in width and half an inch in thickness.The following memoranda of prehistoric flint mines or quarries and workshops of aboriginal stone implements in the United States have been compiled mostly from reports made by investigators in the field. They are here brought together and published for convenience of the student.
Mount Kineo, on the eastern shore of Moosehead Lake, has furnished material for aboriginal arrowpoints and spearheads for hundreds of miles down the Atlantic coast. It is usually called Mount Kineo flint, but is really a porphyritic felsite or rhyolite.
Erie County.—Extensive flint-arrowpoint factories in the vicinity of Buffalo and along the river shore; marked by the presence of flint and piles of chipped pieces. Reported by Dr. A. L. Benedict, Buffalo.
Chautauqua County.—Some years ago, Mr. Williams, plowing a field on his farm, in the town of Sheridan, turned up as much as two bushels of flint spalls or chips and a number of arrowpoints and spearheads. These were together, and led Mr. Williams to suppose that Indians made their tools there. Some of these implements correspond in outline and material to those from Flint Ridge. Ohio. James She ward.2
Montgomery County.—Deposit of flint arrowpoints in the town of Amsterdam. Described by P. M. Van Epps.3
Mercer County.—“Open-Air Workshops” (chips of jasper and flint) in Hamilton Township.4
“Open-Air Workshops” are treated at length by Dr. Abbott, and examples are cited; one near Belvidere, New Jersey, and one in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, which was greatly elaborated by excavation and description. The remains of human industry found in the quarries are thus classed by Dr. Abbott: (1) Masses of jasper and altered mineral; (2) cores and remains of no further use; (3) large flakes; (4) blocked-out and discarded specimens; (5) specimens nearly finished and then discarded—these are of the arrowheads with point, stem, or barb broken off; (6) chips and splinters of every size; (7) hammerstones of utilized pebbles, mostly with shallow depressions, one on each side; (8) flat-slab stones of small size and traces of hammering on either side, probably used as lapstones—making in all about a thousand pieces. There was no trace of argillite used as a material.
A second and third find in the same vicinity are described in the same paper (p. 516).
Quarry of rhyolite near Sugar Loaf Mountain. Dr. W. H. Holmes.
Ancient quarries near Washington.1
Prehistoric quarries in the vicinity of Washington.2
Ancient village sites and aboriginal workshops.3
Contributions to the Archæology of the District of Columbia.4
A quarry of quartzite bowlders has been discovered on the hills at Pincy Branch, together with an extensive manufactory of rude implements. It was excavated by Dr. W. H. Holmes and is described at length.5
Putnam County.—Ancient furnace, 4 miles east of Hurricane, on the farm of J. J. Estes. Described by Mr. P. W. Norris.
Cherokee County.—Ancient mining excavations on farm of Mercer Fain, near Colvard Creek, on north side of Valley River, 5 miles above Murphy. Other old mining indications in the same county. Reported by James Mooney.
Savannah River.—At some points, even in the depths of the swamp region, may still be noted traces of small open-air workshops. * * *
These exist not only along the line of the Savannah River, but frequently occur on the banks of the Oconee, Ocmulgee, the Flint, the Chattahoochee, and other Southern streams. * * * Within the past few years not less than 8,000 well-formed arrow and spearpoints have been collected on both banks of the Savannah where it separates the counties of Columbia and Lincoln in Georgia and Edgefield County in South Carolina. Even now the supply is by no means exhausted. The annual plowings and constantly recurring freshets reveal each season new examples of the taste and skill of these ancient workmen. In the enumeration of the implements taken from this locality we do not include multitudes partially formed and broken, which, with quantities of chips, still mark the spots set apart for the manufacture. Sometimes we encounter a locality, many yards long and several wide, the surface of which is covered to the depth of several inches with fragments struck off during the process of manufacture, and with cores and wasters abandoned from some inherent defect in the material or broken by the workman. Some idea may thus be formed of the extent and duration of the labors of these primitive workers in stone.6
Jefferson and Burke counties.—Dr. Roland Steiner, now of Grovetown, Georgia, has been, during almost his entire life, an enthusiastic collector, and has pushed his investigations in many directions throughout the State. He formerly lived near Waynesboro, in Burke County, and from that neighborhood he obtained many implements and made many important discoveries. He reports that there are outcrops of jasper on Rocky Creek, at the crossing of the Waynesboro road. Other quarries were found in the neighborhood; one of white flint at Erin, and one of yellow flint at Oldtown, 10 or 12 miles west in Jefferson County. There were workshops on what he calls the Davis plantation or the Old Evans place, at the crossing of Little Buckhead Creek by the Waynesboro road; one of these was 2 miles up the stream at Captain Ridgely’s. Dr. Steiner exhausted this neighborhood in his search. He found on the Old Evans place, in the valley of the Little Buckhead, within an area of 40 acres, no less than 16,000 prehistoric implements, most of which were of the same material as the neighboring quarries and had probably come from them, but many of them were of different material and had come from different and perhaps distant quarries.1
There is in the U. S. National Museum a collection of arrow and spearheads called, after its finder, the McGlashan collection, from Georgia. It comprises about 20,000 specimens. They are of divers forms and sizes, are all of cherty flint, and apparently from one quarry. They are much weathered and their color ranges from yellow and rose to white. Plate 38, figs. 20–23 are photographs of specimens from the collection and show the appearance of the material.
Hernando County.—Arrowpoint factory on the banks of Trouble Creek, 2 miles north of the mouth of the Anclote River, and 5 miles south of Kootie River.
“About 5 miles south of the Kootie River, and some 2 miles north of the mouth of Anclote River, is a small stream called Trouble Creek. A considerable body of blue flint rock occurs here, cropping out along the shores of the creek, with scattering nodules lying in all directions. This point was evidently used for a long time by the aborigines as a factory for arrow and spear heads. Bushels of chips and fragments strew the ground, and large quantities have been washed from the banks of the creek and cover its bottom. A long search revealed nothing except a few arrowpoints and spearheads spoiled in making, and a lot of broken pottery.”2
Lee, Jefferson, Lowndes, and Talladega counties.—Mica mine and stone wall in Clay Township, Jefferson County, Alabama. In Talladega County, township 20 north, range 6 east, section 12, another mica pit. “Workshop” in Lee County, Alabama, east of Youngsboro, on the Western Railroad, at the foot of Story’s Mountain in the fields, township 19 north, range 27 east. William Gesner.3
Several “workshops” are near Mount Willing, one on Mr. Hartley’s plantation, section 36, township 18 north, range 13 east, and one on Mr. Lee’s plantation, section 32, township 13 north, range 14 east. Described by William Garrett.3
“Workshops” in township 18 north, range 7 east, of Talladega County, on the headwaters of Talladega Creek, at the eastern end of Cedar Ridge, a spur of the Rebecca Mountain (Potsdam sandstone), in the old fields where the Montgomery Mining and Manufacturing Company’s works were situated; wagonloads of quartz fragments, broken arrowpoints, and spearheads cover the ground; but on a much larger scale appears to have been the manufacture of these implements in township 19 north, range 27 east, of Lee County, on the Columbus, Georgia, branch of the Western Railroad, east of Youngsboro, for in the fields on the southeastern side of a low ridge called Story’s Mountain, acres are covered with the broken quartz in every variety of that mineral found in this hill, from transparent rock crystal to jasper and chalcedony, among which occasional good implements occur.1
Licking and Muskingum counties—Throughout eastern Ohio there are numerous deposits of flint of various descriptions, and in several counties places are to be found in which the “ancient arrow maker” practiced his calling with the material so abundantly supplied.2
Flint quarry on Williams Hill, Licking County, 3 miles west of Brownsville. Reported by Gerard Fowke.
Chandlersville, Salt Creek, Muskingum County, Ohio, was the scene of the operations of the Muskingum Mining Company in 1820 for mining silver. It was on the National road, 10 miles east of Zanesville. A writer, evidently well-known, though his name is not given, tells3 of a trip he took through this country, and describes the wells and pits sunk here by the company in which he was a subscriber, part owner, and heavy loser. He says, in his report of excavations and drillings, that at a depth of 120 feet they struck a bed of gray flint rock, 6 or 8 feet in thickness. He continues the record of his journey:
“One mile east of Somerset the National road commences crossing at Flint Ridge. [Plates 13–15.] Its general course is from northeast to southwest, passing through the counties of Coshocton, Licking, Muskingum, Perry, Hocking, and Jackson, and probably into Kentucky. In Hocking County it seems to have been deposited in a fine siliceous paste of various colors, from pure white to yellow, clouded, and black, and is used for whetstones. In Jackson and Muskingum counties it is extensively manufactured into buhr millstones. The whole deposit abounds in casts of fossil shells beautifully replaced in many cases by pure quartz. Some are studded over with drusy crystals, others filled with chalcedony and quite translucent. The various families of Producti, Ammonites, Nautili, Encrine, etc., with many undescribed species, are found here. * * * In many places it abounds in jasper, hornstone, flint, quartz, chalcedony, etc., of various and intermingled colors” (p. 233).
Washington County.—A “magazine” of arrowpoints and spearheads at Waterford, near the banks of the Muskingum.4
Perry County.—Flint diggings at New Lexington.
“At New Lexington, Perry County, Ohio, on a knoll near the railroad station, are many ancient flint diggings. The flint here constitutes a regular layer or stratum in the coal measures and is about 4 feet thick. It is well exposed in the railroad cut on the side of the knoll. Geologically speaking, the flint is a local modification of the Putnam Hill limestone, a well-defined stratum of wide extent in southeastern Ohio. Many of the pits must have been from 6 to 8 feet deep. The flint is fossiliferous, and much of it is not compact enough for arrowheads, and around the old excavations are heaps of the rejected material. These excavations are now largely refilled with earth and débris. I had no time to reopen any of them in search of the tools by which the flint was quarried. I have little doubt that these pits were sunk by the mound builders.”5
Mahoning County—Flint diggings in the southwestern corner of the county. Reported by Mr. Gerard Fowke.
Coshocton County.—deposits of chalcedony, basanite, etc., on land of Col. Pren. Metham, Mr. R. R. Whittaker, and Mr. Criss, in the south-central portion of Jefferson Township. Reported by Mr. Gerard Fowke.
Crawford County.—Mr. H. C. Hovey gives an account of a Hint mine and workshop in Wyandotte Cave.1 He says that there are what had been called “bear wallows” not far from the Pillard Palace. “These are circular depressions, twenty or more in number, each a yard wide and a foot deep, and their appearance agrees well with their name. About two years ago, however, I had the satisfaction of proving them to be the remains of ancient flint works. Happening to remove the clay crust from a bear wallow, I found a pile of ashes and cinders on one side and a quantity of flint chips on the other. On examination this proved true of each wallow. Further removal of the crust brought to light hundreds of flinty prisms with parallel faces and averaging 4 inches in length by in width and half an inch in thickness.
“The mine is near by, abounding in flint nodules lying in rows in the cave walls, and occasionally in bands or belts. Each nodule has a coating of some grayish mineral, perhaps discolored flint, and between them is usually a soft, chalky substance, easily cut by a knife. Freshly fractured, a bright black surface appears, in contrast with the dingy, faded blocks by the wallows. This change of hue is due to the gradual removal of the traces of iron found with the silex. Many of the blocks were rejected on account of flaws or imperfections. The nodules are easily split into this form, which is convenient for transportation. Arrow making, however, was carried on here to a considerable extent, as appears from the chips. Pounders like those in the alabaster quarries were found along with the flints, showing the means of breaking the nodules.
“The only manufactured article dug up in this spot was a little stone saucer containing a soft, black substance. This may have been a rude lamp.
“Search at the mouth of the cave unearthed quantities of flint chips, and also finished arrowheads. The question has been raised why the Indians should delve for flint balls amid subterranean darkness when quantities of such spheres are found along the beds of streams and elsewhere in the open air. The reason is that the latter, having been exposed to the elements, have deteriorated in quality; they also break with irregular cleavage. Hence the Indians sought to get flints fresh from the strata where they were originally deposited, and which, because of their moisture, readily part into triangular prisms under the hammer.
“Since finding the existence of this flint mine in Wyandotte Cave, I have learned of the flint pits dug along Indian Creek and elsewhere in Harrison County, Indiana.”
Franklin County.—Workshops have been discovered on sections 3, 4, and 20, township 9 north, range 2 west; section 10, township 12 north, range 13 east.2
Union County.—Workshops on sections 12 and 17, township 10 north, range 2 west; sections 4 and 9, township 11 north, range 2 west; sections 21 and 29, township 12 north, range 2 west; and sections 27 and 36, township 13 north, range 13 east.3
Fayette County.—Workshop N. W. 
of S. W. section 36, and S. W. of S. E. section 27 township 13 north, range 13 east.4
Union County.—“Three miles west of Cobden, near Kaolin Station, on the St. Louis and Cairo Railroad, is the most extensive workshop I have found. It covers several acres of ground, and carloads of flint chips and bowlders are strewn everywhere. Four miles south of Cobden is another of smaller dimensions. Others of greater or less size are met with in various parts of the county, but no relics of much value are found with them,”5
Extensive flint quarry near the town of Mill Creek. This quarry is of the white chert peculiar to Illinois, and furnished the large oval chipped implements supposed to have been used as digging tools or for agricultural purposes. The quarry was discovered in May, 1899, by Dr. W. A. Phillips and Edward F. Wyman, and opened by Drs. Phillips and Dorsey, of the Field Columbian Museum.1
Cooke County.—Workshop on the ridge. Quantities of flint chips, etc., scattered over the ground. Reported by J. W. Emmert.
Ohio County.—A flint implement factory on Wade N. Martin’s farm, Cromwell post-office. Reported by Mr. J. M. Brown.
Wyandotte County.—There are a number of mounds near Wyandotte, Kentucky, of which a map is in preparation. A workshop 1 acre in extent and covered with chips and shreds is reported.
“About two years ago I discovered on the farm of J. L. Stockton, 1 mile northwest of this city, remains of an aboriginal workshop or village. It is located on a small stream called Jersey Creek, and near a large spring. It covers an area of about 2 acres. The soil is sandy, and to the depth of 2 feet is a complete mixture of flakes of flint, ashes, bones—both animal and human—fragments of ornamented pottery, broken and unfinished stone implements of nearly every description. * * * There are no deposits of flint or other stone valuable for arrow making, etc., in this vicinity The axes, celts, skin dressers, and balls are all made of porphyry, and the arrowheads of flint.”2
Groliad County.—Flint workshop on the margin of Lone Tree Lake, 2 miles west of San Antonio River, and 7 miles south of the town of Goliad. The lake margin was of sand, covering, to a depth of 4 or 5 feet, the flint workers’ site. This was about 150 yards long by 50 wide, the debris, chips, flakes, arrowpoints, spearheads, and tools, being on and in the clay under the sand, and estimated at 10 bushels in sight.3
Garland County.—Quarries of novaculite were found in Garland County, Arkansas.4 Dr. Holmes reports everywhere the aborigines found and worked these transported masses (from the quarry), and hundreds of square miles are strewn with flakes, fragments, failures, and rejected pieces, and the country around, from the mountains to the Gulf, is dotted with the finished forms that have been used and lost.
Hot Springs County.—Ancient novaculite mines near Magnet Cove.5
Novaculite is one of the varieties of flint and, where obtainable by prehistoric man, was much used for the larger and ruder kinds of implements.
The subject of novaculite quarries is treated by Mr. L. S. Griswold, under the title of “Whetstones and Novaculites of America.”6
The Quarterly Geological Journal7 contains the report of an investigation by Mr. Frank Rutley on “The origin of certain novaculites and quartzites.”
Clark County.—Aboriginal workshop in section 17, township 5 south, range 23 west, from which arrowpoints and cutting implements, the latter hatchet-shaped and made of a species of iron ore, have been taken.
“On section 9, township 3 south, range 24 west, is an outcrop of novaculite or flint of tough quality and of various colors. From this material large quantities of arrowheads, etc., have been made. The ancient artisans went down on the south side of the outcrop, which is a ledge 700 or 800 feet above the adjacent valley, and carried away immense quantities. The material is the same as that of arrowheads from Tennessee, Mississippi, and westward.
“There is on Capt. R. S. Burk’s farm, section 17, township 5 south, range 23 west, evidence of an extensive workshop in arrowpoints and cutting implements. The arrow material was taken from the quarry above described, although 10 miles away. The cutting instruments were of the hatchet kind and made from a species of iron ore. There is another workshop near my home, section 7, township 4 south, range 24 west, Montgomery County, Arkansas.”1
Kenosha County.—Lapham2 says: “At the city of Kenosha we found, on the ancient sandy beach upon which the city is partly built, abundant evidence of a former manufactory of arrowpoints and other articles of flint. Several entire specimens were collected in a little search, besides numerous fragments that appear to have been spoiled in chipping them into form. * * * Many different kinds of flint, or chert, were wrought at the place, as shown by the fragments. It is probable that the pebles and bowlders along the lake shore furnished the material. * * * These pebbles are the corniferous rock of Eaton and here constitute a portion of the drift, being associated with the tough blue clay that underlies the sand and is the basis of the country around. The clay is carried away by the dashing waves, leaving a beach of clean pebbles. Numerous fragments of pottery of the usual form and composition were also found in the same sandy places.”
An extensive novaculite quarry was discovered and reported to the U. S. Geological Survey by Mr. Walter P. Jenney, which he says was known as the “Old Spanish mines.” This report, made in 1891, resulted in the visit of Dr. W. H. Holmes to the locality for the purpose of investigation and study. “The quarry is situated on the Peoria Reservation, about 7 miles northwest of Seneca, Missouri, and some 10 miles southeast of Baxter Springs, Kansas. From Seneca the spot is reached by driving northward along the Missouri border for 5 miles and then crossing the line and proceeding 2 miles in a westerly course through the forest. The country is a gently rolling plateau, with a gradual descent westward into the valley of Spring River, a branch of the Neosho or Grand River, which falls into the Arkansas at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory.”
Dr. Holmes’s investigations were published in a bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, entitled “An ancient quarry in Indian Territory,” 1894. Dr. George A. Dorsey visited this quarry in 1899.3
Central-eastern Wyoming.—Quartzite quarry in central-eastern Wyoming, 40 or 50 miles east of Badger, on the Cheyenne and Northern Railroad, 125 miles north of Cheyenne. Nineteen ancient diggings were cleaned out and the whole quarry investigated. The work was various, superficial, and of great extent. Quarries, shallow, 2 and 3 feet deep, others 15 to 20 feet deep; tunnels and shafts not very deep. Spearpoints, scrapers, axes, and anvils were found; quarry tools, hammers, and mauls were made of bowlders of granite and quartzite, “brought from the neighboring mountains, some 20 miles away.” The quarry ground was strewn with chips and fragments of quartzite, but not in heaps as where implements have been made. “The striking points are the vast amount of work done, the absence of chip heaps, the rude nature of the implements, and their great size. The tonnage of rock moved is estimated by hundreds of thousands, if not by millions of tons. * * * Implements made from quartzite resembling that quarried are common on the plains and in the mountains. * * * The quarrymen must have been aborigines, but unlike the Indians of modern times they must have been laborers and to have worked centuries in order to have accomplished so much with the crude tools used. Who they were will never be known. * * * Central-eastern Wyoming is noted for prehistoric quarries, but as a rule they are small and shallow and in no way comparable to the recent discovery. Usually the Indians worked for jasper and agate, and dug irregular openings that do not represent the present systematic development. Quartzite quarries are extremely rare and these are by far the largest reported in Wyoming.”1
Raw Hide Range.—Dr. A. J. Woodcock reports his visit, in company with and under the guidance of Mr. W. F. Hamilton, of Douglass, Wyoming, to certain flint (?) mines and aboriginal workshops on the Raw Hide Range, southwest from the Black Hills and near Muddy Creek, a branch of the Platte River. About 4 acres had been dug over, and rude pits made from 6 to 12 feet deep, in excavating the desired flinty rock, which lay at that distance below the surface. The stone gave a metallic ring when struck, and broke with a conchoidal fracture. It had “a wealth of color, the basic tints of which were pink, purple, gray, and white, with their intermediate shades, * * * in the shape of chipped tools and weapons * * * so scattered for hundreds of miles throughout the west, * * * through the Powder River country, the Black Hills, the Bad Lands of South Dakota, the Big Horn Mountains, and the great basin of the same name.” Mr. Hamilton said he had never seen this material in the ledge elsewhere than in this locality.
The different forms ranged from the quarry spall to “a barbed harpoon head of chipped and polished stone.” They picked up a stone hammer weighing 
pounds. The disks were plenteous, some of them 20 inches in circumference and 2 inches in thickness, chipped to a cutting edge. “A thousand trainloads of chips and spalls were beneath our feet on this one butte alone, and Mr. Hamilton said that several others had been worked.”
Jefferson and Clear Creek counties.—“In a small grove of cottonwood trees near Apex, Colorado, the Indians appear to have made, in former times, great quantities of tools and arrowheads, for the ground all around is strewn with tools, chippings, and arrowpoints, some of the latter made of beautiful stone and of the most exquisite workmanship. Within the space of an acre or two we have found about a hundred arrowpoints and ten axes and hammers. The Indians seem to have carried on quite a trade among themselves, in order to procure the materials for arrowpoint-making, as some of the chippings found in their encampments are from stones which can not be found within several miles of this place, and some, I think, have been brought from distant localities. Although the Indians used several kinds of stone in the manufacture of arrowpoints, yet they seem to have had a preference for quartzite, chalcedony, and jasperized wood, probably on account of their superior hardness, and may have made others from handsomer but less durable stones only for purposes of barter, as the Indians of California exchanged arrowheads made of bottle glass. The following minerals were employed in the manufacture of tools: Moss agate, chalcedony, carnelian, wood opal, sapphirine, petrified wood, flint, red jasper, brown quartzite, agatized wood, obsidian yellow quartzite, purple and yellow jaspers, smoky quartz, chert, jasperized wood, red quartzite, besides several undetermined silicates.”1
Lunenburg County—A workshop was reported2 at Bockmans Beach, Lunenburg County. Large quantities of flakes and splinters of stone, and arrowheads in various stages of preparation.