Book One: The Land before Time
1 National Geographic Atlas of the World, 7th ed. (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1999). The seventeen countries larger than Alaska are: Iran (636,296 square miles), Libya, Indonesia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Algeria, Sudan, Kazakhstan, Argentina, India, Australia, Brazil, China, the United States, Canada, and Russia (6,592,692 square miles). If one counts Greenland, it would fall between Saudi Arabia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
2 Charles Sheldon, The Wilderness of Denali (1930; reprint, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960), p. 8.
3 Donald H. Richter, Danny S. Rosenkrans, and Margaret J. Steigerwald, “Guide to the Volcanoes of the Western Wrangell Mountains, Alaska—Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve,” U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2072 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995).
4 Israel Russell, “Mount St. Elias Revisited,” Century, June 1892, p. 200.
5 Marilyn George and Linda Slaght, “The Stikine Icefields: Frozen Rivers Shaping The Land,” USDA Forest Service publication, n.d.
6 Robert Service, “The Spell of the Yukon,” in Collected Poems of Robert Service. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1940), p. 4.
7 Inga Sjolseth Kolloen, “Crossing the Chilkoot Pass,” entry for May 27, 1898, unpublished diary in the Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park archives, Skagway, Alaska.
8 Jan Halliday, Native Peoples of Alaska, a Traveler’s Guide to Land, Art, and Culture (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1998), pp. x–xi.
9 Steve J. Langdon, The Native People of Alaska, 3rd ed. (Anchorage: Greatland Graphics, 1993). pp. 14–24.
10 Marilyn Knapp, Carved History: The Totem Poles and House Posts of Sitka National Historical Park (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association, 1992); Halliday, Native Peoples of Alaska; Langdon, The Native People of Alaska; and Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska, a History of the Forty-ninth State, 2nd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987).
Book Two: Lifting the Veil
1 Raymond H. Fisher, Bering’s Voyages: Whither and Why (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977), pp. 22–23.
2 Georg Wilhelm Steller, Journal of a Voyage with Bering (1743; reprint, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1993), p. 78.
3 Quoted in Glacier Bay, Official National Park Handbook (Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Park Service, 1983), p. 13.
4 Steller, Journal of a Voyage with Bering; Corey Ford, Where the Sea Breaks Its Back: The Epic Story of Early Naturalist Georg Steller and the Russian Exploration of Alaska (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966; reprint, Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1992).
5 John Dunmore, Who’s Who in Pacific Navigation (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991), pp. 31, 175, 192; David Lavender, Land of Giants: The Drive to the Pacific Northwest, 1750–1950 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,1956), pp. 4, 14–15, 31–39; Donald J. Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, Geological Survey Professional Paper, 567 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 32–33.
6 Thomas Vaughan et al. Voyages of Enlightenment: Malaspina on the Northwest Coast, 1791/1792 (Portland, Oreg.: Oregon Historical Society, 1977), p. 3.
7 Ibid., p.11.
8 John Kendrick, Alejandro Malaspina: Portrait of a Visionary (Quebec: McGill Queens University Press, 1999).
9 From Vancouver’s log, quoted in Dave Bohn, Glacier Bay: The Land and the Silence (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1967), p. 40.
10 Dunmore, Who’s Who in Pacific Navigation, pp. 64–67, 80, 177, 196–197, 254–256; Lavender, Land of Giants, p. 20; Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names.
11 John Dunmore, Pacific Explorer: The Life of Jean-François de la Pérouse, 1741–1788. (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1985), p. 221.
12 Ibid., p. 228.
13 Ibid., p. 229.
14 Ibid.
15 From La Pérouse’s log, quoted in Bohn, Glacier Bay, p. 28.
16 Dunmore, Pacific Explorer, p. 232.
17 Steve J. Langdon, The Native People of Alaska, 3rd ed. (Anchorage: Greatland Graphics, 1993), p. 24.
18 Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, p. 14.
19 Dunmore, Who’s Who in Pacific Navigation, pp. 145–46; Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, p. 16.
20 Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska, a History of the Forty-ninth State, 2nd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), pp. 30–32; David J. Nordlander, For God and Tsar, a Brief History of Russian America, 1741–1867 (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association, 1994), pp. 7–9.
21 Hector Chevigny, Lord of Alaska: Baranov and the Russian Adventure (New York: Viking Press, 1944), p. 235.
22 Dunmore, Who’s Who in Pacific Navigation, pp. 145–46; Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, p. 16.
23 Richard A. Pierce, “Georg Anton Schaffer,” in Alaska and Its History, ed. Morgan B. Sherwood (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967), pp. 71–81.
24 Hector Chevigny, Russian America: The Great Alaskan Venture, 1741–1867 (Portland, Oreg.: Binford and Mort Publishing, 1979), p. 208–9.
25 Dexter Perkins, A History of the Monroe Doctrine (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), p. 29.
26 General Mariano G. Vallejo to Governor Juan B. Alvarado, July 2, 1841, quoted in the Fort Ross Visitor Center exhibits, Fort Ross, Calif.
27 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, pp. 47–50.
28 Dunmore, Who’s Who in Pacific Navigation, pp. 205–8; Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, p. 25.
29 Pierre Berton, The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the Northwest Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909 (New York: Viking Penguin, 1988), pp. 91–95, 151, 221–23.
Book Three: Seward’s Folly
1 Murray Morgan, Confederate Raider in the North Pacific: The Saga of the C.S.S. Shenandoah, 1864–65 (Pullman, Wash.: Washington State University Press,1995), p. 212–13.
2 Ibid., p. 253 (quoting from Cornelius Hunt’s account).
3 Morgan B. Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, 1865–1900 (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1992), p. 16.
4 Ibid., p. 21.
5 Ibid., p. 15.
6 William H. Dall, Alaska and Its Resources (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1870), p. 122.
7 Ibid., p. 100.
8 Ibid., p. 293.
9 U.S. House Executive Document 177, 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 1867, pp. 138–39.
10 Julius Pratt, A History of United States Foreign Policy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1955), p. 327.
11 Alfred Hulse Brooks, Blazing Alaska’s Trails (1953; reprint, Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press), pp. 257–58.
12 Richard E. Welch, Jr., "American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian
13 America," in American Slavic and East European Review (1958): 481–94.
14 Jan Halliday, Native Peoples of Alaska, a Traveler’s Guide to Land, Art, and Culture (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1998), p. 134.
15 Steven. T. Zimmerman, "Northern Fur Seal," Wildlife Notebook Series, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1994.
16 15 Karl Schneider, "Sea Otter," Wildlife Notebook Series, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1994.
17 Robert G. Athearn, "An Army Officer’s Trip to Alaska in 1869," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 40, no. 1 (January 1949): 57.
18 William R. Hunt, Alaska: A Bicentennial History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), p. 52.
19 Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, p. 44.
20 Hunt, Alaska, p. 56.
21 Pratt, A History of United States Foreign Policy, p. 358, quoting from J. B. Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to Which the United States Has Been a Party (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909).
22 Corey Ford, Where the Sea Breaks Its Back: The Epic Story of Early Naturalist Georg Steller and the Russian Exploration of Alaska (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966; reprint, Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1992), pp. 197–99.
23 C.E.S. Wood, "Among the Thlinkets in Alaska," Century, July 1882, p. 332.
24 John Muir, Travels in Alaska (1915; reprint, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988), p. 95.
25 Ibid., p. 120
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., p. 154.
28 Samuel Hall Young, Alaska Days with John Muir (1915; reprint, Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1990), p. 121.
29 Ibid., p. 147.
30 Ibid., p. 157.
31 J. Arthur Lazell, Alaskan Apostle: The Life Story of Sheldon Jackson (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1960), p. 65.
32 William Dall, "Late News from Alaska," Science, July 31, 1885), p. 96.
33 Ted C. Hinckley, "Sheldon Jackson and Benjamin Harrison," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 54 (April 1963): 66–74.
34 Melody Webb, Yukon: The Last Frontier (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 178. (From Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1887 [Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1887], p. xix.)
35 Ibid. (From "Report of the Commissioner of Education," in Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1885, vol. 4 [Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1886], p. lxii.)
36 Hinckley, "Sheldon Jackson and Benjamin Harrison," pp. 66–74.
37 John G. Brady letter to W. B. Morris, May 6, 1878, quoted in Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska: A Definitive History of America’s Northernmost Frontier (New York: Random House, 1954), p. 502.
38 Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, pp. 98–99.
39 Ibid., p. 77.
40 Ibid., p. 99.
41 Frederick Schwatka, A Summer in Alaska in the 1880s (1885; reprint, Secaucus, N.J.: Castle, 1988), p. 11.
42 David Neufeld and Frank Norris, Chilkoot Trail: Heritage Route to the Klondike (Whitehorse, Yukon Territory: Lost Moose, 1996), p. 21.
43 Schwatka, A Summer in Alaska in the 1880s, p. 136.
44 Neufeld and Norris, Chilkoot Trail, p. 47.
45 Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, p. 104.
46 Ibid., p. 105 (Quoted from Allen’s diary, 1883–84, Allen Papers, Library of Congress.)
47 Heath Twichell, Jr., Allen: The Biography of an Army Officer, 1859–1930 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1974); Allen to Dora Johnston, January 10, 1883, Allen Papers, quoted in Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, p. 108.
48 Henry T. Allen, "An Expedition to the Copper, Tanana and Koyukuk Rivers in 1885," reprinted by the Alaska North Publishing Company as v. 15, no. 2 of The Alaska Journal, 1985, p. 44.
49 Ibid., p. 45.
50 F. S. Pettyjohn, "Publisher’s Comments," Alaskana 5, no. 1 (December 1977): p. 2.
51 Robert Dunn "Finding a Volcano and Wiping a 16,000 Feet [sic] Mountain from the Map of Alaska," Outing, December 1902, pp. 321–32.
52 Alfred Hulse Brooks, "A Reconnaissance in the White and Tanana River Basins, Alaska, in 1898," in Twentieth Annual Report of the USGS (Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1898–99), part 7, p. 297.
53 Robert N. De Armond, The Founding of Juneau (Juneau: Gastineau Channel Centennial Association, 1967), p. 69.
54 Ibid., p. 83.
55 Robert N. De Armond, Some Names around Juneau (Sitka, Alaska: Sitka Printing, 1957), p. 36.
56 De Armond, The Founding of Juneau, pp. 112–17. (The production figures for the Treadwell complex are in David B. Wharton, The Alaska Gold Rush [Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1972], p. 95.)
57 Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, p. 81.
58 William Williams, "Climbing Mount St. Elias," Scribner’s Magazine, April 1889, p. 387.
59 Frederick Schwatka, "Two Expeditions to Mount St. Elias." Century, April 1891, pp. 871–72.
60 Williams, "Climbing Mount St. Elias," pp. 387–403.
61 Israel Russell, "An Expedition to Mount St. Elias, Alaska," National Geographic Magazine, May 29, 1891, p. 152.
62 Jonathan Waterman, A Most Hostile Mountain: Re-creating the Duke of Abruzzi’s Historic Expedition on Alaska’s Mount St. Elias (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), pp. 49–50.
63 Mirella Tenderini and Michael Shandrick, The Duke of the Abruzzi: An Explorer’s Life (Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1997), p. 35.
64 Ibid., p. 37.
65 Chris Jones, Climbing in North America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), p. 54.
Book Four: Go North
1 Melody Webb, Yukon: The Last Frontier (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), pp. 59–60.
2 Ibid., pp. 61–62.
3 Ibid., p. 68.
4 Alfred Hulse Brooks, Blazing Alaska’s Trails (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1973), p. 328.
5 Pierre Berton, Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896–1899 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972), p. 15.
6 Webb, Yukon, pp. 86–87.
7 Ibid., p. 88.
8 Brooks, Blazing Alaska’s Trails, p. 334.
9 Ibid., p. 335.
10 Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 17, 1897.
11 Diary of William Erwin Craig, March 23, 1898—North of Canyon City on the Chilkoot Trail, in archives of Klondike Gold Rush Historical Park, Skagway, Alaska.
12 Diary of Inga Sjolseth Kolloen, March 29, 1898, in archives of Klondike Gold Rush Historical Park, Skagway, Alaska.
13 Jack London, “Which Make Men Remember,” in The God of His Fathers: Tales of the Klondike and the Yukon (1902; reprint, London: Everett, no date), p. 68.
14 Diary of Stewart L. Campbell, February 21, 1898, in archives of Klondike Gold
15 Rush Historical Park, Skagway, Alaska.
16 Ibid., March 8 and 9, 1898.
17 Ibid., March 22 to June 3, 1898.
18 Ibid., August 5, 1899.
19 Berton, Klondike, p. 194.
20 Ibid., p. 200.
21 William R. Abercrombie, “Copper River Exploring Expedition, 1899,” 56th Cong., 1st sess., Senate document 306, p. 15.
22 Arthur Arnold Dietz, Mad Rush for Gold in Frozen North (Los Angeles: Times-Mirror Printing and Binding House, 1914).
23 Berton, Klondike, p. 211.
24 Ibid., p. 212.
25 Diary of E. B. Wishaar, January 3, 1898, in archives of Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, Skagway, Alaska.
26 Stan Cohen, Gold Rush Gateway: Skagway and Dyea, Alaska (Missoula, Mont.: Pictorial Histories Publishing, 1986), p. 87.
27 David Neufeld and Frank Norris, Chilkoot Trail: Heritage Route to the Klondike, (Whitehorse, Yukon Territory: Lost Moose, 1996), p. 55.
28 Diary of William Erwin Crain, March 12–13, 1898, in archives of Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, Skagway, Alaska.
29 Neufeld and Norris, Chilkoot Trail, pp. 57, 62.
30 Dyea Trail, January 12, 1898.
31 Roy Minter, The White Pass: Gateway to the Klondike (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1987), pp. 160–63.
32 Cohen, Gold Rush Gateway, p. 64.
33 Neufeld and Norris, Chilkoot Trail, p. 92.
34 Diary of Harley Tuck, May 30, 1898, in ibid., p. 89.
35 William H. Goetzmann and Kay Sloan, Looking Far North: The Harriman Expedition to Alaska, 1899 (New York: Viking Press, 1892), p. 85.
36 Ibid., p. 152.
37 Henry Gannett, “General Geography,” Alaska Harriman Series, vol. I (New York: Doubleday, 1901).
38 L. H. Carlson, “The Discovery of Gold at Nome, Alaska,” Pacific Historical Review 15 (September 1946): 259–78.
39 David B. Wharton, The Alaska Gold Rush (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1972), p. 187.
40 Carlson, “The Discovery of Gold at Nome, Alaska,” pp. 259–78.
41 George Edward Adams, “Cape Nome’s Wonderful Placer Mines,” Harper’s Weekly, June 9, 1900, p. 529.
42 Ibid., p. 531.
43 Ibid., p. 530.
44 Eleanor B. Caldwell, “A Woman’s Experience at Cape Nome,” Cosmopolitan, November 1900, p. 81.
45 Ibid., p. 83.
46 Alfred H. Dunham, “The Development of Nome,” Cosmopolitan, February 1905, p. 469.
47 Ibid., p. 468.
48 Wharton, The Alaska Gold Rush, pp. 206–7.
49 Terrence Cole, Crooked Past: The History of a Frontier Mining Camp: Fairbanks, Alaska (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1991), p. 75.
50 Falcon Joslin, “Railroad Building in Alaska,” Alaska-Yukon Magazine, January 1909, p. 247; Duane Koenig, “Ghost Railway in Alaska: The Story of the Tanana Valley Railroad,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 45 (January 1954): 8–12.
51 Koenig, “Ghost Railway in Alaska,” pp. 8–12.
52 Terris Moore, Mount McKinley: The Pioneer Climbs (College, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 1967), p. 9. (Originally published in New York Sun, January 24,1897.)
53 Ibid., p. 14–15.
54 Ibid., p. 26.
55 Bradford Washburn and David Roberts, Mount McKinley: The Conquest of Denali (New York: Harry H. Abrams, 1991), p. 25.
56 Ibid., p. 26–27.
57 Ibid., p. 45.
58 Belmore Browne, The Conquest of Mount McKinley (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), p. 71.
59 Moore, Mount McKinley, p. 75.
60 Browne, The Conquest of Mount McKinley, pp. 342, 344.
61 Ibid., p. 359.
62 The Alaskan (Cordova, Alaska), June 16, 1906.
63 Lone E. Janson, The Copper Spike (Anchorage: HaHa, 1993), pp. 98–99. (Originally published in 1975 by Alaska Northwest Publishing.)
64 William R. Hunt, Mountain Wilderness: Historic Resource Study for Wrangell–St.Elias National Park and Preserve (Anchorage: National Park Service, 1991), p. 146.
65 Melody Webb Grauman, “Kennecott: Alaskan Origins of a Copper Empire,” Western Historical Quarterly 2 (April 1978): 207.
66 M. J. Kirchhoff, Historic McCarthy: The Town That Copper Built (Juneau: Alaska Cedar Press, 1993), p. 47. (Originally in McCarthy Weekly News, August 10, 1918.)
67 Ibid., p. 82.
68 Ibid., p. 88.
69 H. W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), pp. 623–25.
70 Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska: A Definitive History of America’s Northernmost Frontier (New York: Random House, 1954), p. 130.
71 Ibid., p. 132
72 Ibid., p. 135.
73 Ibid.
74 George E. Baldwin, “Conservative Faddists Arrest Progress and Seek to Supplant Self-Government with Bureaucracy,” Alaska-Yukon Magazine, February 1912, p. 45.
75 Charles Sheldon, The Wilderness of Denali (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960), pp. 24–25.
76 Ibid., p. 103.
77 William E. Brown, Denali: Symbol of the Alaskan Wild (Virginia Beach, Va.: Donning, 1993), pp. 79, 90–91.
78 Reports of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918, vol. I (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919), p. 126.
79 Brown, Denali, p. 129. (Mather letter to Sheldon of January 27, 1921, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Archives, Sheldon Collection, Box 2.)
80 Kim Heacox, The Denali Road Guide: A Roadside Natural History of Denali National Park (Denali Park: Alaska Natural History Association, 1990), p. 31.
81 J. E. Spurr, “A Reconnaissance in Southwestern Alaska in 1898,” in Twentieth Annual Report of the USGS (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900), part 7, pp. 59, 91–92.
82 Jean Bodeau, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association and Greatland Graphics, 1992), p. 83.
83 Robert F. Griggs, “The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: National Geographic Society Explorations in the Katmai District of Alaska,” National Geographic Magazine, January 1917, p. 33.
84 Ibid, pp. 64–65.
Book Five: Interlude
1 William H. Wilson, Railroad in the Clouds: The Alaska Railroad in the Age of Steam, 1914–1945 (Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing, 1977), p. 7.
2 Duane Koenig, “Ghost Railway in Alaska: The Story of the Tanana Valley Railroad,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 45 (January 1954): 11.
3 Wilson, Railroad in the Clouds, p. 18.
4 Congressional Record, 63rd Cong., 2d sess., 1913, vol. 51, part 1:76; Wilson, Railroad in the Clouds, p. 25.
5 “Alaska’s New Railway,” National Geographic Magazine, December 1915, p. 567.
6 Stephen R. Capps, “A Game Country without Rival in America,” National Geographic Magazine, January 1917, pp. 73, 83.
7 William E. Brown, Denali: Symbol of the Alaskan Wild (Virginia Beach, Va.: Donning, 1993), pp. 135–36.
8 “Report of the Governor of Alaska,” Reports of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918, vol. II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919), p. 563.
9 William M. Bueler, Roof of the Rockies: A History of Colorado Mountaineering (Evergreen, Colo.: Cordillera Press, 1986), pp. 209–10.
10 Dave Bohn, Glacier Bay: The Land and the Silence (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1967).
11 Juneau Daily Empire, April 28, 1924.
12 Bohn, Glacier Bay, p. 96.
13 Ibid., p. 97.
14 Ibid., p. 89.
15 Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska: A Definitive History of America’s Northernmost Frontier (New York: Random House, 1954), p. 245.
16 Ibid., p. 74.
17 “Report on the Salmon and Salmon Rivers of Alaska, with Notes on the Conditions, Methods, and Needs of the Salmon Fisheries,” in Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1889, quoted in Richard A. Cooley, Politics and Conservation: The Decline of the Alaska Salmon (New York: Harper and Row,1963), p. 72.
18 Cooley, Politics and Conservation, p. 73.
19 Ibid., pp. 75–82.
20 Ibid., p. 93.
21 Ibid., pp. 104–13.
22 Ibid., pp. 121–24.
23 Jean Potter, The Flying North (New York: Macmillan, 1947), pp. 144–45.
24 Steven C. Levi, Cowboys of the Sky: The Story of Alaska’s Bush Pilots (New York: Walker and Company, 1996), p. 9.
25 Ibid.
26 St. Clair Streett, “The First Alaskan Air Expedition,” National Geographic Magazine, May 1922, p. 552.
27 Potter, The Flying North, pp. 29–30.
28 Melody Webb, Yukon: The Last Frontier (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 262.
29 Levi, Cowboys of the Sky, p. 35.
30 Webb, Yukon, pp. 234–35.
31 Potter, The Flying North, p. vii.
32 Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska, a History of the Forty-ninth State, 2nd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), pp. 107–8.
33 Gruening, The State of Alaska, p. 432.
34 Bryan B. Sterling and Frances N. Sterling, Will Rogers and Wiley Post: Death at Barrow (New York: M. Evans, 1993), p. 133.
35 John M. Kauffmann, Alaska’s Brooks Range: The Ultimate Mountains (Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1992), p. 49.
36 Ibid., p. 55.
37 Robert Marshall, Alaska Wilderness: Exploring the Central Brooks Range, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), p. xxiii.
38 Ibid., p. 7.
39 Ibid., p. 12.
40 Ibid., p. xxviii.
41 Ibid., pp. 114–15.
42 Robert Marshall, “The Problem of the Wilderness,” Scientific Monthly, February 1930, pp. 141–48.
43 Ernest Gruening, Many Battles: The Autobiography of Ernest Gruening (New York: Liveright, 1973), p. 181.
44 Time Magazine, May 6, 1935, p. 17.
45 Clarence C. Hulley, “Historical Survey of the Matanuska Valley Settlement in Alaska,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 40 (October 1949): 327–40; and Orlando W. Miller, The Frontier in Alaska and the Matanuska Colony (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975).
46 Allen Carpé, “The Ascent of Mount Bona, Alaska,” Alpine Journal 43 (1931): 69–74.
47 Terris Moore, Mount McKinley: The Pioneer Climbs (College, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 1967), p. 125.
48 Brown, Denali, p. 160.
49 Moore, Mount McKinley, p. 135.
50 Ibid., p. 137.
51 Charles Houston, “Denali’s Wife,” American Alpine Journal 2, no. 3 (1935): 285–97.
52 Robert H. Bates, The Love of Mountains Is Best (Portsmouth, N.H.: Peter E. Randall, 1994), p. 73.
53 Jonathan Waterman, “Brad Washburn, Renaissance Mountain Man,” Alaska Geographic 25, no. 3 (1998): 19.
54 Bradford Washburn, “The Ascent of Mt. St. Agnes” [Mount Marcus Baker] American Alpine Journal 3, no. 3 (1939): 255–64; Terris Moore, “Mt. Sanford: An Alaskan Ski Climb,” American Alpine Journal 3, no. 3 (1939): 265–73.
Book Six: The Forgotten Campaign
1 Alfred H. Dunham, “The Development of Nome,” Cosmopolitan, February 1905, p. 472.
2 H. H. Arnold, “Our Air Frontier in Alaska,” National Geographic Magazine, October 1940, p. 487.
3 Ibid., pp. 487, 491, 504; “Report of the Treasurer of the Territory of Alaska,” January 1, 1939 to December 31, 1940.
4 Heath Twichell, Northwest Epic: The Building of the Alaska Highway (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), pp. 14–15, 18–19, 20.
5 Ibid., pp. 43–45.
6 Ibid., p. 46.
7 Ibid., p. 53.
8 Ibid., p. 89.
9 Ernest Gruening, Many Battles: The Autobiography of Ernest Gruening (New York: Liveright, 1973), pp. 305–6.
10 Twichell, Northwest Epic, pp. 53–59.
11 Froelich Rainey, “Alaska Highway an Engineering Epic,” National Geographic Magazine, February 1943, p. 166.
12 Ibid., p. 143.
13 Twichell, Northwest Epic, pp. 208–9.
14 Ibid., pp. 213–14.
15 Rainey, “Alaska Highway an Engineering Epic,” p. 167.
16 Twichell, Northwest Epic, pp. 214–19, 223.
17 Ibid., p. 253.
18 Brian Garfield, The Thousand-Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1995), pp. 196–98; Twichell, Northwest Epic, pp. 278–87.
19 Twichell, Northwest Epic, pp. 157, 164, 272–73.
20 Ibid., pp. xiii–xiv.
21 Executive Order No. 9066, “Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas,” February 19, 1942.
22 Public Proclamation No. 5, Headquarters, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, Presidio of San Francisco, California, March 30, 1942.
23 Ronald K. Inouye, “For Immediate Sale: Tokyo Bathhouse—How World War II Affected Alaska’s Japanese Citizens,” in Alaska at War, 1941–45: The Forgotten War Remembered, ed. Fern Chandonnet (Anchorage: Alaska at War Committee,1995), pp. 259–63.
24 Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), p. 69.
25 Ibid., p. 70.
26 Ibid., pp. 70–71.
27 Ibid., pp. 89, 98.
28 Ray Hudson, “Aleuts in Defense of Their Homeland,” in Chandonnet, Alaska at War, 1941–45, p. 163.
29 Twichell, Northwest Epic, pp. 46–47.
30 Garfield, The Thousand-Mile War, pp. 169–70.
31 Chris Wooley and Mike Martz, “The Tundra Army—Patriots of Arctic Alaska,” in Chandonnet, Alaska at War, 1941–45, pp. 155–60.
32 Garfield, The Thousand-Mile War, p. 29.
33 Ibid., pp. 31–55.
34 Walter Lord, Incredible Victory (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), p. 286.
35 Garfield, The Thousand-Mile War, pp. 143, 153, 189.
36 Ibid., pp. 176–77, 179.
37 Ibid., p. 210.
38 Garfield, The Thousand-Mile War, pp. 219–34; John Bishop, “My Speed Zero,” Saturday Evening Post, February 5, 1944, pp. 26–28, 70.
39 Ibid., pp. 253, 257–58, 260–62.
40 Ibid., p. 271.
41 Ibid., p. 325.
42 Ibid., p. 333.
43 Ibid., p. 334.
44 Ibid., p. 348.
45 Ibid., pp. 358–61.
46 Ibid., pp. 366–70.
47 Ibid., pp. 417–19.
48 Ibid., pp. 370–72.
49 Ibid., pp. 373–76, 380–85.
50 Ibid., p. 385.
51 Orlando W. Miller, The Frontier in Alaska and the Matanuska Colony (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 182.
52 Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II ( New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995). p. 548.
53 Arnold, “Our Air Frontier in Alaska,” p. 504.
Book Seven: Postwar Rumblings
1 Ernest H. Gruening, “Strategic Alaska Looks Ahead,” National Geographic Magazine, September 1942, p. 315.
2 George Sundborg, Opportunity in Alaska (New York: Macmillan, 1945), p. 6.
3 Ernest H. Gruening, “Go North, Young Man,” Reader’s Digest, January 1944, pp. 53–57.
4 Orlando W. Miller, The Frontier in Alaska and the Matanuska Colony (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 183.
5 Sundborg, Opportunity in Alaska, pp. 11–12.
6 Ibid., pp. vii, 10.
7 Ibid., pp. 5, 32, 34, 157, 160, 164, 171, 175, 182, 221–22.
8 Edna Ferber, Ice Palace (New York: Doubleday, 1958), p. 7.
9 Richard A. Cooley, Alaska: A Challenge in Conservation (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966), pp. 19–20; Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska: A Definitive History of America’s Northernmost Frontier (New York: Random House, 1954), p. 64; The Alaskan (Sitka, Alaska), February 13 and February 27, 1886.
10 Robert B. Weeden, Promises to Keep (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), p. 108; Gruening, The State of Alaska, p. 213.
11 Sundborg, Opportunity in Alaska, p. 70.
12 David D. Smith, “Pulp, Paper, and Alaska,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 66, no. 2 (April 1975): 62.
13 Ibid., p. 68.
14 Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska, a History of the Forty-ninth State, 2nd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), p. 159.
15 Smith, “Pulp, Paper, and Alaska,” pp. 69–70.
16 Miller, The Frontier in Alaska, p. 200.
17 Weeden, Promises to Keep, p. 105.
18 Ibid., p. 110.
19 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, p. 122.
20 Audrey Morgan and Frank Morgan, “Alaska’s Russian Frontier: Little Diomede,” National Geographic Magazine, April 1951, p. 551.
21 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, p. 131.
22 Ernest Gruening, Many Battles: The Autobiography of Ernest Gruening (New York: Liveright, 1973), pp. 360–62.
23 Howard La Fay, “DEW Line: Sentry of the Far North,” National Geographic Magazine, July 1958, p. 129.
24 Ibid., p. 144.
25 Al Ossinger, interview by author, Lakewood, Colo., February 23, 2001. (Ossinger was stationed on St. Lawrence Island, 1955–56, U.S. Army.)
26 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, pp. 134–35.
27 Ibid., pp. 138–39.
28 James Wickersham, “The Forty-ninth Star,” Collier’s, August 6, 1910, p. 17.
29 House Journal, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., January 21, 1946, p. 26.
30 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, p. 148.
31 Ernest Gruening, The Battle for Alaska Statehood (College, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 1967), pp. 5–8.
32 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, p. 147.
33 Gruening, The Battle for Alaska Statehood, p. 13.
34 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, p. 144.
35 Gruening, The Battle for Alaska Statehood, p. 46.
36 “Alaska, Hawaii Statehood Seen as Sign to World,” Denver Post, September 17, 1950.
37 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, p. 153.
38 Ibid., pp. 155–57.
39 Gruening, Many Battles, pp. 404–5.
40 Will Swagel, Alaska’s Flag (Sitka, Alaska: Sitka Historical Society, 1994), p. 5.
41 Bryan Cooper, Alaska: The Last Frontier (New York: William Morrow, 1973), pp. 98–100.
42 Ibid., pp. 101–2.
43 Ibid., pp. 106–8.
44 Ibid., pp. 109–2.
45 Ibid., pp. 114–5.
46 Ibid., p. 112.
47 Margaret E. Murie, Two in the Far North (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1962; reprint, Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1997).
48 James M. Glover, A Wilderness Original: The Life of Bob Marshall (Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1986), pp. 162, 272.
49 John M. Kauffmann, Alaska’s Brooks Range: The Ultimate Mountains (Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1992), p. 97.
50 Ibid., p. 100.
51 Public Land Order 2214, Federal Register, December 9, 1960 (F.R. Doc. 60–11519), pp. 12598–99.
52 Debbie S. Miller, “A Pioneer Visit: Mardy Murie and the Arctic Refuge,” Alaska Geographic 20, no. 3, (1993): 45.
53 William E. Brown, Denali: Symbol of the Alaskan Wild (Virginia Beach, Va.: Donning, 1993), pp. 135, 192.
54 Ibid., pp. 157, 186–89.
55 Ibid., p. 200.
56 Olaus Murie, “Mount McKinley, Wilderness Park of the North Country,” National Parks Magazine, April 1963, p. 7.
57 Henry S. Francis, Jr., “Some Views Concerning the Development of Mount McKinley National Park,” National Parks Magazine, September 1963, p. 18.
58 Brown, Denali, pp. 202–3.
59 Paul Brooks, The Pursuit of Wilderness (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), pp. 61–74; Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, pp. 193–96; William R. Hunt, Alaska: A Bicentennial History. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), pp. 135–40; Anchorage Daily Times, June 29, 1961.
60 Gruening, Many Battles, p. 496.
61 Jay Hammond, Tales of Alaska’s Bush Rat Governor (Fairbanks: Epicenter Press, 1994), p. 141.
62 Brooks, The Pursuit of Wilderness, p. 91.
63 Ibid., pp. 83, 90.
64 Gruening, Many Battles, p. 498.
65 Hammond, Tales of Alaska’s Bush Rat Governor, p. 138.
66 Gruening, Many Battles, p. 500.
67 Ibid.
68 Joseph Kurtak, Of Rock and Ice: An Explorer’s Guide to the Geology of Prince William Sound, Alaska (Anchorage: USDA, no date), p. 24.
69 Maynard Parker, Don Moser, and Jim Hicks, “Fury of the Quake—200,000 Megatons,” Life, April 10, 1964, pp. 32C–32E.
70 Mrs. Lowell Thomas, Jr., “An Alaskan Family’s Night of Terror,” National Geographic Magazine, July 1964), pp. 142–56.
71 William P. E. Graves, “Earthquake! Horror Strikes on Good Friday,” National Geographic Magazine, July 1964, p. 120.
72 Parker, Moser, and Hicks, “Fury of the Quake,” p. 32E.
73 Kim Rich, “Shattered Dreams,” excerpt from Johnny’s Girl, in The Last New Land (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1996), p. 697.
74 Parker, Moser, and Hicks, “Fury of the Quake,” p. 32D.
75 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, p. 179.
76 Parker, Moser, and Hicks, “Fury of the Quake,” p. 32C.
77 Graves, “Earthquake! Horror Strikes on Good Friday,” p. 135.
78 Ibid., pp. 129–30.
79 Ibid., p. 117.
80 Congressional Record, 88th Cong., 2nd sess., 1964, vol. 110; part 5:6494.
81 Gruening, Many Battles, p. 465.
82 Hammond, Tales of Alaska’s Bush Rat Governor, p. 142.
Book Eight: North Again
1 Bryan Cooper, Alaska: The Last Frontier (New York: William Morrow, 1973), pp. 126–28.
2 Ibid., pp. 76–83.
3 Ibid., p. 140.
4 Tom Brown, Oil on Ice: Alaskan Wilderness at the Crossroads (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1971), pp. 42–45.
5 Ibid., pp. 86–96; Cooper, Alaska, pp. 159–65; Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska, a History of the Forty-ninth State, 2nd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), pp. 255–56.
6 Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1975), pp. 99–100; Cooper, Alaska, pp. 146, 177–79; Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, p. 250.
7 Stan Cohen, Highway on the Sea: A Pictorial History of the Alaska Marine Highway System (Missoula, Mont.: Pictorial Histories Publishing, 1994), p. 12.
8 W. E. Garrett, “Alaska’s Marine Highway,” National Geographic Magazine, June 1965, p. 791.
9 A. W. Greely, Handbook of Alaska (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909), pp. 176, 187.
10 Cession of Alaska, Article III, in Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949, vol. 11, p. 1218; 15. Stat. 539.
11 U.S. Senate, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, Report to Accompany S. 34, 92d Cong., 1st sess., 1971, Senate Report No. 92–405, p. 89; quoting Organic Act of 1884 at 23 Stat. 24.
12 Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims, pp. 81–82.
13 Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, p. 45.
14 Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims, pp. 86–88.
15 U.S. Statutes at Large, 72 Stat. 339, Sec. 4 (1958).
16 Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims, p. 95.
17 David Avraham Voluck, “First Peoples of the Tongass: Law and the Traditional Subsistence Way of Life,” in The Book of the Tongass (Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 1999), pp. 89–93.
18 “Why Tundra Times?” Tundra Times, October 1, 1962.
19 Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims, p. 101.
20 Tundra Times, April 22, 1966. (Copy of letter from Hensley to Gruening.)
21 Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims, p. 104.
22 Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, pp. 46–47.
23 Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims, p. 119.
24 Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Hearing, 90th Cong., 2nd sess., February 8, 9, 10, 1968, p. 189.
25 Ibid.
26 Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims, p. 124.
27 Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, pp. 60–61.
28 Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims, pp. 137–44.
29 Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, pp. 174–76.
30 Public Law 92–203, 92nd Cong., 1st sess., H.R. 10367, December 18, 1971.
31 Arnold, Alaska Native Land Claims, p. 164.
32 Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, p. 9.
33 Don Hunter, “Williams Challenges Convention,” Council, January 1982. (Reprinted from the Anchorage Daily News.)
34 Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, p. 9.
35 Cooper, Alaska, pp. 165–66.
36 Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, pp. 103, 108–10.
37 Ibid., pp. 115–19.
38 Robert Douglas Mead, Journeys Down the Line: Building the Trans-Alaska Pipeline (New York: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 154–55.
39 Cooper, Alaska, p. 105.
40 Ketchikan Daily News, February 18, 1971.
41 John McPhee, Coming into the Country (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1976), p. 81.
42 Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, pp. 215–16; Mead, Journeys Down the Line, p. 81.
43 Jay Hammond, Tales of Alaska’s Bush Rat Governor (Fairbanks: Epicenter Press, 1994), p. 174; John Hanrahan and Peter Gruenstein, Lost Frontier: The Marketing of Alsaka (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), p. 6; and Berry. The Alaska Pipeline, p. 217.
44 Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, p. 237.
45 Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act, Public Law 93–153, November 16, 1973; Berry, The Alaska Pipeline, pp. 258, 272.
46 James P. Roscow, Eight Hundred Miles to Valdez: The Building of the Alaska Pipeline (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977), pp. 112–13.
47 Mead, Journeys Down the Line, pp. 209–10, 223.
48 Ibid., pp. 228, 375–76.
49 Potter Wickware, Crazy Money: Nine Months on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline (New York: Random House, 1979), pp. 3, 30, 47, 147, 214.
50 Mead, Journeys Down the Line, pp. 201–2; Roscow, Eight Hundred Miles to Valdez, p. 120.
51 Roscow, Eight Hundred Miles to Valdez, p. 174.
52 Ibid., pp. 165–67; Wickware, Crazy Money, p. 61.
53 “$30,000 for a Lucky Lady,” Anchorage Daily News, July 29, 1977.
54 Roscow, Eight Hundred Miles to Valdez, pp. 176, 199–204.
55 Hanrahan and Gruenstein, Lost Frontier, p. 44.
56 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, p. 148.
57 McPhee, Coming into the Country, pp. 111, 119, 121.
58 Hanrahan and Gruenstein, Lost Frontier, p. 247.
59 McPhee, Coming into the Country, p. 126.
60 “Willow Site Wins Voters’ Preference,” Anchorage Times, November 3, 1976.
61 Hanrahan and Gruenstein, Lost Frontier, p. 250.
62 Hammond, Tales of Alaska’s Bush Rat Governor, p. 238.
63 Kay Brown, “Alaska Confronts the Dilemma of Being Rich,” Anchorage Times, November 21, 1976.
64 Hammond, Tales of Alaska’s Bush Rat Governor, pp. 247–48.
65 Hanrahan and Gruenstein, Lost Frontier, p. 198.
66 Ibid., pp. 196–97.
67 Hammond, Tales of Alaska’s Bush Rat Governor, pp. 225, 248, 251–53; Zobel v. Williams 457 U.S. 55 (1982); Alaska State Constitution, article 9, section 15.
68 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, pp. 272–73, 282, 284.
69 Brown, “Alaska Confronts the Dilemma of Being Rich.”
Book Nine: Whose Land?
1 Public Law 92–203, section 17.
2 Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1975), pp. 250–52.
3 Boyce Rensberger, “Protection of Alaska’s Wilderness New Priority of Conservationists,” New York Times, October 31, 1976.
4 Alaska Conservation Foundation, “Twenty Years after ANILCA,” Dispatch, spring 2000, pp. 1–3; Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska, a History of the Forty-ninth State, 2nd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), pp. 230–33.
5 Naske and Slotnick, Alaska, pp. 235–36.
6 16 USC 51, section 3101; Public Law 96–487, title I, section 101, December 2, 1980; 94 Stat. 2374.
7 David Avraham Voluck, “First Peoples of the Tongass: Law and the Traditional Subsistence Way of Life,” in The Book of the Tongass, ed. Carolyn Servid and Donald Snow (Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 1999), pp. 108–10; 16 USC 51, section 3111.
8 Jim Rearden, “Subsistence: A Troublesome Issue,” Alaska, July 1978, p. 6.
9 16 USC 51, section 3142 and 3143; Public Law 96–487, title 10, section 1002 and 1003, December 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 2452.
10 U.S. Department of the Interior, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, Coastal Plain Resource Assessment: Report and Recommendation to the Congress of the United States, April 1987.
11 Art Davidson, In the Wake of the Exxon Valdez (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990), p. xiii.
12 Ibid., pp. 5, 7–9.
13 Ibid., pp. 9–11.
14 Rick Hagar, “Huge Cargo of North Slope Oil Spilled,” Oil and Gas Journal, April 3, 1989, pp. 26–27; “Alaskan Cleanup Campaign Pressed,” Oil and Gas Journal, April 17, 1989, pp. 20–22; Davidson, In the Wake of the Exxon Valdez, pp. 12–19.
15 “Political, Economic Fallout Spreads from Exxon Valdez Crude Oil Spill,” Oil and Gas Journal, April 10, 1989, pp. 13–16; Davidson, In the Wake of the Exxon Valdez, pp. 28, 37, 48, 55.
16 Davidson, In the Wake of the Exxon Valdez, p. 149.
17 “Alaskan Cleanup Campaign Pressed,” p. 20; Davidson, In the Wake of the Exxon Valdez, pp. 181–82.
18 Davidson, In the Wake of the Exxon Valdez, pp. 239, 289.
19 Fred Bayles, “Cities View Spill Ravages Differently,” Anchorage Times, April 11, 1989.
20 “Exxon Valdez Disaster Leaves Industry with Much to Repair,” Oil and Gas Journal, April 3, 1989, p. 17.
21 Majorie Anders, “Oil Union Wants Sanity in Drilling” Anchorage Times, May 5, 1989.
22 John L. Eliot, “New Chemical Digs Deep into Exxon Valdez’s Oil,” National Geographic Magazine, August 1994, p. 132.
23 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, ten-year report, 1999 (available at www.oilspill.state.ak.us); author’s telephone interview with Craig Tillery, trustee and Alaska assistant attorney general, May 16, 2001.
24 Jim Carlton, “Ex-Lumberjacks Lead Fight to Save Tongass Forest,” Wall Street Journal, December 4, 2000.
25 Harry Ritter, Alaska’s History: The People, Land, and Events of the North Country (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1993).
26 Jim Carlton, “On This Alaska Island, Survival Is More than Just a TV Game,” Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2001, p. A1, A8.
27 “NMFS Declares Commercial Fisheries Failure in Alaska’s Bristol Bay/Kuskokwim Salmon Fishery,” United States Department of Commerce News, NOAA 97–R167, November 6, 1997; “Declaration of Economic Disaster in Bristol Bay and in the Kuskokwim River Drainages,” state of Alaska, Tony Knowles, governor, July 18, 1997.
28 Steve Colt, “The Economic Importance of Healthy Alaska Ecosystems,” Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska, Anchorage, January 2001, p. 11.
29 Ibid., p. 13.
30 Henry Gannett, “General Geography,” Alaska Harriman Series, vol. I (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1901), p. 277.
31 Colt, “The Economic Importance of Healthy Alaska Ecosystems,” p. 19.
32 Ibid., p. 47.
33 Carlton, “Ex-Lumberjacks Lead Fight to Save Tongass Forest.”
34 National Parks and Conservation Association v. Babbitt, 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, 99–36065, February 23, 2001; e-mail from David Nemeth, chief of concessions, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, May 21, 2001.
35 Colt, “The Economic Importance of Healthy Alaska Ecosystems,” p. 48.
36 Debbie S. Miller, “An Arctic Dream,” Alaska Geographic 20, no. 3 (1993): 12–13.
37 “Clinton Presidency Hikes ANWR Stakes,” Oil and Gas Journal, November 9, 1992, p. 25.
38 U.S. Geological Survey, “Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 Area, Petroleum Assessment, 1998, Including Economic Analysis.” USGS Fact Sheet FS–028–01, April 2001, p. 4.
39 Ibid., p. 6.
40 Jim Carlton, “Alyeska Pipeline May Face Fines amid Charges of Poor Oversight,” Wall Street Journal, December 4, 2000.
41 Jim Carlton, “In Alaskan Wilderness, ‘Friendlier Technology’ Gets a Cold Reception,” Wall Street Journal, April 13, 2001; Jim Carlton, “Alaska Finds 10 percent of BP’s Safety Valves in Huge Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Fail Tests,” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2001.
42 Alaska Conservation Foundation, “Monumental Choice for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge,” Dispatch, fall 2000, pp. 3–4. (Newsletter.)
43 Tamsin Carlisle, “Soaring Natural-Gas Prices Revive Canadian Pipeline Contest,” Wall Street Journal, January 22, 2001, p. A18.
44 Editorial, “Hard, Cold Facts,” Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2001, p. A14.
45 Stewart Udall, The Quiet Crisis (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), p. xiii.