INTRODUCTION
1. Victorian Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1, September 1969
2. The Age of Empire
3. The Old Patagonian Express
4. Civil Engineering and Architecture Journal. My thanks to Judith Pearsall of the OED, who drew my attention to this article and to the article by Kurt Moller.
I THE FIRST IMPACT
1. L. T. C. Rolt, George and Robert Stephenson, (London 1960). See also the same author’s Isambard Kingdom Brunel (London 1957) and Victorian Engineering (London 1970), a most impressive trio.
2. John Rowland, George Stephenson, creator of Britain’s railways (London 1954)
3. Samuel Smiles, Lives of the Engineers, (London 1862)
4. op. cit. See also Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities, (London 1943)
5. John Francis, A History of the English Railway, (London 1851).
6. Great British Stations
7. Railway Station Architecture
8. M. C. Reed, Investment in Railways in Britain, (Oxford 1975)
9. Quoted by H. G. Lewin, The Railway Mania and its aftermath, (London 1936)
10. Richard S. Lambert, The Railway King, (London 1934)
11. Quoted by Lewin op. cit.
12. Francis op. cit.
13. The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860
14. The Age of Capital
15. On William James, see the Railway Magazine Volume V, 1900
II THE HOPES AND FEARS OF ALL THE YEARS
1. The Great Railway Bazaar
2. The Organisation Man
3. The Dickens World
4. Nicholas Wood, A Practical Treatise on Rail-Roads, (London 1832)
5. Mr Facey Romford’s Hounds
6. Lives of the Engineers, op. cit.
7. Letter to Lady Grey, February 1841
8. Quoted by Wolfgang Schievelbusch, The Railway Journey
9. Alan Trachtenberg in his introduction to Schievelbusch
10. Quoted by Schievelbusch, op. cit.
11. H. Perkin, Age of the Railway, (London 1971)
12. Riding the Iron Rooster
13. In his paper, ‘La Dernière Mode’, 1874
14. Le Train dans la Littérature Française
15. For such a comparison see Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience, Victoria to Freud, Vol. ii, p. 320 (Oxford 1986)
16. Riding the Iron Rooster
17. Charles Dickens, Resurrectionist
18. I owe this reference to Professor Marilyn Butler
19. See Marc Baroli op. cit., and Peter Gay, The Tender Passion
20. Louis Armand, ‘Le Chemin de fer dans l’Art’ (Introduction to Catalogue of 1956 exhibition in Geneva)
21. Gareth Rees, Early Railway Prints, (Oxford 1980)
22. John Rewald, The History of Impressionism, (London 1973)
23. C. Hamilton Ellis, Railway Art, (London 1977)
24. Prose Works of William Wordsworth vol. iii
25. Christopher Taylor, Portrait of Windermere, (London 1983)
26. Ruskin, Works, ed. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn
27. R. S. Joby, The Railway Builders, (Newton Abbot 1983)
28. Florence Emily Hardy, The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, (London 1928)
III RAILPOLITIK
1. Ms Antonia Byatt kindly referred me to the entry in Michelet’s Journal
2. Quoted by Henri Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, vol. vi
3. Klaus Harder, Environmental Factors of Early Railroads, (New York 1981)
4. Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron
5. Quoted in Les Chemins de Fer Suisses après un siècle
6. E. Bonjour, H. S. Offler & G. R. Potter, A Short History of Switzerland, (Oxford 1952)
7. See David Landes, Bankers and Pashas, (London 1956)
8. Sir Arnold Wilson, Persia, (London 1932)
9. William Fleming, Regional development and transportation in Argentina, (London 1987)
10. George P. T. Glazebrook, A History of Transportation in Canada, (Toronto 1938)
11. Quoted in G. R. Stevens, Canadian National Railways, (Toronto 1960)
12. A. W. Currie, The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, (Toronto 1957)
13. Quoted by G. R. Stevens op. cit.
14. Railroads and the Character of America 1820–1887, also the source of the quotes in the following paragraph
15. Quoted by Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden
16. See Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen
17. Klaus Harder, op. cit.
18. Clive Trebilcock, The Industrialisation of the Continental Powers, (London 1981)
19. Paul Wallace Gates, The Illinois Central and its Colonisation work, (Cambridge, Mass. 1934)
20. Pierre Berton, The Promised Land
21. Geoffrey Alderman, The Railway Interest, (Leicester 1963)
22. G. R. Stevens op. cit.
23. Quoted in Alfred Chandler, Railroads, the nation’s first big business, (New York 1965)
24. Gabriel Kolko, Railroads and Regulation, (Princeton 1965)
See also:
Haney, L. H., A Congressional History of Railways in the United States, (Madison, Wisc. 1910)
Nelson, James C., Railroad Transportation & Public Policy, (Washington 1959)
Newcomb, R. The work of the ICC, (New York 1981)
25. Jean Autin, Les Frères Pereire (Paris 1984)
26. History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad.
See also:
Hood, Fred, Kentucky, Its history and heritage, (St Louis 1978)
27. James Marshall, Santa Fe, The Railroad that built an Empire
28. The Making of the President, 1968
See also:
Bouvier, J., La ‘grande crise’ des compagnies ferroviares Suisses, (Annales, Paris 1956)
Buck, Solon Justus, The Granger Movement, (Cambridge, Mass. 1913)
Miller, George H., Railroads and the Granger Laws, (Madison, Wisc. 1971)
Parris, H., Government and the Railways in 19th-century Britain, (London 1965)
Starr, John W., Lincoln & the Railroads, (New York 1927)
Stryker, Lloyd Paul, Andrew Johnson, (New York 1929)
IV CAPITALISM, CAPITALISTS – AND CONTRACTORS
1. ‘Railway Morals and Railway Policy’, Edinburgh Review, 1854
2. Quoted by Lawrence Popplewell, Bournemouth Railway History: an exposure of Victorian engineering fraud, (Sherborne 1974)
3. Edinburgh Review, op. cit.
4. Berton, The Promised Land, op. cit.
5. Berton op. cit.
6. Louisville & Nashville Railroad, op. cit.
7. Railroads and the Character of America, op. cit.
8. Quoted by Marshall, op. cit.
9. Sir Henry Peto, Sir Samuel Morton Peto, (Private 1893)
10. Dorothy Adler, British Investment in American Railways, (Charlottesville, Va. 1976)
11. Edward Chase Kirkland, Charles Francis Adams; the Patrician at Bay, (Cambridge, Mass. 1965)
V THE ECONOMY OF RAIL
1. Journal of Economic History, 1974
2. R. W. Fogel, Railroads and American Economic Growth, (Baltimore 1964)
3. Journal of Transport History, March 1983
4. Stanley Libergott, The Americans, an Economic Record, (New York 1984)
5. The Age of Capital
6. Patrick O’Brien, The New Economic History of Railways, (London 1977)
7. Peter Lyaschenko, History of the National Economy of Russia, (New York 1949)
8. Libergott op. cit.
9. Lionel Wiener, Les Chemins de Fer Coloniaux en Afrique, (Brussels 1930)
10. Currie op. cit.
11. Bruce Mazlish, The Railroad and the Space Program, An Exploration in Historical Analogy, (Cambridge, Mass. 1965)
12. Transactions of the Illinois Department of Agriculture, quoted by Libergott, op. cit.
13. Quoted by R. W. Huenemann, The Dragon & The Iron Horse
14. John Moody, The Railroad Builders, (New Haven 1920)
15. R. S. Joby, The Railway Builders, op. cit.
16. Rayner Fremdling, ‘Railroads & German Economic Growth’, Journal of Economic History, vol. 37, 1977
17. Richard Graham, Britain and the onset of modernization in Brazil 1850–1914, (Cambridge 1968)
18. Fleming op. cit.
19. A History of Russian Railways, op. cit.
20. George Lynch, quoted by Donald Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration, (Princeton 1937)
21. Gates op. cit.
22. Albert Fishlow, American Railroads and the ante-bellum economy, (Cambridge, Mass. 1965). Fishlow’s name is often bracketed with that of R. Fogel, but Professor Fishlow’s judgments are far more balanced.
23. James B. Hedges, The federal land subsidy policy of Canada (Cambridge, Mass. 1934)
See also:
Beard, Henry, The Railways and the US Land Office, (New York 1889)
Henry, Robert S., ‘The railroad grant legend’ (Mississippi Valley History Review, vol. 32, Sep., 1945)
24. A. S. Morton, History of Prairie Settlement, (Toronto 1938)
25. Quoted by Dee Brown, Hear that Lonesome Whistle Blow, (London 1977)
26. Peasants into Frenchmen
27. Quoted in Maury Klein, History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad
28. Rayner Fremdling, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 37, September 1977
29. Quoted in G. R. Hawke, Railways and Economic Growth in England 1840–1870, (Oxford 1970)
30. Rondo Cameron, France and the Economic Development of Europe, (Princeton 1961)
31. Railroads, the nation’s first big business, op. cit.
32. Richard Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain 1840–1914, (London 1978)
33. Emilio Viotto da Costa, The Brazilian Empire, (Chicago 1986)
34. Fleming op. cit.
See also:
Blanchard, Marcel, Essais historiques sur les premiers chemins de fer Languedociens, (Montpellier 1935)
Henderson, W. O., The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, (London 1961)
Jackman, W. T., The Development of Transport in Modern England, (Cambridge 1916)
Metzer, Jacob, Railroad Development and Market Integration, (Chicago 1973)
O’Brien, Patrick, Railways and the development of Western Europe, (London 1983)
Pounds, Norman, The Ruhr, (London 1952)
Reed, M. C., Railways in the Victorian Economy, (Newton Abbot 1969)
VI IMPERIAL RAILWAYS
1. The Age of Capital
2. Quoted by Graham, op. cit.
3. Bell, Horace, Railway policy in India, (London 1894)
4. See Antonio Gomez Mendoza in his 1981 Oxford PhD thesis, ‘Railways and Spanish Economic Growth in the late 19th century’
5. See Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron, op. cit.
6. See Popplewell, op. cit.
7. See Adler, op. cit.
8. The Railway Revolution in Mexico
9. Delmer Ross, Visionaries & Swindlers, (Mobile, Ala. 1975)
10. H. S. Ferns, Britain & Argentina in the 19th century, (Oxford 1960)
11. Stacy May and Galo Plaza, The United Fruit Company in Latin America, (New York 1958)
12. Delmer Ross, Rails across Costa Rica, (Mobile, Ala. 1976)
13. The Dragon and The Iron Horse, op. cit.
14. According to Herbert Feis, Europe, the world’s banker (New York 1931), the British accounted for a quarter of the total.
15. Ferns op. cit.
16. Watts Stewart, Henry Meiggs, Yankee Pissarro, (New York 1946)
17. Charles David Kepner, Jnr, The Banana Empire; a case study of economic imperialism, (New York 1973)
See also:
John Keith Hatch, Minor C. Keith, Pioneer of the American Tropics, (Private, Mckean, Virginia 1963)
18. Compagnie Générale pour l’Exploitation des Chemins de Fer de Turquie d’Europe.
See also:
Kurt Grunwald, Turkenhirsch, (Jerusalem 1966)
A. du Velay, Essai sur l’histoire financière de la Turquie, (Paris 1903)
19. Ferdinand de Lesseps, a biographical study
20. George Kennan (not the diplomat), E. H. Harriman (Boston 1922)
21. Delmer Ross, Visionaries and Swindlers, op. cit.
22. E. M. Earle, The Great Powers & the Bagdad Railway, (London 1923)
See also:
Chereadame, A., Le chemin de fer de Bagdad, (Paris 1903)
23. Earle op. cit.
See also:
Baur, J. C., La mise en valeur de l’AOF Ferroviare
Decharme, Pierre, Les chemins de fer dans les Colonies Allemandes, (Paris 1903)
Maignan, André, L’achèvement du Transindochinois, (Paris 1935)
On international financial markets see also:
Bouvier, Jean, Le Krach de l’Union Générale, (Paris 1960)
Gille, Bertrand, La banque en France au 19e, (Geneva 1908)
——Les investissements Français en Italie, (Turin 1970)
Hidy, Muriel, George Peabody, merchant and financier (New York 1978)
Jackson, W. T., The Enterprising Scot, (Edinburgh 1968)
Jenks, Leland, The migration of British capital to 1875
Kindleberger, Charles A., Financial History of Western Europe, (London 1984)
Levy-Leboyer, M., (ed.), La Position Internationale de la France, (Paris 1977)
Myers, Margaret G., Paris as a Financial Centre, (London 1936)
Ziegler, Philip, The Sixth Great Power, (London 1988)
VII THE ARMIES OF STEAM – AND THEIR BATTLEFIELDS
1. Quoted by W. Stewart, op. cit.
2. Gosta Sandstrom, A History of Tunnelling
3. Frederick Talbott, The Railway Conquest of the World, (London 1911)
4. Joseph Schott, Rails across Panama, (Indianapolis 1967)
5. Pierre Berton, The Impossible Railway, op. cit.
6. For a full description, see John Hoyt Williams, A Great and Shining Road
7. Harmon Tupper, To The Great Ocean
8. Williams op. cit.
9. A. J. Purkis, The Politics, Capital and Labour of Railway Building in Cape Colony
10. G. R. Stevens, Canadian National Railways
11. Quoted by Terry Coleman, The Railway Navvies
12. Quoted by John Keith Hatch, Minor C. Keith, op. cit.
13. Lennox van Osselen, Head of Steel
14. Stewart Holbrook, The Story of American Railroads
15. Sandstrom op. cit.
16. Schott op. cit.
17. Frank Mckenna, The Railway Workers 1840–1970, (London 1980)
18. Railways in the Andes
19. Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad, (Princeton 1983)
20. Yaqub Karkar, Railway Development in the Ottoman Empire, (New York 1972)
21. J. N. Westwood, Railways of India
22. Quoted in Richards & Mackenzie, The Railway Station, A Social History
23. Stewart Holbrook, The Story of American Railroads
24. O. S. Nock, Historic Railway Disasters, (London 1966)
25. François Caron, Histoire de l’Exploitation d’un Grand Réseau
26. Richards & Mackenzie, op. cit.
27. J. N. Westwood, A History of Russian Railways
28. Samuel O. Dunn, Government Ownership of Railways, (New York 1913)
29. Robert Bruce, 1877 Year of Violence, (New York 1959)
30. Henry Reichman, Railwaymen and Revolution, (Berkeley 1987)
31. B. A. Botkin and Alvin Harlow, A Treasury of American Folklore
See also:
Brooke, David, The Railway Navvy, (Newton Abbot 1983)
Kingsford, Peter, Victorian Railwaymen, (London 1970)
Schneider, Ascario, Railways through the Mountains of Europe, (London 1967)
VIII SOCIETY ON THE MOVE
1. J. A. R. Pimlott, The Englishman’s Holiday, (London 1947)
2. Quoted in Lost Pleasures of the Great Trains
3. Albert Parry, Whistler’s Father
4. Everett Lloyd, Law West of the Pecos; the story of Judge Roy Bean
5. Quoted by Charles Wilson, First with the News, (London 1985)
6. Jean Mister, La Librairie Hachette de 1826 à nos jours, (Paris 1964)
7. Report of Captain Tyler, Parliamentary Papers
8. Holbrook op. cit.
9. R. Whitbread, The Railway Policeman, (London 1961)
10. For a full analysis of the psycho-pathological consequences of railway disasters, see Schievelbusch, op. cit., pp. 134–145
11. Long Steel Rail – the Railroad in American Folksong
12. Tom Parkinson and Charles Philip Fox, The Circus Moves by Rail
13. Jean-Claude Toutain, La consommation alimentaire en France de 1789–1964, (Geneva 1971)
14. Westwood op. cit.
15. Eleuthere Eléfteriades, Les Chemins de Fer en Syrie et au Liban, (Beirut 1944)
16. Jack Simmons, Railways in Town and Country
17. They Broke the Prairie
18. Edmund Swinglehurst, The Romantic Journey, (London 1974)
19. C. R. Fay, Palace of Industry – a study of the Great Exhibition and its fruits, (Cambridge 1951)
20. John K. Walton, The English Seaside Resort, a social history, (Leicester 1983)
21. ‘Winter and Spring on the Shore of the Mediterranean’, quoted by P. Howarth, When the Riviera was Ours, (London 1977)
22. Howarth op. cit.
23. Raymond Carr, English Fox Hunting, (London 1976)
24. Quoted in Stuart Legg, The Railway Book
25. Quoted in Jean Autin, Les Frères Pereire
26. David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler
See also:
Annales, Food & Drink in history, (Paris 1970)
Barker, T. C., Our Changing Fare, (London 1966)
Barsley, Michael, Orient Express, (London 1966)
Bartky, Ian B., ‘The invention of Railroad Time’ (Railroad History no 148, spring 1983)
Billet, B., Lourdes, Documents authentiques, (Paris 1966)
Cookridge, E. H., Orient Express, (London 1979)
Cummings, R. O., The American and his food, (New York 1941)
——The American Ice Harvests, (Berkeley 1949)
Dron, Jean-Paul, Essai sur la sensibilité alimentaire à Paris, (Paris 1962)
Forster, E. & R., European diet from pre-industrial to modern times, (New York 1973)
Morgan, Bryan, Express Journey, (London 1964)
Musgrave, Clifford, Life in Brighton, (Eastbourne 1981)
Sutton, Felix, Master of Ballyhoo, (New York 1968)
Tannahill, Reay, Food in History, (St Albans 1975)
Waller, George, Saratoga, (Englewood Cliffs 1966)
IX RAILWAY IN TOWN AND CITY
1. R. N. Taaffe, Rail Transportation and the economic development of Soviet Central Asia, (Chicago 1960)
2. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, op. cit.
3. See Popplewell, Bournemouth Railway History, op. cit.
4. A. W. Currie, The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada
5. Charles Glaab, Kansas City and the railroads, (Madison, Wisc. 1962)
6. Harold M. Mayer and R. C. Wade, Chicago; the growth of a metropolis, (Chicago 1969)
7. Quoted by J. M. Russell in Atlanta, 1837–1890
8. Berton, The Promised Land, op. cit.
9. Paul Theroux, Riding the Iron Rooster, op. cit.
10. Marshall, Santa Fe, the railroad that built an Empire, op. cit.
11. Quoted by Christian Barman, An Introduction to Railway Architecture, (London 1950)
12. See particularly Richards and Mackenzie, op. cit.
13. Carroll Meeks, The Railway Station, an architectural history, (New Haven 1957)
See also:
Biddle, Gordon, Great Railway Stations of Britain, (Newton Abbot 1986)
Hartscough, Mildred, ‘Transportation & the Twin Cities’, (Minnesota Historical Bulletin, Sep. 1926)
Thompson, F. M. L., The rise of suburbia, (Leicester 1982)
X WAR ON THE RAILS
1. Albert Parry, Whistler’s Father
2. Dennis Showalter, Railroads and Rifles, (Hamden 1976)
3. Martin Van Crefeld, Supplying war, logistics from Wallenstein to Patton, (Cambridge 1977) – a most stimulating book
4. Thomas Weber, The Northern Railroads during the Civil War, (New York 1952)
5. Quoted by William McElwee, The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons, (London 1974)
6. Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War
See also:
Curzon, George Nathaniel, Russia in Central Asia, (London 1889)
Liddell Hart, Basil, Sherman, soldier, realist, American, (New York 1929)
Mcpherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, (Oxford 1988)
Nevins, Allan, The War for the Union, (New York 1959)
Turner, George Edgar, Victory rode the rails, (Indianapolis 1953)