Translated selections from the Chinese sources are indicated by italics.
Absolutism: Hu Shi on national reconstruction and; Hu Shi on national state and
Academia Sinica
Academies: Huang Zongxi on
“Accommodating” (Song Shu)
“Admonitions for Women” (Ban Zhao)
Age of Disorder (Kang Youwei)
Age of Great Peace (Kang Youwei)
Age of Order (Kang Youwei)
Agriculture: scholars and; people’s democratic dictatorhip and; collectivization of; Mao Zedong on collectivization of; responsibility system in; Chen Yun on commerce and
Ah Cheng
Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati (Xiru ermu zi) (Nicholas Trigault)
Alexander [the Great]
Alienation
Alphabet: reform of Chinese script and; Lu Zhuangzhang’s romanization and. See also Script reform
America
Analects (Lunyu)
Anarchism; Communism and; peasantry and. See also “Anarchist Revolution and Peasant Revolution”
“Anarchist Revolution and Peasant Revolution” (Liu Shipei)
Anarcho-communism
Anglican Church
Anglo-Saxons
Annam
Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings (Huangchao jingshi wenbian) (He Changling and Wei Yuan). See also Criteria for Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings
Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings, Preface to (Huangchao jingshi wenbian) (Wei Yuan)
Antiquity: doubting of, and New Culture Movement
April Fifth Forum: wall poster from
April Fifth Movement
Arabia
Arabian Peninsula1
Aristotle
Armed struggle: Mao Zedong on
Art and literature: Mao Zedong on4
“Asiatic” (“Oriental”) society (Marx)
Asoka, King
Astronomy, Chinese
Astronomy, Western
Athens
Attack on Hell
Aurora (Zhendan) Academy
Austria
Authority: economic management and
Autocracy
“Awakening of Women’s Consciousness” (Li Xiaojiang)
Axis powers
Bakufu, Tokugawa
Ban Gu
Ban Zhao
Banners, Eight
Bao Sheng Da Di. See The Great Emperor Who Protects Life
Baojuan. See Precious scrolls
Barbarians: Wang Fuzhi on Chinese and; Chen Hongmou on; Feng Guifen on control of
Beijing Gazette (Chaobao, Jingbao)
“Beijing Spring,”
Beijing Spring Magazine, publication statement of
Beijing University
Beiyang Naval School
Bergson, Henri
Beyond East and West (Wu Jingxiong)
Bianfa. See “Reform”
Bible, romanized
Bin Chun
Bo Lü Liuliang Sishu jiangyi. See Refutation of Lü Liuliang’s Discourses on the Four Books
Bo Yang (Guo Yidong) See also The Ugly Chinaman
Bo Yi
Bodhisattvas
Bolshevik Revolution. See Russian Revolution
Bolshevism
Book of Common Prayer
The Book of Heavenly Commandments (Tiantiao shu): A Form to Be Observed in Repenting Sins; The Ten Heavenly Commandments
Book of Poetry. See Classic of Odes
Boundaries: Kang Youwei on abolition of
Boundaries, Nine (Kang Youwei)
Bourbons
Bourgeoisie, Chinese: Mao Zedong on imperialism and
Boxer Rebellion
Britain; Opium War and
British East India Company
Broad learning
Brokerages, government: memorial on grain trade and, in Qing
Buddha
Buddhism popular culture and; colloquial writing and; Xiong Shili and
Budeyi. See “I Cannot Do Otherwise”
“Building Socialist Spiritual Civilization” (Li Chan)
Bureau of Astronomy
Burke, Edmund
Burning of the books (Qin dynasty): Tan Sitong on
Cai Yan
Calendars: Wei Yuan on Chinese and Western
Calendrical mathematics: Adam Schall and
Cambridge University
Cang Jie
“Canon of Yao” (Classic of Documents)
Cao Xueqin
Caodong (Buddhism)
Capitalism, Western; Mao Zedong on penetration of China by
“Capitalist road,”
Carsun Chang. See Zhang Junmai
Casebooks, local official’s: Chen Hongmou on compilation of
Catholicism, modern Chinese: state and
Censorate
Censorship: Complete Library of the Four Treasuries and
Chairman Mao’s Comments on Educational Revolution
Chamberlain, Neville
Chan (Zen) Buddhism. See Buddhism
Chantefable; genres of
Chao, T.C. See Zhao Zichen
Chaobao. See Beijing Gazette
Characters, Chinese. See Writing, Chinese
Charter Oath of Meiji Japan
Chefoo Convention
Chen Duxiu; anti-Confucianism of; women and tradition in; literary reform in. See also “On Literary Revolution”; The True Meaning of Life; “The Way of Confucius and Modern Life”
Chen Hongmou; life and career of; statecraft and; critique of civil service examinations in; universal education in; women’s education and; ideas on governance of conduct of local officials in; compilation of official casebooks and; governance by local elites in
Chen Qitong
Chen Xianzhang
Chen Yiyang
Chen Yun. See Speech Given at the Chinese Communist National Representative Conference
Chen Zeming
Cheng brothers
Cheng Hao
Cheng, King (Zhou dynasty)
Cheng, Prince (Jiaqing emperor)
Cheng Yi
Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism; critique of, in Evidential Learning
Chiang Ching-kuo. See Jiang Jingguo
Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) educational background of; Three People’s Principles and; Confucianism and; traditionalism of; national reconstruction and; views on unequal treaties in. See also China’s Destiny; Essentials of the New Life Movement
China Christian Council
China Discussion (Qingyi bao)
China: European fascination with; Opium War and; Mao Zedong on absorption of foreign culture and
China Human Rights Organization
China Merchants Steam Navigation Company
China Progress (Shiwu bao)
China Youth
China’s Destiny (Chiang Kai-shek); Social Effects of the [Unequal Treaties]; Moral Effects; Psychological Effects; The Decisive Factor in China’s Destiny
China’s Way to Freedom (Feng Youlan)
Chinese Civilization Vis-A-Vis Eastern and Western Philosophies (Liang Shuming)
Chinese Communist Party. See Communist Party, Chinese
“Chinese Culture Fever,”
“Chinese learning for substance, Western learning for function” (Zhongxue wei ti, Xixue wei yong)
Chinese Renaissance: Christianity and, See also New Culture Movement
The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party (Mao Zedong) The Chinese Nation; Ancient Feudal Society; Present-Day Colonial, Semi-Colonial, and Semi-Feudal Society; The Chinese Revolution
Chinggis Khan
Chinoiserie
Chiyou
Chongzhen emperor (Ming dynasty)
Chouyang chuyi. See Suggestions on Foreign Affairs
“The Christian Manifesto” (Wu Yaozong)
Christianity; China’s early contacts with; Ming reaction against; Confucianism and; Qing opposition to; ancestor worship and; reconciliation of Confucianism and; Zhang Xingyao on Confucianism and. See also I Cannot Do Otherwise
Christianity, modern: stigma of imperialism and; Catholics and Protestants and; Zhao Zichen on role of Chinese Renaissance and; Zhao Zichen on education and, See also Beyond East and West; “The Christian Manifesto”; The Lotus and the Mud; Ma Xiangbo; “The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity”; “Present-Day Religious Thought and Life in China”; The Reformation of Christianity; Should a Head of State Preside Over Religious Ceremonies?; Wang Mingdao; We, Because of Faith; Wu Yaozong; Zhao Zichen
Chronological Autobiography of Kang Youwei (Kang Nanhai zibian nianpu)
Chu
Chu Chengbo
Chuci (“Songs of the South”)
Chun, Prince
Ci poetry; Tang and Song
Citizenry: Liang Qichao on; Liang Qichao on rights and; Liang Qichao on concept of the nation and
Civil infrastructure
Civil service
Civil service examination system: revival of, in Qing; Huang Zongxi on schools and; selection of scholar-officials and; career success, Western Learning and; Zhang Boxing on failure of; Chen Hongmou on; Wei Yuan on; Feng Guifen’s critique of; abandonment of; Sun Yat-sen on
“Civil society,”
“Civilizing” (Song Shu)
Class struggle
Classic of Changes (Yijing)
Classic of Documents (Classic of History) (Shujing)
[Classic of] Etiquette and Ceremonies (Yili)
Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing)
Classic of History. See Classic of Documents
Classic of Odes (Book of Poetry) (Shijing)
Classical Chinese: literary revolution and
Classics; Huang Zongxi on schools and; Evidential Learning and; Dai Zhen on
Classics Mat Lectures, Tang-Song
Classified Sayings of Master Zhu (Zhuzi yulei)
Clearly Distinguishing the Lord of Heaven Teaching [from Heterodoxy] (Tianzhujiao mingpian) (Zhang Xingyao)
Collected Works (Feng Youlan)
Collected Works of the Hall of Correctness and Propriety
Collectivization, agricultural; Mao Zedong on
Collontay (Alexandra Kollantai)
Columbia University
Columbus
Combat Liberalism (Mao Zedong)
Commanderies and prefectures (jun xian); Gu Yanwu on
Commentaries on the Four Books (Lü Liuliang)
Commentary on the Great Learning. See Great Learning, Commentary on
Commentary on the Mean. See Mean Commentary on
Commerce: Wang Fuzhi on threat of; grain trade and; reform and; Chen Yun on agriculture and. See also Merchants
Common good (public interest) (gong)
Common man. See People
Communalism: Kang Youwei on; Liu Shipei on peasants and
Communes, people’s; dismantling of
Communiqué; of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
Communism; New Culture Movement and; mingling of anarchism and, in Liu Shipei; Liu Shipei on peasantry and; Li Dazhao on victory of, question of land redistribution and New Confucians on. See also Communism, Chinese; Communist Party, Chinese; How to Be a Good Communist; Mao Zedong
Communism, Chinese, liberals and
Communist Party, Chinese (CCP), tradition and; Chinese revolution and; collaboration with the Nationalists and; Liu Shaoqi on inner party struggle and; victory of; post-war policies of; role of, in post-Mao era; capitalist practices and, in post-Mao era
Community compact (xiang yue); Zhu Xi and; Liang Shuming on
A Comparative Study of Life Ideals (Feng Youlan)
Compendium of Commentaries on the Classics
Compendium of Qing Statutes (Qing huidian)
Competition: Liang Qichao on nationhood and
“Competition” (Origin of Species): Yan Fu on
Complete Library of the Four Treasuries (Siku quanshu)
Complete Works of Master Zhu (Zhu Xi)
Comprehensive Consideration of the Whole Situation (Yingchao tongchou quanjuzhe) (Kang Youwei)
Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Governance Topically Arranged (Tongjian jishi benmo) (Zhang Xingyao)
Concensus of many (zhongyi)
Concubines: He Zhen on
Conditions. See Material conditions
Conditions, local: Chen Hongmou on
Confucianism; belief in ghosts and; Feng Guifen on Western Learning and; Kang Youwei, reform and; Kang Youwei’s view of, as state religion; Zhu Yixin on reform and undermining of; Ye Dehui on superiority of; Tan Sitong on; Chiang Kai-shek and; New Life Movement and; New Culture Movement and; Chen Duxiu on individual independence and; Liang Shuming’s reappraisal of; Li Zehou’s reevaluation of; conservative role of, under Deng Xiaoping
Confucius, Mou Zongsan on humaneness in
Confucius Foundation
Confucius as a Reformer (Kongzi gaige kao) (Kang Youwei); How Confucius Founded His Teaching in Order to Reform Institutions; The Six Classics Were All Written by Confucius to Reform Institutions
“The Conquest of Bread” (Peter Kropot-kin)
Conscience (liangxin)
Constitutionalism; American; revolution and; monarchy and; Sun Yat-sen on
Constitutions
Construction (Jianshe)
“Constructive Literary Revolution—A Literature of National Speech” (Hu Shi)>
Contradictions, social: Mao Zedong on, Liu Binyan on
Copernicus, Nicholas
Cornell University
Correct norm. See Equilibrium
Cosmology, Neo-Confucian: Evidential Learning and
Cosmopolitanism
“Cosmos of life” (Xiong Shili)
“Country” (Ch. guojia, J. kokka)
Courtesans, literary activities of
Criteria for Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings (Wei Yuan)
Criticism, art and literary: Mao Zedong on
Criticism of the “Declaration for Cultural Construction on a Chinese Basis” (Hu Shi)
Cromwell, Oliver
Cui Shu; classical exegesis and
Cultural construction
Cultural Construction
Cultural Revolution. See Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Dai Zhen; critique of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism in; background and career of; scholarly attainments of; views on philosophical inquiry of; critique of Neo-Confucianism in; study methods of; critique of Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism in
Dalai Lama
Daoism; popular culture and; funerals and
Daoshi. See Priests
Darwin, Charles
Darwinism: Liang Qichao’s conception of
Datong shu. See Grand Commonality
Death: ritual and
Debates on Ancient History, Preface to (Gu Jiegang)
“Declaration for Cultural Construction on a Chinese Basis” (Sa Mengwu, He Bingsong, et al); Hu Shi’s criticism of
The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture (Sun Longji)
“In Defense of Humanism,” (Wang Ruoshui)
De Gaulle, Charles
Democracy; Yan Fu on, in the West; One World and, in Kang Youwei; dictatorship and, in Maoism; legal system and, in post-Mao era; Wei Jingsheng on; Yan Jiaqi on prosperity and; New Confucians on
“Democracy or New Dictatorship” (Wei Jingsheng)
Democracy, Reform, and Modernization (Fang Lizhi)
“Democracy Wall”
Democratic centralism
Democratic League
Deng Xiaoping; “modernization” and; economic pragmatism and. See also “Build Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”; Communiqué of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China; “Uphold the Four Basic Principles”
Desires: Lü Liuliang on; Dai Zhen on
“Destroying the Family” (Han Yi)
“The Destruction of India” (“Lun Yindu wangguo shu”) (Kang Youwei)
Dewey, John; Hu Shi on
Dharma: Xiong Shili’s thought and
Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate (Taiji tushuo) (Zhou Dunyi)
Dialogue on the New Science (Galileo)
Diamond Sūtra
Dictatorship: Luo Longji on political tutelage and; democracy and, in Maoism
Dictatorship of the People’s Democracy (Mao Zedong)
Dictatorship of the proletariat
Ding Guangxun (K.H. Ting)
Ding Ling. See “Thoughts on March 8, 1942”
Ding Richang
Ding Wenjiang. See also “Metaphysics and Science”
Discipline for Beginners (Zhengmeng) (Zhang Zai)
Discourses in the White Tiger Hall (Bohu tong delun)
“Discussing the Question of Alienation” (Wang Ruoshui)
Dissent: Mao Zedong on
District (xian)
Divination
Divorce: Ding Ling on women revolutionaries and
Documents. See Classic of Documents
“Documents of the Shang Dynasty” (Classic of Documents)
“Does China Need an Authoritarian Political System in the Course of Modernization?” (Rong Jian)
“Doing Nothing” (wuwei) (Laozi)
Dong hua lu. See Imperial Documents of the Qing Dynasty
Dong Zhongshu
Donglin Academy
“Doubting of antiquity,”
Drama, Yuan
Dream of Red Mansions (Honglou meng)
Du Fu
Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste: view of career success and classical studies in
Du Tongjian lun. See On Reading [Sima Guang’s] Comprehensive Mirror
Duan Qirui
Duke Hu
Dunhuang
Dynastic histories
Dynasties. See Rule, dynastic
E meng. See A Strange Dream
East Asia
“Eastern ethics and Western science,”
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Times (Shibao)
Eastern Zhejiang School (Evidential Learning)
Economics: pragmatism and, in post-Mao era-492; Yan Jiaqi on
Education: Chen Hongmou on; Western-style; Maoist; Liu Shaoqi on traditional; Protestantism and, in modern China
Education, women’s: Chen Hongmou on
Egalitarianism: Kang Youwei on; Kang Youwei on Nine Boundaries and
Egyptians
Eight Items (Great Learning)
Eight-legged essay
Eight Specifications. See Eight Items
Elections, free
Elites, local: Chen Hongmou on governance by
Emoluments: Lü Liuliang on, in Mencius
Empathy (shu): Zhang Xuecheng on
Emperor of Heaven
Empress Dowager
Empress He Scolds the Emperor
Encyclopedias, institutional
Enfeoffment system
Engels, Frederick
England
English Bible
“On Enlightened Rulers and Worthy Ministers” (“Ming liang lun”) (Gong Zizhen)
Enlightenment, European
Enlightenment, German: Mou Zongsan’s thought and
Entertainers, popular
Equality
Equilibrium (zhen)
Essay on the Principle of Population (Mal-thus)
Essays on the History of Chinese Thought (Li Zehou)
The Essential Ideas of Human Nature and Principle (Zhu Xi)
Essentials of the Moral Way (Yuandao) (Han Yu)
Essentials of the New Life Movement (Chiang Kai-shek); The Object of the New Life Movement; The Content of the New Life Movement; li, yi, lian, and chi in
Essentials of the Records of Beliefs Investigated (Kaoxin lu tiyao) (Cui Shu)
“L’état c’est moi,”
Eucken, Rudolph
Europe
Evidential Learning (Evidential Inquiry, Han Learning) (kaozheng); Gu Yanwu and; origins and character of; Confucian classics, textual discoveries and; thinkers and trends in; critique of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism in; Confucian tradition and; anticipation of Western methods in; fundamentalist tendency of; Dai Zhen on; Chen Hongmou on; Wei Yuan on
Evidential Study of the Meaning of Terms in the Mencius (Mengzi ziyi shuzheng) (Dai Zhen)
Evolution and Ethics (Thomas Henry Huxley)
Evolution: Yan Fu on, in Spencer
An Examination of the Similarities and Differences Between the Lord of Heaven Teaching [Christianity] and the Teaching of the Confucian Scholars (Zhang Xingyao)
Exhortation to Learn (Quanxue pian) (Zhang Zhidong): United Hearts; The Three Mainstays; Rectifying Political Rights; Following the Proper Order; On Reform
Exorcism; communal
Exorcists (fashi):
Explanation of Writing and Characters (Shuowen) (Xu Shen)
Exploration
Facts: Western world and, according to Yan Fu
Family: Kang Youwei on abolition of; Tan Sitong’s opposition to; Han Yi on destruction of
Fan Ye
Fang Guancheng
Fang Lizhi. See also Democracy, Reform, and Modernization; “Reform and Intellectuals”; “The Social Responsibilty of Today’s Intellectuals”
Fang Xiaoru
Fang Yizhi: critique of Chinese writing system in
Fashi. See Exorcists
Federalists
Feelings: Dai Zhen on; Wei Yuan on governance and
Feminism
Feng Guifen; reformism and; Chinese and barbarians in; Western military technology in. See also Protests from the Study of Jiaobin
Feng Youlan (Fung Yu-lan): philosophy of; Marxism and. See also Speech of Response Delivered at the Convocation of September 10, 1982, at Columbia University
Festivals, temple
Feudalism: Mao Zedong on
Feurbach, Ludwig
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
The Fifth Modernization (Wei Jingsheng)
Filiality; dynastic law and
Fire ritual
Fire walking
First Emperor of Qin (Qin shihuangdi)
First Principles (Herbert Spencer)
First Steps in Being Able to Understand at a Glance (Yimu liaoran chujie) (Lu Zhuangzhang)
Five Classics
Five Constants (Five Constant Virtues)
Five Moral Relations Tan Sitong’s repudiation of
Five Phases (wu xing)
Five Teachings
Five Year Plans
The Flood (Old Testament)
Footbinding
Ford, Henry
“Forged Classics,”
Four Books
Four Curricula
“Four dragons” (Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore)
Four Modernizations
Fourth Letter in Reply to Kang Youwei (Zhu Yixin)
Fourth National People’s Congress
France
Free trade
Freedom of religious belief: Ma Xiangbo on
Freedom of speech: Mao Zedong on; Hu Ping on; “On Freedom of Speech” (Hu Ping)
Freedom: Yan Fu on, in the West
French Revolution
Fu She society
Fukangan
Function (yong)
Fundamentals of Japan s National Polity (Kokutai no hongi)
Funerals; Daoism and
Furen Catholic University
Further Studies of the Dongguan (Huang Bosi)
Fu’xi
Fuzhou Arsenal School of Navigation
Galileo Galilei
Gamble, Sidney
Gandhi, Mohandas
Gang of Four
Gao Huangdi (Ming Taizu): Huang Zongxi on abolition of prime ministership and; Village Lectures and
Gaozi
Gazetteer of the Four Continents (Sizhou zhi) (Lin Zexu)
Gazetteers
Gentleman (junzi): Wang Fuzhi on mean man and
Geomancy
George, Henry; Sun Yat-sen and
Germany
Gezhi. See Investigation [of things] and the extension [of knowledge]
Ghost Funeral
Ghosts: Confucianism and belief in
Giles, Herbert A
Glasgow University
God the Heavenly Father
God Worshippers (Taiping movement)
Gong. See Common good
Gong, Prince
Gong Zizhen: life and career of; resistance to West and; civil service examinations and; critique of scholar-officials and. See also “On Enlightened Rulers and Worthy Ministers”; Respect for the Guest
Gongyang Commentary [on the Spring and Autumn Annals]
Governance: Huang Zongxi on sharing of; Huang Zongxi on law and; Chen Hongmou on; Chen Hongmou on local elites and; Hong Liangji on deterioration of; Gong Zizhen on need for reform of; Gong Zizhen on concentration of authority and; framework of, in statecraft thought; Wei Yuan on; Wei Yuan on human feelings and; Wei Yuan on profit and; Kang Youwei on stages of; Ye Dehui on Confucian ism and See also Chen Hongmou; Huang Zongxi; Statecraft; Waiting for the Dawn
Government: Sun Yat-sen’s five branches of
Grain trade: brokerages and
Grand Canal
Grand Commonality (Datong) (Record of Rites) Kang Youwei on
Grand Commonality (Datong shu) (Kang Youwei)
Grand Model (Hongfan) (Classic of Documents)
Grand Unity. See Grand Commonality
Great Compendium of Human Nature and Principle: Qing abridgement of
The Great Emperor Who Protects Life (Bao Sheng Da Di)
Great Leap Forward; Peng Dehuai on shortcomings of
Great Learning
Great Learning, Commentary on (Zhu Xi)
Great Proletarian Cultural RevolutionWu Han and; background of; critique of, in “Li Yi Zhe Poster,”; Deng Xiaoping and. See also The Sixteen Points: Guidelines for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution The Great Sai Ritual of Zhangzi County Shanxi
Great Ultimate (Supreme Ultimate, Supreme polarity) (taiji)
Greece
Group organization: Liang Shuming on individual and
Gu Jiegang. See Debates on Ancient History Preface to
Gu Mu1
Gu Yanwu; Evidential Learning and; life and career of; Wang Yangming school and; view of scholarship in; practical learning and; critique of Ming in; view of human mind and mind of the way in; concept of hereditary bureaucracy in; anti-bureaucratism of
Guan Zhong
Guangxu emperor (Zaitian)
Guanhua hesheng zimu. See Letters for Combining the Sounds of Mandarin
Guanwen
Guanyin
Guanzi
“Guests”: Gong Zichen on the Way and
“Guided democracy” (Sun Yat-sen)
Gujin tushu jicheng. See Synthesis of Books and Illustrations from Past and Present
Guo Hongzhi
Guo Moruo
Guo Ru Buries His Son
Guo Yidong. See Bo Yang
Guochao Hanxue shicheng ji
Guomindang. See Nationalist Party
Guoshan Temple Record
Guoshan yishi
Hai Rui
Hai Rui Dismissed from Office (Wu Han)
“Hai Rui Scolds the Emperor” (Wu Han)
Haiguo tuzhi. See Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Countries
Hakkas
Han Confucians
Han dynasty
Han Feizi
Han Learning. See Evidential Learning
Han Shaogong
Han Yi
Han Yu
Hanlin academicians
Hanshu. See History of the Former Han
Hartmann, Eduard von
Harvard Law School
He Bingsong
He Changling
He Xiu
He Zhen: husband and wife in polygamy in; rights of women in. See also What Women Should Know About Communism; Women’s Revenge
“Heap of loose sand,” Chinese people as (Sun Yat-sen)
Heaven; Way of, in Dai Zhen; Christian concept of God and
Heavenly Elder Brother (Taiping movement)
Heavenly Father (Taiping Heavenly movement)
Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Taiping Tianguo)
Heavenly Way
Heaven’s Imperative (tianming)
Heaven’s Wind (Tian Feng)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Hegemon (ba)
Hell
Hemudu
Henry VII (England)
Henry VIII (England)
Hereditary office: Gu Yanwu on
Heshen
Heterodox teachings
A Higher Kind of Loyalty (Liu Binyan)
Hinduism
Historian: Zhang Xuecheng on virtue and; Zhang Xuecheng on “quality of mind” in; Zhang Xuecheng on three strengths of
A History of Chinese Philosophy (Feng Youlan)
History of the Former Han (Hanshu)
History: Wang Fuzhi on; Wei Yuan on institutional progress and; Mao Zedong’s Stalinist periodization of. See also Historian; History writing
History writing: Evidential Learning and; Zhang Xuecheng and; doubting of antiquity and, in New Culture Movement
Holmes, Oliver Wendell
Hong Kong
Hong Liangji; view of population problem in; critique of local government in; ideas on heterodoxy of. See also Memorial on the War Against Heterodoxy
Hong Mai
Hong merchants (Chinese Merchant Guild)
Hong Ren’gan
Hong Xiuquan; origins of Taiping movement and. See also Taiping Heavenly Kingdom; Taiping Rebellion
Honored King of Broad Compassion (Guangze Zun Wang), cult of
Hou Yi (Archer Yi)
How to Be a Good Communist (Liu Shaoqi); traditional self-cultivation and; ethics and
“How China Can Become Prosperous” (Yan Jiaqi) Give Free Play to People’s Initiative; Use Systems to Limit the Tenure of Leaders; Democracy is an Error-Correcting Mechanism; Change “Personal Rule” to Legal Rule; Use the Market to Regulate the Movement of Resources; Using Law to Promote and Guarantee Reform
“How China Proceeds With the Task of Industrialization” (Ji Yun)
Hu Hanmin: nationalization of land in. See also “The Six Principles of the People’s Report”
Hu Ping. See “On Freedom of Speech”
Hu Shi; critique of political tutelage in; background of; literary revolution and; literary reform in; doubting of antiquity and; pragmatism in; science and philosophy of life in; defense of West in; Sa Mengwu’s view of cultural construction and. See also “Constructive Literary Revolution - A Literature of National Speech”; Criticism of the “Declaration for Cultural Construction on a Chinese Basis”; “National Reconstruction and Absolutism”; “Our Attitude Toward Modern Western Civilization”; “Pragmatism”; “A Preliminary Discussion of Literary Reform”; Science and the Philosophy of Life
Hu Wei
Hu Weiyong
Hu Yuan
Hua Guofeng
Huang Jin
Huang Qiuyun
Huang shu. See The Yellow Book
Huang Zongxi; life and career of; critique of dynastic rule by. See also Waiting for the Dawn
Huang Zunxian
Huangchao jingshi wenbian. See Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings
Huc, Abbe
Hui Neng
Human mind and mind of the Way (renxin, daoxin): Gu Yanwu on
Humaneness (ren); egalitarianism and, in Kang Youwei; Tan Sitong on; Mou Zongsan on; Mou Zongsan on Confucius and; Li Zehou on
Humanism (renben xue): Wang Ruoshui on; Wang Ruoshui on socialism and
“Hunchback Guo Plants a Tree” (Liu Zongyuan)
Hundred Days Reform (1898); Kang Youwei and
Hundred Flowers Campaign. See “Let A Hundred Flowers Bloom”
Hungary “Hypo-colony” (Sun Yat-sen)
I Cannot Do Otherwise (Budeyi) (Yang Guangxian)
Ideology, vernacular
Illiteracy. See also Script reform
Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Countries (Haiguo tuzhi) (Wei Yuan); contents of
Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Countries, preface to (Haiguo tuzhi) (Wei Yuan)
Imperial College
Imperial Documents of the Qing Dynasty (Dong hua lu) (Wang Xianqian)
Imperialism
Inaugural Statement for the Eastern Times (Shibao)
India
Individual; nation and, in Liang Qichao; Liang Shuming on group organization and
Individualism
Indochina
Indonesia
Industrial revolution: Feng Youlan on the medieval, the modern and
Industrialization: socialism and
Innate good knowing (liangzhi)
Inquiry, conscientious: Wei Yuan on
Inquiry Into Goodness (Yuan shan) (Dai Zhen)
Inquisition, Qianlong
Inscriptions, stone
Institute of Marxism-Leninism
Institutions: Kang Youwei on reform and; Chu Chengbo on men’s minds and reform of; Zhu Yixin on principles and
Instruments, Western (qi) (methods); reform and; principles and
Intellectuals; Hundred Flowers campaign and; post-Mao era and; freedom of, in nineteen-eighties; Fang Lizhi on
International Women’s Day
Investigation of things: empirical research and
Investigation of things and extension of knowledge (Gewu zhizhi); Lü Liuliang on; Liu Shaoqi on
“Iron rice bowl,”
Islam
The Israelites
Italy
Jade Emperor
Jainism
James, William; Hu Shi on pragmatism and
Japan; China and, compared; reform and, according to Kang Youwe
Jesuits; Confucian literati and
Jesus; Yang Guangxian’s attack on; Lord-on-High in Six Classics and, according to Matteo Ricci; Taiping theology and
La Jeunesse Nouvelle. See The New Youth
Ji Yun. See “How China Proceeds With
the Task of Industrialization”
Jia Yi
Jiajing emperor
Jiang Fan
Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shek
Jiang Jingguo (Chiang Ching-kuo); democracy on Taiwan in: “Three People’s Principles” in
Jiang Qing
Jiang Tingfu
Jiang Zemin
Jiangxi Soviet
Jiaqing emperor
Jie and Zhou (last rulers of Xia and Shang dynasties)
Jin dynasty (265–419 C.E.)
Jingbao. See Beijing Gazette
Jingshi. See Statecraft
Jingxiong. See Wu, John C.H.
Jinshi degree; adoption of Western technology and
Journalism: Wang Tao and
Journey to the West (Xiyou ji)
Juren degree: adoption of Western technology and
Kana syllabary (Japan); Chinese writing compared to
Kang Nanhai zibian nianpu. See Chronological Autobiography of Kang Youwei
Kang Youwei; background and education of; youthful iconoclasm of; Western Learning and; Hundred Day’s Reform and; constitutionalism of; Hundred Days Reform and; institutional reform and; idea of progress in; communalism and egalitarianism in; Three Ages and; Nine Boundaries in; abolition of family in; bolition of boundaries in; new press and; Zhang Binglin’s critique of. See also Comprehensive Consideration of the Whole Situation; Confucius as a Reformer; “The Destruction of India”; Grand Commonality
Kangxi Dictionary
Kangxi emperor: Zhu Xi orthodoxy and; “Sacred Edict” and
Kant, Immanuel: Mou Zongsan and
Kao xinlu. See Records of Beliefs Investigated
Kaogong [ji] (Zhouli)
Kaoxin lu tiyao. See Essentials of the Records of Beliefs Investigated
Kaozheng. See Han Learning
Karmic retribution
Khubilai
King of Heaven
Kingly way: Wei Yuan on
Knowledge: learning and, in Gu Yanwu
Kokutai no hongi. See Fundamentals of Japan’s National Polity
Kongzi gaige kao. See Confucius as a Reformer
Korea
Korean War
Kropotkin, Peter
Labor service: Wei Yuan on
Lambert, Johann Heinrich
Lancā vatā ra Sū tra
The Land System of the Heavenly Kingdom
(Tianchao tianmu zhidu)
Laozi
Laski, Harold
Latin America
Law: Huang Zongxi on; Huang Zongxi on governance and; Gu Yanwu on ruler’s authority and; Wei Yuan on; reform and; Reform Edict of 1901 on; Liang Qichao and rule of
Leadership: Qing reform and
League of Common Alliance (Revolutionary Alliance) (Tongmeng hui)
“equalization of land rights” and
“Leaning to One Side” (Mao Zedong)
Legalism
Legge, James
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
Leninism
“Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom” (“On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People”); Liu Binyan on; intellectuuals and. See also “On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People”
“Let a Hundred Schools of Thought Contend” (Mao Zedong)
Letter to the English Ruler (Lin Zexu)
“Letter of Opinion” to Mao Zedong on the Great Leap Forward (Peng Dehuai)
Letter Opposing Kang Youwei’s Views on Revolution (Zhang Binglin)
Letter to Prince Cheng Earnestly Discussing the Political Affairs of the Time (Hong Liangji)
Letter in Reply to Advanced Scholar Peng Yunchu (Dai Zhen)
Letter to Shi Zhongming Concerning Scholarship (Dai Zhen)
Letters for Combining the Sounds of Mandarin, preface to (Guanhua hesheng zimu) (Wang Zhao)
Li Bo
Li Daozhao . See also The Victory of Communism
Li Fuqun. See “Report on the First Five-Year Plan for Development of the National Economy of the People’s Republic of China”
Li Gong
Li Guangdi
Li Hongzhang
Li Madou. See Mateo Ricci
Li Shizheng
Li Xiaojiang. See “Awakening of Women’s Consciousness”
Li Xiucheng
“The Li Yi Zhe Poster,” (Wang Xizhe, Li Zhengtian, Chen Yiyang, Guo Hongzhi)
“Li Yun” (Record of Rites)
Li Zecheng
Li Zehou; view of Mao and tradition in. See also “A Reevaluation of Confucianism”; Wang Yangming and Mao
Li Zhengtian
Li Zhizao. See also The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven Preface to
Li Zubo
Liang Qichao; reform and; influence of West on; nationalism and; popular education and; social Darwinism and; republicanism of; people and the nation in; progress in; view of rights in; concept of nation in; new press and; Eastern Times and; decline of West in, See also Renewing the People; “Travel Impressions from Europe”
Liang Shuming; Confucianism and; Westernization and China and Western democracy in; rural reconstruction and community compact in. See also Chinese Civilization Vis-A-Vis Eastern and Western Philosophies; “Reconstruction of the Village Community”
Liangxin. See Conscience
Liangzhi. See Innate good knowing
Libationer
Liberalism; Mao Zedong contra; types of, according to Mao Zedong
Liberty
“Liberty of the nation,”
Licentiate (shengyuan)
Liebknecht, Karl
Life-is-Transient Demon
Likin trade-tax
Lin Biao
Lin Xiling
Lin Zexu; career of; opium trade and. See also “Letter to the English Ruler”
Lineages, local governance and
Linji
Literacy: commoners and; non-elite culture and
Literary reform. See Literary Revolution
Literary renaissance. See Literary Revolution
Literary Revolution; vernacular literature and; Hu Shi’s eight items of; Chen Duxiu on. See also “On Literary Revolution”; “A Preliminary Discussion of Literary Reform”
“On Literary Revolution” (Chen Duxiu)
Literary virtue: Zhang Xuecheng on
Literature, vernacular: literary revolution and
Little Red Book (Mao Zedong)
Liturgy for Issuing the Great Notification
Liu Binyan. See A Higher Kind of Loyalty
Liu Shaoqi; career of; Confucian self-cultivation in; theory and practice in. See also How to Be a Good Communist; On Inner Party Struggle
Liu Shaotang
Liu Shipei
Liu Xiang
Liu Xie
Liu Xin
Liu Yu
Liu Zhiji
Liu Zongyuan
Liu Zongzhou
Local histories
Local officials. See Officials, local
Locke, John
Logicians
London School of Economics
Long March
Lord-of-Heaven
Lord-on-High (Shangdi)
Lord Lao (Laozi deified)
“Lost mind” (Mencius): Lü Liuliang on
The Lotus and the Mud (Wu Jingxiong)
Louis XIV
Loyalism, Ming
Loyalty: Tan Sitong on national, as opposed to familial
Lu
Lu Ji
Lu Longji
Lu Xiangshan
Lu Xun
Lu Zhuangzhang: first romanization system and. See also First Steps in Being Able to Understand at a Glance
Luminous virtue (ming de) (Great Learning). See Manifesting luminous virtue
“Lun Yindu wangguo shu.” See “The Destruction of India”
Luo Longji: critique of political tutelage in. See also What Kind of Political System Do We Want?
Lü Bushu
Lü Liuliang; revival of Zhu Xi school and; life and career of; degradation of; challenge to dynastic rule and; suppression of works of
Ma Duanlin
Ma Jong
Ma Xiangbo; life and career of; definition of religion in; view on religion and the people in. See also Should a Head of State Preside Over Religious Ceremonies?
Macartney, Lord
Macartney mission
Macedonia
Magellan
Magistrates; Hong Liangji on malfeasance of
Mahāyāna Buddhism
Malthus. See Population
Manchus; conquest of China by; Wang Fuzhi and resistance to; Taiping view of
Mandarin Letters (Guanhua zimu)
Manifesting luminous virtue (ming ming de) (Great Learning): Dai Zhen on
Manifesto of the First Nationalist Congress
Manifesto for a Reappraisal of Sinology and the Reconstruction of Chinese Culture (Zhang Junmai, Tang Junyi, Mou Zongsan, Xu Fuguan); The Permanence of China’s History and Culture; Science and the Development of Chinese Culture; Democratic Reconstruction and the Development of Chinese Culture; Our Understanding of China’s Contemporary Political History; What the West Can Learn from Eastern Thought; What We Expect Fron World Thought
Mao Zedong; organization of peasantry and; land redistribution and; revolutionary strategy of; “mass line” in; stages of revolution in; democracy and dictatorship in; educational program of; rectification campaigns and; anti-liberalism in; art and literature and; post-1949 policies of; pro-Soviet stance of; collectivization of agriculture and; “contradictions among the people” and; Cultural Revolution and; era following death of. See also On Art and Literature; The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party; Combat Liberalism; The Dictatorship of the People’s Democracy; “Leaning to One Side”; The Mass Line; “On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People”; On New Democracy; “The Question of Agricultural Cooperation”; The Question of Land Distribution; Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong; Remarks at the Beidaihe Conference; Report on an Investigation of the Hunan Peasant Movement; Report of the Propaganda Bureau of the Central Committee on the Zhengfeng Reform Movement; “Stalin is Our Commander”
Maoism: Li Zehou on tradition and
Marriage: Ding Ling on women revolutionaries and
Martial arts
Martial law: Taiwan and lifting of
Marx, Karl
Marxism; Sun Yat-sen’s repudiation of; anarchist movement and; unity of opposites and; Feng Youlan and
Marxism-Leninism
The Mass Line (Mao Zedong)
Material conditions (trend, condition) (shi)
Material force (psycho-physical force) (qi); Wang Fuzhi’s thought and; Zhang Xuechen on
Materialism
Mathematics, Western; Nicolas Trigault on, and Chinese literati; Feng Guifen on importance of
May Fourth Movement
May Fourth period
Mazzini, Giuseppe
Mean (Zhongyong)
Mean, Commentary on (Zhu Xi)
Mean man (xiaoren): Wang Fuzhi on gentleman and
Medhurst, W.H.
Medicine
Medicine, western: Nicholas Trigault on, and Chinese literati
Mediterranean Sea
Mei Wending
Meiji Japan: China and, compared. See also Japan
A Memorial in Defense of the [Western] Teaching (Xu Guangqi)
A Memorial on Grain Prices, the Grain Trade, and Government Controlled Brokerages (Yang Yingju)
Memorial on the War Against Heterodoxy (Hong Liangji)
Men and women: separation of, in Taiping movement
Mencius; discussion of ranks in
Mencius
Mengzi ziyi shuzheng. See Evidential Study of the Meaning of Terms in the Mencius
Merchants: Wang Fuzhi on; grain trade and; Wei Yuan on. See also Commerce
Metaphysics and science, controversy between (New Culture Movement)
“Metaphysics and Science” (Ding Wen-jiang)
Methods (fa). See Instruments, Western
Military colonies (duntian)
Military government: Sun Yat-sen on
Military History of the Qing Dynasty (Shengwuji xu) (Wei Yuan)
Military History of the Qing Dynasty Preface to (Wei Yuan)
Military: need for Westernization of; weaknesses of, in Qing; Feng Guifen on; Wang Tao on training of
Mill, John Stuart
Minbao. See People’s Report
Mind (tradition of the Mind); Gu Yanwu on human nature and; Dai Zhen on, in Song Learning; Zhang Xuecheng on quality of
Mind-and-heart, (xin); Lü Liuliang on principle and; Lü Liuliang on nature, emotions and; Wei Yuan on
Mines: reform and
Ming. See Moral imperative
Ming dynasty (1368–1644); criticism of, by scholar-officials; Huang Zongxi on abolition of prime ministership and; ruin of, and Wang Yangming school; Gu Yanwu’s view of; thought of, and Qing Neo-Confucian revival; Christianity and
Ming History (Mingshi)
“Ming liang lun.” See “On Enlightened Rulers and Worthy Ministers”
Ming Neo-Confucianism. See Wang Yangming; Wang Yangming school
Ming Taizu. See Gao Huangdi
Mingjiao. See Moral norms
Mingru xuean (Huang Zongxi)
Mingyi daifanglu. See Waiting for the Dawn
Ministers: Huang Zongxi on; Huang Zongxi on “plight of the people” and; father and child relationship and; Huang Zongxi on treatment of; Lü Liuliang on ruler and. See also Ruler and minister
Miracle of Western Letters (Xizi qiji) (Matteo Ricci)
Modernization: intellectuals and, in post-1949 era; post-Mao era and; Deng Xiaoping and; Wei Jingsheng on democracy and; Fang Lizhi on
Mogu. See The Silent Gourd
Mohism
Monarchy
Monarchy, constitutional
Mongolia
Mongols
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de la Bréde et de
Moral imperative (ming): Lü Liuliang on
Moral norms (mingjiao)
Morality books (shanshu)
Morality, public; Liang Qichao on
Morality, traditional: Sun Yat-sen on, Chiang Kai-shek on
Moscow-Berlin Pact
Mou Tsung-san. See Mou Zongsan
Mou Zongsan (Mou Tsung-san); New Confucianism and; philosophy of; view of humaneness in. See also Manifesto for a Reappraisal of Sinology and the Reconstruction of Chinese Culture; The Sensitivity and Steadfastness of Humaneness
Mozi
Mukden Incident
Mulian Rescues His Mother: plot of; performing context of; Buddhism, Confucianism and; ritual, opera and
Music (lost classic)
Muslims: astronomy and; rebellion and
Nanjing
Nanjing, Treaty of
“Narrow precedent” (li)
Nation, Liang Qichao’s view of: people and; concept of; individual and; establishment of; court and; alien peoples and; competition and; Chinese and concept of
National assembly: Sun Yat-sen on
“National polity” (kokutai)
“National reconstruction,”; Hu Shi on absolutism and; Chiang Kaishek’s five-point program for; Sa Mengwu on cultural construction and
“National Reconstruction and Absolutism” (Hu Shi) Is Absolutism a Necessary Stage for National Reconstruction?; Why Did Centuries of Absolute Rule Fail to Create a National State in China?
“National salvation,”
“National speech.” See Literature vernacular
National state: absolutism and, according to Hu Shi
Nationalism; Wang Fuzhi’s concept of; Tan Sitong on anti-Manchuism and; Liang Qichao and; Liang Qichao’s concept of; Zhang Binglin and; the West and. See also The Three People’s Principles
Nationalist Party (Guomindang), League of Common Alliance and; Soviet assistance and; revolution and; Mao Zedong on bourgeois-democratic revolution and; collaboration with Communists and. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Political tutelage
Natural Justice (Tianyi bao)
“Natural Selection” (Origin of Species): Yan Fu on
Navigation Act
Neo-Confucianism. See also Evidential learning; Orthodoxy, Neo-Confucian; Orthodoxy, Qing Neo-Confucian; Song Learning
Nestorian Christians
New Asia College
New Authoritarianism; “Political tutelage” and; human equality and; Rong Jian’s criticism of
New Century (Xin shiji)
“A New Concept of the Universe and Life Based on a New Belief” (Wu Zhihui)
New Confucianism: background of; Xiong Shili and; endurance of Chinese culture in; science and Chinese culture in; democracy and; view of communism in; West and Eastern thought in; Mou Zongsan and. See alsoTiyonglun; Manifesto for a Reappraisal of Sinology and the Reconstruction of Chinese Culture
New Culture Movement; anti-traditionalism of; major phases of; attack on Confucianism and; literary revolution and; doubting of antiquity and; new philosophy of life and; pragmatism and; debate on science and philosophy of life in; controversy over Chinese and Western culture in; Liang Shuming’s reappraisal of Confucianism and; Liang Shuming on rural reconstruction and; Sa Mengwu on synthesis of China and the West in; radical critiques of tradition in; Westernization and; See also Chen Duxiu; Chiang Kai-shek; Hu Shi; Liang Qichao; Literary Revolution; Science, Western; Sun Yat-sen
New Life Movement: Chiang Kai-shek and; Confucianism and. See also Essentials of the New Life Movement
“New Philosophy of Reason or Principle” (xinlixue)
“New Rationalism,”
New Testament
New Text School
New Year’s prints
The New Youth (Xin qingnian; La Jeunesse nouvelle)
Newman, John Henry
Nian Rebellion
Nie Yuanzi
Nietzche, Friedrich
Nirodha
Nixon, Richard
Noah
Nobel Prize
Noble person (junzi)
North Africa
North China Herald
Northwestern Law School
“Notes on the Twenty-Two Histories,”
Nü lunyu. See Women’s Analects
Nü xiaojing. See Women’s Classic of Filial Piety
Oberlin College
October Revolution. See Russian Revolution
Ode to Stalin (Guo Moruo)
Odes. See Classic of Odes
Office of the CCP Dehong Dai Nationality and Qingbao Autonomous Zhou Committee. See “Several Questions in Strengthening and Perfecting the Job Responsibility Systems of Agricultural Production”
Officials, local: Gu Yanwu on; hereditary appointment of, in Gu Yanwu; education and, in Chen Hongmou; Chen Hongmou on conduct of; Chen Hongmou on compilation of casebooks by; local elites and; Hong Liangji on; selection of; Chu Chengbo on venality of; Reform Edict of 1901 on selection of. See also Scholar-officials
Okuma Shigenobu
Old Testament
Old Text School
On Art and Literature (Mao Zedong)
“On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People” (“Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom”) (Mao Zedong)
On the History of the Song Dynasty (Song lun) (Wang Fuzhi)
On Inner Party Struggle (Liu Shaoqi)
On Liberty (John Stuart Mill)
On New Democracy (Mao Zedong); The Chinese Revolution is Part of the World Revolution; New-Democratic Politics; New-Democratic Economy; New-Democratic Culture; Some Errors on the Question of the Nature of Culture; A National, Scientific, and Mass Culture; The Two-fold Task of the Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party On Reading [Sima Guang’s] Comprehensive Mirror (Du Tongjian lun) (Wang Fuzhi)
“On Strength” (Yan Fu)
One Hundred Flowers Campaign
One World [of the future] (Kang Youwei)
“Opera Inspection Teams” (Wenhua ting)
Opera: popular culture and temples and; ritual and; social context of; marking cultural differences and; moralism in; stylization of; communal values and; Mulian Rescues His Mother and; village. See also Guo Ru Buries His Son; Mulian Rescues His Mother; Village opera
Opium trade; Lin Zexu and; Letter to Queen Victoria on
Opium War; causes of. See also Letter to Queen Victoria
Orchid Pavilion Collection preface to (Wang Xizhi)
The Origin of Species (Charles Darwin); Yan Fu on “Competition” and “Natural Selection” in
“Original Sounds for a Flourishing Age” (“Shengshi yuanyin”) (Shen Xue)
“Original substance”: Xiong Shili’s thought and
Orthodoxy, Neo-Confucian: Lü Liuliang and; revival of, in Qing. See also Orthodoxy, Qing Neo-Confucian
Orthodoxy, Qing Neo-Confucian: late Ming thought and; civil service examinations and; official and scholarly; Zhu Xi and; book projects and; Ma Xiangbo on Fang Xiaoru and
Orthodoxy, Zhu Xi. See Orthodoxy, Neo-Confucian
Our Attitude Toward Modern Western Civilization (Hu Shi)
Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy (Zhongguo zhexue shi dagang) (Hu Shi)
Outline of National Reconstruction
“An Outline for Studying the New Authoritarianism” (Wu Jiaxiang)
Ouyang Xiu
Oxford
Panchen Lama
Pantoja, Diego de
Parallel prose
Parliament
Partiality
Particularism (si)
Parties, political: Chen Duxiu on Confucianism and; Chen Duxiu on women and
Past and present: Wang Fuzhi on; Wei Yuan on; Kang Youwei on institutions and; Hu Shi on literary reform and
Patriotic Church
“Peach Blossom Spring” (Tao Qian)
Peasants: anarcho-communism and; capacity for resistance of; Mao Zedong on organization of; Mao Zedong on land redistribution and. See also Agriculture
Peking Gazette. See Beijing Gazette
Peng Dehuai
Peng Shaosheng
People (min): Lü Liuliang on noble man and; Wei Yuan on interests of; Liang Qichao on relation of the nation to
People’s communes
People’s Daily
The People’s Livelihood (minsheng zhuyi); formulation of, by Sun Yat-sen; The Principle of Livelihood Capital and the State Chiang Kai-shek and
People’s Report (Minbao)
People’s Republic of China
Performance, popular culture and. See Performances, solo
Performances, solo: genres of; purposes of; literary forms of; popular deities and; instruction and. See also Song of Guo Mountain; Woman Huang Explicates the Diamond Sūtra
Persia
Persian Gulf
Peter the Great
Philippines
“The Philosophy of Life” (Zhang Junmai)
Platform Sutra [of the Sixth Patriarch]
Plato
Poland
“Political Leaders, Artists” (Wang Shiwei)
Political tutelage (Sun Yat-sen) debate over, Luo Longji’s opposition to, Jiang Tingfu’s support of; Hu Shi’s critique of; Chiang Kai-shek and
Polygamy
Popular culture; ritual and; elements of, as shared culture; performance and; processions and; temple ceremonies and; ritual specialists and; sai ritual and; communal exorcism and; fire ritual and; domestic ritual and; written texts and
Population: Chen Hongmou on natural resources and; traditional view of; Hong Liangji on
Populism, Russian
Portuguese: China’s early contacts with
Positivism
Posters, big character
Practical learning (solid learning, substantial learning) (shixue); Gu Yanwu on; Evidential Inquiry and; influence of Zhu Xi on; Chen Hongmou and
Pragmatism; Hu Shi on
“Pragmatism” (Hu Shi)
The Precious Scroll on the Lord of the Stove
Precious scrolls (baojuan)
Prefects
Prefectural system (prefectures and districts) (junxian). See Commanderies and prefectures
“A Preliminary Discussion of Literary Reform” (Hu Shi)
“Present-Day Religious Thought and Life in China” (Zhao Zichen)
“The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity” (Wu Yaozong)
Press, new: Liang Qichao and; commercial newspapers and; Sino-Japanese War and
Priests (daoshi)
Prime minister; Huang Zongxi on; Huang Zongxi on menial position of; Wang Fuzhi on restoration of
A Primer in Verse (Youxie shi) (Taiping Movement): Praising God; Praising Jesus Christ; Praising Parents; The Imperial Court; The Way of a King; The Way of a Minister; The Way of a Family; Paradise
The Principle of Democracy (Sun Yat-sen): Separation of Sovereignty and Ability; Four Powers of the People; Five Power Constitution
Principle(s) (li); Lü Liuliang on; Wang Fuzhi on; Dai Zhen on
The Principles of the Heavenly Nature (Tianqing Daolishu)
“Private advantage” (si) A Procession on the Birthday of the Sanzong God
Processions, popular culture and
Profit (li); Wei Yuan on governance and
A Program of National Reconstruction Progress, institutional: Wei Yuan on
Progress: Kang Youwei on; Liang Qichao on
Prostitutes: He Zhen on
Protestantism, modern Chinese; state and; Zhao Zichen and; Wu Yaozong and. See also The Christian Manifesto; “The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity”; “The Reformation of Christianity”; We, Because of Faith
Protests from the Study of Jiaobin (Jiaobinlu kangyi) (Feng Guifen)
Psalms
Psycho-physical force. See Material force
Ptolemy
Public discussion
Public opinion
Qi. See Material force; Psycho-physical force
Qian Xuantong
Qianlong emperor
Qin dynasty
Qin Shihuangdi. See First Emperor of Qin
Qing dynasty (1644–1911); Confucianism, Christianity and; Wei Yuan on military system of; defeat of Taipings and; reform and
Qingyi bao. See The China Discussion
Qiu Jun
Qiugulu. See Record of the Search for Antiquities
Qiyuan (Zhuangzi)
Qu Anping
Qu Yuan
Quan Zuwang
Quanxue pian. See Exhortation to Learn “The Question of Agricultural Cooperation” (Mao Zedong)
The Question of Land Redistribution (Mao Zedong)
Quiet-sitting
Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong
Racism, anti-Manchu
Reader’s Digest
Reading (Dushu)
“To Rebel Is Justified” (Mao Zedong)
Rebellion: Hong Liangji on roots of
Reconstruction. See “National Reconstruction”; “Reconstruction of the Village Community”; Rural reconstruction “Reconstruction of the Village Community” (Liang Shuming)
Record of Daily Knowledge (Rizhi lu) (Gu Yanwu)
Record of Inscriptions on Metal and Stone (Zhao Mingchen)
Record of Life
Record of Rites (Liji)
Record of the Search for Antiquities (Qiu-gulu)(Gu Yanwu)
Recorded Conversations [of the Neo-Confucians]
Records of Beliefs Investigated (Kao xinlu) (Cui Shu)
Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) (Sima Qian)
Rectification (zhengfeng) campaigns; Wang Shiwei and
Red Army
Red Emperor
Red Guards
“A Reevaluation of Confucianism” (Li Zehou); Characteristics of Rites; The Structure of Humaneness; Weak and Strong Points of Confucianism
The Refining Fire Ritual of Shenze Village, Zhejiang
“Reform” (bianfa) (Wang Tao)
Reform Edict of January 29, 1901
Reform Edicts of 1895 and 1898
Reform: Gong Zizhen on; late Qing; moral as opposed to technological; Wang Tao on; Hundred Days of; Kang Youwei on institutional change and; Kang Youwei on Grand Commonality and; conservative reactions to, in wake of Sino-Japanese War; selection of officials and; Zhu Yixin’s opposition to; Reform Edict of 1901 and; new press and; Chinese writing system and; Liu Shipei on peasantry and. See also Hundred Days Reform; Literary Revolution; New Culture Movement; Self-strengthening
“Reform and Intellectuals” (Fang Lizhi)
Reform, literary. See Literary Revolution
Reformation, Catholic
“The Reformation of Christianity” (Wu Yaozong)
Reformers, late Qing
“Refutation of Han Yu” (Yan Fu)
Refutation of Lü Liuliang’s Discourses on the Four Books (Bo Lü Liuliang Sishu jiangyi)
Regulated verse
Regulations and rules: Yan Fu on, in the West
“The Relationship Between Politics and Economics” (Yu Qiuli)
Religion: Ma Xiangbo on state and; Ma Xiangbo on culture and
Remarks at the Beidaihe Conference (Mao Zedong)
Remonstrance
Ren xue. See The Study of Humanity
Renaissance (renwen zhuyi)
Renben xue. See Humanism
Renewing the People (Xinmin shuo) (Liang Qichao): origin of title of; The Meaning of Renewing the People; On Public Morality; On Progress; “The Consciousness of Rights,”; The Concept of the Nation
Renewing the People (Xinmin congbao) (journal)
Renwen zhuyi. See Renaissnace
Renzong, emperor
“Report on the First Five-Year Plan for Development of the National Economy of the People’s Republic of China” (Li Fuqun)
Report on an Investigation of the Hunan Peasant Movement (Mao Zedong)
Report of the Propaganda Bureau of the Central Committee on the Zhengfeng Reform Movement (Mao Zedong)
Republic of China
Republicanism; Tan Sitong’s advocacy of
Respect for the Guest (Gong Zichen)
Responsibilities: rights and, according to Liang Qichao
“Responsibility system” (agricultural)
Revival (restoration): late Qing
Revolution of 1911
“Revolution and Absolutism” (Jiang Tingfu
Revolution: Zhang Binglin on; Sun Yat-sen on destruction and reconstruction in; receptivity of Chinese to; Mao Zedong on strategy for; Mao Zedong on stages of; liberalism and; Ding Ling on women and. See also Anarchism; Mao Zedong; New Culture Movement
Ricci, Matteo (Li Madou)
Rightness (yi)
Rights (quanli): Liang Qichao on
Rights, people’s: Zhang Zhidong on; Ye Dehui on
Rites (ritual, ritual decorum) (li); Lü Liuliang on principles, desires and; Lü Liuliang on ruler and; Zhang Xuecheng on women’s writing and; popular culture and; community and household; specialists and, in popular culture; types of, in popular culture; death and; opera and; theater and; Honored King of Broad Compassion and; Ma Xiangbo on religion and; Li Zehou on
Rites (Liji)
Rites Controversy
Rites of Zhou (Institutes of Zhou) (Zhouli, Zhouguan)
Ritual. See Rites
“River Elegy” (Su Xiaokang, Wang Luxiang); main premise of
Rizhi lu. See Record of Daily Knowledge
Roberts, Issachar J.
Roman Empire
Roman Empire, Eastern
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo zhi yanyi)
Romanization of Chinese characters; first system of
Romanovs
Rome (Roman Empire)
Rong Jian. See “Does China Need an Authoritarian Political System in the Course of Modernization?”
Rong Lu
Rousseau, Jean Jacques
Ruan Yuan
Rule, dynastic: Huang Zongxi’s critique of; Huang Zongxi on law and; Huang Zongxi on succession and; Huang Zongxi on “ancestral example” and; Lü Liuliang’s critique of; Wang Fuzhi’s critique of; Gu Yanwu on decentralization of; Gu Yanwu on concentration of authority and; Lu Liuliang’s challenge to; Gong Zizhen on reform and; Kang Youwei’s view of ancestral law and; Tan Sitong on; Liang Qichao on nation and
Ruler and minister: Lu Liuliang on; Wang Fuzhi on; barbarians and; Tan Sitong on
Rulership: Huang Zongxi on; Huang Zongxi on law and; Lü Liuliang on; parent-child relationship and; Wang Fuzhi on; Wei Yuan on power and
Rulin waishi. See Unofficial History of the Scholars
Rural reconstruction: Liang Shuming on
Russell, Bertrand
Russia
Russian Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution, October Revolution)
Russo-Japanese War
Sa Mengwu
“Sacred Edict,”: background of; content of; lectures on; itinerant storytellers and
Sacrifice
Sage: Gu Yanwu on way of; Wei Yuan on moral norms and
Sageliness
Sai ritual
Sakuma Shōzan
Salt monopoly
San min zhu yi. See Three People’s Principles
Sanmin Zhu Yi Youth Corps Sanskrit Sanzong God
Schall, Johann (Johann Adam Schall von Bell); activities of, at Chinese court Scheidemann, Philipp Scholar-officials: schooling and, in Huang Zongxi; Huang Zongxi on selection of; civil service examinations and; opposition to Christianity of; degradation of, according to Gong Zizhen; Wei Yuan on; Wang Tao on recruitment of
Scholars: Gu Yanwu’s view of
Scholarship, classical; Dai Zhen on; Western learning and, according to Nicholas Trigault; self-cultivation and, in Chen Hongmou. See also Evidential Learning
Schools: Huang Zongxi on; Lü Liuliang on well-fields and; Chen Hongmou on; Zhang Zhidong on; Song Shu on illiteracy and
Schopenhauer, Arthur
Science and Democracy (May Fourth Movement)
Science and the Philosophy of Life (Hu Shi)
Science and the philosophy of life, debate on (New Culture Movement). See also “The Philosophy of Life”; “Metaphysics and Science”; “A New Concept of the Universe and Life Based on a New Belief’; Science and the Philosophy of Life
Science, western; literati and, according to Jean-Baptiste Du Halde; Chen Hongmou and; spelling Chinese and; New Culture Movement and; New Confucians on Chinese culture and. See also Science and the Philosophy of Life, debate on
Script reform. See also “Civilizing”; First Steps in Being Able to Understand at a Glance; “Original Sounds for a Flourishing Age"; Letters for Combining the Sounds of Mandarin
Scripts, opera
Selected Philosophical Writings (Feng Youlan)
“Self cultivation for the governance of men” (xiuji zhiren)
Self-cultivation, Neo-Confucian: Liu Shaoqi on Communism and
Self-interest: Huang Zongxi on; the prince and, in Huang Zongxi Selfishness; Liu Shaoqi on sincerity and
Self-respect: Liu Shaoqi on
Self-strengthening; Yan Fu on wealth, power and; spelling of Chinese and
The Sensitivity and Steadfastness of Humaneness (Mou Zongsan)
Sericulture: scholars and
Seton Hall University
“Several Questions in Strengthening and Perfecting the Job Responsibility Systems of Agricultural Production” (Office of the CCP Dehong Dai Nationality and Qingbo Autonomous Zhou Committee)
Sexual revolution
Shame: Gu Yanwu on way of the sage and; Gong Zizhen on scholar-officials and
Shandong Rural Reconstruction Institute
Shang (Yin) dynasty
Shangdi
Shanghai Journal (Shenbao)
Shelley, Percy Bysshe
Shen Baozhen
Shen Buhai
Shen Que
Shen Xue: universal script and. See also “Original Sounds for a Flourishing Age”
Shen Yue
Shenbao. See Shanghai Journal
Shengwu jixu. See Military History of the Qing Dynasty
Shengyuan. See Licientiate
Shennong
Shi. See Material conditions
Shi Jing
Shi Naian
Shibao. See Eastern Times
Shiji. See Records of the Grand Historian
Shimonoseki, Treaty of
Shinto
Shitong. See Understanding History
Shiwu bao (China Progress)
Should a Head of State Preside Over Religious Ceremonies? (Ma Xiangbo)
Shu. See Empathy
Shuihu zhuan. See Water Margin
Shun, emperor
Shunzhi emperor
Shuowen. See Explanation of Writing and Characters
Siku quanshu. See Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
The Silent Gourd (Mogu) (Wei Yuan) On Governance; Pursuit of Profit; Institutional Progress in History; Taxation and Merchants; Reform of the Tribute-Rice Transport System; Reform of the Salt Monopoly
Silk Route
Sima Qian
Sima Xiangru
Sincerity: Liu Shaoqi on
Singapore. See also Four Dragons
Single Whip (tax) reform
Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)
Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
Sinophilia
Sinophobia
Six Arts (liu yi)
Six Classics
“The Six Principles of the People’s Report” (Hu Hanmin): Overthrow of the Present Evil Government; Establishment of a Republic; Land Nationalism Sixteen Maxims
The Sixteen Points: Guidelines for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Sizhou zhi. See Gazetteer of the Four Continents
Smith, Adam
The Social Interpretation of History (Maurice William)
“The Social Responsibility of Today’s Intellectuals” (Fang Lizhi)
Socialism; industrialization and
Socialist spiritual civilization
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits Society to Promote Constitutional Monarchy
Sociology: Yan Fu on Spencer and
Solid Learning. See Practical Learning
Song dynasty (960–1279 C.E.)
Song of Guo Mountain
Song Learning (Song Neo-Confucianism); Dai Zhen’s critique of; Wei Yuan and. See also Evidential Learning
Song lun. See On the History of the Song Dynasty
Song Qingling (Madame Sun Yat-sen)
Song Ruoshen
Song Shu
Songshu
South Korea. See also Four Dragons
Southeast Asia
Soviet Union (USSR); Mao on revolution and
Special Economic Zones
Specialists, ritual
Speech Given at the Chinese Communist National Representative Conference (Chen Yun)
Speech of Response Delivered at the Convocation of September 10, 1982, at Columbia University (Feng Youlan)
Spelling: Chinese writing and
Spencer, Herbert; Yan Fu on
Spengler, Oswald
Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu)
Spirit mediums
“Spiritual awareness,”
“Spiritual pollution,”
Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu)
Spring and Autumn period (722–481 B.C.E.)
“Stalin Is Our Commander” (Mao Zedong)
Stalin, Joseph; Guo Moruo’s ode to
Stalinism
State: Luo Longji on political tutelage and; Hu Shi on absolute government and
Statecraft (jingshi); traditional literary basis of; development of; non-Chinese world and; Chen Hongmou and; Wei Yuan on principles of. See also Anthology of Qing
Statecraft Writings, Preface to; Criteria for Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings
Storytellers, itinerant
Stove god; women and. See also The Precious Scroll on the Lord of the Stove
A Strange Dream (E meng) (Wang Fuzhi)
“The Struggle with the Communists Is a Struggle Over Lifestyle” (Jiang Jing-guo)
Struggle, inner party: Liu Shaoqi on
Students
The Study of Humanity (Ren xue) (Tan Sitong)
A Study of Sociology (Herbert Spencer)
Su Che
Su Xiaokang
Su Xun
Substance (ti)
Substantial learning. See Practical learning
Succession, dynastic: Huang Zongxi on
Suffrage, universal: Mao Zedong on
Suggestions on Foreign Affairs (Chouyang chuyi) (Xue Fucheng)
Sun Ding
Sun Jiagu
Sun Longji. See also The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture
Sun Yat-sen; nationalist revolution and; influence of West on; three stage revolutionary plan of; Three People’s Principle’s and; changing view on nationalism of; concept of “hypo-colony” in; structure of government in; economic ideas of; political tutelage in; constitutionalism in; National Assembly and; nature of revolution in. See also The Principle of Democracy; The Three People’s Principles; The Three Stages of Revolution
Supreme Harmony (Taihe)
Supreme Ultimate (Taiji)
Supreme Void (Taixu)
Suwen (Huangdi neijing suwen)
Suzhou University
Synthesis of Books and Illustrations from Past and Present (Gujin tushu jicheng)
Taihe. See Supreme Harmony
Taiji. See Supreme Ultimate
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (Taiping tianguo): economic program of; organization of society in; land distribution in; community organization and; separation of men and women in
Taiping Rebellion; origins and course of; theology and faith of; peasant uprisings and; military successes of; Western powers and; internal reasons for failure of; final collapse of; Western influence and; Confucianism and; defeat of, and Manchus
Taiwan. See also Four Dragons
Taixu. See Supreme Void
Tan Sitong; life of; idealism of; repudiation of obligatory relationships in. See also The Study of Humanity
Tanaka Kakuei
Tanci (popular performance)
Tang dynasty (618–906 C.E.)
Tang Junyi (T’ang Chün-i). See also Manifesto for a Reappraisal of Sinology and the Reconstruction of Chinese Culture
Tang, King (founder of Shang dynasty)
Tang Zhen
Tao Qian
Taxes: China and the West compared
Tea trade, Opium War and
Temples, popular culture and
Ten Commandments
Thailand
Thaw Society
Theater: ritual and; popular comic dialogues and. See also Attack on Hell
Theory and practice: Liu Shaoqi on separation of
The “Thinking Generation,”
“Thoughts on March 8, 1942” (Ding Ling)
Three Ages: Kang Youwei on
Three Bonds. See Three Mainstays
Three Dynasties; imperial era and, contrasted
Three Kingdoms period (220–280 C.E.)
Three Kings
Three Main Guidelines (Great Learning)
Three Mainstays (San gang) (Three Bonds)
The Three People’s Principles (San Min zhuyi) (Sun Yat-sen); background of; China As a Heap of Loose Sand; China As a “Hypo-colony”; Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism; Nationalism and Traditional Morality; people’s livelihood and; Chiang Kai-shek and; Republic of China and; Jiang Jingguo on; Communism and
Three-Self Movement. See also The Christian Manifesto
Three Sequences
The Three Stages of Revolution (Sun Yat-sen): political tutelage in; The Three Phases of National Reconstruction; The Necessity of Popular Tutelage
Three Treasures
Tian Feng. See Heaven’s Wing
Tiananmen Massacre
Tiananmen Square
Tianchao tianmu zhidu. See The Land System of the Heavenly Kingdom
Tianming. See Heaven’s Imperative
Tianqing Daolishu. See The Principles of the Heavenly Nature
Tiantiao shu. See The Book of Heavenly Commandments
Tianzhujiao mingpian. See Clearly Distinguishing the Lord of Heaven Teaching [from Heterodoxy]
Tibet
Ting, K.H.. See Ding Guangxun
Ting, V.K. See Ding Wenjiang
Tiyonglun (Xiong Shili)
Tongjian jishi benmo. See Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Governance Topically Arranged
Tongmeng hui. See League of Common Alliance
Tongwen College [for Foreign Languages]
Tracts (popular religion). See also Twenty-Four Exemplars of Filial Piety
Trade: Gong Zizhen’s opposition to foreign; Lin Zexu on opium imports and; Liang Qichao on economic competition and
Trade imbalances, Opium War and
Translation bureaus
Translations of Western works
“Travel Impressions from Europe” (Liang Qichao)
Treaty ports
Triangular trade: Opium War and
Tribute rice: Wei Yuan on reforming transport of
“Tributes of Yu” (Yugong) (Classic of Documents)
Trigault, Nicholas
Trotsky, Leon
True King (wang)
The True Meaning of Life (Chen Duxiu)
The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (Matteo Ricci)
The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven Preface to (Li Zhizao)
The True Scripture of the Great Emperor
The True Story of Ah Q (Lu Xun)
Tsiang, T.F. See Jiang Tingfu
Tudors
Turks
Tussaud’s Wax Museum
Twenty-four Exemplars of Filial Piety (Ershi si xiao)
Twice-a-Year Tax, 195
Two Emperors
Two Treatises on Government (John Locke)
The Ugly Chinaman (Bo Yang)
Understanding History (Shitong) (Liu Zhiji)
Unequal treaties; Chiang Kai-shek on. See also China’s Destiny
Union Theological Seminary
Unions, trade
The Uniqueness of Chinese Philosophy (Mou Zongsan)
United Front
United Nations Security Council
United States
“Universal System” (Shen Xue)
Universalism (gong)
Universities
University of Hawaii
Unofficial History of the Scholars (Rulinwaishi)
“Uphold the Four Basic Principles” (Deng Xiaoping)
USSR. See Soviet Union
Utilitarianism
Vanderbilt University
Victoria, Queen. See also Letter to the English Ruler
Victory of Communism (Li Dazhao)
Village Lectures; “Sacred Edict” and
Village opera: themes of; scripts of; yangge and; genres of; “Opera Inspection Teams” and
Vimalikirti Sutra
Virtue (de): Zhang Xuecheng on historian and; Zhang Xuecheng on writer an
Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de
Voluntarism: Li Zehou on Maoism, tradition and
Waiting for the Dawn (Mingyi daifanglu) (Huang Zongxi) On the Prince; On Ministership; On Law; Establishing a Prime Minister; Schools; Selection of Scholar-Officials
Wang Anshi
Wang Anyi
Wang Can
Wang Fuzhi life and career of; Zhang Zai’s thought and; problems of Ming China and; cosmology of; “revision” of orthodox Neo-Confucianism in; concept of material force in; understanding of history in; distinctions between gentleman and mean man, Chinese and barbarians in
Wang Gen
Wang Luxiang
Wang Mang
Wang Mingdao; background of; Three-Self Movement and. See also We, Because of Faith
Wang Shiwei. See “Political Leaders, Artists”; “Wild Lily”
Wang Sitong
Wang Tao; journalism and. See also “Reform”
Wang Xianqian
Wang Xizhe
Wang Xizhi
Wang Yangming; Li Zehou on Mao and
Wang Yangming and Mao (Li Zehou)
Wang Yangming school
Wang Zhao
Wang Zhen
Wanli emperor
Warlords
Warring States period (479–221 B.C.E.)
Wars of the Roses
Waseda University
Water Margin (Shuihu zhuan) (Shi Naian)
The Way; Wang Fuzhi on; Gong Zizhen on “guests” and; instruments and; Western institutions and, according to Kang Youwei
“The Way of Confucius and Modern Life” (Chen Duxiu)
Way of Governance
Way of the Grand Commonality of Complete Peace and Equality. See Grand Commonality
Way of the Sages: Kang Youwei on change
Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith)
Wealth and power [for the state] (fuqiang): Wei Yuan on
Wei Jingsheng. See also Democracy or New Dictatorship; The Fifth Modernization
Wei Shou
Wei Yuan; role of scholar-official in; ideas on governance of; governance and profit in; institutional progress in; tribute rice transport and salt monopoly in; statecraft publications of. See also Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings; Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings, preface to; Criteria for Anthology of Qing Statecraft Writings; Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Countries; Military History of the Qing Dynasty, preface to; The Silent Gourd
Wei Zhongxian
Weishu
Well-field system
Wen, King (Zhou dynasty)
Wendi (Emperor Wen) (Han dynasty)
Wenshi tongyi (Zhang Xuecheng)
The West: Gong Zizhen on resistance to; tributary relations and; earliest Chinese publications on; Wei Yuan on policy toward; Taiping movement and; China’s inadequacies and; Xue Fucheng on Chinese imitation of; Yan Fu on; Yan Fu on rules, regulations and; China’s superiority to; New Culture Movement and; controversy over Chinese culture and, in New Culture Movement; Liang Shuming on Chinese culture and; Hu Shi in defense of; New Confucian critique of; New Confucians on Eastern thought and. See also The New Culture Movement
Western barbarians: Wei Yuan on
Western Jin dynasty (265–316 C.E.)
Western learning; Han learning and; Nicholas Trigault on Chinese literati and; divisions of, according to Feng Guifen; Feng Guifen on Chinese ethics, Confucian teachings and; sending Chinese abroad and; “Chinese learning for substance, Western learning for function,”; Yan Fu’s view of; Kang Youwei’s pursuit of; Reform Edict of 1901 on; Eastern Times and. See also New Culture Movement; Reform; Science, Western
Westernization; Lin Zexu on warfare and; Hu Shi and; Chiang Kai-shek and; Fang Lizhi on
Whampoa Military Academy
What Have Song Shuo, Lu Ping, and Peng Peiyun Done in the Cultural Revolution? What Kind of Political System Do We
Want? (Luo Longji)
What Women Should Know About Communism (He Zhen)
White Lotus sectarianism
“Why China Has No Science” (Feng Youlan)
Widow chastity: Chen Duxiu on
“Wild Lily” (Wang Shiwei)
Will of Dr. Sun Yat-sen
William, Maurice
Wilson, Woodrow
Wisconsin, University of
Wolf (Wolff), Christian von
Woman Huang Explicates the Diamond Sutra
Women: Taiping movement and; Chen Duxiu on Confucianism and; He Zhen’s radical critique of tradition and; He Zhen on marriage and; polygamy and; rights and; Ding Ling on revolution and; marriage and divorce and, in Chinese Communist Party; post-Mao era and gains of. See also “Women’s Learning”
Women’s Analects (Nu lunyu)
Women’s Classic of Filial Piety (Nu xiaojing)
“Women’s Learning” (Zhang Xuecheng)
Women’s liberation; He Zhen on
Women’s Revenge, (He Zhen)
Woren
World Council of Churches
World War I; Yan Fu and
Writing, Chinese: Dai Zhen on. See also Script reform
Wu Dao
Wu, Emperor (Han)
Wu Han. See Hai Rui Dismissed from Office; “Hai Rui Scolds the Emperor”
Wu Jianren
Wu Jiaxiang. See “An Outline for Studying the New Authoritarianism”
Wu Jingxiong: background of. See also Beyond East and West; The Lotus and the Mud
Wu, John C.H. (Jingxiong)
Wu, King (Zhou dynasty)
Wu Peifu
Wu Sangui
Wu Yaozong (Y.T. Wu); Three-Self Movement and; background of. See also The Christian Manifesto; “The Present-Day Tragedy of Christianity”; “The Reformation of Christianity”
Wu Zhihui. See also “A New Concept of the Universe and Life Based on a New Belief”
Xia dynasty
Xian. See District
Xiangsheng (popular comic dialogues)
Xie Gaoyu
Xin. See Mind-and-heart
Xin Jiashun
Xin qingnian. See The New Youth
Xinmin congbao. See Renewing the People
Xinmin shuo. See Renewing the People
Xiong Shili; philosophy of; philosophy of “original substance” in; “cosmos of life” in. See Tiyonglun
Xiru ermu zi. See Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati
Xiyou ji. See Journey to the West
Xizi qiji. See Miracle of Western Letters Xu Fuguan. See also Manifesto for a Reappraisal of Sinology and the Reconstruction of Chinese Culture
Xu Guangqi. See also A Memorial in Defense of the [Western] Teaching
Xu Jie
Xu Zhongyu
Xue Fucheng
Xue Fucheng: reformism of; commerce and reform in; Chinese imitation of West in
Xunhuan ribao:
Xunzi
Xunzi
Yama (King of Hell)
Yamen clerks
Yan Fu; translations by; career of; political views of; Darwin, Spencer and; Western evaluation of other races in; view of nomads and agrarian peoples in; nature of Western peoples in
Yan Gao
Yan Jiaqi. See “How China Can Become Prosperous”
Yan Roju
Yan Yuan
Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art
Yang Changji
Yang Guangxian; critique of Christianity in. See also I Cannot Do Otherwise
Yang Tingyun
Yang Xiuqing
Yang Yingju
Yang Zhu
Yangge (popular opera)
Yangzi
Yanjing University
Yao, emperor
Ye Dehui
The Yellow Book (Huang shu) (Wang Fuzhi)
Yellow Emperor
Yellow River; flooding of
Yellow River Delta: “River Elegy” on
Yi Yin
Yijing. See Classic of Changes
Yili. See [Classic of] Etiquette and Ceremonies
Yimu liaoran chujie. See First Steps in Being Able to Understand at a Glance
Yin dynasty. See Shang dynasty
Yin Jishan
Yin and yang
Yingchao tongchou quanjuzhe. See Comprehensive Consideration of the Whole Situation
Yongle emperor
Yongzheng emperor
Youth Corps. See Sanmin Zhu Yi Youth Corps
Yu, King (founder of Xia dynasty)
Yu Qiuli
Yu Yue
Yuan dynasty (1279–1368)
Yuan Mei
Yuan shan. See Inquiry Into Goodness
Yuan Shikai
Zaitian. See Guangxu Emperor
Zeng Guofan
Zeng Jing, rebellion of
Zeng Lian
Zengzi Zhan Ruoshui
Zhang Binglin; revolutionary nationalism of. See also Letter Opposing Kang Youwei’s Views on Revolution
Zhang Boxing
Zhang Dongsun
Zhang Fei
Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang). See also Manifesto for a Reappraisal of Sinology and the Reconstruction of Chinese Culture; “The Philosophy of Life”
Zhang Juzheng
Zhang Taiyan (Zhang Binglin)
Zhang Xianzhong
Zhang Xingyao: reconciliation of Confucianism and Christianity in
See also An Examination of the Similarities and Differences Between the Lord of Heaven Teaching [Christianity] and the Teaching of the Confucian Scholars
Zhang Xuecheng; study of history and; Song Learning and; women’s learning and; virtue and the historian in; virtue and the writer in
Zhang You
Zhang Zai
Zhang Zhidong; reform and; state, doctrine, and race in. See also Exhortation to Learn Zhang Zuolin
Zhao Zichen (T.C. Zhao); life and career of. See also “Present-Day Religious Thought and Life in China”
Zhen. See Equilibrium
Zheng Kangcheng. See Zheng Xuan
Zheng Qiao
Zheng Xuan (Zheng Kangcheng)
Zhengfeng. See Rectification campaigns
Zhengmeng. See Discipline for Beginners
Zhibao
Zhigang
Zhou, Duke of (Zhou Gong)
Zhou Dunyi
Zhou dynasty (B.C.E.)
Zhou dynasty, Western (B.C.E.)
Zhou Enlai
Zhou, King (last ruler of the Shang dynasty)
Zhou Wenjun
Zhoubi [suanjing]
Zhu Xi; tablet of, established in Confucian temple; East Asian school curriculum and; Village Lectures and; statecraft and
Zhu Yixin
Zhu Yuanzhang (Gao Huangdi, Ming Taizu). See also Gao Huangdi
Zhuang Chang
Zhuangzi
Zixia
Zongli Yamen
Zuo Qiuming
Zuo Zongtang
Zuozhuan (Zuo Commentary [to the Spring and Autumn Annals])