INDEX
References in boldface indicate page(s) on which terms are defined.
accountability. See dokimasia; euthunai; politicians: accountability of
Acharnai, 31
actor, 114, 152, 154, 180, 234, 273, 279
Aeschines, 117-18. See also the Appendix
agora, 35, 127, 139, 206-7, 222, 273, 275, 276; and rumor, 148
Agyrrhios, 286
Alcibiades, 47, 89, 92-94, 206, 211, 231, 258, 288-89
Alcidamas, 114
Alexander III of Macedon, 233, 332
Althusser, Louis, 40
ancestors, of Athenians, 220, 262-65, 280, 298, 319, 321
Andocides, 117. See also the Appendix
Antiphon, 46. See also the Appendix
Aphobetus, 282
Apollodorus, 117, 213, 222, 268. See also the Appendix under Dem. 49, 50, 52, 53, 59
archons and archonship, 57, 61, 64, 76, 119; opened to zeugitai, 80
Areopagus, council of, 64, 68, 73, 77-78, 141, 219; and Assembly, 101
aretē, 11, 249, 255, 256, 263, 290, 339
aristocracy and aristocrats, 12, 56-60, 70, 79, 249-92
Aristocrates, 265
aristocratic code, 84–85, 250, 266, 274, 277, 281, 283, 289-91, 313, 333
Aristomedes, 109
Aristophon, 328
Aristotle, 50; on aristocracy, 249, 295; on banausia, 277-78; on class conflict, 197; on deliberative rhetoric, 138; on demagogues, 120; on democracy, 163-64, 192-93; on ēthos, 147; on eugeneia, 249, 256; on everyone knows topos, 149; and ideal society of Politics, 32-33; on oligarchy, 7, 249; on probouleusis, 139; on proportionate equality, 294-95; on rhe_ tores and stratēgoi, 120; on rhetoric, 43, 45; on rule of law, 303; on slander, 151; on status and class, 249; on wealth and poverty, 194-95; on the wealthy, 219, 235
Arnheim, M.T.W., 251
Aspasia, 89
Assembly, 7-8, 21, 54, 132-38; attendance in, 132, 134; and Cleisthenic reforms, 71-73; and Council, 97, 100; and courts, 324n.46; number of meetings of, 132; and ostracism, 74; pay for attendance in, 24, 98, 133-36, 143; in Pisistratid period, 67; and powers of Areopagus, 77-78; seating arrangements in, 132-33; social composition, 134-38; before Solon, 57; and Solon’s reforms, 64; and sovereignty, 95-98, 101, 144-47 (see also sovereignty: institutional locus of); voting in, 134
Assemblymen: addressed as ho dēmos, 134
Athenagoras, 47
Athēnaiōn Politeia, 51
athletics, 85, 161, 166, 250, 273, 281-83
Austin, M., 290
Bachrach, Peter, 78
bema, 112, 120, 132, 146, 154, 240, 296
bouleutai (Councilmen), 133, 160-62, 284. See also Council of 500
boulomenos, 109
bribery, 165, 167, 174, 216, 219, 224, 233, 236-38, 245-46, 310, 328, 331, 332
Bugh, Glenn, 204
Callias, 273
cavalry, 99, 204, 209, 264, 266
Chabrias, 206
Chaeronea, battle of, 101, 107, 232, 275, 278, 333-34
charis, 174, 226, 227-33, 235, 241-42, 245-47, 288, 289, 307, 310, 322, 335; and bribery, 236-38. See also acharistos; citizenship: and charis
chorēgia and chorēgos, 153, 199, 201, 209, 231n.57, 232; as metaphor for proper role of wealth, 243-44
chrēstos, 13, 14, 127, 251, 260
citizens: as collective aristocracy, 262-64, 287; as equals, 291; ethos of, 270; geographical distribution of, 130–31; as kinship unit, 263-64; laboring, 140; lists of, 271; number of, 28-29, 32, 127-28; older, 14, 144, 181, 190, 310; rural, 24, 26, 66, 130–31, 136-37, 144; as a sociopolitical elite, 261; urban, 135
citizenship, 5, 7, 54, 88, 100, 211; and autochthony, 261-66; and charis, 266-70; and Cleisthenic reforms, 70-71; and exclusivity, 6, 97-98, 103 (see also noncitizens); grants of, 267-68, 320; and inherited patriotism, 264-66; law of 451/0, 80-81, 88, 100; in Pisistratid period, 66-68; restriction of, 267; before Solon, 59-60; and Solon’s reforms, 62–65
class (economic), 61, 67; as analytic category, 12-13 (see also status: and class); conflict, 18n.36, 63, 197-98, 205, 230, 241, 243, 332, 339; consciousness, 207n.28, 218; Greek terminology of, 194-96; laboring, 30, 129–30, 135, 272–77 (see also penētes); leisure, 29, 113, 117, 118, 128, 134, 192-96 (see also plousioi), middle, 27-30, 63n.25, 134; tension, 18, 98, 198, 202, 205, 241
Cleisthenes, 34, 53, 68–75, 76, 82, 83, 85
Cleobulus, 282
common report. See rumor and gossip
communication: between citizens, 35, 40-42; between mass and elite, 45, 103, 104-54, 336-39; reciprocal, 104
competition. See elite: competition among
Conon, 92
consensus, 19, 72-73, 76, 82, 95, 98, 162, 168, 225, 295-99; politics of, 69-71, 74. See also homonoia
constitution, 9, 189, 295, 299, 300, 304-5, 333, 338; democratic, 193, 198, 217, 242; as institutional organization of state, 53-103; as a surface phenomenon, 22-23. See also politeia
cost of living, 131
Councillors: chosen by lot, 76; elected, 71; pay for, 80, 139. See also bouleutai
council of 400, 64, 67, 68, 71, 72, 87
Council of 500, 8, 21, 54, 138-41, 318; and Assembly, 21, 78-79, 133, 141; established by Cleisthenes, 71–73; number of meetings of, 139; social composition of, 139–41
courts, 8, 32, 54, 141–48; circuit, 66; as restraint on wealthy, 217; and Solon’s reforms, 64-65; sovereignty of, 144-47 (see also sovereignty: institutional locus of); and wealth, 217-20
craftsmen, 144
Critias, 172
crowns, honorary, 161, 185, 231, 243. See also the Appendix under Dem. 18, Aesch. 3
debate, 189, 298, 325, 332; legitimacy of, 167–68
decadence, of wealthy, 208
deference, 67, 69, 71, 80, 94, 229, 312-13; politics of, 58, 89
delegation of political authority, 323-24, 326-27, 335
demagogue, 17, 91–94, 106, 122-24, 162, 181, 232, 315, 321, 322
dēmēgoria, 106
demes, 31-33, 82, 116, 130, 181, 214, 254, 256, 266, 329; assembly, 32, 70-72, 159, 266, 329; and citizenship, 159; established by Cleisthenes, 70-71; theater in, 152
democracy: in colonial Massachusetts, 71, 82-83, 237, 267n.41, 337; direct, 8, 15, 17, 31, 34, 52, 100, 103, 151, 165, 190, 330, 334, 337; ethos of, 4, 160, 190, 209, 290; “moderate,” 22, 96, 98; modern, 3-9, 151, 156, 205n.26, 325; “radical,” 7, 22, 24, 50, 95-96, 98, 321; stability of, 18, 19, 35, 52, 100, 104 (see also stability: political); theory of, 338-39
dēmokratia, 3, 82, 339; personified as female deity, 101
demos, 3, 8; as imagined community, 33, 137-38, 337; personified, 101; political consciousness of, 60, 65-69, 84, 94, 313; term for Assemblymen, 145
Demosthenes, 46, 101, 102, 114, 117, 118, 123, 154, 231, 325-26. See also the Appendix
Demosthenes (the general), 321
dēmotikos, 162, 172, 188, 189, 264-65, 271, 272, 306, 309, 328
differentiation, 4, 8, 125–27, 330
Dinarchus. See the Appendix
Diodotus, 47
discourse, 40-42; of democracy, 35, 293-339
disenfranchisement, 136. See also citizenship: restriction of
dissent, 76
dokimasia, 119, 230, 267, 329; of public opinion, 330; rhētorōn, 110, 126, 177n.39
Dover, K. J., 37
Draco, 58
Dray, William, 36
Eder, W., 67
education: advantage of, for politician, 182-87; as elite attribute, 12, 156-91; political, 159–60; popular mistrust of, 170-74. See also rhetoric
egalitarianism, 8, 14, 17, 55, 93, 103, 150, 163, 180, 186, 191, 197, 202-3, 209, 214, 234, 240, 251, 259, 286, 288, 294, 306, 313, 320-21, 336. See also ideology: egalitarian; ideology: mass
eisangelia, 109-111, 133, 141, 169, 328, 331
eisphora, 28, 128, 199, 200, 201, 215, 221, 224, 232, 277, 280. See also taxation: war
elections: considered potentially undemocratic, 7
Eleusis, 207
eleutheria, 217
elite, 11-17; ability, 113; birth, 14, 113, 118, 248-92, 312; circulation of, 61; competition among, 10, 53, 65, 67-68, 79, 84-85, 88, 94, 153, 155, 243, 250-51, 291, 309-10, 328, 333, 335-36; educated, 13, 86, 89-90, 113, 116, 156-91; power of, 293-94; ruling, 4, 14-16, 21, 55-60, 61, 63, 67, 69, 77, 85, 102, 121-22, 156, 197, 251, 289, 312, 328; wealth, 12, 14, 72, 78, 80, 116-18, 128-29, 192-247, 312
elite/elite texts, 39-40, 43-44, 48, 51, 163
empire, 23, 24, 30, 83, 84, 88, 98, 100
envy, 208, 220; of wealthy, 203, 205-6
Ephialtes, 77
Epichares, 282
Epicrates, 273
equality, 217-18, 259, 290-91, 319; political, 7, 10, 14, 70, 72, 75, 76, 93, 97-98, 103, 164, 197-98, 240-47, 251, 289, 293-95, 304, 336-37. See also egalitarianism
Eteoboutadai, 118, 254, 281, 283
ethos, 147, 154n.123, 269, 285-89; and policy, 332
eugeneia, 11, 253-54, 259–60, 262, 266
Eumolpidai, 254
eunoia, 336
Eunomus, 114
Eupatridai (archaic ruling elite of birth), 56-59
Eupatridai (genos of), 254
euporoi, 202
Euripides, 172
Euthycrates, 201
face-to-face society, 31-33, 150
fictions in public speech, 154, 174–77, 190, 221–26, 241, 306–7
financial offices, 119; and democracy, 102-3. See also treasurers
fines, punitive, 200
Finley, M. L, 12, 13, 15-17, 22-24, 31-33, 36, 38, 122, 124, 248, 336
food, cost of, 131
Foucault, Michel, 52
freedom, 10; and citizenship, 63; of speech, 21, 72-73, 193, 278-79 (see also isēgoria; parrhēsia); of thought, 298. See also liberty
funeral oration, 47, 157, 262, 290
generals (stratēgoi), 20, 86-88, 119, 146, 171, 260, 282, 289, 320, 323, 331, 337
genos, gennētai, 56, 118, 252, 254, 259, 261, 262, 281-83, 289-90
Glaucothea, 273
Gorgias, 159n.8
gossip. See rumor and gossip
graphē, 141; paranomōn, 95–96, 97n.103, 109, 133, 301-3, 328
gratitude. See charts
gymnasia, 253
Halimous, 214
Hansen, M. H., 22, 110, 117, 140
Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 253, 254, 256, 273, 286
Harpalus, 331
Hasebroek, J., 29
hēgemones, 107
hegemony, ideological, 291, 332-39
Hegesandros, 118
Hegesippus, 117, 118, 284. See also the Appendix under Dem. 7
Hermocrates, 47
history, use of in rhetoric, 178, 181-82
homosexuality, 250, 253, 257, 258, 283
hoplites, 83, 160, 204, 207, 233, 264, 282; number of, 129
hubris, 162, 190, 201, 208-12, 218, 255, 258, 283
Humphreys, S. C., 145
Hyperbolus, 274
Hyperides, 117. See also the Appendix
ideology, 38-40, 124-25, 151; aristocratic, 286, 288, 312; democratic, 38, 54, 82, 86, 94; egalitarian, 189-90 (see also egalitarianism); elitist, 189-90; manipulation of, by elite, 65; mass, 90-91, 93, 124 (see also egalitarianism); as means of social control, 244-47; political, 39-40, 44-45, 53, 168, 234, 281, 289, 297, 313, 337; popular, 160, 163, 184, 224, 291; shared, 39, 41 ; and social stability, 304-9
imagined community, concept of, 33. See also demos: as imagined community
inequality, 13, 18; political, 94; power, 190-91, 244-45, 293; social, 70, 162, 192, 293-95, 304, 337; wealth, 192-205, 209, 214-19, 230, 240-47, 337
institutions, normative function of, 160–63, 189
intelligence, of Athenians, 157, 163, 172, 181
Isaeus, 114. See also the Appendix
isēgoria, 72-73, 78-79, 87, 97, 168, 172, 217, 317, 325, 339; as an egalitarian freedom, 296-98
Isocrates, 48, 113-15, 202; and his school, 170-71. See also the Appendix
Jaeger, Werner, 13
Jones, A.H.M., 28
juries, social composition of, 142-44
jurors: and juror list, 142; pay for, 81, 84, 142-43, 201. See also courts
kakoi, 58
kaloi k’agathoi, kalokagathia, 13, 252, 254, 255, 257, 258-62, 266, 286-87, 291, 339
Kothokedai, 254
labor: ideology of, 272–81, 310 (see also slavery); as virtuous, 221; wage, 129-30, 135-36
laborers. See class; laboring
Lamian War, 334
Laslett, Peter, 31
law: code, of ca. 410-399, 95-97; code, of Draco, 58-59; as a common possession of the citizenry, 218; as discourse, 145; rule of, 22, 98, 295, 299-304; wisdom of, 165
Lawmakers, 54, 96–97, 273; regarded as embodying will of demos, 102. See also nomothetai
leadership: charismatic, 123-24; political, 16-17, 19, 68, 79, 84-86, 91, 99-100, 107, 122, 126, 155, 288, 314, 315, 318-23, 325, 326, 332, 335, 336
legontai, 106
liberty, 217; individual, 295–99, 338. See also freedom
Lipset, S. M., 19
liturgists, number of, 117
liturgy, 1411.24, 115, 117, 195-96, 199-202, 203, 215-17, 226-33, 234, 240, 306
logographer, 47, 113, 142, 172, 175, 188, 190, 225, 273, 279, 293, 306, 308-9, 312
Loraux, Nicole, 290
lottery, 8, 76-77, 79, 80, 97, 103, 193
lottery machine, 101
Lycurgus, 102, 117-19, 326. See also the Appendix
Lysander, 316
Lysias. See the Appendix
magistrates and magistracies, 54-55, 77, 80, 119, 158, 160, 336
Marxism, 10, 11n.14, 12, 19n.38, 25, 40, 197, 338-39
masses, 11-17. See also egalitarianism; hegemony, ideological; ideology
Meidias, 117. See also the Appendix under Dem. 21
Meier, C., 336
metics, 7n.8, 11n.14, 29, 30, 89n.89, 97n.103, 128n.59, 199, 275. See also noncitizens
metrios, 162, 257-59, 282, 283, 289, 310
Michels, Robert, 15, 16, 34, 102, 156, 309, 327, 334-35
military service, 160. See also cavalry; ephebes; hoplites; navy
Miltiades. 220
mining, 225
Misgolas, 257
moderation, 27-30, 63n.25, 122, 162, 188–89, 212, 220, 233, 243. See also metrios
monarchy, 89
Mosca, Gaetano, 15
naturalization. See citizenship: grants of
navy, naval service, 23, 83-84, 94, 99, 160, 227
nomos, nomothesia, 96, 101, 108–9, 191 , 133, 145, 288, 300-302; forbidding occupational slander, 276; on idleness, 276; on orderliness in Assembly, 132, 138; on trierarchy, 216; against Tyranny, 101
nomothetai, 22, 100, 108-9, 288, 299, 323. See also Lawmakers
noncitizens, 5, 6, 249, 261, 263, 266, 279, 287, 288, 291, 308
ochlos, 11
oligarchy, 7, 17, 19, 93-95, 99, 101, 102, 109, 191, 193, 204, 255, 258, 265, 287, 309, 313, 328
Oligarchy, Michels’ Iron Law of, 15, 34, 327. 333-36
orators, political, 15, 17. See also leadership, political; rhetor, rhetores
order, as a category of analysis, 249n.5
Osborne, Robin, 130, 140, 144–45
Ostwald, Martin, 22
Paiania, 181
Pareto, Vilfredo, 15
Pasio, 213
patriotism, as an egalitarian virtue, 240
patris, 264
patronage. See clientage
paupers, 136, 137, 140, 144, 149, 201, 210, 222, 234, 270
pay: military, 200, 202; for political participation, 23, 79-80, 94, 96-98, 99, 103, 144, 193, 200, 202 (see also Assembly: pay for attendance; Councillors: pay of; jurors: pay for)
Peloponnesian War, 17-18, 91, 94, 115, 130, 181, 206, 301
penētes, 194-96, 210, 212, 213, 216–18, 222, 223, 233, 260, 271
Pericles, 15, 20, 34, 53, 75, 80, 81, 86-94, 100, 120, 194, 288, 321
Perlman, S., 29
Phaleas, 197
philanthropia, 186
philia, philoi, 162, 237, 250, 258, 278, 283
Philip II of Macedon, 99, 101, 120, 123, 168, 184, 186-87, 237, 239, 240, 264, 278, 283-84, 287
Philocrates, 275
Philon, 282
philotimia, 162, 231, 243, 283–84, 307, 333
Phrynichus, 183
Phyle, 185
Piraeus, as center of trading culture, 275
Plataea, battle of, 264
Plato, 114 (see also the Appendix); and Isocrates, 160-61
plousioi, 194-96, 216-18, 222, 225
Plutarch, 51
poetry, use of in rhetoric, 177-81
politeia, 103, 111, 147n.106, 169, 218, 245, 288, 289, 316, 327, 330, 336
politēs, 59
politeuomenos, 106
political parties, 9, 20, 89, 121-22
political society, 5, 6, 10, 74, 300, 314, 339
political sociology, 19, 96-98, 103, 197, 270, 336
political theory, 160, 336, 338–39; democratic, 38; elitist, 15-16
politicians, 9, 35, 85, 105-8; accountability of, 327-32; as citizens, 126; elite status of, 112-18; as litigants, 148; number of, 108, 326; role of, 314-32. See also leadership, political; rhetor, rhetores
politics: as a cultural phenomenon embedded in society, 35-36; instrumental view of, 124
polloi, 11
ponēria, ponēroi, 127, 170, 210, 236, 255, 269, 270, 275, 288
power, 19; deployment of, 337-39; and inequality, 214-19, 307; political, 305-7; of wealth, 242
privilege, 312; political, 14, 63, 75, 187-88, 191, 245-47, 294.332, 336; social, 18, 240, 253-59, 287, 294
proedros, 146
property: confiscation, 93, 169; power, 18, 19, 58; redistribution, 197-202,
property 241 qualification: for citizenship, 7, 128, 193-94; for officeholding, 61, 73, 79-80; for public speaking, 119
prostitution, 110, 149, 272, 280, 283
prytany, 72
psephisma, 96, 101, 108-9, 133, 145, 302
ptöchos, 201
punishment, as example, 162
Pytheas, 207
resources, of state, 30
revenues, state, 23, 24, 30-31, 84, 98-99, 143, 200–201, 224
rhetor, rhetores, 104–6; as advisor, 187, 191, 239, 317-18; elite status of, 212-18, 324-27; as leader, 187, 318-24 (see also leadership); not legally defined group, 108-12; not politically active in deme, 116; political role of, 164, 167, 186, 314-27; as protector, 239, 316-17; recognizable as a group, 118–19; and stratēgoi, 119-23. See also politicians
rhetoric, 42-49; in Assembly, 138; Athenians connoisseurs of, 144, 159, 169, 175, 178, 185, 189; and decision making, 123; deliberative, 47-48, 138; epideictic, 47-48; forensic, 47-48, 147-48; as leadership skill, 79, 90–91, 93 (see also leadership); necessary skill for politician, 113; political, 48, 115; popular mistrust of, 173; preparation of, 178; schools of, 115; threat to democracy, 166, 169; training in, 114-16; as vehicle for resolving social tension, 308
Rhodes, P. J., 140
rumor and gossip, 148-51, 163, 182, 329
Ruschenbusch, E., 140
separation of powers, 5, 8, 22
Shaw, Brent, 38
slaves and slavery, 5, 136, 196, 204, 213-14, 254, 260, 270-73, 279-80; agricultural, 24-26; and citizenship, 62-63, 97; and democracy, 24-27; ethos of, 270; and manual labor, 272-77; manumitted, 236; number of, 26n.59, 128
Solon, 60–66, 76, 106, 198, 288, 299
sophists, 89, 115, 159, 170-73
Sophocles, 172
sovereignty: institutional locus of, 22, 145n.103, 299-304, 338 (see also Assembly: sovereignty of; courts: sovereignty of); popular, 295, 299-304
Sparta and Spartans, 18, 67-69, 91, 94, 99, 180, 181, 237n.65, 258
stability: political, 17-20, 334, 338; social, 308–9, 332, 336, 338. See also democracy: stability of
stasis, 18
Status, 180; as a category of analysis, 12-13, 248; and class, 248-49, 257, 259; as a function of birth, 61–63
Ste. Croix, G.E.M., 12, 13, 25-27, 248, 259, 336
strategos, 119–20. See also generals
subsistence farming, 59, 129, 136, 196
Sundwall, J., 139
suspension of disbelief, 154–55, 176, 190, 223, 225, 307
sycophant, 151, 174, 183, 201, 203, 235, 245, 273, 275, 288, 305, 328
synchronicity, as an analytic concept, 36-38, 49
synecdoche, 147
taxation, 201, 215-17, 224, 240, 241; war, 14n.24, 28-29, 202-4, 209, 224 (see also eisphora); of wealthy, 23, 30, 93, 99, 102
theater, 50-51, 66, 132, 152-55, 158, 176, 190, 209, 273, 307, 308, 310, 312, 328; as a metaphor for rhetor’s role, 153-55; seating in, 152
Thebes, 99
Theogenes, 254
Theramenes, 274
thētes, 61; as officeholders, 80
Thirty Tyrants, 95, 172, 185, 235, 254n.20, 260, 282, 316-17
thorubos, 88, 104, 138, 147, 325
Thucydides, 51; and Pericles, 87-89; speeches in, 46-47. See also the Appendix
Thucydides, son of Melesius, 88-89
Timocrates, 117
Timotheus, 92
topoi, 44, 225-26, 338, 339; blame, 319-23; egalitarian, 312-13; elitist, 312-14; praise, 321
topos: convicted though high born, 255; everyone knows, 149–50, 163, 180, 235; evils of flattery, 323; impoverished youth, sudden wealth, 235, 238; opponent is a slave, 271; opponent not a citizen, 268-70, 271; poor little rich man, 223, 225, 233; unskilled speaker, 174-77, 223, 309, 310
traitorism, 161, 186, 203, 215-16, 264, 265, 280, 311, 327, 328, 331-33; and citizenship, 269-70
treasurers, 282
tribes, Cleisthenic, 72, 116, 159
trierarchy, 188, 199, 216, 222, 227, 231-32
trittys, 72
Tyrtaeus, 180
Vidal-Naquet, P., 290
Vlastos, Gregory, 75
Walsh, G. B., 262
Washburn, P. C., 39
wealth: display of, 85; elite of, 192-247; and poverty, terminology of, 28; power of, 204, 209-12 (see also property: power); resentment of, 205–12, 230, 240. See also class, leisure; plousioi
Wilcox, S., 115
wisdom, of masses, 10, 163-66, 303, 315, 320
women: and citizenship, 5, 81, 262 (see also noncitizens); control of, 6; productive labor of, 135
Woodhead, A. G., 140
xenos, 237
zeugitai, 61