Actonel (risedronate), 175, 177, 185–93, 230–33, 236–38, 245–53, 334, 346, 368–71, 374, 397, 400, 411–12
dosing instructions, 190
effectiveness in clinical trials, 188–89
Actos (pioglitazone), 44, 379–83
African Americans, 21–23, 42, 134, 148–49, 207, 329, 417
alcohol, 22, 44–45, 78, 124, 28, 333, 404, 423, 426, 428
alendronate. See Fosamax alkaline phosphatase, 90, 162
almonds, 124–25, 128, 132, 138, 418
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 249, 435
American Academy of Pediatrics, 154, 329
American Cancer Society, 402
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 338
American College of Rheumatology (ACR), 369–71, 435
American Gastroenterological Association, 351, 471
American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR), 247, 462–63
American Society of Anesthesiologists, 285
amino acids, 119
annual doctor's visit or check-up, 26, 57–61, 171, 311–14, 319–22
tricyclic, 390
selective serotonin receptor uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 44, 238, 333, 347, 390–93
antiendomysial antibody, 313, 349
Aprela (bazedoxifene with Premarin), 258–62
Arimidex (anastrozole), 44, 396–98
aromatase inhibitors (AIs), 92, 316, 396–401
arthritis, 15, 43, 59, 82, 165, 300, 363, 373–75
degenerative or osteoarthritis, 15, 165, 373–74
rheumatoid, 43, 45, 59, 165, 363, 373–75
Asians, 21, 42, 45, 72, 207, 273–75, 332, 417
assisted living facilities, 407–413
Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 248
Atelvia (risedronate), 175, 177, 187–92, 236–37, 245–53, 411–12
atrial fibrillation, 202, 252, 304, 356
Avandia (rosiglitazone), 379–83
back pain, 34, 242, 244, 292–301
acute spine fracture, 242–44, 294–303
off-label medicine use, 218, 242–44
Baylink, Dr. David, 283
Besser, Dr. Richard, 249
birth control pills, 333, 335–38, 342, 346
Bischoff-Ferrari, Dr. Heike, 164
bisphosphonates, 171–203, 230–41, 245–53, 309
adverse effects, 181–82, 189, 196, 202, 247–53
definition, 177
safety, 181–82, 189, 196, 202, 247–53
tips for taking, 183
bok choy, 129, 131, 138, 141, 418
bone breakdown, 49–53, 88–91, 103, 171, 177, 186, 193, 204, 210, 215, 218–19, 228, 230–31, 245, 256–57, 265, 326–27, 345–46, 355, 364, 368, 374, 377, 379, 389
bone densitometry, 62–83, 92–97
bone density, 22–24, 36, 38, 41–42, 50, 52, 58–60, 62–83, 92–97, 104, 106–113, 161, 171–76, 245–46, 253, 311–18, 320, 417–18, 422–27
bone density scan, 62–83, 92–97
bone formation, 47–50, 53, 88–91, 103, 171–72, 219–24, 243, 256–57, 286–89, 334
bone growth, 21–28, 102–106, 126, 330, 335–37, 417, 422
bone loss, 11, 24–27, 41–43, 49, 53, 58, 62–64, 80–82, 88–92, 96, 106, 146–48, 160, 172, 178, 205, 208, 219, 225, 234, 246, 312–16, 364–69, 395–406, 417, 423–27
bone mass. See bone density bone mineral density (BMD), 22–24, 36, 38, 41–42, 50, 52, 58–60, 62–83, 92–97, 104, 106–113, 161, 171–76, 245–46, 253, 311–18, 320, 417–18, 422–27
bone quality, 42, 65, 77, 82–86, 365, 368, 377
bone remodeling, 24–25, 47–53, 88–91, 177–78, 245–46, 251–52
bone resorption (breakdown), 49–53, 88–99, 103, 171, 177
bone size, 22, 35, 39, 82, 223, 231, 332
bone strength, 38–40, 62, 84, 86, 103–104, 312, 345, 378
bone turnover, 88–91, 96, 103, 249, 252–53, 313–14
Boniva (ibandronate), 175–77, 193–98, 236–38, 245–53, 297, 400, 411–12
effectiveness in clinical trials, 194–96
breastfeeding, 127, 325–31, 420–21
C-telopeptide (CTx), 89–90, 91
calcification, aorta, 82
calcitonin, 175–76, 215–18, 236–38, 242–44, 251, 295, 301, 400, 412, 431
dosing instructions, 217
effectiveness in clinical trials, 216–17
off-label uses, 242–44, 295, 301
side effects, 217
summary snapshot, 216
calcium, 20–24, 38, 47, 60, 105, 118–19, 123–41
citrate, 137, 140, 322, 386–88
dietary sources, 128–37, 141, 429
supplements, 137–41, 330, 360, 386, 404, 418, 425
calories, 120–21, 341, 344, 351, 360, 362, 421, 423, 425
cancer
breast 43–44, 165, 204–205, 209–14, 230–39, 258–59, 271–72, 275–80, 284, 316, 369, 427, 394–401
esophageal, 252
and jawbone problems, 247–48, 398
prostate, 165–66, 229, 280, 402–406, 427
theory of vitamin D and, 165–66
carbohydrates, 121
Caucasians, 21, 42, 45, 72, 148–49, 207, 302, 329, 417
celiac disease, 43, 63, 124, 313, 333, 348–52
cement procedures for spine fracture, 294–301, 432–33
cheese, 121, 123, 130–31, 134, 138, 151, 273, 418, 429
cheddar, 130
cottage, 131
childhood growth, 19–24, 26–27, 102–106, 325–330, 421–22
children, 19–27, 37, 42, 72, 102–106, 120, 126–27, 132–33, 137, 144, 148–49, 153–55, 161–62, 287, 325–30, 348–49, a 393, 421–22, 425
cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), 151, 155–59, 328–29
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 240, 363, 366
cigarette smoking, 22–23, 43–45, 57, 248, 422, 427–28
clotting problems, blood, 205–207, 211, 213–14, 239, 261, 264, 304
cod liver oil, 151
college age, 24, 106, 344, 423
combination of FDA-approved medicines, 230–33
comparison of FDA-approved medicines, 234–41
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), 268–93
Compston, Dr. Juliet, 251
Computed tomography (CT scan), 85–87
pQCT, 86
Conbriza (bazedoxifene), 261
Coumadin (warfarin), 123, 285, 304–305
Cummings, Dr. Steven, 210
deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 206, 261
dental hygiene, 247–49, 253, 398
deoxypyridinoline (DPD), 88–90
Depo-Provera (depot medroxyproges-terone acetate), 333, 337–38
depression, 43, 308, 310, 389–93
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), 280
diabetes, 43, 57, 165, 24–38, 248, 329, 376–83, 427
Didronel (etidronate), 176, 186
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, 134
dieting, 344, 347, 359–62, 423
doctor evaluation, 57–61, 294, 311–14, 317, 320–21, 333, 401, 404, 418
drug holiday, 181, 245–48, 253, 313
drugs for osteoporosis, 171–241
dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 15, 58–60, 62–83, 92–97, 163, 172, 231, 265, 294, 311–15, 320–22, 332–33, 365, 371, 418, 424–25, 427, 431–33
DXA. See dual x-ray absorptiometry
EAA (Estrogen Agonist Antagonist), 209–214, 258–62, 433
Entocort (budesonide), 351
ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), 155, 157
esophagus
cancer of, 252
problems, 179, 181, 187, 194, 240
estradiol, 208
patch, 208
estrogens, 172, 175, 204–208, 230, 232–33, 235–37, 239, 246, 369, 400, 425
etridonate (Didronel), 176, 186
Evista (raloxifene), 175, 206–207, 209–214, 230–33, 236–39, 246, 251, 258
effectiveness in clinical trials, 212–13
side effects, 213
summary snapshot, 211
exercise, 20–24, 47, 101–112, 115–17, 163, 167, 174, 234, 286–93, 314, 316, 319–20, 359–60, 418, 422–23, 425, 427
weight-bearing, 21, 103, 287, 290, 346, 418, 422, 425
expectant mothers, 20, 326, 330, 420
fall prevention, 110, 113–17, 164, 174, 234, 291, 309–310, 409–410, 413, 427
falls, 30, 44, 112–17, 164, 168, 309, 408–410, 423
injuries from, 113–14, 117, 408, 426
risk of, 44, 114, 117, 314, 360, 366–67, 377, 390, 404, 408–409
family history, 16, 19, 42–43, 46, 423
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 173–74, 181–82, 189, 196, 213, 228, 242, 244, 247, 249–52, 255, 263, 269, 284, 338, 380–81
femoral neck, 71, 74, 76–80, 83, 93–94, 305, 432
femur. See hip fibromyalgia, 162
Finite Element Analysis (FEA), 86
fish, 119, 121, 128, 131, 151–52, 418
Fleisch, Dr. Herbert, 185
folate, 122
formula-fed baby, 154, 237–28, 330, 420–21
Forteo (teriparatide) 171, 175, 219–24, 231–33, 236–37, 239–40, 243–46, 255–57, 300, 334, 346, 368–71, 400, 411–12
development of other delivery methods, 255–56
dosing instructions, 222
effectiveness in clinical trials, 221, 368–70
in combination with other medicine, 231–33
off-label medicine uses, 243–44
side effects, 221
summary snapshot, 220
Fortical (calcitonin), 172, 175, 215–18, 236–38, 242, 244, 251, 295, 301, 400, 412
Fosamax (alendronate), 172, 175–84, 230–33, 236–37, 245–53, 255, 334, 368–71, 374, 383, 400, 404, 411–12
effectiveness in clinical trials, 179–81, 411–12
effectiveness in clinical trials, 270–71
summary snapshot, 271
fracture, 13–16, 19–27, 29–40, 42–46, 51, 57, 60, 78, 110–13, 161, 171–74, 182, 188, 195, 201, 212, 221, 227, 236–38, 243–44, 249–53, 291–302, 305–306, 309, 311, 314–17, 365, 378, 381, 409–413, 417–27, 424–25
and death, 29, 33, 36–37, 40, 201, 309, 427
and disability, 29, 41, 317, 409
hip, 13, 30–39, 44, 106–107, 113–14, 302–310, 409–413, 418, 427
reduction, 161, 174, 180, 188, 195, 201, 206, 212, 217, 221, 227, 236–38
risk assessment, 58–60, 80, 174, 315, 427
spine (vertebral), 33–35, 37, 39–40, 57, 60, 78, 80–81, 110–112, 171–74, 291–301, 311, 424–25
silent, 29, 33, 37, 41, 57, 60, 63, 81, 171, 294, 311, 365, 371, 424–25
subsequent or recurrent, 36–37, 40, 63
subtrochanteric, 182, 249–53, 306
wrist, 29–30, 35–37, 107, 110, 112, 206, 243
FRAX, 58–60, 70, 76–80, 83, 96, 174, 315, 365–66, 370–73, 378, 424
Garland, Dr. Cedric, 165
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 44, 333, 384–87
General Electric (GE) Healthcare, 4, 55, 63, 65, 68, 70–75, 81, 95–96
genes, 14, 19–22, 24, 41, 53, 133, 149, 417
Lrp5 gene, 53
glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, 175, 363–74
glucocorticoids (steroids), 44–45, 63, 92, 184, 191, 203, 234, 298, 316, 320–27, 334, 350, 363–74
gluten intolerance, 43, 348–49, 352
glycitein, 273
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH agonists), 342, 403
green leafy vegetables, 122, 125, 129, 418
halibut, 124–25, 131, 152, 418
Hasselbeck, Elisabeth, 348
Heaney, Dr. Robert, 133, 144, 154, 158
heart attack, 134, 140, 165, 204–205, 308, 316, 380
height, 21–22, 42, 57, 61, 311, 314, 424
growth, 21
measurement, 57, 61, 311, 314, 424
hip
fractures 13, 30–39, 44, 106–107, 113–14, 302–310, 320, 409–413, 418, 427
regions of hip, 71–73, 76, 250, 306
Hispanics, 21, 23, 42, 207, 329, 417
Hollis, Dr. Bruce, 329
Hologic, 4, 55, 63, 65–67, 69–74, 81, 94–95
homocysteine, 122
H2 blockers, 384
hyperparathyroidism, 314
hyperthyroidism, 44, 353–55, 358
ibandronate. See Boniva inflammatory bowel disease, 124, 165, 333, 348, 350–52
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 120, 143, 153–54, 159, 330
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), 346
insurance coverage, 92–93, 235, 311, 321
International Society of Clinical Densitometry (ISCD), 64–65, 332
intertrochanteric region, 71, 305–306
Iowa Women's Health Study, 119
isoflavone, 269, 271, 273–76, 280–81
Iyengar, B.K.S, 291
jawbone problem (osteonecrosis of the jaw), 181, 189, 202, 227, 247–49, 253, 398
juice, fortified, 128, 130–33, 151–52
Karsenty, Dr. Gerard, 392
Kasch, Dr. Fred, 101
reduced, 179, 187, 194, 200, 229, 237, 240, 309, 399, 411
kidney stones, 127, 139–40, 158
Lane, Dr. Joseph, 251
lanolin, 155
Levis, Dr. Silvina, 147
levothyroxine, 356
Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 258, 260–61
Livial (tibolone), 263–64, 267
low bone mass 6
living and coping with, 315–18
lumbar spine 7
luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LHRH) agonists, 403
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 85–87
mechanical loading, 103, 110, 249, 287–89
mechanical strain, 47, 103, 106, 346, 422
medical food, 269 melanin, 148
men, 11, 13, 15, 19, 30, 33–37, 42–43, 57–58, 60, 63–64, 72, 76–77, 80, 85, 101, 107, 119–20, 126–27, 144, 147–48, 158, 164, 171, 175, 178, 180, 184, 187, 191, 199, 201, 203, 220–21, 280–81, 302, 310, 313, 320, 354–55, 357–58, 362, 365–71, 378, 380–81, 385–86, 389–91, 402–406, 408, 417, 424, 427
bone density testing, 63–64, 72, 76–77, 80, 85, 427
calcium recommendation, 126–27
fracture risk in, 13, 15, 19, 30, 33–37, 42–43, 57–58, 302, 310
proton pump inhibitors, 385–86
treatment, 171, 175, 178, 180, 184, 187, 191, 199, 201, 203, 220–21, 280–81
menopause, 25–27, 49, 63–64, 127, 208, 246, 319, 337, 396, 401, 417, 421, 424
early, 43, 74, 80, 82, 88, 395
menstrual problems, 339–42, 422
microcracks, 47
microstructure, 41, 77, 82–87, 103, 121, 178, 223, 231, 237, 252, 314–15, 332, 368, 411
milk, 24, 123, 125, 128, 130–34, 151–52, 421–22, 424
mineralization, 47, 161, 163, 252
monitoring, 64, 89, 92–97, 311–14
mortality, 29, 33, 36–37, 40, 113, 201, 309, 427
muscle loss, 119, 286, 364, 426
muscle pain, 162, 179, 187, 194, 200, 227, 234
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 268
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 143, 149, 152 natto, 123
Nexium (esomeprazole), 44, 385
Obama, Michelle, 102, 133, 343
obesity, 102, 121, 207, 343, 361
off-label medicine uses, 242–44
ONJ (osteonecrosis of the jaw), 181, 189, 202, 227, 247–49, 253, 398
orange juice, fortified, 128, 130–33, 151–52
Osseor (strontium ranelate), 263–67
osteoblasts, 47–53, 88–91, 102–103, 162, 171, 177, 219, 2 to 3, 225, 257, 283, 287–88, 364–65, 368, 374, 392
osteoclasts 47–53, 88–91, 103, 125, 171, 177–78, 186, 193, 199, 204, 210, 215, 219, 225, 256–57, 355, 365, 374, 392, 398–99
osteocytes 47, 103, 257, 365, 392 osteomalacia, 161–63
osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), 181, 189, 202, 227, 247–49, 253, 398
osteopenia (low bone mass), 15, 38, 60, 64, 76–80 162–63, 271, 299, 315–18, 332, 337, 344–45, 349–52, 359, 377–81, 387, 394, 397–98, 409, 427
osteoporosis
diagnosis, 15, 62–83, 315–18, 332
premenopausal, 63, 72, 184, 191, 332–34, 368–72, 389, 395–98, 401
prescription medicines for, 171–241
risk of fractures, 14, 21–24, 29–46, 59–61, 77–79, 86, 88, 96–97, 121–25, 160–62, 171–74, 235–37, 253, 314–16, 320, 332–34, 364–66, 384–87, 393–94, 400, 402, 417, 427
severe, 76
osteoprotegerin (OPG), 52
oversuppression, 89, 249, 251–52
paracrine, 166
parathyroid glands, 160, 219, 314
parathyroid hormone (PTH), 160, 162, 219, 313–14, 362
peak bone mass, 19–27, 38, 42, 44, 333, 335–37, 340, 345, 417, 423
Pepcid, 384
perimenopausal women, 15, 60, 63, 320, 334, 337, 359, 395, 417, 424
physiatrist, 308
physical therapy, 110, 116, 295, 301, 308, 310
Plavix (clopidogrel), 285, 304–305, 310
P1NP, procollagen type 1 propeptides, 89–90
postmenopausal women, 29–30, 59–60, 63–64, 79–80, 108–109, 124, 171, 175, 424
prednisone, 44–45, 334, 350, 363–72, 374
pregnancy, 19–21, 120, 127, 325–31, 420
premature infants, 21
premenopausal women, 63, 72, 184, 191, 332–34, 336, 366–71, 395–96
premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 165, 335
preteens, 11, 19, 21–24, 38, 104, 123, 127, 137, 154, 422
Prevacid (lansoprazole), 44, 183, 384–85
Prilosec (omeprazole), 44, 384–88
progesterone, 204–206, 263, 335, 337, 342
Prolia (denosumab), 52, 175, 215, 225–229, 237, 239–40, 246, 248, 253, 375, 397–400, 405–406, 411–12
dosing instructions, 228
effectiveness in clinical trials, 227
side effects, 227, 248, 252–53
summary snapshot, 226
prostate cancer, 165, 221, 229, 280, 402–406, 427
protein, 21, 119–22, 125, 130, 132, 137–38, 273, 309–310, 362, 421
animal, 119
plant, 119
RDA, 120
Protelos (strontium ranelate), 263–67, 277–78
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), 44, 333, 384–88
pulmonary embolism (PE), 206–207
quadriceps strength, 58, 61, 115, 117, 164, 410
Rancho Bernardo Study, 119, 121–22, 133, 353, 356–58
RANKL, 52, 225–26, 374–75, 399, 433
RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance), 119, 123, 151
Reclast (zoledronic acid), 175, 177, 199–203, 231–33, 236–37, 239–40, 245–49, 252, 309–310, 368–71, 374–75, 397, 400, 405, 411–12
effectiveness in clinical trials, 200–201
rehabilitation after hip fracture, 299, 303, 308–310, 411
remodeling, 24–25, 47–53, 88–91, 177–78, 246–52, 256, 345, 355
rheumatoid arthritis, 43, 45, 165, 363, 373–75
risedronate. See Actonel and Atelvia risk factors, 15, 41–46, 58–60, 63–64, 76–78, 81, 83, 96–97, 117, 171, 349–51, 365–67, 387, 401, 409–410, 417–18, 424, 427
Rubin, Dr. Janet, 287
salmon, 121, 125, 131, 151–52, 418
salt, 60, 134–37, 141, 421, 423–24
Saltman, Dr. Paul, 282
sarcopenia, 110
sclerostin, 257
screening, 63–64, 85, 87, 332, 427
seizure medicines, 333
SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators), 209–214, 258–62
skeletal growth, skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), 407–413
SNRIs (serotonin norepinephrine reup take inhibitors), 391–92
soft drinks, 123, 125, 133, 421–22
soy, 119, 131, 157, 269–71, 273–76
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 44, 333, 347, 390–93
stadiometer, 57
stem cells, 52, 102–103, 287–88, 345, 382
steroids 44–45, 78, 89, 92, 175, 316, 320, 333–34, 350, 363–74
stopping therapy, 224–25, 229, 232, 246
strength training, 109
strontium ranelate (Osseor or Protelos), 263–67
effectiveness in clinical trials, 266–67
side effects, 267
sulfate, 119
sulfur, 119
sun exposure, 142–50, 152, 154, 157, 159, 168, 330, 418, 421
SPF, 148
UPF, 148
swallowing problems, 179, 187, 194, 240
Synthroid (levothyroxine sodium), 356
T-score, 72–80, 93, 96–97, 315–17, 332, 378, 397
tamoxifen, 209–210, 213, 239, 258, 395–98, 400–401
tea, 125
teenagers, 11, 19, 21–26, 38, 103–105, 123, 126–27, 133, 137, 149, 154, 335–47, 393, 422
testosterone, 364, 369, 402–403, 417
teriparatide. See Forteo thiazides, 60, 140, 322
thiazolidinediones (TZDs), 44, 379–83
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 313, 354
thyroxine, 354
effectiveness in clinical trials, 264
side effects, 264
tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC), 259–62
trabecular bone, 48–49, 84–85, 365
25-hydroxyvitamin D test, 142, 167
twenty-four hour urine, 60, 90, 140, 312–13, 322, 349, 362
ulcerative colitis, 10, 350–52
ultrasound, quantitative (QUS), 84–85, 87
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB), 145–50, 155, 330
US Preventive Services Task Force, 59
venous thromboembolism (VTE), 205–207, 211, 213–14, 239, 261, 264, 304
Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA), 60, 63, 80–81, 294, 311, 371, 404, 425
vertebral fractures. See fractures, spine vertebroplasty, 295–301
vibration therapy, 286–89, 426
Vieth, Dr. Reinhold, vitamin A, 121–22, 151
vitamin B, 122, 137 vitamin C, 122, 167
vitamin D, 58, 142–68, 329, 350–51, 418–26
blood level target, 142–43, 157–58, 329, 419
conversion, 166
deficiency, 143–44, 148, 161–63, 350–51
D3 (cholecalciferol), 151, 155–59, 328–29
Dietary Reference Intakes, 143, 153
recommendations, 153–54, 156–59, 167–68, 418, 420–26
Viviant (bazedoxifene), 259–62
Wagner, Dr. Carol, 329
Ward's area or triangle, 73, 77
Weight loss, 240–43, 351, 359–62, 390, 423
Wnt-signaling pathway, 257
Wolff's Law, 103
Women's Health Initiative (WHI), 125, 204, 206, 325
World Health Organization (WHO), 58, 76, 78, 176
diagnostic criteria, 76
Xyvion (tibolone), 263–64, 267
yogurt, 131, 138, 151–52, 157, 273, 421–22
Zantac (Ranitidine), 384
zoledronic acid. See Reclast