Africa, 17, 50, 53, 127, 142, 159–61
Agrarian Party, 119, 121, 127, 135, 153, 155, 164, 166, 173, 180
Agrarian reform, 76, 80, 100, 102–6, 112–14
Aguirre, Antonio, 56
Aizpuru, Luis, 68
Alba, Santiago, 63–4, 71, 73, 121, 127, 153, 164, 166–7, 179
Alcalá-Zamora, Niceto, 2, 6–8, 59
attempts to discredit Lerroux, 146, 152–3, 179, 181
becoming President of the Republic, 84–8
head of Republican Provisional Government, 67–8, 72–5
involvement with constitutional crises, 121–34
involvement with Cortes as President, 101, 105, 108–11, 113–17, 121–34, 139–171
Alfonso XIII, 4–5, 17, 46–47, 58–65, 68–73
Almirall, Valentín, 40
Álvarez, Melquíades, 28, 53, 55, 58, 61, 63, 72, 101, 173, 178–9
alliance with Lerroux, 61, 72, 101, 121
as a liberal reformist, 53, 54, 58, 178–9
Anarchism, 4, 8, 26–30, 33–4, 39, 42, 45–7, 50–1, 60, 114
insurrections and punishments, 34, 50, 58, 63–64, 108, 121, 129
relationship with Lerroux, 45–7, 50–1, 58, 132
writers and propaganda, 26–30, 33, 39
Anarchosyndicalism, 80, 121, 125, 129, 181
Anaya, Federico, 52
Andalusia, 22, 55, 60, 71, 106, 124, 136
Anglés, Juan, 43
Anti-revolutionary Bloc, 166–168
Anticlericalism, 2, 4, 35–7, 40, 100–1, 109, 138, 144
Asturian Revolt, 132–42
Asturias, 17, 22, 55, 129, 132–42
Azaña, Manuel, 1–2, 5–6, 8, 53, 70, 78, 81, 130–4, 148–51, 156–9
after February 1936 election, 170, 179–81
as prime minister 1931–33, 85–8, 98–119
attitude to Lerroux, 133, 139–42
Báguenas, Martín, 174
Barcelona, 1, 26, 74, 107, 130, 135, 139, 143, 146, 148, 167
as original seat of Radical Party, 4, 8, 10, 29–51, 62, 74, 101
Radical Party scandals in Barcelona, 55–62
Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), 129, 162
Basque Nationalism, 114, 129–130, 181
Batet, Domingo, General, 135, 142
Bautista Aznar, Juan, 74
Bellón, Ildefonso, 158
Berenguer, Dámaso, 5, 71, 73–4, 84, 125–6
Bergamín, Francisco, 72
Besteiro, Julián, 73, 85, 115–6, 138
Blanco y Negro (newspaper), 124
Blasco Ibáñez, Sigfrido, 157–8
Blasco Ibáñez, Vicente, 40, 43, 69, 102, 124, 128,
Burgos y Mazo, Manuel, 72
Calle O’Donnell, (Madrid home of Lerroux), 54–5, 110, 148, 172, 182
Calvo Sotelo, José, 110, 125, 141, 157, 174
Cambó, Francesc, 48, 85, 119, 127, 156, 165, 167
Carabineros, 104
Carlism, 13–4, 25, 29, 32–3, 36, 39, 47–8, 172, 177
Casa del Pueblo (House of the People), 4, 41, 129
Casañas y Pagés, Salvador, 37
Casanueva, Cándido, 120, 127, 163
Casas Viejas, 108
Catalan Nationalism, 2, 4, 8, 52, 57–8, 61–3, 68, 70–4, 100–6, 122, 150, 167, 181
administrations, see Generalidad, Mancomunidad,
solidarity crisis 1906–7, 31–44, 47–50
Catalan Republican Left (ERC), 86, 103–4, 107, 110
Catalan Solidarity, 34, 42, 47–9
Catalan Statute, 72, 102–3, 106, 143
Catholic Right, 2, 134, 143, 145, 166–7, 181
Cavalcanti, Jose General, 70, 172, 175
CEDA, see Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-Wing Groups
Centeno, José, 151–2
Chapaprieta, Joaquín, 43, 153–7, 160–6
Church, 1, 19, 35–7, 76–9, 83–4, 105–9, 172
Cid y Ruiz-Zorrilla, José María, 121
Círculo de Bellas Artes, 101
CNT, see National Confederation of Labour
Cohen, Gastón, 151
Communism, 2, 46, 80, 129, 165, 167, 170, 176, 183
Conservatism, 11, 132–3, 166–8, 179–80
conservatives in government, 25, 31–2, 35–9, 42, 48–9, 53, 57–9, 61, 64–5, 69
conservatives within the Republic, 76–7, 84, 86, 101, 106, 112, 118–22, 126–7
the Radical Party as Conservative, 138, 143, 146, 148–9, 167–8, 180
Constitution, 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 26, 29, 35–6, 38, 48–9, 41, 112–6, 130, 134, 136, 170–3, 176, 178–81
constitutional crisis after October 1934 revolution, see October Revolution of 1934
constitutional reform, 61–62, 113, 120–7, 140, 145
development of 1931 constitution, 76, 81, 82–7, 98–110
suspension during dictatorship, 1923–30, 68–69
Constitutional Guarantees Court, 100, 109–10
Constitutional Monarchy, 18, 21, 35–8, 41, 45–51, 53, 62–4, 68, 77, 114, 126,
Corominas, Pedro, 57
Cortes (Spanish Parliament), 82, 85–9, 100–3, 106, 125–6, 130–1, 133–4, 137, 149, 162, 165, 172
during Constitutional Monarchy, 44, 49–50, 59, 65
threats of dissolution, 108–10, 113–17, 121, 155–7
Cu-Cut (satirical magazine), 47
Dato, Eduardo, 25, 42, 49, 53, 59, 61, 64
De Albornoz, Álvaro, 71, 83, 107, 109
De Castro, José Antonio, 160–2
De Unamuno, Miguel, 120
Dencás, Josep, 138–9
Despujol, Ignacio, Captain General, 74
Dictatorship, 1923–30, 5, 11, 68
DLR, see Liberal Republican Right
Domingo, Marcelino, 3, 61, 63, 65, 68, 70–1, 83, 107, 109, 114, 116, 118
Dualde, Joaquín, 144
Elections
election of November 1933, 2, 101, 117
election of February 1936, 167–75
El Imparcial (newspaper), 21
El Pais (newspaper), 4, 23–7, 46, 55
El Progreso (newspaper), 27–30, 48, 55
El Radical (newspaper), 10, 12, 55–6, 60
ERC, see Catalan Republican Left
Escamots (Esquerra militia), 130
Escuela Nueva (republican intellectual group) 70
Españolismo (Spanishness), 9, 38–9, 54, 57, 77–9, 120, 132, 173, 175–7, 182
Esplá, Carlos, 139
Esquerdo, José María, 26–7, 29, 32
Esquerra, 57, 130, 134, 138, 140, 143
Extremadura, region of, 55, 106, 136
Factionalism, 11, 24, 33, 42, 55, 70, 125
Falangism, 128, 137, 171, 174, 177, 182
Federalism, 21, 27, 31–3, 38, 40, 45, 57, 70, 75, 135, 159
Ferrer Guardia, Francisco, 4, 26, 29, 46, 50
FIRPE, see Spanish Left Republican Parliamentary Federation
First Republic (1873–4), 8, 11–12, 18–20, 41, 121, 127, 139
Franco, Francisco, 2, 7, 12, 59, 60, 142, 172–7, 182–183
Fuente, Ricardo, 55
García Hernández, Ángel, 73, 129, 140
García Prieto, Manuel, 61–2, 69, 72, 79, 109, 114, 123, 129, 148, 151–152, 155
Gasset, Fernando, 43
General Workers’ Union (UGT), 27–8, 61, 73, 80, 82, 102, 104, 106–7, 123, 129
Generalidad (Catalan administration), 57, 102–3, 130, 132, 135–6, 143
Giménez Fernández, Manuel, 131, 145
Ginard de la Rosa, Rafael, 23
Goded Llopis, Manuel, General, 71
Goicoechea, Antonio, 154
Guerra del Río, Rafael, 55, 108, 163, 172
Guzmán, Martín Luis, 151–2, 157
Herrero, Emilio, 155
Himno de Riego (republican anthem), 75
Iglesias, Pablo, 2, 26–8, 56–7, 74, 133
Jaurès, Jean, 10
Jurisdictions Law, 47–8
La Publicidad (republican newspaper), 33, 35, 40, 48
La Rambla (home village of Lerroux), 12, 59
Lerroux y Rodriguez, Alejandro (father of Lerroux), 13–17, 21–2
Lerroux, Adriana (sister of Lerroux), 13, 182
Lerroux, Alejandro
accepting illicit payments, 24–25
accusations of corruption, 28, 57, 60, 147–50, 163, 181
attitude to paramilitaries, 27, 137, 171
attitude to Africa, 52–3, 58, 63, 65, 127
attitude to Civil War, 175–6
attitude to First World War, 5, 59–60
attitude to leftist critics, 152, 156–7, 169, 171, 173, 175
attitude to military, 15–18, 141–2, 175–7
attitude to monarchy, 52–3, 60, 63–5
attitude to religion, 15, 35–7, 59, 75–76, 78–9, 84, 101, 109, 127, 167, 172
controversy over death sentences, 139–41
‘Emperor of Paralelo’, 30, 39, 48, 56, 59
foreign minister, 13, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 154
in opposition, 100
in Paris, 10, 21, 28, 47, 49–50, 69, 71
political views and ability, 10–1, 40–1, 44–6, 99, 107–8, 117, 167–9, 181
prime minister, 112, 121–6, 131–6
reputation, 1–7, 99, 110, 132–3, 137–8, 147, 162, 164, 166, 170, 173, 178, 181
San Rafael estate, 5, 54, 106, 147, 152, 171, 174
speaking ability, 26, 29, 44, 52, 132, 135
views of Catalan nationalism, 38–39, 52, 101–3, 143
views of corruption, 117–18
views of dictatorship, 69
views of patriotism, 38, 77–9, 98, 100, 111, 132, 136, 155, 176–7
views of republic, 75–76, 98, 113, 178
views of revolution, 45–7, 51–2, 61, 63–4, 68–9, 105, 132–3, 173, 175–6
views of rural affairs, 80–1, 100–2
vote of no confidence, 114–5
war minister, 141
writing and journalism, 11–12, 23–5, 55
(see also Alcalá-Zamora, Niceto, Álvarez, Melquíades, Anarchism, Azaña, Manuel, Calle O’Donnell, La Rambla, Madrid, Radical Party, Socialists)
Lerroux, Arturo (brother of Alejandro), 13–18, 22–4
Lerroux, Aurelio (brother of Alejandro), 13–14, 30
Lerroux, Aurelio (nephew of Alejandro), 14, 54, 150–2, 157–8, 172, 174
Lerroux, Teresa (wife of Alejandro), 24, 172–4, 182–3
Liberal Democrats, 162, 164, 166
Liberal Party, 31–2, 36, 47–52, 56, 58–61, 63–5, 69, 71, 73, 112
Liberal Republican Right (DLR), 79, 82, 83, 86
Liberalism, 28–32, 36–40, 47–52, 56, 58–9, 61–73, 81–3, 98, 100–1, 117, 119, 125–6, 135, 142–8
liberal democracy, 81, 98, 100, 112, 117, 126, 133, 145, 146, 167, 173–83
traditions of, 2, 3, 5, 10, 19–21, 76, 173
Lliga, 31–2, 35–43, 47, 54, 57–9, 62, 74, 85, 127, 130, 156
(see also Catalan Nationalism)
Local Administration Law, 43
López Ochoa, Eduardo, General, 74, 142
Luca de Tena, Juan Ignacio, 172–3
Lucia, Luis, 161–3
Maciá, Francesc, 74, 102, 139
Madrid, 4–5, 61, 82, 106, 108, 151, 155
headquarters of Radical Party, 55, 58
importance to Lerroux, 10–18, 21–3, 26, 28, 31, 41, 54–5
political events in Madrid, 61, 73–4, 77, 100, 102, 106, 119–122, 130, 132–6, 150, 174, 182
Mancomunidad (Catalan administration), 54, 57–58, 130–43
Marraco, Manuel, 128–9
Marsá, Antonio, 70
Martínez Barrio, Diego, 2, 71–2, 104–8, 116–24, 133–4, 144–5, 180–1
Martínez Campos, Arsenio, 28
Martínez de Velasco, José, 113, 127, 131, 135, 156, 163, 173
Maura, Antonio, 1, 7, 38, 42–3, 48–51, 56–9, 77, 82, 85, 155
Maura, Miguel, 72, 75, 101, 105, 126, 133, 147–149, 164
Millán Astray, José, 141
Mines, 44
Mir y Miró, José, 33
Mixed labour boards (jurados mixtos), 80
Monarchy, 1, 5, 8, 11, 98–9, 105, 110, 112, 117, 119, 140, 173, 176
rejection of the monarchy, 29, 60–65, 71–81, 96, 178–9
(see also Constitutional Monarchy)
Montero Ríos, Eugenio, 21, 42, 47
Moreno Espinosa, Adolfo, 21–22
Moreno, Guillermo, 159–163
Moret, Segismundo, 25, 28, 31, 42, 50–51, 56, 155
Morgades, José, 37
Morocco, 58, 63, 65, 69, 78, 127, 159–161, 174
National Assembly, 70
National Confederation of Labour (CNT), 54, 61–2, 80–1, 108
Nombela scandal, 7, 9, 12, 159–166, 181
Nombela, Antonio, 160–3
October Revolution of 1934, 133–141
Patriotic Union (UP), 70
Peire, Tomás, 81
Pérez Farrás, Enrique, 139–41
Pi y Margall, Francisco, 11, 20–1, 31–3, 38, 159
Planas, Manuel, 39
Polavieja, Camilo de, General, 28, 35, 39
Portela Valladares, Manuel, 143, 164
Posadas, 59
Prat de la Riba, Enric, 38
Prieto, Indalecio, 3, 65, 68, 138
Primo de Rivera, José Antonio, 137, 149, 157
Primo de Rivera, Manuel, 5, 8, 11, 60, 65–6, 68–72, 80, 148, 176, 179
Pronunciamientos, 6, 21, 29, 45–6, 69, 104, 106
pronunciamiento of 1868, 29, 46
pronunciamiento of 1887, 21
pronunciamiento of 1923, 104, 179
pronunciamiento of 1932, 6, 106
Provisional Government of 1931, 5, 67, 72–9, 84
PSOE, see Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party
Quiroga, Casares, 108
Radical Democratic Party, 124
Radical Party, 1–13, 42, 48–65, 67–88, 98–133, 137–152, 155–7, 160–70, 173–5, 178–82
as centre-right, see Republicans, centre-right
as Conservative, see Conservatism
as left-republicans, see Republicans, left
Radical Republican Party, see Radical Party
Reptile Fund (fondo de reptiles), 24
‘Republic of all Spaniards’, 77, 79
Republican Action, 70
Republican Alliance, 70–1, 82, 88, 98, 179–80
Republican Federation, 41, 43, 62
Republican National Federal Union (UFNR), 57, 59, 61
Republican Progressive Party, 17, 20–1, 23, 161
Republican Union, 41–4, 47–8, 55–6
Republican unity (concept), 21, 26, 62, 71, 113
Republican Unity (faction), 33–34
Republican-Socialist Alliance, 2, 56, 67, 72–7, 82, 86–8, 99, 105–7, 112, 126, 147, 159, 165–71, 179–81
(see also Popular Front)
Republicanism, 1, 4, 8, 10–12, 18–19, 21–2, 33, 39–40, 44–5, 52–5, 62–3, 70, 76–7, 107, 125
Republicans, centre-right, 2, 8, 9, 75, 77, 110, 112, 119–25
centre-right coalition, 121, 124, 130–40, 144, 146, 153–7, 163–7, 170, 179–81
Radical Party becoming centre-right, 8, 9, 77, 110, 119–30
Republicans, left, 2, 3, 6, 9–10, 20–1, 36, 40, 56, 81–88, 99, 101–23, 130, 151, 159, 164–6, 169–71, 175, 179–81
attempts to destabilise Radical government, 152–7
collapse of vote and withdrawal from politics, 118–30, 133–7
formation of FIRPE, see Spanish Left Republican Parliamentary Federation
many Radical as left Republicans, 76–9, 81, 102
(see also Republican-Socialist Alliance)
Republicans, right, 8, 9, 79, 83, 86, 110, 113–31, 164–6, 170, 173, 179–81
Restoration of Spanish monarchy 1874, 11, 20–1, 62, 70–1, 77, 98–9, 105, 117–8, 125
Revolutionary Committee, 5, 72, 75, 138
Rico-Avello, Manuel, 117
Rico, Gumersindo, 132
Rico, Pedro, 135
Río Rodríguez, Cirilo del, 121, 172
Rocha, Juan José, 152, 158, 182
Romanones, Count of [Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres-Sotomayor], 28, 58, 61, 70, 73, 154, 172, 179
Romero Robledo, Francisco, 11, 31–2, 155
Romero, Pita, 121
Royo-Villanova, Antonio, 153, 155, 160–3
Ruiz Zorrilla, Manuel, 17, 20–24, 26, 29, 32, 46, 48
Sagasta, Práxedes Mateo, 21, 29, 31–2
Salazar Alonso, 109, 128–9, 131, 151, 157–8
Salmerón, Nicolás, 11, 21, 28, 32–3, 43, 45, 47–9, 53, 55–7
Samper, Ricardo, 128–33, 140–1, 150–2, 160
San Rafael estate, see Lerroux, Alejandro
San Sebastian Pact August 1930, 72, 82, 103
Sánchez Fuster, Antonio, 56, 174, 182
Sánchez Roman, Felipe, 105, 115, 124, 133
Sanjurjo, Jose, General, 6, 73, 75, 103–6, 125–6, 140, 171
Savonarola, Girolamo, 36
Second Republic (1931–9), 1, 3, 5, 6–8, 10, 12, 62, 64, 179
Silvela, Francisco, 28, 32, 35–36, 39
Social Popular Party, 112
Socialist insurrection, 11–12, 108, 123, 129–32, 138–41, 170, 180
Socialists, 9–10, 12, 35, 48, 50, 57–60, 63–88, 98–110, 112–20, 122–41, 146–51, 159, 165, 179–82
(see also Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party)
accusations of corruption, 118, 149, 175
attitude to Lerroux, 2, 6, 27–8, 44, 56, 81, 115, 128–33, 138, 170
support for insurrection, 130–1, 138
(see also Republican-Socialist Alliance)
Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE), 2, 4, 61, 86–8, 105, 107, 109–110, 153, 178–9, 182
alliance with Trade Unions, 27–28, 58, 80–82, 129, 138
as opposition, 114–19
as ruling party, 63, 70–1, 80–82
hostility towards Radical Party, 6, 9, 123
power sharing with Patriotic Union, 70
Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-Wing Groups (CEDA), 112–13, 117–24, 127, 130–1, 134, 139, 141–6, 150, 154–7, 161–73, 180–1
Spanish Left Republican Parliamentary Federation (FIRPE), 107–8
Strauss scandal, 12, 150–8, 164, 166
Tayá-Nombela scandals, 7, 9, 12, 59–63, 159–66, 181
Tayá, Antonio, 159–63
Telefónica, 132
Torres, Henri, 151
Trade unions, 27, 29, 32–5, 41–6, 50, 60, 61, 71, 80–1, 102, 114, 175
increasing militancy, 81, 102, 175
relationship with politics, 32–5, 43, 46, 50, 60, 175
Tragic Week, 1909, 1, 4, 8, 37, 43, 50, 51, 53
UFNR, see Republic National Federal Union
UGT, see General Workers’ Union
UP, see Patriotic Union
Valencia, 40, 55, 65, 71, 83, 102, 124, 128, 136, 182
Vallés y Ribot, José María, 33
Vélez, Dámaso, 54, 69, 73, 75, 151
Vila, Joaquín, 149
Villacampa, Manuel, 21
Womens’ Suffrage, 85, 100, 117
Workers’ Alliance, 129, 133, 138
Workers’ Solidarity, 50
Yébenes, Pareja, 123