Note: Illustrations are indicated by page numbers in italic type.
Abbas, Ackbar, 137
Abelard, Peter, 224
Academy of Arts, Berlin, 201, 207, 220, 221
African Americans, in New York, 267–68
Allen, Woody, 320n74
Allenby, Edmund, 28
ambition: community vs., 261–71; costs of, 264; as New York’s ethos, 16, 249–77
Andreu, Paul, National Center for the Performing Arts, Beijing, 151, 152 Anglophones, 58–77
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 281n24
Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem, 35, 48, 283n6
Arafat, Yasser, 35
architecture: in Beijing, 151–52; in Berlin, 199–202, 207–8; glass, 182; in Hong Kong, 114, 119, 120, 133, 137; influence of, 3, 279n8; in Jerusalem, 23–24, 31; in New York, 251, 255, 263–64; in Oxford, 170, 182; in Paris, 226–28, 247–48; psychological effects of, 200, 207; Soviet, 203
Aristomedus, 154
art and culture: in Berlin, 217; in New York, 249, 260; in Paris, 231–40
Asia Insurance Building, Singapore, 107, 107
associations, 108
Atzba, Yehuda, 46
Auden, W. H., 180
Avineri, Shlomo, 216
Avlon, John P., 276
AWARE (feminist NGO), 108
Ba-Gad, Yona, 46
Balfour, Lawrie, 193
Balladur, Edouard, 236
Bank of China, 122
Bank of China building, Hong Kong, 119
Baoding, 6
Barisan Socialis (BS), 84
Barlow, Julie, Sixty Million Frenchmen Can’t Be Wrong, 246
Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, 177–78
Baudelaire, Charles, 228, 233; Le Spleen de Paris, 233
Bauer, Olivier, 290n61
Bawa, Geoffrey, Parliament Island, Columbo, 3
Beauchemin, Yves, Charles le téméraire, 289n52
Bebel, August, 205
Becker, Jasper, 303n31
Behnisch & Partner, 207
Beijing: architecture in, 151–52; attitudes in, toward foreigners, 114; civicism in, 141–42; destruction of, 145, 302n15; Forbidden City, 142, 143, 145, 302n15; future of, 156–60; Jerusalem compared to, 2; legislative authority of, 13; Olympics in, 149–51, 303n31; patriotism in, 141–42; politics as ethos of, 15, 140–60, 302n23; present-day, 148–56; rise to prominence of, 142–45; rival city of, 12; SARS in, 137–38; Shanghai compared to, 140–41; Tiananmen Square, 117, 144, 148
Belfast, 12
Bell, Daniel, 124, 256–57, 259–60, 317n27, 317n28
Bell, Don, Saturday Night at the Bagel Factory, 289n55
Ben-Gurion, David, 193
Benjamin, Walter, 10, 215, 228
Bergé, Pierre, 244
Bergère, Marie-Claire, 115
Bergman, Ingrid, 230
Berlin: architecture in, 199–202, 207–8; art world in, 217; change in, 309n22; concern for the past in, 192–94, 199–210, 214–21, 308n10; destruction of, 195, 220; film industry in, 311n53; humor in, 213; immigrants in, 198; indifference in, 197, 218–19; and Jews, 192–94, 198, 220; Olympics in, 150–51; order in, 201, 202; pluralism in, 210–13; tolerance as ethos of, 6–7, 15, 195–202, 220–21; transparency in, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207–10, 214; urban sociability in, 209
Berliner Schnauze (Berlin bluntness), 199–200
Bierce, Ambrose, 264
bilingualism, in Montreal/Quebec, 57–58, 60–61, 71, 73
Bill 101 (Quebec), 65–66, 69, 72
Birkat Kohanim (Priestly Blessing), 29–30
Bloomberg, Michael, 256
Bobart, Jacob, the elder, 174, 179
Bobart, Jacob, the younger, 174, 179
Bodleian Library, Oxford, 165–67, 169
Bogart, Humphrey, 230
Bohemians, 198
Boone, Mike, 74
Bouchard, Lucien, 288n38
Bourdieu, Pierre, 16
bourgeois values, 231, 233–35, 243, 245–47, 316n76
branding. See city branding
Brasilia, 13
Britain: and Hong Kong, 112–18, 124, 127, 297n36; and Jerusalem, 26; and Montreal, 58–61; and New York, 251–52; and Singapore, 78–79, 89
Bronfman, Charles, 67
Brugmann, Jeb, 16
Brûlé, Étienne, 57
Bryant, William Cullen, 275
Burke, Edmund, 147
Cable and Wireless, 124
Cadman, S. Parkes, 263
Cai, Mingchao, 245
Cairncross, Frances, 165, 182–83, 186
Calatrava, Santiago, 49
Calvino, Italo, 17
Cambridge, 165
campanilismo (subnational patriotism), 280n10
Canadiens (Francophones), 58–77. See also Montreal Canadiens
Canberra, 13
capitalism: as communist phase, 147–48; in Hong Kong, 15, 119–32
Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 13
Cartwright, Justin, 162, 165, 177
Casablanca (film), 230
Castells, Manuel, 16
Cathay Pacific, 124
Catholics: in Jerusalem, 28; in Montreal/Quebec, 60, 63, 290n58
Cenacle, Jerusalem, 44
Central Park, New York City, 274–75
Centre Pompidou, Paris, 228
Certeau, Michel de, 282n29
Chain, Ernest, 189
Chan, Joseph, 131
Chan, Ronnie, 124
Chan, Tony, 139
Chandigarh, 13
Chang, Denis, 139
Changsha, 282n27
charter cities, 6
Chatel, marquis du, 238
Chee, Soon Juan, 84, 86, 96, 109–10
Cheng, Anne, 237
Chenier, Andre, 232
Chen, Zhangxian, 145
Cheung Kong, 122
Child, Lydia Maria, 264
China: Confucianism in, 152–53, 158–60; depoliticization of, 148–49; environmentalism in, 6; failure of communism in, 146–48; family in, 135, 147; France and, 241–42, 244–45; geographic variations in, 115; and Hong Kong, 117–18, 122–23, 126–27; income inequality in, 149; material well-being in, 81; nationalism in, 160; and Singapore, 94 (see also Singapore: Chinese in); and Tibet, 149, 151, 245; Warring States period of, 1–2. See also Beijing; Hong Kong
Chinatowns, 133
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 126–27, 142, 145–46, 149, 270
Choltitz, Dietrich von, 244, 315n74
Chongqing, 6
Chords Bridge, Jerusalem, 49–50
Christ Church College, Oxford, 168, 172, 180
Christianity: divisions within, 36, 38, 44; in Jerusalem, 1, 25–26, 30–31, 36, 38
Chrysler Building, New York City, 263
Churchill, Winston, 79
Church of St. John the Baptist, Ein Kerem, 41–42
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, 23, 38, 44–45
cities: environmentalism in, 279n6; environmental theory applied to, 4–5; evaluation of, 4, 280n19; global, 280n18; globalization and, 5–6; legislative authority of, 12–13, 282n32; material circumstances of, 11, 282n30; methodological issues concerning, 8–11; morality in, 262–64; and politics, 1–2, 4, 281n25; population of, 279n3; pride in, 4; psychological effects of, 132; rivalry between, 12; social and political achievements of, 6
city branding, 13, 250, 282n35
city ethos, 2–6; attachment to, 8; branding of, 13, 250, 282n35; defined, 2; evaluations of, 4; factors contributing to, 11–13; immigrants and, 12, 51; methodological issues concerning, 9–11; open- vs. closed-minded, 6–7; physical expressions of, 3–4; pride as outgrowth of, 4; respect for, 7, 51–52; valuing of, 7–8; various expressions of, 2–3
city planning: displacements caused by, 255; impact of, 3, 13; in New York, 253–56, 265–66; in Paris, 226–28, 247, 313n18, 313n24
civicism: in Beijing, 141–42; defined, 4; in Hong Kong, 136–39, 299n80; in Montreal, 73; nationalism and, 280n12; in New York, 249–50, 274–77; in Shanghai, 141. See also patriotism
Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore, 102
Civil War Draft Riots (New York), 267
Cohen, G. A., 157, 166–67, 169, 288n46
Cole, G.D.H., 166
Cole, Michael, 178
Columbo, 3
communism: capitalism as phase of, 147–48; failure of, 146–48; ideal of, 156–57
communitarianism, 8; in Singapore, 78, 80, 86–89
community: ambition vs., 261–71; in New York, 271–77
Confucianism: basic themes of, 97; in China, 2, 64, 152–53, 158–60; concern for the past in, 157–58; and education, 298n55; and harmony without conformity/uniformity, 97, 152, 155, 227, 234, 312n18; in Hong Kong, 15, 126, 130–31; Mao’s hostility toward, 147; and one country, two systems model, 119; and politics, 152–53; revival of, 64; in Singapore, 97, 100, 101, 103; on social relationships, 136
Confucius, 1, 95, 152–53, 155–56; Analects of Confucius, 152–53, 156
Conservative Jews, 283n1
Cornell, Katharine, 276
cosmopolitan communitarianism, 8
Cournoyer, Yvan, 73
Cradock, Percy, 117
Crafts, Nick, 171
Craveri, Benedetta, 237
Cromwell, Oliver, 177
Cross, James, 64
Cui, Jian, 154
culture. See art and culture
Curtis, Richard, 180
D’Amato, Alfonse, 127
Danvers, Henry, Earl of Danby, 173–74
data-driven research, 10
Daubeny, Charles, 164
Davies, Robertson, 167
Deffand, Madame du, 238
De Gaulle, Charles, 234, 241, 245
deliberative democracy, 199
democracy: China and, 144, 158–59; deliberative, 199; in Hong Kong, 117–18, 296n19, 299n80; patriotism and, 110; Singaporean opposition to, 85, 96, 98–99
Deng, Lijun, 154
De Niro, Robert, 272
Derain, André, 241
Deutscher Verein vom Heiligen Lande, 44
Diderot, Denis, Paradoxe sur le comédien, 315n53
Dimbleby, David, 180
Doisneau, Robert, 230
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 22, 35
Dormition Abbey, Jerusalem, 44
Dunbar, David S., 274
Durham, Lord, 60
Durkheim, Émile, 16
Durth, Werner, 207
Eagleton, Terry, The Meaning of Life, 157
East Asian Institute, 105
economics: of Hong Kong, 15, 113–15, 119–32; of Jerusalem, 20; of Montreal/Quebec, 65; of New York, 249–50, 252–53, 255, 269–71; of Singapore, 81–86, 88–89, 94, 102
Edict of Potsdam (Prussia), 198
Edmund of Abingdon, 180
education: Confucianism and, 298n55; in Hong Kong, 66, 126, 298n55; in Montreal/Quebec, 66–67, 69–70; in Oxford, 306n31; in Singapore, 294n75. See also learning
Eiffel Tower, Paris, 228
Einstein, Albert, 215
Elliot, Charles, 115
Empire State Building, New York City, 263–64
Engels, Friedrich: Dialectics of Nature, 145; The German Ideology, 148
English language, in Singapore, 92–93. See also language: as Montreal’s ethos
Enright, D. J., The Mendicant Professor, 84
environmental theory, 4
Erlin, Matt, 209
Esman, Milton J., 287n24
esprit de clocher (subnational patriotism), 280n10
esteem toleration, 196
ethnicity: divisions based on, 11–12; in Singapore, 89–98. See also race
ethos. See city ethos
Ettinger, Yair, 50
eugenics, 101
Exeter College, Oxford, 180, 183–84
external threats, 12
faith: institutionalization of, 26–27, 31–32, 34, 40; and nationality, 33–40; and politics, 31–33, 39; and power, 40–45. See also religion
Falklands War, 117
Falwell, Jerry, 264
family: in China, 135, 147; in Hong Kong, 134–36
Fay, Michael, 109
Federation of Hong Kong Industries, 126
feminism, 318n42
Ferdinand of Aragon, 150
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 215, 220
Fink, Heinrich, 215
First of May (May Day), 179
Fischer, Claude, 272
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 230, 269–70
Flaubert, Gustave, 230
Fleming, Alexander, 189
Flint, Anthony, 255
Florey, Howard, 189
Florida, Richard, 16
Flusser, David, 47
Forster and Partners, 13
Forum des Halles, Paris, 243
Foster, Norman, Hongkong and Shanghai Bank headquarters, Hong Kong, 119
Foundation Stone, 35
France, Chinese relations with, 241–42, 244–45
Fraser & Leave Limited, 102
free market. See capitalism
French language. See language: as Montreal’s ethos
Freud, Sigmund, 16
Friedan, Betty, The Feminine Mystique, 318n42
Friedman, Milton, 121
Friedrich the Great, king of Prussia, 198, 210
Friedrich Wilhelm, elector of Brandenburg, 198
Friedrich Wilhelm II, king of Prussia, 198
Friends (television series), 272
Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ), 64
Gay Activists Alliance, 260
Gehry, Frank, 38; Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, 3, 3
gender: in Jerusalem, 52; in Montreal, 74; in Oxford, 163; in Singapore, 101
General Federation of Labor in Israel, 18
George, Albert Joseph, 314n40
Gerges, Fawaz, 239
German History Museum, Berlin, 308n10
Gilbert, Cass, Woolworth Building, New York City, 263
Giscard d’Estaing, Valery, 241
Giuliani, Rudolph, 249, 256, 276
Glaeser, Edward, 16
Glazer, Nathan, 266
Gleis 17, Gruenwald Station monument, 309n25
global cities, 280n18
globalization: benefits of, 6; cities and, 5–6; opposition to, 235; states and, 5; uniformity arising from, 5–6
Godard, Jean-Luc: La Chinoise, 312n1; Montparnasse-Levallois, 223
Goh, Chok Tong, 88
Goh, Keng Swee, 13, 79–80, 82, 86–87, 91, 100, 103, 105, 253, 291n15
Goldman Sachs, 270
Goodall, Howard, 180
Goodman, Benny, 276
Gopnik, Adam, 313n30
Gould, Jay, 260
Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC), 102
Grahame, Kenneth, 170
Grand National Theater, Beijing, 152, 303n32
Great Canal, China, 143
Great Hall of the People, Beijing, 145
Great Leap Forward, 147, 302n21
Great Wall, China, 143
Greenwich Village, New York City, 273–74
Gu, Qingfeng, 282n27
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, 3, 3
Haaretz (newspaper), 21, 38, 50
Hagia Maria Sion Abbey, Jerusalem, 44
Halak, Jaroslav, 76
Les Halles, Paris, 243
Handel, George Frideric, 178
Han dynasty, 2
Harmon, Arthur Louis, 23
harmony without conformity/uniformity, 97, 152, 155, 227, 234, 312n18
Härtel, Christian, 309n22
Häussermann, Hartmut, 310n39
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, Baron, 13, 226–28, 247, 253, 255, 265, 313n18, 313n24
Hayes, Helen, 276
Hazan, Eric, 315n64
health care, in Hong Kong, 125–26
Hegel, G.W.F., 215, 220, 308n10, 311n57
Henderson Land, 122
Henry II, king of England, 162
Heritage Foundation, 121
Herod Antipas, 42
Herodias, 42
Herzog, Jacques, Olympic Stadium, Beijing, 152, 303n32
history: Berlin and, 192–94, 199–210, 214–21, 308n10; Confucianism and, 157–58; Hong Kong and, 137; in Oxford, 167; retelling, 202–5; rewriting, 203. See also tradition
Hitchens, Christopher, 239
Ho, Chi Minh, 252
Ho, Ching, 102
Hoffman, Yaniv, 50
Hollywood films, and Paris, 230, 313n31
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 230
Homberger, Eric, 259
Hong Kong: architecture in, 114, 119, 120, 133, 137; Britain and, 112–18, 124, 127, 297n36; cars in, 133–34; Central Library in, 137; China and, 117–18, 122–23, 126–27; civicism in, 136–39, 299n80; collaboration with foreigners in, 115; colonial resentment lacking in, 114–17; concern for the past in, 137; Confucianism in, 15, 126, 130–31; domestic employees in, 125; economics of, 15, 113–15, 119–32; education in, 66, 126, 298n55; emigration from, 116, 117, 118; external threat to, 12; family in, 134–36; government officials’ salaries in, 294n83; health care in, 125–26; housing in, 122, 125, 130, 255–56; immigrants in, 115–16, 297n36; income inequality in, 7, 128, 281n20; Japanese occupation of, 116; land in, 121–23, 127; law in, 300n88; materialism as ethos of, 15; New York compared to, 260; politics in, 110, 117–19, 294n83, 296n19, 299n80; post-handover, 112, 113, 117–19, 121–27, 129, 131, 136–37; poverty in, 128; public transportation in, 126; quality of life in, 132–33; race in, 114; SARS in, 129, 137–38; social welfare in, 124–31, 297n41; taxes in, 121; work ethic in, 131–32, 134
Hongkong and Shanghai Bank headquarters, Hong Kong, 119
Hong Kong Bank, 124
Hooke, Robert, 180
housing: in Hong Kong, 122, 125, 130, 255–56; in New York, 255; in Oxford, 162–63, 173, 186; in Paris, 247–48; in Singapore, 90–91, 255–56
Huang, Zongxi, 160
Hudson, Henry, 251
Hugo, Victor, 224–26, 233, 245
Huguenots, 198
hukou (household registration system), 12–13
Humboldt University, Berlin, 214–17
humor, 213
Hunt, Alfred, 276
Huntington, Samuel, 98
Hurva synagogue, Jerusalem, 40
al-Husayni, Amin, 39
Hutchison Whampoa, 113
Hydro-Quebec, 63
identity. See national identity
immigrants: in Berlin, 198; in Canada, 73; and city ethos, 12, 51; in Hong Kong, 115–16, 297n36; integration of, 68–70; in Montreal, 66, 68–70, 73; in New York, 250, 257–61, 258, 267; in Oxford, 186–87
income inequality: in China, 149; in Hong Kong, 7, 128, 281n20; in New York, 320n88; in Singapore, 89
indifference, 197, 218–19, 267
individualism, in Singapore, 80, 86–89, 103, 104
Indonesia, 96
Inklings, 163
Institute of East Asian Political Economy, 82, 105
Intel, 32
Iraq, U.S. invasion of, 150, 159
Islam: in Jerusalem, 1, 22–23, 34–35, 38, 43, 283n6; in Paris, 247–48; in Singapore, 90, 294n75
Israel: Christian Zionism and, 39–40; as military model for Singapore, 91. See also Jerusalem
Israeli Basketball League, 50
Jackson, Kenneth T., 274
Jacobs, Jane, 226, 250, 256, 273–74; The Death and Life of Great American Cities, 273
Japan, 79
Jardine, William, 113
Jardine Matheson, 113
Jefferson, Thomas, 252
Jerusalem: architecture in, 23–24, 31; Beijing compared to, 2; Britain and, 26; cemeteries in and around, 20, 45; Christianity in, 1, 25–26, 30–31, 36, 38; description of, 18–19; economics of, 20; hatred in, 19, 43–44, 289n47; as an idea, 24–25; Islam in, 1, 22–23, 34–35, 38, 43, 283n6; Judaism in, 1, 32, 34–35, 38, 49–52; leisure in, 20–21; libraries in, 51; maps of, 24; migration from, 49; pilgrims in, 24–25, 27, 37; pluralism of, 21, 28, 53–54; politics in, 31–33, 39, 286n50; poverty in, 20, 21; religion as ethos of, 1, 7, 12, 14, 21, 23–55, 279n1; rival city of, 12; secularism in, 51–52; Tel Aviv compared to, 20–21, 46, 48–49; tolerance in, 22; tourism in, 39; violence in, 32–33, 35–36; walls of, 43; YMCA in, 23–24
Jewish Museum, Berlin, 211
Jews. See Conservative Jews; Judaism; modern Orthodox Jews; Reform Jews; ultra-Orthodox Jews
Jiang, Shigong, 119
Jogues, Father, 257
John the Baptist, Saint, 41–42, 48
Jones, Samuel, 177
Journal de Montreal (newspaper), 76
Joy, Greg, 149
Judaism: Berlin and, 192–94, 198, 220; divisions within, 283n1; in Jerusalem, 1, 32, 34–35, 38, 49–52; in Montreal, 68; in Paris, 243–44
Julhès Fromagerie-Cave, 232
Jurchen Jin dynasty, 143
Kahana, Meir, 43
Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Berlin, 195–97
Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Promotion of Science, 215
Kästner, Erich, 218
Khan, Kublai, 159
Khanna, Parag, 280n18
Khitan Liao dynasty, 143
kiasuism, 103
Kipling, Rudyard, 114
Koh, Buck Song, 92
Kook, Abraham Isaac, 45
Kotel, 29–30, 35. See also Wailing Wall
Kotkin, Joel, 318n44
Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 75
Kymlicka, Will, 68, 193–94, 287n33
Lafleur, Guy, 73
Lang, Jack, 234
language: of First Nations peoples, 57–58; as Montreal’s ethos, 7, 10, 14, 56–77; in New York, 318n40; in Singapore, 92–94
Laporte, Pierre, 64
Last Supper Room, Jerusalem, 43–44
Launay, vicomte de, 225
Laurin, Camille, 65
law, in Hong Kong, 300n88
Lazarus, Emma, 259
Leacock, Stephen, 59
learning: class and, 181–90; nonconformism and, 176–80; as Oxford’s ethos, 15, 161–90; research vs. scholarship, 164–65, 170; tradition and, 177, 180; tutorial system and, 171, 177. See also education
Le Corbusier, 256, 263, 319n49
Lee, Hsien Loong, 99, 100, 102, 294n86
Lee, Hsien Yang, 102
Lee, Kuan Yew, 79–81, 83–86, 88, 91, 94, 97–99, 101–2, 106, 109, 124, 135, 291n15
Legalism, 1–2, 95, 97, 150, 160
Legislative Council building, Hong Kong, 119, 120
Leibniz, Gottfried, 215
Lemaire, Jacques, 73
L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 265
Levy, Bernard-Henri, 239
Lewis, C. S., 163
Li, Ling-hin, 122
Li, Richard, 123
Liang, Sicheng, 145
Libeskind, Daniel, Jewish Museum, Berlin, 211
Liebermann, Max, 220
Liebknecht, Karl, 202
Life (magazine), 230
Li, Ka-shing, 123
Lincoln Center, New York, 253
Lindemann, Frederick, 180
Lin, Yutang, 105
Liu, Xiang, 151
The Lives of Others (film), 216, 218
Los Angeles, 256
Louyang, 1
Lubitsch, Ernst, 313n31
Lu, Dayue, 299n78
Lukes, Steven, 266
Luxemburg, Rosa, 202
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 150
MacLehose, Murray, 125, 131, 296n19
MacLennan, Hugh, 58
Mailer, Norman, 73
Malaysia, 79, 81. See also Singapore: Malays in
Manchu Qing dynasty, 143
Mao’s Memorial Hall, Beijing, 145
Mao, Zedong, 119, 142, 144–48, 157
Marx, Karl, 81, 102, 123–24, 146–48, 156–57, 215, 296n33, 302n21, 315n72; The German Ideology, 148, 156
Masdar, 13
materialism: connotations of, 111–12; as Hong Kong’s ethos, 15, 132–39. See also material well-being
material well-being: in cities, 11, 282n30; morality dependent on, 81; in Singapore, 80–89. See also materialism
Matisse, Henri, 241
Maupassant, Guy de, 228, 230, 316n76; Bel-Ami, 244; “Ode to Adultery,” 246
Max Planck Society, 215
McCarthy, Thomas, 309n26
McEwan, Ian, 191
Mecca, 23
Meech, Anthony, 70
Mehta, Suketu, Maximum City, 283n37
Melamed, Eliezer, 33
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Berlin, 195–96, 210, 221
mens sana in corpore sano, 169
Mercier, Philippe, 178
meritocracy, in Singapore, 80, 98–103
Merman, Ethel, 276
Meuron, Pierre de, Olympic Stadium, Beijing, 152, 303n32
Mill, John Stuart, 87, 95, 112, 113, 176
Miller, David, 172
Miller, Henry, 230
Ming dynasty, 143
Mitterrand, François, 234, 241
modern Orthodox Jews, 283n1
Mongkok, 132
Mongol Yuan dynasty, 143
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de, 237
Montreal and Quebec: Anglophone dominance in, 58–61; bilingualism in, 57–58, 60–61, 71, 73; communal identity in, 65–67; economics of, 65; education in, 66–67, 69–70; external threat to, 12; First Nations and, 56–58; Francophone dominance in, 61–67; histories of, 287n23; hockey in, 73–77; immigrants in, 66, 68–70; language as ethos of, 7, 10, 14, 56–77; modernization in, 63; multiculturalism in, 68–73, 288n38; Olympics in, 63, 64, 149; racial tensions in, 72; rival cities of, 12, 59; wealth gap in, 59
Montreal Gazette (newspaper), 72, 75
Monument to the People’s Heroes, Beijing, 145
Morgan, J. P., 260
Morris, Jan, 180
Morris, William, 180
Moses, Robert, 13, 253–56, 273, 303n31
Muldoon, Paul, 193
multiculturalism, in Montreal, 68–73, 288n38
multinational corporations, 83, 88
multiracialism, in Singapore, 80, 89–98
Mumford, Lewis, The City in History, 265
Musée de la Vie Romantique, Paris, 222
Musée Guimet, Paris, 244
Museum of Chinese History and Revolution, Beijing, 145
Museum of Tolerance, Jerusalem, 38
Nadeau, Jean-Benoît, Sixty Million Frenchmen Can’t Be Wrong, 246
Napoleon III, king of France, 226
National Center for the Performing Arts, Beijing, 151, 152, 303n31
national identity: Quebec’s communal identity, 65–67; as Singapore’s ethos, 7, 14–15, 78–110
Nationalist Party (Guomingdang, KMT), 143–44
national minorities, 68
National Trade Unions Congress (NTUC), 84
Nazism, 191, 195, 206, 209, 212–13, 218, 220, 241, 244
neighborhoods, 280n9
Netanyahu, Binyamin, 35
New Delhi, 6
New York: African Americans in, 267–68; ambition as ethos of, 16, 249–77; architecture in, 251, 255, 263–64; art and culture in, 249, 260; as “capital of the world,” 16, 249–61; Central Park, 274–75; city planning in, 253–56, 265–66; civicism in, 249–50, 274–77; community in, 271–77; economics of, 249–50, 252–53, 255, 269–71; feminism in, 318n42; Greenwich Village, 273–74; history of, 251–52; Hong Kong compared to, 260; housing in, 255; immigrants in, 250, 257–61, 258, 267; income inequality in, 320n88; indifference in, 267; language in, 318n40; Manhattan’s street grid, 264–66; pedestrians in, 264–66, 319n62; race in, 267–68; single households in, 271–72; Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 275
New York Tribune (newspaper), 229–30
New York Yankees, 274
Ng Keng Siang, Asia Insurance Building, Singapore, 107, 107
Nicaragua, 242
Nixon, Richard, 146
Nonconformism, religious, 177
Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, 224, 226
Notre Dame de Sion, Ein Kerem, 54
NTUC. See National Trade Unions Congress
Nusseibeh, Sari, 283n6
Nye, David, 263
Obama, Barack, 240
October Crisis (Montreal, 1970), 64
Olympic Stadium (the Bird’s Nest), Beijing, 152, 303n32
one country, two systems model, 117, 119
O’Neill, Joseph, Neverland, 269
Orient Overseas, 122
Ortega, Daniel, 242
Orthodox Christians, 28
Orthodox Jews. See modern Orthodox Jews; ultra-Orthodox Jews
Owen, David, 279n6
Oxford: architecture in, 170, 182; Cambridge compared to, 165; class in, 181–90; description of, 161–62; elementary and secondary education in, 171, 189, 306n31; gender in, 163; the homeless in, 185–86; housing in, 162–63, 173, 186; immigrants in, 186–87; learning as ethos of, 15, 161–90; study climate of, 170–75, 181–82; theory and practice in, 184; town-gown relations in, 182–88
Oxford Botanic Garden, 164, 173–74
paganism, 46
Pagis, Dan, “The Eternal City,” 19–20
Palestinians, 27, 33, 35–36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 283n2
Palmerston, Lord, 113
PAP. See People’s Action Party
Papineau, Louis-Joseph, 60
Parfit, Derek, 169
Paris: American fascination with, 229–30, 313n30; art and culture in, 231–40; conversation in, 237–40; food in, 231, 232, 233–36, 243; Haussmann’s renovation of, 226–28, 247, 265, 313n18, 313n24; history of, 223–26; housing in and around, 247–48; and Jews, 243–44; legislative authority of, 13; morality in, 243–48; nonpasteurized ethos in, 231–35, 243, 244, 247, 314n38; political protests in, 242–43, 247–48, 315n64; romance as ethos of, 13, 15–16, 222–48, 314n37; and rural environs, 235–36, 245–47; suburbs of, 228, 247–48, 313n20; and Tibet, 241–42; tourism in, 230–31; values in, 223, 231, 234, 243; wealth gap in, 12; in World War II, 244
Pariser Platz, Berlin, 207
Parla, Rabbi, 46
Parliament building, Berlin, 204
Parti Québécois (PQ), 64–65, 69, 72
pashkvilim (notices), 41
past. See history; Vergangenheitsbewältigung
Patetchouan, 57
patriotism: in Beijing, 141–42; democracy and, 110; in Singapore, 103, 104–8. See also civicism
PCCW, 123
Peel, Robert, 180
Peglau, Karl, 201
Pei, I. M.: Bank of China, Hong Kong, 119; Place Ville-Marie building, Montreal, 286n13
Peng, Zhen, 145
People’s Action Party (PAP), 79–80, 83–85, 88, 90–93, 95, 100, 103, 109–10
Percival, W. P., 63
Philip II, king of France, 224, 243
Piano, Renzo, 201
Picasso, Pablo, 240
Pindrus, Yitzhak, 32
Places of Remembrance (art installation), 192–93, 308n11
Place Ville-Marie building, Montreal, 286n13
planning. See city planning
Plate, Tom, 291n15
Plato, 1
pluralism: in Berlin, 210–13; in Jerusalem, 21, 28, 53–54; in New York, 261; tolerance and, 212–13
Polese, Mario, 16
politics: as Beijing’s ethos, 15, 140–60, 302n23; cities and, 1–2, 4, 281n25; Confucianism and, 152–53; in Hong Kong, 110, 117–19, 294n83, 296n19, 299n80; in Jerusalem, 31–33, 39, 286n50; music and, 154–56; in Quebec, 63–67; in Singapore, 83, 85–88, 98–104, 109–10; social bonds and, 152–54; sports and, 150–51
Pompidou, Georges, 241
Portland, 256
Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 200–202
PQ. See Parti Québécois
prostitution, in Singapore, 104–6
Protestants: and Israel, 39; in Jerusalem, 28
Prussia, 198
Prysor-Jones, Angela, 175
public transportation, 126, 256
Qin, 147
Qin dynasty, 97
Qingming Festival (Tomb-Sweeping Day), 135
Quebec. See Montreal and Quebec
Quebec City, 59
Rabin, Yitzhak, 193
race: divisions based on, 11–12; in Hong Kong, 114; in Montreal, 72; in New York, 267–68; in Singapore, 89–98. See also ethnicity
Raffarin, Jean-Pierre, 241
Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 78, 304n33
Rajaratnam, S., 88
Ratisbonne, Alphonse, 54
Raz, Joseph, 171
reconciliation, 193–94, 199, 205
Record of Music, 155
Reform Jews, 283n1
religion: cities and, 262–64; elements of, 32; faith in contrast to, 26–27, 31–32, 40; as Jerusalem’s ethos, 1, 7, 12, 14, 21, 23–55, 279n1; and nationality, 33–40; and politics, 31–33; and power, 40–45; in Singapore, 90. See also faith
respect: for city ethos, 7, 51–52; for rights, 52
restorative reconciliation, 193–94
Ribalta, Francisco, 42
Richler, Mordecai, 67
rights: respect for, 52; in Singapore, 295n98
rivalries, 12
Rivlin, Reuven, 40
Rodan, Garry, 295n98
Rohan, Dennis, 48
romance: beauty and, 225, 229; as ethos of Paris, 13, 15–16, 222–48, 314n37; morality vs., 243–48; nature and, 233; nonpasteurized, 231–35, 243, 244, 247, 314n38
Romer, Paul, 6
Roper, Hugh Trevor, 180
Rothstein, Edward, 211
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 209, 223, 231; Rêveries of the Solitary Walker, 233
Rubin, Rehav, 24
Ruppel, Wolfgang, 203
Rushdie, Salman, 51
Rybczynski, Witold, 16
Sadler, James, 183
Saint Laurent, Yves, 244
Salome, 42
Sand, George, 222
San Francisco, 6
Sardou, Victorien, 313n24
Sassen, Saskia, 16
SATU. See Singapore Association of Trade Unions
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 311n53
Schneider, Rolf, 211
Schoenberg, Arnold, 213
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 215, 220
Schopfer, Jean, 265
self, 212
September 11, 2001 attacks, 249, 264, 276
Shakespeare and Company, Paris, 229
Shalev, Meir, 20
Shek Kip Mei squatter fire, 125
Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, 171
Shell Corporation, 100
Sidney, Philip, 180
Signe, Rene-Pierre, 241
Simon, Sherry, 70
Singapore: Central Provident Fund (CPF) in, 80, 83, 103; China and, 94; Chinese in, 79, 81, 90, 92–94; citizenship in, 295n94; Confucianism in, 97, 100, 101, 103; description of, 78–79; Economic Development Board (EDB) in, 82–83; economics of, 81–86, 88–89, 94, 102; education in, 294n75; external threat to, 12; gender in, 101; government intervention and repression in, 83–87, 90, 97, 103–10; government officials’ salaries in, 102–3, 294n86; Group Representation Constituency (GRC) system in, 95; Housing Development Board (HDB) in, 90–91; housing in, 255–56; income inequality in, 89; Indians in, 91; individualism in, 103; Islam in, 294n75; language in, 92–94; legislative authority of, 12; Malays in, 81, 90, 91, 92, 101, 294n75; material well-being in, 80–89; meritocracy in, 80, 98–103; migration from, 86–87; military of, 12, 91–92; multiracialism in, 80, 89–98; national identity as ethos of, 7, 14–15, 78–110; patriotism in, 103, 104–8; politics in, 83, 85–88, 98–104, 109–10; religion in, 90; rights in, 7, 295n98; social welfare in, 85, 94; values in, 96–97
Singapore Association of Trade Unions (SATU), 84–85
Singapore Democratic Party, 109
Singapore Heritage Society, 106
Singapore Technologies, 102
Singh, Davinder, 84
SingTel, 102
slavery, 267
small and medium enterprises (SMEs), 85
Smith, Peter Cookson, 132
Social Democratic Party of Germany, 205–6
Socialist Unity Party, 215
Socialist Workers Party of Germany, 205
social justice, 2
social mobility, 183
social welfare: in Hong Kong, 124–31, 297n41; in Singapore, 85, 94
Society for Sciences, 215
Solomon, King, 53
Song, Bing, 70, 82, 111, 113, 144, 239, 244, 249, 253, 259–60, 272
Sorbon, Robert de, 224
Sorkin, Andrew Ross, 270
Soviet Union, 203
Sparta, 1
Spartacus League, 202
Sri Lanka, 3
Stage Door Canteen, New York City, 275–76
St. Anne’s College, Oxford, 182–83
states, globalization and, 5
Stein, Gertrude, 230
Steinbeck, John, 272
Stern, Robert A. M., 261
Stockholm, 110
Straits Times (newspaper), 84
Strauss, Leo, 279n1
strolling, 9–10, 227, 228, 233, 266, 313n24, 319n62
Suharto, 96
Sukarno, 81
Suleiman the Magnificent, 43
Sun Hung Kai Properties, 122
Sun Life, 67
Sun, Yun-wing, 127
Sylvester, Pope, 27
Taj Mahal, 3
Tang, Liang Hong, 90
Tang Ying-yen, Henry, 126
Taverner, John, 180
Taxi Driver (film), 272
Taylor, Ronald, 311n57
Tel Aviv, 12, 20–21, 46, 48–49
Temasek Holdings, 102
Temple Mount, Jerusalem, 29, 34–35
Thatcher, Margaret, 117
Thio, Li-Ann, 108
Tianjin, 13
Tibet, 119, 149, 151, 241–42, 245
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 87–88, 108
Tokyo, 208
tolerance: as Berlin’s ethos, 6–7, 15, 195–202, 220–21; defined, 196; identity and, 212; indifference vs., 197, 218–19; in Jerusalem, 22; pluralism and, 212–13
Tomkins, Calvin, 252
Toronto, 12, 59, 67, 73, 93, 149
Tour Maine-Montparnasse, Paris, 228
tradition, and learning, 177, 180
transformative reconciliation, 193–94
transparency, in Berlin, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207–10, 214
Tremewan, Christopher, 92
Trocki, Carl A., 84
Trudeau, Pierre Elliot, 64
Two International Finance Center, Hong Kong, 133
Tziper, Benny, 21
Ulbricht, Walter, 203
Ulman, Michael, 206
ultra-Orthodox Jews, 32, 38, 41, 48–52, 55, 283n1
United States: diversity in, 318n44; Iraq invasion by, 150, 159; legislative authority of cities in, 13, 282n32; wealth gap in, 12
University Test Act (England), 177
urban planning. See city planning
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 260
Vaux, Calvert, 275
Vergangenheitsbewältigung (coming to terms with the past), 192–94, 199–210, 214–21, 308n11
Verter, Yosi, 40
Vietnam War, 252
Village Voice (newspaper), 260–61, 273
violence: faith and nationality and, 34; in Jerusalem, 32–33, 35–36; in Quebec, 64
Wailing Wall, 29–30, 34, 45–46
Walton, William, 180
Walzer, Michael, 196
Wang, Nina, 139
Wang, Bo, 303n32
Wang, Meng, 151
War Measures Act (Canada), 64
Washington, DC, 265
Washington, George, 252
wealth gap, 11–12; in Montreal, 59; in Paris, 247; in Singapore, 128
Weill, Kurt, 213
Weinstock, Daniel, 287n33
welfare. See social welfare
Wellesley, Arthur, first Duke of Wellington, 172
Wesley, John, 180
White, E. B., “Here Is New York,” 259
White, Edmund, 231
Williams, Rowan, 180
Wolfe, Tom, Bonfire of the Vanities, 270
Wong, Benjamin, 93
Wong, Kar-wai, Chungking Express, 137
Woolworth Building, New York City, 263
World Trade Center, New York City, 264, 276
World Trade Organization, 235–36
Wu, Anna, 296n19
Wu, Hung, 145
Xenarkis, Iannis, 233
Xinjiang, 149
Xu, Jiatun, 122
Yad Ben Zvi Institute, 39
Yediot Ahronot (newspaper), 50
Yeo, George, 84
Yeung, Bernard, 291n15
Yiddish, 68
York, Duke of, 251
Yosef, Eitan Bar, 26
Yu, Dan, 153
Yugoslavia, 96
Yung, Betty, 131
Zakaria, Fareed, 239
Zhang, Bo, 303n33
Zhou dynasty, 1
Zhou, Enlai, 117
Zhou, Tianyong, 158
Zhuangzi, 153
Zhu, Er, 136
Zhu, Xi, 153
Zola, Émile, 230