The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Admiral Hipper (German cruiser), 38, 58, 60, 86, 88, 132, 210
Admiral Scheer (German cruiser), 58, 60, 86, 132, 180, 210
Alcoa Ranger (U.S. freighter), 54, 151, 178
Aldersdale (British oiler), 96, 137, 167, 180
Alexandrov, Yuri, 172
Archangel
and Allied intervention in Russian Civil War, 12–13, 252
conditions in, 184–87, 189–90, 193–94
Dowding’s escort vessel convoy arrives at, 159
geographical location of, 30
Ghost Ships convoy’s arrival in, 178–80, 181
Ghost Ships mariners’ experiences in, 194–97, 200–201, 203–4, 220–21
history of, 183–84
Ironclad’s crippling, 216–19
postwar conditions, 252
and rifts in Grand Alliance, 236–37
spared from German bombing, 35
and U.S. and Russian trade relations, 12
See also Murmansk Run
Arctic conditions, 30–34
Barents Sea, 30–32, 33, 148–49
Carraway on, 86–87
global warming changes in, 247–48
and ice damage, 73–74
ice field, 125–27
and rescue operations, 128
Arctic Ocean
and Cold War, 248–49
Russian Federation expansion in, 248
Arctic Pilot (guidebook), 126, 146
Azerbaijan (Soviet oil tanker), 54–55, 103–4, 174, 176–79
arrival in Archangel, 179
and Barents Sea leg, 148, 149, 151
and camouflage strategy, 136
and Ghost Ships convoy’s creation, 123
on ice field experiences, 134
and Matochkin Shar anchorage, 164
and scatter order, 118
Baker, Wayne, 231
Barents Sea
conditions in, 30–32, 33, 148–49
Ghost Ships convoy sails through, 147–53
route through, 30
Basra, 29–30
Battle in the Arctic Seas (Taylor), 260
Bellingham (U.S. freighter), 54, 99, 159, 205, 209–10
Benjamin Harrison (Liberty ship)
assigned to PQ-17, 54
and camouflage strategy, 179
and Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 176–79
Matochkin Shar anchorage, 157–58, 159, 173
and QP-14, 205
return trip planning, 204
Bielfeld, Hans, 129
Bismarck (German warship), 34, 59, 108
Bolshevik Revolution, 12
Bolton Castle (British freighter), 139, 147
Bonham-Carter, Stuart, 39
Booth, Michael, 250
British role in World War II
Churchill’s leadership, 253
dependence on U.S. support, 41, 43–44
North Africa invasion, 168, 197–98, 211, 212, 215, 224
and Tirpitz threat, 35
See also Churchill, Winston; convoy strategy; Grand Alliance; second front
Broome, Jack E.
on Arctic conditions, 71
joins convoy, 75
and pre-embarkation conference, 67
and scatter order, 112–13, 114–16, 117, 130–31, 234, 240–41, 256
Brummer, Francis, 76, 105, 150, 178
Bullitt, William, 236
Callis, Herbert, 196
Cape Corso (British freighter), 40
Captain, The (de Hartog), 118n
Carlton (U.S. freighter), 50, 54, 90, 129, 240
Carraway, Howard
on air attacks, 82
Archangel experiences, 185–86, 189, 200–201, 204
on Arctic conditions, 86–87
arrival home, 215
arrival in Archangel, 180
background of, 6–7
and Barents Sea leg, 150
and Battle of Midway, 51
on camouflage strategy, 135, 136
diary of, 11
and Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 177, 178, 179
and embarkation, 68
friends on PQ-16, 51
and Ghost Ships convoy route decisions, 127–28
and “Ghost Ships” nickname, 179
on ice field experiences, 134, 143–44
Iceland anchorage, 5–7, 44, 47, 65–66
and Independence Day celebrations, 94
and loss of Christopher Newport, 91
and Matochkin Shar anchorage, 154, 156, 164, 173, 176
and Molotovsk conditions, 190
and North’s souring on Navy Armed Guard, 10
and PQ-17 survivor encounters, 157–58
and return trip, 201, 207, 208–9, 210, 213, 214
and route decisions, 152–53
Troubadour passes Bear Island, 88
Carter, William A.
Archangel experiences, 193–94, 203–4, 220–21
arrival home, 232
background of, 26–27
and cargo delivery, 192–93
commendation of, 231
honored by Soviet Union, 243
on ice field experiences, 143, 144
and Ironclad’s crippling, 217
later life of, 261–62
and Matochkin Shar anchorage, 154, 156, 164
on Novaya Zemlya, 152
rescue of, 231
return trip, 224–31
and scatter order, 119–20
and ship defenses, 73
and whisky mutiny, 25–26, 28–29, 45
Casablanca Conference (1943), 223, 224
Christopher Newport (Liberty ship), 11, 90–92
Churchill, Winston
and British dependence on U.S. support, 41, 43–44
and British-Soviet alliance, 19, 20, 22
Casablanca Conference (1943), 223, 224
concerns about convoy strategy, 39–40, 41
on German-Soviet nonaggression pact, 17
on Molotov, 61
Molotov talks, 61–62
on Murmansk Run, 6
no-confidence vote, 83–84
and North Africa invasion, 197–98, 224
postwar career of, 253
and Pound, 108–9
and rifts in Grand Alliance, 237
and scatter order, 234
on second front, 42, 61, 63, 168, 197–98
Stalin communications, 20, 42–43, 169–71, 198–99, 233–34
Tehran Conference, 235–36
on Tirpitz, 35
Washington Conference (1942), 3, 62–63
and Yalta Conference, 241
Civil War, Russian, 12–13
Civil War, U.S., 12
Clark, Mark, 63
Colbeth, Clyde W., Jr., 122, 152–53, 188
Cold War, 13, 243, 248–49, 253
See also Troubadour
convoy strategy, 39–44
alternative routes, 29–30, 169
British Admiralty’s concerns, 39, 107–8, 109–10
Carter on, 193–94
Churchill’s concern about, 39–40, 41
Churchill-Stalin communications, 43, 169–71, 198–99, 233–34
Dervish convoy (1941), 36
Germans recover secret information on, 138
history of, 69
losses, 255
Molotov talks on, 62
and PQ-17’s outcome, 167–71
PQ-19’s delay, 211–12
reassessment of, 253–55, 266–67
Roosevelt-Churchill communications, 40–42
Roosevelt’s dedication to, 21, 40–41, 64, 253–54
Roosevelt-Stalin communications, 22–23, 199
ship-naming conventions, 36, 219
Soviet downplaying of, 265–66
Soviet requests, 42–44
U.S.-British offer (1941), 21
Washington Conference discussions, 3
crews
civilian vs. Navy Armed Guard, 10, 82, 82–83n, 196
conflicts, 9–10, 65–66, 83, 195, 196, 204
international nature of, 8–9
See also Navy Armed Guard; specific ships and people
Daniel Morgan (Liberty ship), 54, 138–39, 158, 159
Days of Glory (film), 22n
D-Day, 235–36
de Hartog, Jan, 118n
Denning, Norman, 109–10
depth charges, 48, 70–71, 77, 80
Dervish convoy, 36
Dervish 2017 reunion, 262–65
Doenitz, Karl, 239
Donbass (Soviet oil tanker), 54, 139, 159
Dowding, Jack
convoy from Matochkin Shar, 176–79
and D-Day, 235
escort vessel convoy led by, 159, 161
on Force X, 74
and German attacks after scatter, 140
and pre-embarkation conference, 66
and return trip, 210
and torpedo attacks, 97, 98, 99–100
Earlston (British freighter), 139
eastern front
Battle of Stalingrad, 84–85, 172, 211–12, 232
Nazi atrocities, 232–33
and POW guards, 187
precarious situation on, 42
siege of Leningrad, 42, 172–73, 193
Eccles, John, 110–11
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 63
El Capitan (U.S. freighter), 54, 167, 205, 213
Elsden, Richard, 103, 134, 135, 154, 175
Empire Byron (British freighter), 128–29, 165
Empire Tide (British freighter)
capabilities of, 54
and Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 177–78
and Matochkin Shar anchorage, 180
and QP-14, 205
and scatter order, 113
escort force
Carraway on, 87
dangers to, 32
fate after scatter, 158–59
ice damage to, 74
Iceland arrival, 47–48
positions in convoy of, 71–72, 74–75
pre-embarkation conference, 66–67
responses to scatter order, 115–18, 130–31, 140–41
See also specific ships
Executive (U.S. freighter), 225–26
Exford (U.S. freighter), 74
Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr., 69–70, 81, 116–17, 258n
Fairfield City (U.S. freighter), 139, 157
fog
in Barents Sea leg, 148–49
Carraway comforted by, 87
and Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 178
and German attacks, 33, 89–90, 92, 123, 124
and navigation difficulties, 33, 126
and PQ-14, 38
slimy nature of, 71
Force X, 74
France invasion. See second front
Frankel, Samuel, 177, 179n, 194, 195–96, 197
early attempts (1941–42), 36–38
and Navy Armed Guard, 7
and Norwegian coast, 34
PQ-16, 50–51
on Richard Bland’s return trip, 225–27, 228–29
on Troubadour’s return trip, 208–9
See also Operation Knight’s Move
German-Soviet nonaggression pact, 16–17, 235
Ghost Ships convoy
arrival in Archangel, 178–80, 181
Barents Sea leg, 147–53
camouflage strategy, 135–36, 173, 179
cargo delivery, 192–93
creation of, 120–23
Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 176–79
“Ghost Ships” nickname, 179
Gradwell report, 165–66
ice field experiences, 125, 133–34, 143–44
mariners’ Archangel experiences, 194–97, 200–201, 203–4
Matochkin Shar anchorage, 153–58, 161, 163, 173
and PQ-17’s SOS calls, 127–28, 134–35, 147, 151
requests escort to Archangel, 16, 162
route decisions, 127–28, 136, 146–47, 148, 151
war conference, 136
Giffen, Robert, 67–68
Goering, Hermann, 96
Golovko, Arseny, 161, 188, 196
Gourlo, 178
Gradwell, Leo J.
Archangel experiences, 189
background of, 48–50
and camouflage strategy, 135, 137
commendation of, 187–88
and defenses, 80
and Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 177
and Ghost Ships convoy creation, 121–22, 123
and Ghost Ships convoy route decisions, 153
handwritten report by, 165–66
later life of, 256–58
and loss of Christopher Newport, 92
and Matochkin Shar anchorage, 153–54, 155, 163, 174–75
Mazuruk encounter, 164–65
and Novaya Zemlya settlement, 158
and pre-embarkation conference, 67
and rescue operations, 103
Russian memories of, 267
and scatter order, 121–22, 256
wife discovers survival of, 188–89
Grand Alliance
Casablanca Conference (1943), 223, 224
collapse of, 253
and D-Day, 235–36
and German invasion of Soviet Union, 19
and Hopkins mission, 20–21
mariners’ doubts about, 11, 83
Soviet prewar feelers, 16
Tehran Conference, 235
U.S. public opinion, 22
Yalta Conference, 241
See also convoy strategy; Lend-Lease Act
Gray Ranger (British oiler), 74
Great Britain. See British role in World War II; Churchill, Winston
See also Stalinism
See also Stalinism
Gum-Gum Boys, 194–95
Hall, Henry, 141
Hamilton, L. H. K.
on Independence Day celebrations, 95
and PQ-17 escort planning, 95, 96
and pre-embarkation conference, 67
and scatter order, 111, 116, 130–31
Harriman, W. Averell, 159, 185, 236, 241
Hartlebury (British freighter), 151, 159
Hennemann, Konrad, 98
Hitler, Adolf
and Allied supply convoys, 36–37
and German attacks on convoys, 37
and German-Soviet nonaggression pact, 16–17, 235
Lebensraum policy, 15–16
and Operation Knight’s Move, 57–58, 59, 85–86, 96
and PQ-18, 210
and Raeder’s resignation, 239
and Soviet Union incursion, 18–19
and Tirpitz release, 132
Hitler-Stalin pact, 16–17, 235
HMS Edinburgh (cruiser), 41, 255
HMS Hood (battleship), 108
HMS Keppel (destroyer), 75, 114–16
HMS King George V (battleship), 56
HMS Matabele (destroyer), 36–37
HMS Offa (destroyer), 131
HMS Palomares (antiaircraft ship), 75, 117
HMS Pozarica (antiaircraft ship), 68, 75, 117, 118, 140–41, 177
HMS Trinidad (cruiser), 37, 41, 255
HMT Ayrshire (trawler)
background of, 49–50
and camouflage strategy, 136
capabilities of, 48
Carraway on, 87
commendation of, 188
crew conflicts on, 83
crew of, 48
defenses on, 80
and Ghost Ships convoy creation, 121–22, 123
ice field experiences, 134
and loss of Christopher Newport, 92
and Matochkin Shar anchorage, 155, 163, 164, 174, 175, 176
position in convoy of, 71–72
and QP-14, 205–6
refueling, 174
and rescue operations, 103
and scatter order, 121
and torpedo attacks, 106
See also Ghost Ships convoy
Honomu (U.S. freighter), 54, 116, 132, 181, 240
Hoosier (U.S. freighter), 54, 167
Hvalfjord. See Iceland
icebergs, 32, 71, 81, 86–87, 126, 133, 152
ice blink, 126
ice conditions. See Arctic conditions
Iceland
anchorage in, 5–6, 25–26, 28–29, 45
postwar conditions, 249–50
return trip to, 201, 204–5, 206–9, 210
Ironclad (U.S. freighter)
assigned to PQ-17, 54
background of, 27
and Barents Sea leg, 149–50
cargo delivery, 192–93
cargo of, 27
in convoy PQ-14, 38
crew of, 28
crew’s Archangel experiences, 203–4
crippling of, 216–19
and Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 176–79
and Ghost Ships convoy creation, 120, 122
ice field experiences, 143
later career as Marina Raskova, 219n
Matochkin Shar anchorage, 155, 175
Navy Armed Guard on, 26–27
position in convoy of, 72
rudder sabotage, 205, 206, 216
and scatter order, 119–20
and torpedo attacks, 99, 105–6
whisky mutiny, 25–26, 28–29, 45
See also Ghost Ships convoy
Israel Putnam (Liberty ship), 195–96
Izotov (Russian captain), 103, 104, 177
Jan Mayen Island, 30
J.L.M. Curry (Liberty ship), 226
John Witherspoon (Liberty ship), 54, 89, 147, 158, 187
JW-51A, convoy, 219
JW-66, convoy, 242
JW-67, convoy, 242–43
K-1 (Soviet submarine), 141–42
Kemp, Paul, 102
Khrushchev, Nikita, 13, 17, 242, 253, 265–66
King, Ernest, 168
Kirov (Soviet trawler), 174, 176
Köln (German cruiser), 210
Konayev, Alexander, 267
Korean War, 236n
Kuznetzov, Nikolay Gerasimovich, 161
La Malouine (corvette), 176
Lawford, Edward, 141
Leary, Thomas, 264
Lebensraum policy, 15–16
Le Cato, John, 267
Lend-Lease Act (1941), 20, 41n, 184–85, 236, 239, 242, 254
See also convoy strategy
Leningrad, Siege of, 42, 172–73, 193
Lotus (corvette), 141, 159, 176
Lunin, Nikolay Alexandrovich, 141–42
Lutzow (German cruiser), 58, 60, 86
fates of PQ-17 ships after scatter, 244–45
PQ-17 initial formation, 52–53
PQ-17 initial voyage, 78–79
Marina Raskova, 219n
See also Ironclad
mariners. See crews; Navy Armed Guard
Mariner’s Handbook, The, 32
Matochkin Shar
Dowding convoy from, 176–79
Ghost Ships convoy anchorage in, 153–58, 161, 163, 173
PQ-17 survivor ships in, 158–59
Mazuruk, Ilya P., 164–65, 178, 180
Melnikov, Maksym, 266
merchant ship defenses
catapults, 54
improvement of, 72–73
and torpedo attacks, 90–91
See also specific ships
Midway, Battle of, 51
Miles, G. J. A., 161
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 60–62, 198
Moore, Phillip, 28, 119–20, 122, 153
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 255
munitions. See merchant ship defenses
Murman (Soviet icebreaker), 174–75
Murmansk
geographical location of, 30
German bombing of, 35, 64–65, 75–76, 168, 184, 221–22, 224–25
postwar conditions, 251–52
Murmansk Run
route details, 30
See also convoy strategy
Murphy, Donald, 34
Navarino (British freighter), 99, 105, 166
appeal of, 26–27
and civilian mariners, 10, 82, 82–83n, 196
purpose of, 7
See also specific people
North, James Baker, III
and air attacks, 82
Archangel experiences, 187, 194–95
arrival home, 215–16
arrival in Archangel, 180
background of, 9–10
and Barents Sea leg, 150
and camouflage strategy, 136–37
and cargo delivery, 192
and embarkation, 68
and Ghost Ships convoy creation, 4
on ice field experiences, 125, 134
later life of, 258–60
and Matochkin Shar anchorage, 154, 175
nautical inexperience of, 3, 9–10
and return trip, 208, 210, 213–14
and torpedo attacks, 98, 100–101, 106
and Troubadour crew, 9–10
North Africa invasion (Operation Torch), 168, 197–98, 211, 212, 214–15, 224
Northern Gem (trawler), 118–19, 121
Norway
exiled officers, 8
German forces on coast of, 34–35, 58
postwar conditions, 250–51
Novaya Zemlya
Ghost Ships convoy arrives at, 152–53
and Ghost Ships convoy route, 147, 148
history of, 145–46
nuclear tests on, 249
PQ-17 survivor encounters on, 157–58
settlement on, 158
U-boat attack on, 180
O’Brien, W. D., 131
Ocean Freedom (U.S. cargo ship), 205, 225
Ocean Voice (British freighter), 210
Olopana (U.S. freighter), 54, 139–40, 151, 178
Olsen, Sigurd, 8
Operation Knight’s Move
attacks, 127–28, 129, 130–31, 134–35, 137–40, 147, 151, 244–45 map
British Admiralty concerns, 109–10
details of, 58–59
Hitler’s conditions for Tirpitz protection, 59, 85–86, 108, 124
instructions for, 59–60
intelligence on, 64, 87–88, 110, 114
and PQ-17 escort planning, 96
preparation for, 68
reconnaissance plane tracking, 76–77
and scatter order, 124
Schniewind’s command of, 85
Tirpitz’s release, 132–33
torpedo attacks, 89–92, 96–101, 103–6
Operation Torch (North Africa invasion), 168, 197–98, 211, 212, 214–15, 224
Pan Atlantic (U.S. freighter), 54, 147, 167
pancake ice, 87
Pan Kraft (U.S. freighter), 54, 138, 141, 148, 158
Papanin, Ivan Dmitriyevich, 176
Paulus Potter (Dutch freighter), 54, 138, 139
Peillard, Leonce, 124
Peter Kerr (U.S. freighter), 54, 128, 131–32, 166
Pikul, Valentin, 265
Poppy (British corvette), 176, 177, 188
Pound, Dudley
background of, 108–9
death of, 234
and PQ-17 escort planning, 56–57, 95, 96
and scatter order, 110–11, 112, 113, 114, 255
PQ-6, convoy, 36
PQ-7A, convoy, 36
PQ-8, convoy, 36–37
PQ-12, convoy, 37
PQ-13, convoy, 37–38
PQ-14, convoy, 38
PQ-15, convoy, 40
PQ-17, convoy
attacked after scatter, 127–28, 129, 130–31, 134–35, 137–40, 147, 151, 244–45 map
crew conflicts, 82–83
destination change, 76
escort vessels assigned to, 50, 55–57
Force X as dummy convoy for, 74
Ghost Ship convoy creation, 120–23
ice damage, 73–74
Independence Day celebrations, 1–2, 94–95
initial formation, 52–53 map
initial ship roster, 54–55
initial voyage, 78–79 map
mariners taken prisoner from, 128–29, 181
merchant ships assigned to, 54–55
passes Bear Island, 88
pre-embarkation conference, 66–67
Russian memories of, 265, 267–68
ship positions in, 70
Stalin on, 198–99
torpedo attacks on, 89–92, 96–101, 103–6
tracked by German reconnaissance planes, 76–77, 93–94, 105, 119
Walrus ice field surveys, 80–81, 112
in waters east of Hvalfjord, 71–75
See also escort force; Ghost Ships convoy; Operation Knight’s Move; rescue operations; scatter order
PQ-17 outcome
Churchill-Stalin communications, 169–71
German propaganda on, 160–61
official tallies, 159–60, 166–67, 255
overview, 180–81
public statements on, 161
Soviet responses, 161
PQ-17 survivors
and Dervish 2017 reunion, 262–65
Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar picks up, 177–78
later lives of, 256–62
medical treatment in Archangel, 187
at Novaya Zemlya/Matochkin Shar, 157–59
as prisoners of war, 128–29, 181, 240
return trip planning, 205
Soviet rescue operations, 164–65, 166
PQ-18, convoy, 170, 197, 201, 210–11, 216
PQ-19, convoy, 211–12
Profumo affair, 257–58
Putin, Vladimir V., 248, 249, 262, 263
QP-14, convoy, 201, 205, 209–10
RA-53, convoy, 224–31
RA-66, convoy, 242
Raeder, Erich
on convoy QP-13, 80
and Operation Knight’s Move instructions, 59–60
and Operation Knight’s Move pitch to Hitler, 57–58, 59
and PQ-17 escort planning, 96
and PQ-18, 210
and reconnaissance plane tracking, 77
resignation of, 239
and Tirpitz’s release, 132
and Tirpitz’s withdrawal, 142
Rathlin (British rescue ship), 81, 82, 101–2, 166, 209
Requiem for Convoy PQ-17 (Pikul), 265
rescue operations
Christopher Newport, 92
and early German attacks, 37–38
and German attacks after scatter, 128, 129, 137, 139–40, 141, 159
Navarino, 99
return trip, 209
ships for, 72
and torpedo attacks, 101–3, 104
return convoys
RA-53, 224–31
Richard Bland (Liberty ship)
and bombing of Murmansk, 221–22
early ice damage to, 73–74
return trip planning, 219–20
survivors of, 231–32
Richard Henry Lee (Liberty ship), 51
River Afton (British freighter)
pre-embarkation conference on, 66
and scatter order, 115, 116, 119
survivors of, 141
RMS Titanic, 126
Roberts, Philip Quellyn, 36
Romania, 16
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
attitude toward Stalin, 21
Casablanca Conference (1943), 223, 224
on convoy strategy, 38, 40–42, 64, 199, 211, 212, 253–54
death of, 242
and Lend-Lease Act, 20
Molotov talks, 62
and North Africa invasion, 197–98, 223, 224
on PQ-17 outcome, 168–69
and rifts in Grand Alliance, 241–42
on second front, 3, 42, 61, 62–63, 197–98, 224
and siege of Tobruk, 62–63
Stalin communications, 20–21, 22–23, 172, 199, 241–42
Tehran Conference, 235–36
and U.S.’s widening war involvement, 84
views on Soviet Union, 20–21, 22
Washington Conference (1942), 3, 62–63
and Yalta Conference, 241
Roskill, S. W., 43
Russian Federation, 248, 251–52, 261–65, 266–67
and Archangel crew conflicts, 196, 204
arrival in Archangel, 180
and Barents Sea leg, 150
and Battle of Midway, 51
and camouflage strategy, 135
and Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 178
and Ghost Ships convoy creation, 4, 120
and ice field experiences, 134
Iceland anchorage, 51
and Independence Day celebrations, 94
and Matochkin Shar anchorage, 174
Norwegian nationality, 8
and route decisions, 153
and scatter order, 3–4
and torpedo attacks, 100
Troubadour passes Bear Island, 88
Samuel Chase (Liberty ship), 54, 205
scatter order, 110–23
British Admiralty decision, 110–11, 234
British naval officer opinions on, 211
communications to escort vessels, 111–13
communications to merchant ships, 2, 114–17
escort vessel responses, 115–18, 130–31, 140–41
German attacks after, 127, 128, 131–32
German intelligence on, 124
and Ghost Ships convoy creation, 120–23
merchant mariner responses, 116, 118–19
Pound’s prediction of, 57
public discussion of, 240–41
Soviet response, 170–71
second front
Casablanca Conference discussions (1943), 224
Churchill-Stalin talks, 197–98
and PQ-17 outcome, 168
Roosevelt’s support for, 42, 61
Soviet jokes about, 212
Tehran Conference discussions, 235
Washington Conference discussions (1942), 62, 63
See also D-Day; North Africa invasion
Shad (German reconnaissance planes), 76–77, 93–94, 105, 119
Shostakovich, Dmitri, 173, 237
Silver Sword (U.S. freighter)
assigned to PQ-17, 54
and Barents Sea leg, 149–50
camouflage strategy, 136
and Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 176–79
and Ghost Ships convoy creation, 122
See also Ghost Ships convoy
Simonov, Konstantin, 232–33
Singapore, fall of, 63
Smith, Jac, 238–39
Sokolov, Boris, 266
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 238
Somali (British destroyer), 210
Soviet role in World War II
Battle of Stalingrad, 84–85, 172, 211–12, 232
and Bolshevik Revolution, 12
British alliance outreach, 19, 20
German-Soviet nonaggression pact, 16–17, 235
losses, 3, 19–20, 23–24, 42, 252–53
and Nazi ideology, 15–16
Roosevelt-Stalin communications, 20–21, 22–23, 172, 199, 241–42
and second front, 197–98
and Stalinism, 16, 19–20, 22, 190–92
and U.S. public opinion, 22, 172–73
See also eastern front; Grand Alliance
Soviet Union
geopolitical advantages of, 21
Nazi threat to, 15–16
Roosevelt’s views on, 20–21, 22
ships in PQ-17 convoy, 54–55
Stalin, Joseph
and Casablanca Conference, 223, 224
Churchill communications, 20, 42–43, 169–71, 198–99, 233–34
and Cold War, 253
and Communist Party, 14
on convoy strategy, 3, 23, 42–43, 170–71, 212, 234, 265
on D-Day, 235–36
downplays convoy strategy, 265
and German invasion, 18
and German-Soviet nonaggression pact, 16–17, 235
and mariners’ Archangel experiences, 196
and Nazi threat, 15–17
and North Africa invasion, 197–98, 224
on PQ-17’s outcome, 161
and rifts in Grand Alliance, 237
rise to power of, 14–15
Roosevelt communications, 20–21, 22–23, 172, 199, 241–42
on scatter order, 170–71
second-front demands, 19, 60, 233
and supply convoy routes, 30
Tehran Conference, 235–36
and Truman, 242
and Yalta Conference, 241
Stalingrad, Battle of, 84–85, 172, 211–12, 232
Stalinism
and Archangel conditions, 186–87
dismantling of, 253
Molotov’s support for, 61
and rifts in Grand Alliance, 238–39
rise of, 14–15
and Soviet war effort, 16, 19–20, 22, 190–92
and U.S. public opinion, 20, 22
Surkov, Alexey, 191
Tehran Conference (1943), 235–36
Thomas Hartley (Liberty ship), 267
Tirpitz (German battleship)
and Allied convoys, 37
Allies find, 141–42
and attack on PQ-12, 37
British Admiralty’s concerns, 109–10
British attempts to destroy, 41
and fuel shortages, 58
and Ghost Ships convoy creation, 123
Hitler’s conditions for protection of, 59, 85–86, 108, 124
Hitler’s protectiveness of, 59
in Operation Knight’s Move plans, 58–59, 60
and PQ-17 escort planning, 56, 57, 95–96
and PQ-18, 210
release of, 132–33
and scatter order, 2, 111, 112–13, 115–16, 117, 118, 130
sinking of, 239–40
withdrawal of, 142–43
Titanic, 126
Tobruk, siege of (1942), 62–63
Tolley, Kemp, 185, 186, 237–38, 254
Tovey, John, 39, 56, 57, 95, 96, 111
Trotsky, Leon, 14
Troubadour (Panamanian-flagged freighter)
Arctic preparation for, 32
arrival in Molotovsk, 180, 192
assigned to PQ-17, 54
background of, 7–8
and Barents Sea leg, 150
and camouflage strategy, 135
cargo delivery, 192
cargo of, 10
as coal source, 174
crew conflicts on, 9–10, 65–66, 195, 196, 204
crew of, 8–9
crew’s Archangel experiences, 204
and Dowding convoy from Matochkin Shar, 176–79
embarkation, 68
enters ice field, 125
flag of convenience, 8
and Ghost Ships convoy creation, 4, 120, 122
ice field experiences, 134, 143–44
Iceland anchorage, 44–45, 47, 65–66
Matochkin Shar anchorage, 174, 175–76
Norwegian officers of, 8
passes Bear Island, 88
position in convoy of, 72
return trip, 201, 204–5, 206–9, 210, 213–14
and torpedo attacks, 98, 100–101, 106
See also Ghost Ships convoy
Truman, Harry S., 242
attack on Novaya Zemlya, 180
attacks on U.S. merchant ships, 84
and British Admiralty’s concerns, 110
and early convoy attacks, 36–37
and escort force strategies, 70–71, 77
Norway coast bases, 34
and rescue operations, 102
and scatter order, 117
sinking of, 239
take survivors prisoner, 181
whales mistaken for, 81
See also German attacks
United Nations, 241
U.S. role in World War II
Lend-Lease Act, 20, 41n, 184–85, 236, 239, 242, 254
North Africa invasion, 168, 197–98, 211, 212, 214–15, 223, 224
widening involvement, 84
See also convoy strategy; Grand Alliance; Roosevelt, Franklin D.; second front
USS Rowan (destroyer), 55
USS Tuscaloosa (cruiser), 40, 55
USS Wainwright (destroyer), 55, 81, 97
USS Washington (battleship), 40, 56, 67
USS Wichita (cruiser), 6, 40, 55, 69, 116, 131
Vego, Milan, 255
Victorious (British aircraft carrier), 56, 132
Walrus (spotter plane), 80–81, 112
Washington (U.S. freighter), 54, 92–93, 139, 159, 178
Washington Conference (1942), 3, 62–63
water sky, 126
Webb, Paul, 91
whales mistaken for U-boats, 81
Why Me, Lord? (Carter), 262
William Hooper (Liberty ship), 54, 72, 101–2, 105, 166, 167
Wilson, Woodrow, 12
Winn, Godfrey, 55, 73, 76–77, 82, 94, 177
Winn, Roger, 109
Winston-Salem (U.S. freighter), 54, 165, 177, 179n, 205
World War I, 12
Wright, Hugh Patrick, 90–91, 92
Yalta Conference (1945), 241
Zaafaran (British rescue ship), 137, 167, 180
Zamalek (British rescue ship), 72, 92, 101–2, 137, 209
Zhukov, Georgi, 191