. National Center for Education Statistics, Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2011, 12.
5. Sean F. Reardon, “The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor: New Evidence and Possible Explanations,” in Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances, ed. Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011).
6. Thomas B. Timar and Julie Maxwell-Jolly, eds., Narrowing the Achievement Gap: Perspectives and Strategies for Challenging Times (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Education Press, 2012), 230.
7. Ibid., 240–41.
1. Klein, Rice, et al., U.S. Education Reform and National Security.
2. Http://www.aip.org/fyi/2010/121.html.
3. Yong Zhao, “A True Wake-Up Call for Arne Duncan: The Real Reason Behind Chinese Students Top PISA Performance,” December 10, 2010, http://zhaolearning.com/2010/12/10/a-true-wake-up-call-for-arne-duncan-the-real-reason-behind-chinese-students-top-pisa-performance/.
4. H. L. Fleischman, P. J. Hopstock, M. P. Pelczar, and B. E. Shelley, Highlights from PISA 2009: Performance of U.S. 15-Year-Olds in Reading, Mathematics, and Science Literacy in an International Context (NCES 2011-004), U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2011), 16, 21, 27.
5. Ibid., 15; Carnoy and Rothstein, What Do International Tests Really Show About U.S. Student Performance?.
6. Torsten Husen, ed., International Study of Achievement in Mathematics: A Comparison of Twelve Countries, 2 vols. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967), 2:21–25.
7. L. C. Comber and John P. Keeves, Science Education in Nineteen Countries (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973); Elliott A. Medrich and Jeanne E. Griffith, International Mathematics and Science Assessments: What Have We Learned? (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1992), 79–81.
8. Curtis C. McKnight et al., The Underachieving Curriculum: Assessing U.S. Mathematics from an International Perspective (Champaign, Ill.: Stipes, 1987), 17, 26–27; Willard J. Jacobson and Rodney L. Doran, Science Achievement in the United States and Sixteen Countries: A Report to the Public (New York: Teachers College Press, 1988), 30, 37, 45.
9. Motoko Rich, “U.S. Students Still Lag Globally in Math and Science, Tests Show,” New York Times, December 11, 2012; Lyndsey Layton and Emma Brown, “U.S. Students Continue to Trail Asian Students in Math, Reading, Science,” Washington Post, December 11, 2012.
10. National Center for Education Statistics, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, 2012, http://nces.ed.gov/timss/. All the TIMSS statistics that follow are drawn from this government report.
11. Ina V. S. Mullis, Michael O. Martin, Pierre Foy, and Kathleen T. Drucker, PIRLS 2011 International Results in Reading (Chestnut Hill, Mass.: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College, 2012).
12. Http://nces.ed.gov/timss/results07_math95.asp; http://nces.ed.gov/timss/table07_4.asp.
13. Yong Zhao, “The Grass Is Greener: Learning from Other Countries,” September 18, 2011, http://zhaolearning.com/2011/09/18/the-grass-is-greener-learning-from-other-countries/.
14. Yong Zhao, Catching Up or Leading the Way: American Education in the Age of Globalization (Alexandria, Va.: ASCD, 2009), vii, xi.
15. Yong Zhao, “Reforming Chinese Education: What China Is Trying to Learn from America,” Solutions, April 2012, 38–43.
16. Vivek Wadhwa, “U.S. Schools Are Still Ahead—Way Ahead,” Bloomberg Businessweek, January 12, 2011.
17. Keith Baker, “Are International Tests Worth Anything?,” Phi Delta Kappan, October 2007.
1. U.S. Department of Education, The Condition of Education, 2012 (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, 2012), fig. 32-2; U.S. Department of Education, Public School Graduates and Dropouts from the Common Core of Data: School Year 2009–10 (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, 2013).
2. Federal data about graduation rates and dropout rates are drawn from the most recent report: C. Chapman, J. Laird, N. Hill, and A. KewalRamani, Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2009 (NCES 2012-006) (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2011), 13.
3. Lawrence Mishel and Joydeep Roy, Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends (Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, 2006), 49.
4. Mishel and Roy conclude that the exclusion of these two groups—those who are in the military and those who are incarcerated—tends to neutralize any effect on the overall graduation rate, since the graduation rate for one group is high and the other is low. The exception, they say, is black males, who have a higher incarceration rate than other groups. Thus, “the black-white gap in high school completion may be higher than the official statistics show.” Ibid., 38, 10.
5. Chapman, Laird, Hill, and KewalRamani, Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2009, 24, 44.
6. Ibid., 5.
7. Cameron Brenchley, “High School Graduation Rate at Highest Level in Three Decades,” Homeroom: The Official Blog of the U.S. Department of Education, http://www.ed.gov/blog/2013/01/high-school-graduation-rate-at-highest-level-in-three-decades/, fig. 2.
8. Chapman, Laird, Hill, and KewalRamani, Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 1972–2009, 8.
9. OECD, Education at a Glance 2011 (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2011), table A1.2a.
10. U.S. Department of Education, The Condition of Education, 2011 (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, 2011), 76–77.
11. Russell W. Rumberger, “Solving the Nation’s Dropout Crisis,” Education Week, October 26, 2011.
1. Thomas D. Snyder, ed., 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1993), 66–69.
2. U.S. Department of Education, Condition of Education, 2012, http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012045.pdf, p. 109, fig. 45-1.
3. OECD, Education at a Glance 2011, http://www.oecd.org/education/highereducationandadultlearning/48630299.pdf, Table A1.3A, p. 30; OECD, Education at a Glance 2012 (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2012), p. 13, fig. 1.2.
4. U.S. Department of Education, Condition of Education, 2012, table A-48-1.
5. College Board Commission on Access, Admissions, and Success in Higher Education, http://completionagenda.collegeboard.org/about-agenda.
6. U.S. Department of Education, Condition of Education, 2011, p. 68, indicator 21.
7. Paul Krugman, “Degrees and Dollars,” New York Times, March 7, 2011.
8. Hope Yen, “In Weak Job Market, One in Two College Graduates Are Jobless or Underemployed,” Huffington Post, April 22, 2012.
9. Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2009/11/art5full.pdf, 88, 93.
10. Andrew Martin and Andrew W. Lehren, “A Generation Hobbled by the Soaring Cost of College,” New York Times, May 12, 2012.
1. Joel I. Klein, “Urban Schools Need Better Teachers, Not Excuses, to Close the Education Gap,” U.S. News, May 4, 2009.
2. Http://www.billgateswindows.com/ms/817/bill-gates-improving-education-is-the-best-way-to-solve-poverty/.
3. Wendy Kopp with Steven Farr, A Chance to Make History: What Works and What Doesn’t in Providing an Excellent Education for All (New York: PublicAffairs, 2012), 5, 8.
4. UNICEF, Measuring Child Poverty: New League Tables of Child Poverty in the World’s Rich Countries (Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2012), p. 3. The league tables did not include Asian nations.
5. John L. Kiely and Michael D. Kogan, “Prenatal Care,” in Reproductive Health of Women: From Data to Action: CDC’s Public Health Surveillance for Women, Infants, and Children, http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/ProductsPubs/DatatoAction/pdf/rhow8.pdf.
6. James N. Martin, “Facts Are Important: Prenatal Care Is Important to Healthy Pregnancies,” American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, February 21, 2012, http://www.acog.org/~/media/Departments/Government%20Relations%20and%20Outreach/20120221FactsareImportant.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20120701T1119268833.
7. Ibid.
8. Richard Rothstein, Class and Schools: Using Social, Economic, and Educational Reform to Close the Black-White Achievement Gap (New York: Teachers College Press, 2004), 16.
9. Ibid., 19–32; U.S. Department of Education, Condition of Education, 2012, 18.
10. Rothstein, Class and Schools, 37–47.
11. R. Balfanz and V. Byrnes, Chronic Absenteeism: Summarizing What We Know from Nationally Available Data (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Center for Social Organization of Schools, 2012).
12. Helen F. Ladd, “Education and Poverty: Confronting the Evidence,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 31, no. 2 (2012): 203–27.
1. Evan Thomas and Pat Wingert, “Why We Must Fire Bad Teachers,” Newsweek, March 5, 2010.
2. William L. Sanders and June C. Rivers, “Cumulative and Residual Effects of Teachers on Future Student Academic Achievement” (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Value-Added Research and Assessment Center, 1996); William L. Sanders et al., “The Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System: A Quantitative, Outcomes-Based Approach to Educational Assessment,” in Grading Teachers, Grading Schools: Is Student Achievement a Valid Evaluation Measure?, ed. Jason Millman (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press, 1997). Matthew Di Carlo debunked the “three great teachers in a row” claim in “How Many Teachers Does It Take to Close an Achievement Gap?,” Shanker Blog, March 17, 2011, http://shankerblog.org/?p=2156.
3. Http://www.takepart.com/article/2011/05/06/michelle-rhee-how-nations-gone-soft-great-teachers-and-politics-education.
4. Http://blog.thedaily.com/post/3233869778/three-great-teachers-in-a-row-and-the-average.
5. Eric A. Hanushek, “The Economic Value of Higher Teacher Quality” (NBER working paper 16606, December 2010).
6. Eric A. Hanushek, “The Tradeoff Between Child Quantity and Quality,” Journal of Political Economy 100, no. 1 (February 1992): 84–117; http://garyrubinstein.teachforus.org/2012/06/09/do-effective-teachers-teach-three-times-as-much-as-ineffective-teachers/.
7. Joel Klein, Michelle Rhee, et al., “How to Fix Our Schools: A Manifesto,” Washington Post, October 10, 2010.
8. Http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-arnold-missouri-town-hall.
9. Richard Rothstein, “How to Fix Our Schools,” Economic Policy Institute, October 14, 2010.
10. Eric A. Hanushek, John F. Kain, and Steven G. Rifkin, “Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement” (NBER working paper 6691, August 1998); Matthew Di Carlo, “Teachers Matter, but So Do Words,” Shanker Blog, July 14, 2010, http://shankerblog.org/?p=74; Matthew Di Carlo, “Teacher Quality on the Red Carpet; Accuracy Swept Under the Rug,” Shanker Blog, September 16, 2010, http://shankerblog.org/?p=799.
11. Http://www.studentsfirst.org/pages/last-in-first-out-a-policy-that-hurts-students-teachers-and-communities. The source of this claim was Eric Hanushek: http://www.studentsfirst.org/blog/entry/why-an-effective-teacher-matters-a-q-a-with-eric-hanushek/.
12. Http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/education/jan-june12/melindagates_06-04.html.
13. Eric A. Hanushek, “Valuing Teachers: How Much Is a Good Teacher Worth?,” Education Next 11, no. 3 (Summer 2011).
14. Annie Lowry, “Big Study Links Good Teachers to Lasting Gain,” New York Times, January 6, 2012.
15. Bruce D. Baker, “Fire First, Ask Questions Later? Comments on Recent Teacher Effectiveness Studies,” School Finance 101 (blog), January 7, 2012, http://schoolfinance101.wordpress.com/2012/01/07/fire-first-ask-questions-later-comments-on-recent-teacher-effectiveness-studies/. In the next post on Baker’s blog (January 19, 2012), John Friedman wrote to Baker that his comment about firing teachers was taken out of context. He also said that Baker had not adjusted for discounting, and that the study actually projected a lifetime gain per person of about $1,000 per year, or $20 per week; http://schoolfinance101.wordpress.com/2012/01/19/follow-up-on-fire-first-ask-questions-later/. Another reviewer, Moshe Adler of Columbia University, maintained that the Chetty study contradicted itself about future earnings and proved nothing, except that big studies should be peer-reviewed before they are released to the media. Moshe Adler, “Findings Vs. Interpretations in ‘The Long-Term Impacts of Teachers,’ ” Education Policy Analysis Archives 21, no. 10 (February 1, 2013).
16. Matthew Di Carlo, “How Many Teachers Does It Take to Close an Achievement Gap?,” Shanker Blog, March 17, 2011, http://shankerblog.org/?p=2156.
17. American Educational Research Association and National Academy of Education, “Getting Teacher Evaluation Right: A Brief for Policymakers” (2011).
18. Linda Darling-Hammond, “Value-Added Evaluation Hurts Teaching,” Education Week, March 20, 2012.
19. John Ewing, “Mathematical Intimidation: Driven by the Data,” Notices of the American Mathematical Society 58, no. 5 (May 2011): 671.
20. Fernanda Santos and Robert Gebeloff, “Teacher Quality Widely Diffused, Ratings Indicate,” New York Times, February 24, 2012; Georgett Roberts, “Queens Parents Demand Answers Following Teacher’s Low Grades,” New York Post, February 26, 2012; Diane Ravitch, “How to Demoralize Teachers,” Bridging Differences (blog), Education Week, February 28, 2012.
21. Leo Casey, “The True Story of Pascale Mauclair,” Edwize, February 28, 2012.
1. Richard J. Murnane and David K. Cohen, “Merit Pay and the Evaluation Problem: Understanding Why Most Merit Pay Plans Fail and a Few Survive,” Harvard Educational Review (Spring 1986).
2. M. G. Springer, D. Ballou, L. Hamilton, V. Le, J. R. Lockwood, D. McCaffrey, M. Pepper, and B. Stecher, Teacher Pay for Performance: Experimental Evidence from the Project on Incentives in Teaching (Nashville, Tenn.: National Center on Performance Incentives at Vanderbilt University, 2010).
3. Sarah D. Sparks, “Study Leads to End of New York City Merit-Pay Program,” Education Week, July 20, 2011.
4. David W. Chen and Anna M. Phillips, “Mayor Takes On Teachers’ Union in School Plans,” New York Times, January 12, 2012.
5. Steven Glazerman and Allison Seifullah, “An Evaluation of the Chicago Teacher Advancement Program (Chicago TAP) After Four Years” (Washington, D.C.: Mathematica Policy Research, March 7, 2012); Nora Fleming, “Some Efforts on Merit Pay Scaled Back,” Education Week, September 21, 2011.
6. Debra Viadero, “Texas Merit-Pay Pilot Failed to Boost Student Scores, Study Says,” Education Week, November 4, 2009; “Texas Takes Another Stab at Teacher Merit Pay,” Education News, August 22, 2009.
7. Andrea Gabor, The Man Who Discovered Quality: How W. Edwards Deming Brought the Quality Revolution to America—the Stories of Ford, Xerox, and GM (New York: Times Books, 1990), 250–53.
1. Sam Dillon, “Gates Urges School Budget Overhauls,” New York Times, November 19, 2010.
2. Bruce D. Baker, Revisiting the Age-Old Question: Does Money Matter in Education? (Washington, D.C.: Albert Shanker Institute, 2012).
3. Richard M. Ingersoll, “Beginning Teacher Induction: What the Data Tell Us,” Education Week, May 16, 2012; Ken Futernick, “Incompetent Teachers or Dysfunctional Systems?: Re-framing the Debate on Teacher Quality and Accountability” (San Francisco: WestEd, 2010), http://www.wested.org/tippingpoint/downloads/incompetence_systems.pdf.
4. Richard Ingersoll and Lisa Merrill, “The Changing Face of the Teaching Force,” @PennGSE: A Review of Research (Fall 2010), http://www.gse.upenn.edu/review/feature/ingersoll.
1. “The Story of Teach for America,” Harvard Magazine, July–August 2012; Wendy Kopp, “In Defense of Optimism in Education,” Huffington Post, March 13, 2012.
2. Teach for America Web site: http://www.teachforamerica.org/our-mission/a-solvable-problem.
3. Teach for America, 990 tax forms: http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2011/133/541/2011-133541913-08746967-9.pdf.
4. Wendy Kopp, One Day, All Children …: The Unlikely Triumph of Teach for America and What I Learned Along the Way (New York: Public Affairs: 2003), 185.
5. Kopp, “In Defense of Optimism.”
6. Http://www.fastcompany.com/social/2008/profiles/teach-for-america.html.
7. Paul T. Decker, Daniel P. Mayer, and Steven Glazerman, “The Effects of Teach for America on Students: Findings from a National Evaluation” (Washington, D.C.: Mathematica Policy Research, June 9, 2004), xiv.
8. Julian Vasquez Heilig and Su Jin Jez, “Teach for America: A Review of the Evidence” (Boulder, Colo.: National Education Policy Center, June 2010).
9. Http://garyrubinstein.teachforus.org/2011/10/31/why-i-did-tfa-and-why-you-shouldnt/.
10. Bruce D. Baker, “Ed Schools,” School Finance 101 (blog), December 3, 2010, http://schoolfinance101.wordpress.com/2010/12/03/ed-schools/.
11. Cowen Institute for Public Education Initiatives, “School Choice: Parent Opinions on School Selection in New Orleans” (New Orleans: Tulane University, January 2013), http://www.coweninstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Choice-Focus-Groups-FINAL-small.pdf, p. 7; Raynard Sanders, “Why the Education Reforms in New Orleans Failed and Will Never Work,” Research on Reforms, February 2012, http://www.researchonreforms.org/html/documents/RSWhyEducRefmsFail.pdf; Charles J. Hatfield, “Should the Educational Reforms in New Orleans Serve as a National Model for Other Cities?,” Research on Reforms, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2012, http://www.researchonreforms.org/html/documents/ResponsetoNSNO_001.pdf; Kari Dequine Harden, “Report Says New Orleans Parents Need Better Information for School Choice to Work,” The Advocate, February, 11, 2013.
12. Barbara Miner, “Looking Past the Spin: Teach for America,” Rethinking Schools (Spring 2010); see also Andrew Hartman, “Teach for America: The Hidden Curriculum of Liberal Do-Gooders,” Jacobin (Winter 2012); Rachel Levy, “Teach for America: From Service Group to Industry,” All Things Education, May 28, 2011.
13. Barbara Torre Veltri, Learning on Other People’s Kids: Becoming a Teach for America Teacher (Charlotte, N.C.: Information Age Publishing, 2010), 190 and jacket copy.
14. Matthew Ronfeldt, Susannah Loeb, and Jim Wyckoff, “How Teacher Turnover Harms Student Achievement,” http://cepa.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/TchTrnStAch%20AERJ%20RR%20not%20blind.pdf.
15. Http://blogs.edweek.org/teachers/living-in-dialogue/2012/04/deepening_the_debate_over_teac.html.
16. William V. Healey, “Heal for America,” Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2009.
1. To learn more about Baltimore’s short-lived experiment in privatization, see http://articles.baltimoresun.com/keyword/tesseract.
2. Richard Whitmire, The Bee Eater: Michelle Rhee Takes on the Nation’s Worst School District (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2011).
3. Bill Turque, “Rhee Deploys ‘Army of Believers,’ ” Washington Post, July 5, 2008.
4. Clay Risen, “The Lightning Rod,” Atlantic, November 2008.
5. Valerie Strauss, “Michelle Rhee’s Greatest Hits,” The Answer Sheet (blog), Washington Post, October 14, 2010, quoting a statement Rhee made at an Aspen Institute summit in Washington in September 2008.
6. Bill Turque, “Many Teachers Pass on IMPACT Bonuses,” Washington Post, January 28, 2011.
7. Bill Turque, “Michelle Rhee’s D.C. Schools Legacy Is in Sharper Focus One Year Later,” Washington Post, October 15, 2011.
8. Jack Gillum and Marisol Bello, “When Standardized Test Scores Soared in D.C., Were the Gains Real?,” USA Today, March 30, 2011.
9. Bill Turque, “Ex-Noyes Principal Wayne Ryan Resigns,” Washington Post, June 20, 2011.
10. Jay Mathews, “D.C. Keeps Ignoring Its Test Erasure Scandal,” Washington Post, June 22, 2012; Emma Brown, “Investigators Find Test Security Problems at a D.C. School,” Washington Post, August 8, 2012; Jay Mathews, “D.C. Schools’ Test-Score Fantasyland,” Washington Post, September 23, 2012; Michael Winerip, “Ex-Schools Chief in Atlanta Is Indicted in Testing Scandal,” New York Times, March 29, 2013.
11. Whitmire, Bee Eater, 222.
12. Http://gfbrandenburg.wordpress.com/2011/02/09/i-got-scooped-by-more-than-three-years/.
13. Http://gfbrandenburg.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/cohort-effects-at-harlem-park-jpg.jpg; Jay Mathews, “Michelle Rhee’s Early Test Scores Challenged,” Washington Post, February 8, 2011.
14. “Rhee’s Response to Blogger’s Allegations,” Washington Post, February 9, 2011.
15. Http://gfbrandenburg.wordpress.com/2011/02/13/an-interview-with-dr-lois-c-williams-principal-investigator-for-the-umbc-tesseract-report/#comments.
16. Bill Turque, “ ‘Creative … Motivating’ and Fired,” Washington Post, March 6, 2012.
17. Emma Brown, “Study Chides D.C. Teacher Turnover,” Washington Post, November 8, 2012; New Teacher Project, “Keeping Irreplaceables in D.C. Public Schools: Lessons in Smart Teacher Retention,” http://tntp.org/assets/documents/TNTP_DCIrreplaceables_2012.pdf; Bill Turque, “D.C. Principals: ‘Class of ’08’ Continues to Dwindle,” Washington Post, June 5, 2012. Personal communication from Mary Levy to author, December 3, 2012.
18. Daniel Denvir, “Michelle Rhee’s Right Turn,” Salon, November 17, 2012. On Rhee’s role in Tennessee, see http://blogs.knoxnews.com/humphrey/2013/01/michelle-rhee-on-tn-spending-t.html.
19. Http://www.studentsfirst.org/pages/about-michelle-rhee/.
20. Alan Ginsburg, “The Rhee DC Record: Math and Reading Gains No Better Than Her Predecessors Vance and Janey,” January 2011, http://therheedcrecord.wikispaces.com/file/view/The+Rhee+DC+Math+And+Reading+Record+.pdf; see the response to Ginsburg by Paul E. Peterson, “The Case Against Michelle Rhee,” Education Next 11, no. 3 (Summer 2011); and Ginsburg’s response to Peterson: “Michelle Rhee vs. Her Critics,” April 2011, http://therheedcrecord.wikispaces.com/file/view/Final+Peterson+Educationnext+Michelle+Rhee+v.+Her+Critics.pdf.
21. National Center for Education Statistics, The Nation’s Report Card: Trial Urban District Assessment: Reading 2011 (NCES 2012-455) (Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2011).
22. National Center for Education Statistics, The Nation’s Report Card: Trial Urban District Assessment: Mathematics 2011 (NCES 2012-452) (Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2011).
23. John Merrow, “Michelle Rhee’s Reign of Error,” Taking Note: Thoughts on Education from John Merrow, April 11, 2013, http://takingnote.learningmatters.tv/?p=6232.
1. National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, “Unionized Charter Schools: Data from 2009–2010,” http://www.publiccharters.org/data/files/Publication_docs/NAPCS%20Unionized%20Charter%20Schools%20Dashboard%20Details_20111103T104815.pdf.
2. Albert Shanker, “Students Paid the Price When Private Firm Took Over School” (paid advertisement), New York Times, February 22, 1996.
3. Albert Shanker, “Goals, Not Gimmicks” (paid advertisement), New York Times, November 7, 1993; “Noah Webster Academy” (paid advertisement), New York Times, July 3, 1994; “Beyond Magic Bullets” (paid advertisement), New York Times, March 19, 1995.
4. Chris Cerf, “Charter Schools: A Single Strand in the Tapestry of New Jersey’s Great Public Schools,” NJSpotlight, July 16, 2012.
5. The states that had not passed legislation authorizing charter schools by the end of 2012 were Alabama, Kentucky, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and West Virginia. Voters in Washington State narrowly passed a charter referendum in 2012, after having rejected it three times earlier; the fourth time was a charm, facilitated by a multimillion-dollar campaign fund.
6. National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, “A Growing Movement: America’s Largest Charter School Communities,” 6th ed., October 2011, 1.
7. Julian Vasquez Heilig, “Why Do Hedge Fund Managers Adore Charters?,” http://cloakinginequity.com/2012/12/07/why-do-hedge-funds-adore-charters-pt-ii-39-return/.
8. Juan Gonzalez, “Albany Cash Cow: Big Banks Making a Bundle on New Construction as Schools Bear the Cost,” New York Daily News, May 7, 2010.
9. Stephanie Simon, “The New U.S. Visa Rush: Build a Charter School, Get a Green Card,” Reuters, October 12, 2012.
10. Valerie Strauss, “The Big Business of Charter Schools,” Washington Post, August 17, 2012. See also Stephanie Strom, “For Charter School Company, Issues of Spending and Control,” New York Times, April 24, 2010.
11. Center for Media and Democracy, “ALEC Exposed,” http://alecexposed.org/w/images/5/57/2D4-Next_Generation_Charter_Schools_Act_Exposed.pdf; see also http://www.edreform.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/NextGenerationCharterSchoolsAct.pdf.
12. Http://mediamatters.org/research/2012/05/09/how-alec-is-quietly-influencing-education-refor/184156; Salvador Rizzo, “Some of Christie’s Biggest Bills Match Model Legislation from D.C. Group Called ALEC,” Star-Ledger, April 1, 2012.
13. Lindsay Wagner, “Senate Considers New Public Charter School Board,” The Progres-sive Pulse (blog), March 27, 2013 http://pulse.ncpolicywatch.org/2013/03/27/senate-considers-creation-of-new-public-charter-school-board/; http://pulse.ncpolicywatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/SB-337-NC-Public-Charter-Schools-Board.pdf.
14. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Caviness v. Horizon Community Learning Center Inc.; Lawrence Pieratt, January 4, 2010.
15. Preston C. Green, Erica Frankenberg, Steven L. Nelson, and Julie Rowland, “Charter Schools, Students of Color, and the State Action Doctrine,” Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice (Spring 2012): 254–75. See also Julian Vasquez Heilig, “Why Judges Say Charters Are NOT Public Schools—Students and Parents Should Be Nervous,” Cloaking Inequity, January 2, 2013.
16. New York Charter Schools Association, “Charters Prevail over State Comptroller,” Chalkboard, June 25, 2009.
17. Martha Woodall, “Phila.’s New Media Charter School Contends It’s Not a Public School,” philly.com, July 2, 2011; Julie Shaw, “Two Ex-Charter Officials Accused of Taking Money from School,” philly.com, April 15, 2011; Martha Woodall, “Former Head of Philadelphia Charter School Admits Fraud,” philly.com, April 4, 2012; Martha Woodall, “Charter School Founder Gets 2-Year Term for Fraud,” philly.com, July 14, 2012.
18. Becky Vevea, “Chicago Charter School Subject to Private-Sector Labor Laws,” WBEZ, January 2, 2013, http://www.wbez.org/news/chicago-charter-school-subject-private-sector-labor-laws-104660; National Labor Relations Board, “Chicago Mathematics and Science Academy Charter School, Inc., Employer and Chicago Alliance of Charter Teachers & Staff, AFT, AFL-CIO,” Petitioner, Case 13-RM-001768, December 14, 2012 (359 NLRB No. 41).
19. Bruce D. Baker, “Charter Schools Are … [Public? Private? Neither? Both?],” School Finance 101 (blog), May 2, 2012; Bruce D. Baker, Ken Libby, and Kathryn Wiley, “Spending by the Major Charter Management Organizations: Comparing Charter School and Local Public District Financial Resources in New York, Ohio, and Texas” (National Education Policy Center, May 2012); KIPP challenged these findings: http://www.kipp.org/news/kipp-statement-nepc-report-by-bruce-d-baker-on-spending-by-the-major-charter-management-organizations.
20. Gary Miron, Jessica L. Urschel, Mayra A. Yat Aguilar, and Breanna Dailey, Profiles of For-Profit and Nonprofit Education Management Organizations, Thirteenth Annual Report, 2010–2011 (Boulder, Colo.: National Education Policy Center, 2012), i–ii.
21. Julian Vasquez Heilig, Amy Williams, Linda McSpadden McNeil, and Christopher Lee, “Is Choice a Panacea? An Analysis of Black Secondary Student Attrition from KIPP, Other Privately Operated Charters, and Urban Districts,” Berkeley Review of Education 2, no. 2 (2011); KIPP, “Statement by KIPP Regarding Report: ‘Is Choice a Panacea?’ by Dr. Julian Vasquez Heilig and Colleagues,” April 12, 2012, http://www.kipp.org/news/statement-by-kipp-regarding-report-is-choice-a-panacea-by-dr-julian-vasquez-heilig-and-colleagues.
22. Sharon Higgins, “Largest Charter Network in U.S.: Schools Tied to Turkey,” Washington Post, March 27, 2012; Greg Toppo, “Objectives of Charter Schools with Turkish Ties Questioned,” USA Today, August 17, 2010; Dan Bilefsky and Sebnem Arsu, “Turkey Feels Sway of Reclusive Cleric in the U.S.,” New York Times, April 25, 2012; Stephanie Saul, “Charter Schools Tied to Turkey Grow in Texas,” New York Times, June 6, 2011; Stephanie Saul, “Audits for 3 Georgia Schools Tied to Turkish Movement,” New York Times, June 5, 2012.
23. Matthew Di Carlo, “The Evidence on Charter Schools and Test Scores,” Albert Shanker Institute, December 2011, http://shankerblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/CharterReview.pdf.
24. David Arsen and Yongmei Ni, “Resource Allocation in Charter and Traditional Public Schools: Is Administration Leaner in Charter Schools?,” National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education, March 2012, http://www.ncspe.org/publications_files/OP201.pdf.
25. Miron, Urschel, Yat Aguilar, and Dailey, Profiles of For-Profit and Nonprofit Education Management Organizations, ii.
26. Erik Kain, “80% of Michigan Charter Schools Are For-Profits,” Forbes, September 29, 2011.
27. “A Political Education,” Toledo Blade, July 9, 2006.
28. “White Hat Management: Ohio Charter School Giant,” State Impact Ohio, http://stateimpact.npr.org/ohio/tag/white-hat-management/; “Judge Says White Hat Must Open Its Books,” State Impact Ohio, http://stateimpact.npr.org/ohio/2011/12/28/judge-says-white-hat-must-open-its-books/; Ida Liezkovsky, “Making Money on Education: The For-Profit Charter School,” State Impact Ohio, http://stateimpact.npr.org/ohio/2011/10/12/charters-schools-part-iii-cashing-in-on-education/.
29. Http://www.plunderbund.com/2012/02/24/white-hat-management-nears-one-billion-dollars-in-charter-school-funding-in-ohio/.
30. Stephanie Strom, “For School Company, Issues of Money and Control,” New York Times, April 23, 2010; A. D. Pruitt, “Entertainment Company Is Tested by Charter Schools,” Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2012; Elisa Crouch, “Shuttering of Imagine Charter Schools in St. Louis Is Daunting,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 20, 2012.
31. Office of the State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli, “Oversight of Financial Operations: Brooklyn Excelsior Charter School,” New York State Division of State Government Accountability, Report 2011-S-14, December 2012; Yoav Gonen, “Charter Management Firm Charging Huge Rent Markups to Charter Schools,” New York Post, April 30, 2012.
32. Julie Dunn, “Agassi Hopes Charter School Will Be a Model,” New York Times, April 21, 2004; Bryan Toporek, “Billionaire Donates $18 Million to Andre Agassi’s Charter School,” Education Week, October 31, 2011; “Andre Agassi Launches Charter School Building Fund,” Huffington Post, June 2, 2011.
33. Amy Kingsley, “Learning Curve,” Las Vegas Citylife, March 14, 2012; Adrian Arambulo, “Agassi Prep Cheerleading Coach Charged in Prostitution Sting,” KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, http://www.8newsnow.com/story/6634246/agassi-prep-cheerleading-coach-charged-in-prostitution-sting; Gary Rubinstein, http://miracleschools.wikispaces.com/Agassi+Prep; “Cheer Coach at Agassi’s Academy Charged in Prostitution Sting,” USA Today, June 8, 2007; Alan Dessoff, “High Stakes Cheating,” District Administration, April 1, 2011. For the school’s report card, see http://www.nevadareportcard.com/.
34. “New York Success Academy Network to Receive 50 Percent Increase in Per Student Payment,” Huffington Post, June 25, 2012.
35. Anne Ryman, “Insiders Benefiting in Charter Deals,” Arizona Republic, November 17, 2012.
36. Mitchell Landsberg, “Spitting in the Eye of Mainstream Education,” Los Angeles Times, May 31, 2009; Jill Tucker, “Oakland Charter School Accused of Fraud May Close,” San Francisco Chronicle, April 3, 2012; Jill Tucker, “Oakland School Official May Face Criminal Probe,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 14, 2012; Ellen Cushing, “Are American Indian Public Charter School’s Scores Inflated?,” East Bay Express, June 13, 2012; David Whitman, Sweating the Small Stuff: Inner-City Schools and the New Paternalism (Washington, D.C.: Thomas B. Fordham Institute, 2008), 71; Katy Murphy, “High-Scoring Oakland Charter Schools Facing Growing Threat of Closure,” Contra Costa Times, January 24, 2013; Oakland Unified School District Report, Superintendent’s Recommendation to Revoke American Indian Model School (AIMS) Charter, March 20, 2013, http://www.ousd.k12.ca.us/Page/10160.
37. John Merrow, “Can Rocketship Launch a Fleet of Successful Schools?,” NewsHour, PBS, December 28, 2012, http://learningmatters.tv/blog/on-pbs-newshour/watch-rocketship-schools/10645/.
38. Matt Richtel, “A Silicon Valley School That Doesn’t Compute,” New York Times, October 22, 2011.
39. Benjamin Herold, “ ‘Significant Barriers’ to Entry at Many Philadelphia Charters, District Report Says,” Notebook, July 31, 2012; Benjamin Herold, “Questionable Application Practices at Green Woods, Other Philly Charter Schools,” Notebook, September 14, 2012.
40. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Charter Schools: Additional Federal Attention Needed to Help Protect Access for Students with Disabilities (Washington, D.C.: U.S. GAO, June 2012).
41. Matthew DiCarlo, “Do Charter Schools Serve Fewer Special Education Students?,” Shanker Blog, June 21, 2012, http://shankerblog.org/?p=6107; Alleen Brown, “Cityview Leaves Special Education Students Behind,” Twin Cities Daily Planet, July 24, 2012; Cindy Chang, “New Orleans Special Needs Students File Federal Lawsuit Against Louisiana Department of Education,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, October 29, 2010.
42. Sean Cavanaugh, “Catholic Schools Feeling Squeeze from Charters,” Education Week, August 29, 2012; Who Will Save America’s Urban Catholic Schools?, ed. Scott Hamilton (Washington, D.C.: Thomas B. Fordham Institute, 2008); Scott Waldman, “Parochial Schools Feel Pinch,” Albany Times-Union, September 24, 2012. Abraham Lackman, a scholar in residence at Albany Law School, studied the effect of charters on Catholic schools in New York. He concluded, “We’ve wound up replacing a good system with a system that is inferior, and it’s cost the taxpayer a good deal of money.” Lackman found that “for every charter school that has opened in New York in the past decade, a parochial school has closed.” Lackman served as chief of staff for the New York State Senate Committee on Finance at the time that charters were authorized in 1998. Abraham Lackman, “The Collapse of Catholic School Enrollment,” http://www.scribd.com/doc/106930920/Abe-Lackman-Draft.
43. Samuel Casey Carter, No Excuses: Lessons from 21 High-Performing, High-Poverty Schools (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 2000), 43–46; Lance T. Izumi, They Have Overcome: High-Poverty, High-Performing Schools in California (San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 2002); Rob Kuznia, “Inglewood School District Teeters on Verge of State Takeover,” Daily Breeze, November 3, 2011; Rob Kuznia, “State Takes Over Financially Strapped Inglewood Unified School District,” Daily Breeze, September 14, 2012; Rob Kuznia, “Inglewood Unified Begins Making Deep Cuts Amid Howls of Protest,” Daily Breeze, March 15, 2013.
44. Keystone State Education Coalition, http://keystonestateeducationcoalition.blogspot.com/2011/06/follow-money-contributions-by-vahan.html, last updated June 28, 2012; Tony West, “Charter Schools: A School for Scandal?,” Philadelphia Public Record, August 3, 2012.
1. Stephanie Simon, “Private Firms Eyeing Profits from U.S. Public Schools,” Reuters, August 2, 2012; Rick Hess, “The Common Core Kool-Aid,” Education Week, November 30, 2012.
2. John Hechinger, “Education According to Mike Milken,” Bloomberg Businessweek, June 2, 2011; Alexandra Starr, “Bill Bennett: The Education of an E-school Skeptic,” Bloomberg Businessweek, February 13, 2001. Bennett resigned as chairman of K12 in 2005 to avoid causing problems for K12 after he made racist remarks on his radio show.
3. Stephanie Saul, “Profits and Questions at Online Charter Schools,” New York Times, December 12, 2011.
4. Jeb Bush and Bob Wise, Digital Learning Now! (Foundation for Excellence in Education, December 1, 2010), 10.
5. Barbara Means, Yukie Toyama, Robert Murphy, Marianne Bakia, and Karla Jones, Evaluation of Evidence-Based Practices in Online Learning: A Meta-analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2010). The study team found no studies between 1996 and 2006. “By performing a second literature search with an expanded time frame (through July 2008), the team was able to greatly expand the corpus of studies with controlled designs and to identify five controlled studies of K–12 online learning with seven contrasts between online and face-to-face conditions. This expanded corpus still comprises a very small number of studies, especially considering the extent to which secondary schools are using online courses and the rapid growth of online instruction in K–12 education as a whole. Educators making decisions about online learning need rigorous research examining the effectiveness of online learning for different types of students and subject matter as well as studies of the relative effectiveness of different online learning practices” (53).
6. Center for Media and Democracy, “ALEC Exposed,” http://alecexposed.org/w/images/4/4a/2D23-Virtual_Public_Schools_Act1_Exposed.pdf; Center for Media and Democracy, PR Watch, http://www.prwatch.org/news/2012/07/11652/energysolutions-and-connections-education-are-27th-and-28th-corporations-leave-al.
7. Lee Fang, “How Online Learning Companies Bought America’s Schools,” Nation, December 5, 2011.
8. Gene V. Glass and Kevin G. Welner, Online K–12 Schooling in the U.S.: Uncertain Private Ventures in Need of Public Regulation (Boulder, Colo.: National Education Policy Center, 2011), 3.
9. Saul, “Profits and Questions at Online Charter Schools.”
10. Colin Woodard, “Special Report: The Profit Motive Behind Virtual Schools in Maine,” Maine Sunday Telegram, September 3, 2012.
11. Lyndsey Layton and Emma Brown, “Virtual Schools Are Multiplying, but Some Question Their Educational Value,” Washington Post, November 26, 2011.
12. Ibid.
13. Fang, “How Online Learning Companies Bought America’s Schools.”
14. Hechinger, “Education According to Mike Milken”; Jack Wagner, “Charter and Cyber Charter Education Funding Reform Should Save Taxpayers $365 Million Annually,” Pennsylvania Department of the Auditor General, June 20, 2012.
15. Hechinger, “Education According to Mike Milken.”
16. Saul, “Profits and Questions at Online Charter Schools.”
17. Ibid.
18. Jason Tomassini, “Virtual Ed. Company Faces Critical Press and a Recent Lawsuit,” Education Week, February 22, 2012.
19. Layton and Brown, “Virtual Schools Are Multiplying, but Some Question Their Educational Value.”
20. Gary Miron and Jessica L. Urschel, Understanding and Improving Virtual Full-Time Schools: A Study of Student Characteristics, School Finance, and School Performance, in Schools Operated by K12 Inc. (Boulder, Colo.: National Education Policy Center, 2012), v–vi; press release.
21. Burt Hubbard and Nancy Mitchell, “Troubling Questions About Online Education,” EdNews Colorado, October 4, 2011.
22. “Tuning In, Dropping Out: Online Schools Troubled?,” Denver Post, October 9, 2011.
23. Charter School Performance in Pennsylvania (Stanford, Calif.: CREDO, April 2011).
24. Http://www.pacyber.org/about.jsp?pageId=2161392240601291297846033.
25. Http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/13/fbi-agents-raid-office-of_n_1671829.html; Rich Lord and Eleanor Chute, “Cyber Charter Is a Magnet for Money,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 17, 2012; Rich Lord, “PA Cyber Condo Deal in Florida Defies Math,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 12, 2012.
26. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Charter School Founder Dorothy June Brown Charged in $6 Million Scheme,” U.S. Attorney’s Office, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, July 24, 2012, http://www.fbi.gov/philadelphia/press-releases/2012/charter-school-founder-dorothy-june-brown-charged-in-6-million-fraud-scheme; Damon C. Williams, “Fraud Case Proceeds Against Charter School Founder,” phillytrib.com, July 27, 2012; Betsy Hammond, “Oregon Charter School Founders Charged in $20 Million Racketeering Lawsuit,” Oregonian, January 4, 2013.
27. “Ohio’s E-schools: Funding Failure; Coddling Contributors,” Innovation Ohio, May 12, 2011, http://innovationohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/IO.051211.eschools.pdf.
28. German Lopez, “School’s Out: Data Suggests Internet-Based Education Isn’t Living Up to the Hype,” CityBeat, August 1, 2012.
1. California Charter School Association, “California Charter Schools Grow to Over 1,000 for the 2012–13 School Year,” press release, October 12, 2012. When Jerry Brown was elected governor in 2010, he replaced several of Schwarzenegger’s appointees to the state board of education who had not yet been confirmed, including Ben Austin of Parent Revolution.
2. Http://parentrevolution.org/content/passing-parent-trigger.
3. “Lessons of ‘Parent Trigger,’ ” Los Angeles Times, November 14, 2011; Caroline Grannan, “Beyond the Parent Trigger Hype and Propaganda: Just the Facts,” Parents Across America, August 13, 2012.
4. Teresa Watanabe, “Ruling Supports Adelanto Charter School Effort,” Los Angeles Times, July 24, 2012; Mark Gutglueck, “Adelanto Charter School’s Demise Involved Postmus and DeFazio,” San Bernardino County Sentinel, May 27, 2011.
5. Http://www.commoncause.org/atf/cf/%7BFB3C17E2-CDD1-4DF6-92BE-BD4429893665%7D/ed_35daymailing-dc.pdf; http://www.prwatch.org/node/11612.
6. Http://parentsacrossamerica.org/2012/01/parents-watch-out-for-parent-trigger-proposals-in-your-state/.
7. Steve Bousquet, “Legislature Approves $70 Billion Budget,” Miami Herald, March 10, 2012.
8. “Promote Charter Schools, but Don’t Stack the Deck,” Orlando Sentinel, March 10, 2012.
9. Http://www.usmayors.org/80thAnnualMeeting/media/proposedresolutions2012.pdf.
10. Stephanie Simon, “Mayors Back Parents Seizing Control of Schools,” Reuters, June 18, 2012.
11. “No Magic Bullet for Schools,” Los Angeles Times, April 8, 2012.
12. Bill Berkowitz, “Meet the Christian Right-Wing Billionaire Out to Frack Our World,” AlterNet, May 13, 2012.
13. Http://parentsacrossamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/PAA_Parent_Trigger-position-final.pdf.
1. Https://webspace.utexas.edu/hcleaver/www/FriedmanRoleOfGovtEducation1955.htm.
2. John E. Chubb and Terry M. Moe, Politics, Markets, and America’s Schools (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1990), 2, 12; http://civilliberty.about.com/b/2007/06/28/school-integration-after-parents-v-seattle-district.htm.
3. Matthew DeFour, “DPI: Students in Milwaukee Voucher Program Didn’t Perform Better in State Tests,” Wisconsin State Journal, March 29, 2011; “Test Scores Improve for Milwaukee Voucher Schools, but Still Lag Public Schools,” Wisconsin State Journal, March 27, 2012. On the state tests, there was no difference in the scores of low-income students, whether they attended Milwaukee public schools or voucher schools.
4. National Center for Education Statistics, Nation’s Report Card: Trial Urban District Assessment: Reading 2011, 92–93; National Center for Education Statistics, Nation’s Report Card: Trial Urban District Assessment: Mathematics 2011, 82–83.
5. Patrick J. Wolf, The Comprehensive Longitudinal Evaluation of the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program: Summary of Final Reports (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 2012); Casey D. Cobb, “Review of SCDP Milwaukee Evaluation Report #30” (Boulder, Colo.: National Education Policy Center, 2012), http://nepc.colorado.edu/files/ttr-mkeeval-ark-30.pdf. For an account of the alteration of the attrition rate, see “NEPC: Patrick Wolf Should Apologize,” Diane Ravitch’s Blog, April 2, 2013, http://dianeravitch.net/2013/04/02/nepc-patrick-wolf-should-apologize/. The “independent evaluator” of the Milwaukee and the District of Columbia voucher programs wrote an opinion piece in the Minneapolis Star-Tribune calling on his home state of Minnesota to offer more private school choice; see Patrick J. Wolf, “Minnesota Falls Behind on School Choice,” Minneapolis Star-Tribune, January 28, 2013.
6. Matthew DuFour, “DPI: Students in Milwaukee Voucher Program Didn’t Perform Better in State Tests,” Wisconsin State Journal, March 29, 2011; Erin Richards, “Proficiency Plummets at Voucher Schools, MPS with New Test Scoring,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, October 24, 2012; Alan J. Borsuk, “Scores Show Voucher Schools Need Accountability,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, December 1, 2012.
7. Http://www.federationforchildren.org/leadership; http://alecexposed.org/wiki/Privatizing_Public_Education,_Higher_Ed_Policy,_and_Teachers.
8. National Center for Education Statistics, Nation’s Report Card: Reading 2011, 72–73; National Center for Education Statistics, Nation’s Report Card: Mathematics 2011, 62–63; Thomas Ott, “Cleveland Students Hold Their Own with Voucher Students on State Tests,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 22, 2011; http://stateimpact.npr.org/ohio/2012/06/27/how-ohio-spent-103-million-a-year-on-private-school-vouchers/.
9. Patrick Wolf, Babette Gutmann, Michael Puma, Brian Kisida, Lou Rizzo, Nada Eissa, and Matthew Carr, Evaluation of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program: Final Report (NCEE 2010-4018) (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2010). In 2013, Patrick Wolf, the evaluator for the Milwaukee and District of Columbia voucher programs, wrote an opinion piece expressing his support for school choice, specifically, for vouchers: Patrick J. Wolf, “Minnesota Falls Behind on School Choice,” Minneapolis Star-Tribune, January 28, 2013. In the article, he chastised his home state of Minnesota for falling behind his adopted state of Arkansas in providing school choice.
10. Alan Richard, “Florida Supreme Court Finds State Voucher Program Unconstitutional,” Education Week, January 6, 2006. A study of the Florida voucher program concluded that the test scores increased at the public schools most threatened by the loss of students. David Figlio and Cassandra Hart, “Competitive Effects of Means-Tested School Vouchers,” Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research, Working Paper 46, June 2010.
11. Gus Garcia-Roberts, “McKay Scholarship Program Sparks a Cottage Industry of Fraud and Chaos,” Miami New Times, June 23, 2011.
12. Andy VanDeVoorde, “VVM Writers Named National SPJ Winners,” Village Voice, April 10, 2012.
13. Stephanie Simon, “Louisiana’s Bold Bid to Privatize Schools,” Reuters, June 1, 2012.
1. The MetLife Survey of the American Teacher: Teachers, Parents, and the Economy, 2011, http://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/contributions/foundation/american-teacher/MetLife-Teacher-Survey-2011.pdf; Primary Sources: 2012: America’s Teachers on the Teaching Profession (Scholastic and Gates Foundation, 2012). The MetLife Survey of the American Teacher: Challenges for School Leadership, 2012, https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/foundation/MetLife-Teacher-Survey-2012.pdf.
2. Marisa de la Torre, Elaine Allensworth, Sanja Jagesic, James Sebastian, and Michael Salmoniwicz for the Consortium; Coby Meyers and Dean Gerdeman for American Institutes for Research, Turning Around Low-Performing Schools in Chicago (February 2012).
3. Chicago’s Democratically-Led Elementary Schools Far Out-Perform Chicago’s “Turnaround Schools” (Chicago: Designs for Change, February 2012).
4. Rebecca Vevea, “Board Backs School Closings, Turnarounds at Raucous Meeting,” Chicago News Cooperative, February 23, 2012, http://www.chicagonewscoop.org/board-backs-school-closings-turnarounds-at-raucous-meeting/.
5. American Institutes for Research, “Turnaround Schools in California: Who Are They and What Strategies Do They Use?” (Washington, D.C., 2012).
6. Anthony Cody, “Flipping the Script on Turnarounds: Why Not Retain Teachers Instead of Reject Them?,” Education Week, March 29, 2012.
7. Becky Vevea, “CPS Wants to Close First Renaissance Schools,” WBEZ91.5, May 8, 2013, www.wbez.org/news/education/cps-wants-close-first-renaissance-schools-107072; Stephanie Banchero, Joe Bermuska, and Darnell Little, “Daley School Plan Fails to Make Grade,” Chicago Tribune, January 17, 2010.
1. W. E. B. DuBois, Address to Georgia State Teachers Convention, April 12, 1935, cited in Kenneth James King, Pan-Africanism and Education: A Study of Race Philanthropy and Education in the Southern States of America and East Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 257.
2. Linda Darling-Hammond, “Why Is Congress Redlining Our Schools?,” Nation, January 30, 2012.
1. March of Dimes, Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth (2012), vii.
2. Ibid.; http://www.marchofdimes.com/mission/globalpreterm.html; Bonnie Rochman, “The Cost of Premature Birth: For One Family, More Than $2 Million,” Time, May 2, 2010.
1. James J. Heckman, “Schools, Skills, and Synapses,” NBER working paper 14064, June 2008, http://www.nber.org/papers/w14064.pdf?newwindow=1.
2. Ibid., 15–21.
3. David Weikart, How High/Scope Grew: A Memoir (Ypsilanti, Mich.: High/Scope, 1994). For more about the history of early childhood education, see David L. Kirp’s excellent The Sandbox Investment: The Preschool Movement and Kids-First Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007); and David L. Kirp, Kids First: Five Big Ideas for Transforming Children’s Lives and America’s Future (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011), chap. 2.
4. Kirp, Kids First, 68–69.
5. Economist Intelligence Unit, Starting Well: Benchmarking Early Education Across the World (Economist, 2012).
1. Stephanie Simon, “K–12 Student Database Jazzes Tech Startups, Spooks Parents,” Reuters, March 3, 2013.
1. Primary Sources: 2012: America’s Teachers on the Teaching Profession (Scholastic and Gates Foundation, 2012), 10.
2. Great Expectations: Teachers’ Views on Elevating the Teaching Profession (Teach Plus, 2012).
3. Mary Ann Giordano and Anna M. Phillips, “Mayor Hits Nerve in Remarks on Class Sizes and Teachers,” New York Times, December 2, 2011.
4. Primary Sources, 46–49.
5. Darling-Hammond, “Why Is Congress Redlining Our Schools?”
6. Primary Sources, 20–21, 66.
7. Institute of Education Sciences, Identifying and Implementing Educational Practices Supported by Rigorous Evidence: A User Friendly Guide (December 2003). The other three reforms cited are one-on-one tutoring by qualified tutors for at-risk readers in grades 1–3, life-skills training for junior high students, and instruction for early readers in phonics.
8. Jeremy D. Finn et al., “The Enduring Effects of Small Classes,” Teachers College Record, April 2001; Alan B. Krueger, “Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, no. 2 (1999); Barbara Nye, Larry V. Hedges, and Spyros Konstantopoulos, “The Long-Term Effects of Small Classes: A Five-Year Follow-Up of the Tennessee Class Size Experiment,” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 21, no. 2 (1999); Jeremy D. Finn, “Small Classes in American Schools: Research, Practice, and Politics,” Phi Delta Kappan, March 2002; Jeremy D. Finn et al., “Small Classes in the Early Grades, Academic Achievement, and Graduating from High School,” Journal of Educational Psychology 97, no. 2 (2005); Alan B. Krueger and Diane Whitmore, “The Effect of Attending a Small Class in the Early Grades on College-Test Taking and Middle School Test Results: Evidence from Project STAR,” Economic Journal, January 2001; Raj Chetty et al., “How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project STAR,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 126, no. 4 (2011).
9. Thomas Dee and Martin West, “The Non-Cognitive Returns to Class Size,” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, March 2011; Philip Babcock and Julian R. Betts, “Reduced-Class Distinctions: Effort, Ability, and the Education Production Function,” Journal of Urban Economics, May 2009; James J. Heckman and Yona Rubinstein, “The Importance of Noncognitive Skills: Lessons from the GED Testing Program,” American Economic Review 91, no. 2 (2001).
10. Donald McLaughlin and Gili Drori, School-Level Correlates of Academic Achievement (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2000); also Sarah T. Lubienski et al., “Achievement Differences and School Type: The Role of School Climate, Teacher Certification, and Instruction,” American Journal of Education 115 (November 2008). For more studies that show correlations between smaller classes in the middle and upper grades and improved academic outcomes, see Class Size Matters fact sheet, “The Importance of Class Size in the Middle and Upper Grades,” http://www.classsizematters.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/fact-sheet-on-upper-grades.pdf.
11. Spyros Konstantopoulos and Vicki Chun, “What Are the Long-Term Effects of Small Classes on the Achievement Gap? Evidence from the Lasting Benefits Study,” American Journal of Education 116 (November 2009); Krueger and Whitmore, “Effect of Attending a Small Class in the Early Grades on College-Test Taking and Middle School Test Results”; see, for example, Alan B. Krueger and Diane Whitmore, “Would Smaller Classes Help Close the Black-White Achievement Gap?,” in Bridging the Achievement Gap (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2002); and Paul E. Barton and Richard A. Coley, The Black-White Achievement Gap: When Progress Stopped (Policy Information Report, Educational Testing Service, 2010).
12. Lawrence P. Gallagher, “Class Size Reduction and Teacher Migration: 1995–2000,” in Technical Appendix of the Capstone Report, part C, 2002; Emily Pas Isenberg, “The Effect of Class Size on Teacher Attrition: Evidence from Class Size Reduction Policies in New York State,” U.S. Bureau of the Census, February 2010.
1. Matthew Di Carlo, “The Evidence on Charter Schools and Test Scores,” Albert Shanker Institute, December 2011, http://shankerblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/CharterReview.pdf.
2. Emma Brown, “D.C. Charter Schools Expel Students at Far Higher Rates Than Traditional Public Schools,” Washington Post, January 5, 2012; Ed Fuller, Examining High-Profile Middle Schools in Texas: Characteristics of Entrants, Student Retention, and Characteristics of Leavers (Texas Business and Education Coalition, 2012); Bruce D. Baker, “Effects of Charter Enrollment on Newark District Enrollment,” http://schoolfinance101.wordpress.com/2012/08/06/effects-of-charter-enrollment-on-newark-district-enrollment/; Bruce D. Baker, “Misinformed Charter Punditry Doesn’t Help Anyone (Especially Charters),” http://schoolfinance101.wordpress.com/2011/10/04/misinformed-charter-punditry-doesnt%E2%80%99t-help-anyone-especially-charters/.
3. Bruce D. Baker, Ken Libby, and Kathryn Wiley, “Spending by the Major Charter Management Organizations: Comparing Charter School and Local Public District Financial Resources in New York, Ohio, and Texas,” National Education Policy Center, May 2012.
1. Tamara Wilder, Whitney Allgood, and Richard Rothstein, Narrowing the Achievement Gap for Low-Income Children: A 19-Year Life Cycle Approach (2008), http://www.epi.org/page/-/pdf/wilder_allgood_rothstein-narrowing_the_achievement_gap.pdf.
2. Karl L. Alexander, Doris R. Entwisle, and Linda Steffel Olson, “Lasting Consequences of the Summer Learning Gap,” American Sociological Review 72, no. 2 (2007): 171.
3. Ibid., 175.
4. Ibid., 171, 177.
5. National Summer Learning Association, Summer Learning Can Help Close the Achievement Gap, http://www.summerlearning.org/?page=TheAchievementGap; Johns Hopkins University School of Education, Center for Summer Learning, Motivating Adolescent Readers: The Role of Summer and Afterschool Programs, http://www.summerlearning.org/resource/resmgr/publications/2007.motivatingadolescentrea.pdf; http://breakingnewsbtc.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/summer-learning-loss-research-overview.pdf.
6. J. A. Durlak and R. P. Weissberg, “The Impact of After-School Programs That Promote Personal and Social Skills” (Chicago: Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning; After-School Alliance, 2007), http://www.afterschoolalliance.org/documents/2012/Essentials_4_20_12_FINAL.pdf.
7. Paul Tough, How Children Succeed: Grit, Curiosity, and the Hidden Power of Character (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012), 105–47.
8. Wilder, Allgood, and Rothstein, Narrowing the Achievement Gap for Low-Income Children, 25–28.
1. Pasi Sahlberg, Finnish Lessons (New York: Teachers College Press, 2011).
2. Bruce D. Baker, “Ed Waivers, Junk Rating Systems & Misplaced Blame: Case 1—New York State,” http://schoolfinance101.wordpress.com/2012/08/31/ed-waivers-junk-rating-systems-misplaced-blame-case-1-new-york-state/; Education Law Center, “NJDOE Intent on Closing Schools Serving Students of Color,” http://www.edlawcenter.org/news/archives/other-issues/njdoe-intent-on-closing-schools-serving-students-of-color1.html; Matthew Di Carlo, “Assessing Ourselves to Death,” Shanker Blog, October 4, 2012.
3. Todd Farley, Making the Grades: My Misadventures in the Standardized Testing Industry (Sausalito, Calif.: PoliPoint Press, 2009), pp. 240, 242.
4. Dan DiMaggio, “The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Test Scorer,” Monthly Review, December 2010.
5. Heckman and Rubinstein, “Importance of Noncognitive Skills.”
6. Henry M. Levin, “More Than Just Test Scores,” Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education 42, no. 3 (2012).
7. National Research Council, Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education (Washington, D.C., 2011).
8. Sarah D. Sparks, “Panel Finds Few Learning Gains from Testing Movement,” Education Week, May 26, 2011.
9. MCEA/MCPS, Peer Assistance and Review Program: Teachers Guide, http://www.mceanea.org/pdf/PAR2012-13MCEAGuide.pdf.
10. Michael Winerip, “Helping Teachers Help Themselves,” New York Times, June 5, 2011.
11. Educating for the 21st Century: Data Report on the New York Performance Standards Consortium, http://www.nyclu.org/files/releases/testing_consortium_report.pdf.
1. Matt Miller, “First, Kill All the School Boards,” Atlantic, January–February 2008.
2. Data obtained from Dottie Gray, research librarian, National School Boards Association.
3. Congress passed legislation in 1970 prohibiting federal control of education: “No provision of any applicable program shall be construed to authorize any department, agency, officer, or employee of the United States to exercise any direction, supervision, or control over the curriculum, program of instruction, [or] administration … of any educational institution.” PL 103-33 General Education Provisions Act, 432.
4. ESEA Flexibility Request (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 2012).
5. Rebecca Harris, “Voters Approve Referenda on Elected Board, Teachers Pensions,” Catalyst, November 7, 2012; Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, April 11, 2013, http://www.quinnipiac.edu/institutes-and-centers/polling-institute/new-york-city/release-detail?ReleaseID=1880.
1. National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, “Excessive Stress Disrupts the Architecture of the Developing Brain” (working paper 3, 2005), www.developingchild.harvard.edu.
2. Gary Orfield, John Kucsera, and Genevieve Siegel-Hawley, E Pluribus … Separation: Deepening Double Segregation for More Students (UCLA Civil Rights Project, September 19, 2012), http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/mlk-national/e-pluribus … separation-deepening-double-segregation-for-more-students.
3. Ibid.; “A Portrait of Segregation in New York City,” New York Times, May 11, 2012.
4. Institute on Race and Poverty, Failed Promises: Assessing Charter Schools in the Twin Cities (University of Minnesota Law School, 2008); Institute on Race and Poverty, Update of “Failed Promises: Assessing Charter Schools in the Twin Cities” (University of Minnesota Law School, 2012).
5. John Hechinger, “Segregated Charter Schools Evoke Separate but Equal Era in U.S.,” Bloomberg.com, December 22, 2011.
6. Orfield, Kucsera, and Siegel-Hawley, E Pluribus … Separation, 7–8.
7. Ibid., 8.
8. Rucker C. Johnson, “Long-Run Impacts of School Desegregation & School Quality on Adult Attainments” (NBER working paper 16664, January 2011), http://www.nber.org/papers/w16664.
9. Rucker C. Johnson, “The Grandchildren of Brown: The Long Legacy of School Desegregation,” http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ruckerj/RJabstract_BrownDeseg_Grandkids.pdf.
10. David L. Kirp, “Making Schools Work,” New York Times, May 19, 2012.
11. Ibid.
12. Richard Rothstein and Mark Santow, “A Different Kind of Choice” (Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, 2012).
1. Jamie Robert Vollmer, “The Blueberry Story: A Businessman Learns His Lesson,” Education Week, March 6, 2002.
2. Steven Rattner, interview with Fareed Zakaria, CNN, July 22, 2012, http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1207/22/fzgps.01.html.
3. Tim Holt, “Education and the Business Model,” http://holtthink.tumblr.com/post/25291144880/education-and-the-business-model.
4. Richard A. Oppel Jr., “Private Prisons Found to Offer Little in Savings,” New York Times, May 18, 2011; Sam Dolnick, “As Escapees Stream Out, a Penal Business Thrives,” New York Times, June 17, 2012; Julie Creswell and Reed Abelson, “A Giant Hospital Chain Is Blazing a Profit Trail,” New York Times, August 15, 2012.
5. David M. Halbfinger, “Cost of Preschool Special Education Is Soaring,” New York Times, June 6, 2012. See also “Oversight for Preschool Special Education,” New York Times, July 16, 2012.
6. “Course Choice Quality Control” (Louisiana Department of Education, 2012), http://boarddocs.com/la/bese/Board.nsf/files/92ETL277D2BF/$file/AG_3-2_Course_Choice_Attachment_B_Dec12.pdf; Valerie Strauss, “Louisiana Supreme Court Rules School Voucher Funding Unconstitutional,” Washington Post, May 7, 2013.
7. Jessica Williams, “BESE Approves Online Providers Despite Judge Nixing Pay Plan,” Lens, December 4, 2012.
8. Matthew Cunningham-Cook, “Why Do Some of America’s Wealthiest Individuals Have Fingers in Louisiana’s Education System?,” Nation, October 23, 2012.
9. Motoko Rich, “Charter Schools Win Support in Georgia,” New York Times, November 7, 2012.
10. Washington State, Public Disclosure Commission, http://www.pdc.wa.gov/MvcQuerySystem/CommitteeData/contributions?param=WUVTIFdDIDUwNw====&year=2012&type=initiative.
11. Daniel Denvir, “Michelle Rhee’s Right Turn,” Salon.com, November 17, 2012.
12. State Impact, “Idaho Voters Resoundingly Reject Propositions 1, 2, and 3,” http://stateimpact.npr.org/idaho/tag/propositions-1-2-3/; Andrew Crisp, “Luna Laws Award $180 Million Laptop Deal to HP,” Boise Weekly, October 23, 2012; Dan Popkey, “Tom Luna’s Education Reform Plan Was a Long Time in the Making,” Idaho Statesman, February 20, 2011.
13. Santa Clara County Office of Education, “County Board Approves 20 More Rocketship Charters” (press release), http://www.sccoe.k12.ca.us/newsandfacts/newsreleases/2011-12/news121511.asp?CFID=15231363&CFTOKEN=34992529&jsessionid=843032e7a6176e9adf9a5b4a1758607767e2; Sharon Noguchi, “PAC Money Floods Local School Board Races,” http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_21896419/pac-money-floods-local-school-board-races; Sharon Noguchi, “Santa Clara County School Board: Mah Wins Seat; Song Beats Neighbors,” http://www.mercurynews.com/elections/ci_21943699/santa-clara-county-school-board-has-two-seats.
14. Howard Blume, “Big Money Doesn’t Buy Much in L.A. School Races,” Los Angeles Times, March 6, 2013.
15. Jersey Jazzman, “Who Runs the Reformy Campaign Money Machine?” April 2, 2013, http://jerseyjazzman.blogspot.com/2013/04/who-runs-reformy-campaign-money-machine.html.
1. Http://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop/executive-summary.pdf.
2. John Dewey, Democracy and Education (New York: Macmillan, 1916), 101.
