¹ Quoted in Robert Chazan, Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 64.

² Thomas of Monmouth, The Life and Miracles of St. William of Norwich, trans. and ed. Augustus Jessopp and Montague Rhodes James (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1896), 21–22.

³ “The Letter of Nathan ben Rabbi Meshullam,” quoted in Robert Chazan, ed., Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages (West Orange: Behrman House, 1980), 117.

⁴ Emperor Frederick II, 1236, quoted in Chazan, ed., Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages, 125–126.

⁵ “A Bull of Pope Gregory X,” October 7, 1272, quoted in Jacob Rader Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315-1791, rev. ed. (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1999), 171–172.

⁶ “That Jews Should be Distinguished from Christians in Dress,” decree of the Fourth Lateran Council, November 1215, quoted in Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World, 154–155.