Index

Page numbers in italics refer to picture

captions

A

additive processes 54, 89, 102, 104, 113

Ahlquist, Sean (Proces2) 72

AL_A see Amanda Levete Architects

algorithms and algorithmic architecture 6, 7, 53, 58, 60–5, 70, 112

case study 64–5

step by step techniques 63

Amanda Levete Architects (AL_A)

Central Embassy, Bangkok 61

Corian Lounge and Super Surfaces, Milan 24, 77

Hills Place, London 8

House in Dublin project 38–9

Spencer Dock Bridge, Dublin 134–5

AMO (OMA): Prada Epicenter store, Los Angeles 67

Archibureau/Patrick Drewello: speculative design 106

Archigram 17

Computer City (Plug-In City) 15, 17

Instant City 17

ArtCAM software 101

artificial intelligence 15, 16, 46, 61, 176, 177

Atelier One Engineers 100

AutoCAD software 27

Ayres, Phil: The Persistent Model, CITA, Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts 182–3

B

Barkow Leibinger 92, 151

Campus Restaurant and Event Space,

Ditzingen, Germany 29, 160–1

Coil Tubes 9

Gatehouse, Stuttgart 94–5

German Architecture Museum, Frankfurt, Germany 41

tiling project 173

Trutec Building, Seoul 169

Beesley, Philip: Hylozoic Ground, Venice 46–8

Bellapart 156

biomimetic design 6, 55, 58, 62, 79 see also morphogenesis

Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG): REN Building, Shanghai 90

“BLObitecture” 49

Blur Building, Yverdon-les-Bains (Swiss 2002 Expo) 19

Bowyer, Dr Adrian 106

Bridge, John: garden shelter 98

Broadbent, Paul: Click-To-Plan project 103

Building Information Management (BIM) modeling 32

Buro Happold 55, 58

Burry, Mark 55, 62

C

CAD (computer-aided design) and

software 6, 27, 34–9, 186

advantages 20, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 49

development 15, 22, 33

independence issues 34, 54

limitations 34–5, 54

parametric design compared 54, 55

and sectioning 158

step by step techniques 38–9

and tiling 173

CAD/CAM 186

advantages 20, 49

CNC milling and routing 96, 98

cutting techniques 88

development 26

and sectioning 158

subtractive processes 89

canopies 60, 64–5, 66, 68, 156–7, 160–1, 164–5, 167

casting 6, 96, 104, 110, 148, 150, 154

CATIA (Computer-Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) 22, 58

Cellular Automata (CA) 177

CGI (computer-generated images) 34, 35

Chung, Ming (Prototype Unit, Manchester School of Architecture) 100

cladding 12, 22, 41, 95, 131, 146, 152, 158

CNC machines 27, 28, 58, 96, 97, 99, 126, 131

CNC (Computer Numerical Control)

milling and routing 80, 82, 85, 96–101, 186

advantages 96, 130, 136, 137

contouring 99, 130, 131–2

and forming 148, 152, 156, 157

limitations 96, 130, 137

operations 99

and sectioning 158, 160

step by step techniques 98, 100–1, 131

and tiling 169, 172

Coates, Paul 61

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 44

Computer-Aided Design see CAD

Computer-Aided Manufacturer (CAM) 186

see also CAD/CAM

Computer Numerical Control see CNC

“A Computer Perspective” exhibition (1971) 16

contouring 38, 99, 104, 130–9

case studies 132–8

step by step techniques 131, 139

Coop Himmelb(l)au

BMW Welt, Munich 7

Brain City Lab project 19

Busan Cinema Center, South Korea 32

East Pavilion, Groninger Museum, Netherlands 109

Energy Roof Perugia 12

Musée des Confluences, Lyon 91

Crompton, Dennis 17

curvilinear formations 35, 49–53

case studies 38–9, 52–3, 70–1, 152–3, 170–1

forming 148, 152–3

NURBS 40–3

tiling 170–1, 172

cutting 88 see also laser cutting

“Cybernetic Serendipity” exhibition (1968) 16

cybernetics 15, 16, 66, 183

D

d-shape technology 107

dECOi/Mark Goulthorpe

Blue Gallery, London 150

HypoSurface 23, 86–7

One Main, Cambridge, Massachusetts 130, 136–8

Dent, John: Green Oil Economy project 63

digital fabrication

advantages 76, 84, 88, 140, 176, 184–5

defined 18

development 20–3, 49, 106

the future 176–83

limitations 76, 118

principles 88–9

Digital Project software 27, 58

digital technology, history 14–18, 32

digital tooling 121–5

case studies 125–9

step by step techniques 124

see also contouring; folding; forming; sectioning; tiling

digital tools

advantages 10, 18, 23, 176, 184

availability 176

development 14–15, 16–17, 22–3

getting started 25

limitations 25, 76

types 18, 20, 26–9, 32

see also CAD; CAD/CAM; CNC;

parametric design; 3-D modeling

digitizers (digitizing arms) 6, 22, 108, 109, 110, 186

Dini, Enrico 107

Direct Metal Laser Sintering 186

E

Eames, Charles and Ray 16

Ecotect software 33

emergence 18, 57, 66, 68, 78, 120, 177

EMERGENT/Tom Wiscombe

Batwing 21, 78–9

Dragonfly, SCI-Arc, Los Angeles 55, 58–9

Garak Fish Market, Seoul 11

Lizard Panel prototype 79

MoMA/P.S.1 Urban Beach, Queens, New

York 33, 146–7

Performing Arts Center, Taipei 37

Thermo-strut prototype 79

Tracery Glass prototype 79

F

Fab Lab program, Center for Bits and

Atoms, MIT 26

FABRICATE: Making Digital Architecture conference, Bartlett School of Architecture, London (2011) 176

Fabrication conference, University of Waterloo, Cambridge, Ontario (2004) 176

façades

and algorithms 62

in case studies 72–3, 114–15, 128–9, 144–5, 169

nonstandard 84

patterns 11, 12, 50, 72–3, 114, 115, 151, 177

responsive 22, 42, 48, 128–9, 144–5, 169

tiling 168, 169

FauldersStudio/Thom Faulders

Airspace, Tokyo 11, 72–3

BAMscape, Berkeley Art Museum, California 131

Deformscape project, San Francisco 172

GEOtube, Dubai 122

feedback 16, 58, 78, 112, 125, 176, 182, 183, 185

FHNW, Switzerland 123

“file-to-factory” process 77, 98

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 44

Firefly (Rhino plug-in) 174

Flatwriter (Friedman) 16–17

folding 10, 78, 93, 140–7, 173, 184

case studies 64–5, 142, 144–7

Foreign Office Architects (FOA)

International Airport, Shenzhen 36

New Street Station, Birmingham 22

Yokohama International Port Terminal 10

formative processes 57, 89, 96, 122 see

also forming

forming 148–57

case studies 152–7

step by step techniques 150–1

Franken Architekten

Bubble, BMW Trade Fair, Frankfurt, Germany 152–3

Dynaform pavilion for BMW, Frankfurt, Germany 162–3

“Liquid Wall,” Home Couture project, Berlin 49

Take Off, Terminal 2, Munich Airport 52

Frazer, John 16, 17, 18

Friedman, Yona 16–17

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 102, 104, 106

Future Cities Lab

Aurora installation 21, 45, 167

Glaciarium installation, New York 80–1

Vivisys installation 54

Xeromax Envelop{e}s installation 174–5

G

G-code instructions (CNC milling and routing) 96, 99

Gaudí, Antoni 68

Gehry & Associates: Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles 20, 22

generative designand software 18, 27, 55, 60, 69, 114, 124 see also parametric design

GenerativeComponents software 27, 54

Generator Interface (Frazer and Price) 17

Giacometti, Bruno 53

Google SketchUp software 27

Gorbet, Rob 46

Goulthorpe, Mark see dECOi

Gramazio & Kohler

Designers’ Saturday project, Langenthal, Switzerland 123

Gantenbein Vineyard, Fläsch, Switzerland 114–15

mTable 132–3

Pike Loop, Manhattan, New York 178–9

Structural Oscillations, Swiss Pavilion, Venice 53

West Fest Pavilion, Wettswil am Albis, Switzerland 76

Grasshopper (Rhino plug-in) 27, 174

Greg Lynn FORM

Fountain of Toys, Los Angeles 77

light feature 148

Swarovski Crystal Palace 9

Griffiths, Rupert 99

Manchester street furniture 92

H

Hadid, Zaha

Burnham Pavilion, Millennium Park, Chicago 158, 159

Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center, Baku 21, 35

Mobile Art Pavilion for Chanel 7

Nordpark Cable Railway, Innsbruck 50

One North Masterplan, Singapore 56–7

Hansmeyer, Michael: Subdivided

Column project 76, 85

Hasenkopf 77

hybrid techniques 10, 77–83

case studies 78–83

I

IBM System/360 computer 16

indeterminacy 24, 60, 120, 182

interactivity 13, 18, 19, 54, 61, 86

Iwamoto, Lisa 20

J

jigs 77, 80

K

Kelley, Thomas (Future Cities Lab) 80–1

kinetics 49, 52, 143, 177

Kokkugia: Fibrous Tower project 7

Kokkugia: Babiy Yar—Inverted Monument project 62

Kolarevic, Branko 23, 42, 68, 120

L

Labbe, Fred (Expedition Engineering) 60

Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) 102

laser cutters 27, 90

laser cutting 88, 90–5, 186

advantages 90, 91

case study 94–5

and folding 140–1, 142

limitations 90, 91

patterns 9, 64, 90, 91, 142, 186

and sectioning 158

and tiling 169

laser sintering 186 see also Selective Laser Sintering

layout sheets 97, 98, 101

Lénárd, Ilona see ONL

Lloyd Jones, Peter 25

M

macdowell tomova: wavePavilion, Taubman College of Architecture, Michigan 112

Marjot, Timothieus

mass customized housing project 84

Natural Code pavilion project 124

mass customization 77, 84, 133, 160, 166, 172, 173

material technology and research 12, 113

case study 182–3

and digital fabrication 9, 23, 70, 76, 77, 156, 176, 184, 185

and morphogenesis 67, 70–1

Matter Design

Supermatter II 112

wavePavilion, Taubman College of

Architecture, Michigan 112

MAX Script software 27

MAYA software 27, 52, 124

McGee, Wes (Matter Design) 112

MEL Script software 27, 124

meshes 35, 44–8, 85, 123, 166

case study 46–8

step by step techniques 45

µ:) Microhappy/Marilena Skavara:

Adaptive Fa[CA]de 177

MicroStation software 27

milling machines 89 see also CNC

machines

modelmaking

digital 6, 35, 44, 55, 100, 108–9 see also

CAD; parametric design; 3-D modeling

physical 7, 10, 35, 55, 64, 72, 100, 108, 110

modular construction 16, 84, 86, 123, 128, 131, 151, 174–5

Morgante, Andrea (Shiro Studio) 107

morphogenesis and design 62, 65, 66–73

case studies 70–3

step by step techniques 68, 69

molds/molding 6, 20, 24, 96, 104, 126, 134–5, 148, 150

Multi-Jet Manufacture (MJM) 104

MVRDV

Gwanggyo Power Center, Seoul 10

Sky Village proposal, Rødovre, Denmark 36

Waste Sector, Metacity Datatown 36

N

NAND gate 180

Negroponte, Nicholas 17, 18

nonlinearity 68, 76, 120, 184

“nonstandard” fabrication 84, 86–7, 118,

119, 123, 130, 139

case studies 85–7, 174–5

components 51, 77, 84, 96, 114, 119, 150, 166, 174

Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines see NURBS

Nonlinear Systems Biology and Design group, SmartGeometry, Barcelona 25

NOX

D-Tower, Doetinchem, Netherlands 126–7

HtwoOexpo pavilion, Neeltje Jans Island, Netherlands 51

The Maison Folie, Lille Wazemmes, France 42

The Three Graces Hotel, Dubai 6

Noyes, Eliot 16

NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) 35, 40–3, 124

advantages 35, 40, 42

O

OMA (Office for Metropolitan Architecture): China Central Television (CCTV) 10, 140 see also AMO

ONL [Oosterhuis_Lénárd]:

Al Nasser Group HQ, Abu Dhabi 34

F Zuid housing project, Netherlands 25

iWeb and ProtoSpace 13, 40

Landscape Lounge, Dutch Embassy, Berlin 139

Otto, Frei 68

Oxman, Neri

Beast project 70–1

Carpal Skin project 13

Raycounting project 37

Subterrain project 185

P

parametric design 6, 54–9, 139, 162, 164

advantages 54, 55

and algorithmic architecture 58, 61

CAD compared 54, 55

case studies 56–9

limitations 54–5

models 25, 52, 54, 59, 134, 152

software 27, 52, 54, 134

Pask, Gordon 15, 16

patterns

and algorithms 60, 64–5

contouring 130

on façades 11, 12, 50, 72–3, 114, 115, 151, 177

folding 78, 142

with laser cutting 9, 64, 90, 91, 142, 186

meshes 45, 166

morphogenetic 70, 72–3

parametric design 25, 38, 55

on surfaces 25, 79, 128, 157

tiling 55, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 173

Picon, Antoine 14

Pigram, Dave (Supermanoeuvre) 112

plasma cutting 88, 140, 144, 158

case study 93

powder coating 65, 93, 142

powder layers 27, 102, 104, 186

prefabrication 95, 101, 114, 120, 137, 142

prefatory three-dimensional printing 186

Price, Cedric 16, 17

Proces2 72

Processing software 27

Prototype Unit, Manchester School

of Architecture: Reflective Room, Manchester Museum 100–1

Prouvé, Jean 94

Python programming language 33

R

rapid prototyping 89, 102–7, 186

advantages 104, 105, 106

case study 107

and forming 148

limitations 104, 107

methods 25, 28, 102, 104

Rapid Prototyping machines 27

Reiser + Umemoto

O-14 Tower, Dubai 50

Vector Wall, New York 9, 142

West Side Convergence project, New

York 35, 167

RepRap machine 106

responsive architecture 63, 176

case studies 86–7, 125–9, 144–5, 174–5, 177

façades 22, 42, 48, 128–9

surfaces 23, 86–7, 144–5, 174–5, 177

Revit Architecture software 34

Rhino software 27, 54, 60, 64, 156

RhinoScript 112

Richards, Daniel 33, 66

robotics 6, 23, 76, 86, 111–15, 118, 174

case studies 112–15, 178

step by step techniques 123

Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners

Berkeley Hotel Entrance Canopy, London 156–7

Capodichino subway station, Naples 164–5

Leadenhall Building, London 32, 34, 104

Santa Maria del Planto subway station, Naples 60, 104

“rubber sheet” geometry 40

S

Sabin, Jenny 25

SAGE System 14, 15

scripting 12, 41, 61, 62, 106, 112, 124, 136

sectioning 158–65

advantages 158

case studies 160–5

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 28, 65, 104, 186

self-assembly systems: case study 180–1

Shimizu, Kumiko: Angry House project 88

Shiro Studio/D-Shape: Radiolaria Pavilion, Pontedera, Italy 107

Sim, Romulus: Birkenhead project 68, 69

sixteen*(makers)

55/02 shelter, Kielder Water and Forest

Park, Northumbria 26, 93

Blusher installation 144–5

residency, Kielder Water and Forest Park, Northumbria 125

STAC project 103

Skavara, Marilena 177

Smith, Misha: Prototype for a Spatialized Instrument 82–3

Solidworks 134

Stahlbogen GmbH 93

Steiner, Hadas 17

stereolithography (SLA) 7, 67, 102, 103, 107

stress issues 38, 46, 47, 60, 113, 152, 185

Studio Gang Architects

Aqua Tower, Chicago 29

Marble Curtain, National Building

Museum, Washington, D.C. 170–1

South Pond, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago 120

Starlight Theatre, Rockford, Illinois 143

Studio M: Airspace, Tokyo 11, 72–3

subtractive processes 54, 89, 96, 113, 130

Supermanoeuvre

Supermatter I 6

wavePavilion, Taubman College of

Architecture, Michigan 112

Sutherland, Ivan 15, 54

Szulda, Joanna

Crafted Canopy 64–5

Natural Childbirth and Women’s Centre 33

Scared Womanhood project 105

The Soft and Furry Façade 128–9

T

tectonics 10, 49, 58, 79, 101

Terzidis, Kostas 60–1

tessellation see tiling

Thing-O-Matic (Makerbot Industries) 176

Thompson, D’Arcy 68

3-D modeing and software 21, 27, 32, 64, 67, 93, 101, 172

3-D printing 38, 71, 85, 102, 104, 105, 106, 113, 186

availability 176

limitations 107

3-D scanning 6, 22, 64, 186

case study 110

3deluxe 154

CocoonClub, Frankfurt, Germany 148, 154

Leonardo Glass Cube, Bad Driburg, Germany 155

3ds Max software 27, 33

3XN

Horten HQ, Copenhagen 168

Louisiana Pavilion, Museum of Modern

Art, Louisiana 110

Tibbits, Skylar

Decibot and the *bot family 184

Logic Matter, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology 180–1

VoltaDom 19

tiling 55, 166–75

case studies 169–75

step by step techniques 172–3

topological data 40, 44, 85

Trumpf 94, 160

Turing, Alan 61–2

Tyson, Nick (Prototype Unit, Manchester School of Architecture) 100

U

Universal Constructor 18

UNStudio

A2 ring road reshaping, Den Bosch,

Netherlands 166

Burnham Pavilion, Chicago 40

La Defense Offices, Almere, Netherlands 12

Music Theater, Graz, Austria 149

Theater Agora, Lelystad, Netherlands 141

V

VectorWorks software 27

visualization 18, 39, 44, 60

volumetric effects 38, 40, 109, 113, 142

Von-Mises analysis 59

Voronoi tiling 55

W

water-jet cutting 88, 140, 158, 186

Weinstock, Michael 68

West 8

Leidsche Rijn Park, Vieuten, Netherlands 121

Puentes Cascara Bridge, Madrid 43

Wiel Arets Architects: University Library, Utrecht 12

Wiscombe, Tom see EMERGENT

Woodbury, Robert 55

Z

Z-Starch machine 27

ZahaHadid Architects see Hadid, Zaha

ZUS (Zones Urbaines Sensibles)

Almere Dune masterplan, Netherlands 91

Villa Rotterdam project 102