15 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Bursa and the Mutesarifat of Kütahya

1. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 143–6.

2. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 231, doc. no. 574, Constantinople, 15 April 1919, “Information sur la situation à Brousse à la date du 10 avril,” signed by the naval lieutenant Rollin.

3. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 518, file 24; BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 45, Bursa, report by Rupen Donabedian, 4 January 1919, “Deportations and massacres of Armenians in Bursa”; Aguni, op. cit., p. 239.

4. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, 22Sh1333, 5 Temmuz [Juillet] 1915, IAMM, circulaire of Ali Münîf (nazir namina), [şf 54/ 315], doc. no. 63.

5. Aguni, op. cit., pp. 241–2.

6. Ibidem, p. 242; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 518, file 24; BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 45, Bursa, report by Rupen Donabedian, 4 January 1919.

7. Zhamanag, 13 November 1919, “Funeral ceremony in Bursa.”

8. Ibidem; Aguni, op. cit., p. 242.

9. The United States consul arrived in Bursa as the deportations were just beginning; it seems that this induced the “Turks” to somewhat “temper their actions and abandon the idea of deporting the Armenian Protestants and Catholics”: APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 518, file 24; BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 45, Bursa, report by Rupen Donabedian, 4 January 1919.

10. Ibidem.

11. Aguni, op. cit., p. 244.

12. Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, HHStA PA XII 209, dispatch no. 441/P, from the consular agent in Bursa, L. Trano, 16 August 1915, to the Ambassador in Constantinople, Pallavicini, ff. 333–4, with the dispatch no. 69/P-D, from the ambassador Pallavicini to the baron Burian, 24 August 1915.

13. Ibidem, dispatch no. 53/P, from the consular agent in Bursa, L. Trano, 19 August 1915, to the Ambassador in Constantinople, Pallavicini, ff. 336–8, with the dispatch no. 70/P-B, from the ambassador Pallavicini to the baron Burian, 27 August 1915.

14. Ibidem, dispatch no. 464/P, from the consular agent in Bursa, L. Trano, 23 August 1915, to the Ambassador in Constantinople, Pallavicini, ff. 342–4, with the dispatch no. 71/P-B, from the Ambassador Pallavicini to the Baron Burian, 31 August 1915.

15. Ibidem.

16. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 518, file 24.

17. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 202, list of responsibles in Bursa.

18. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 518, file 24.

19. Cf. supra, p. 530.

20. Examination of Dr. Ahmed Midhat, at the second session of the trial of the kâtibi mesullari, 23 June 1919 (23 Haziran 1335): Takvim-ı Vakayi, no. 3589, 5 juillet 1919, pp. 172–3; Midhat was sentenced to ten years at hard labor: the verdict in the trial of the CUP responsible secretaries and delegates, handed down on 8 January 1920: Takvim-ı Vakayi, n° 3772, February 1920, p. 2, col. 2, p. 3, col. 1, pp. 53–66.

21. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 202, list of responsibles in Bursa.

22. Ibidem.

23. Review of the trial: La Renaissance, no. 402, 20 March 1920. Let us also note that the Unionist Ziya Şakir, an editor of Ertogrul in Bursa who was implicated in the deportations, was acquitted by the court of Çorum (La Renaissance, no. 340, 7 January 1920), and, furthermore, that Osman Bey, the former vali of Bursa, İbrahim Bey, the CUP’s responsible secretary in Bursa, and the comrades who were interned in the prison of the court-martial, were transferred to Bursa in order to face the court-martial there (La Renaissance, no. 132, 6 May 1919).

24. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 231, doc. no. 574, Constantinople, 15 April 1919, doc. cit., “Information sur la situation à Brousse à la date du 10 avril.”

25. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 146–7; Karpat, op. cit., p. 176, states that there were a total of 22,883 Armenians and 11,884 Turks.

26. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 146–7.

27. Aguni, op. cit., p. 245.

28. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 231, doc. no. 367, Constantinople, 24 February 1919, “La déportation des Arméniens de Tchinguiler.”

29. PCI Bureau, List of the responsibles for the massacres and deportations: BNu, ms. 289, f° 13, çenkiler; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 197 and 561–2, list of responsibles in çenkiler.

30. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 231, doc. no. 367, Constantinople, 24 February 1919; Aguni, History of the Massacre of one Million Armenians, op. cit., p. 247, states that Sahag Trayents and Usta Tavit were among the men massacred.

31. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 231, doc. no. 367, Constantinople, 24 February 1919.

32. Aguni, op. cit., p. 248.

33. Ibidem, p. 249. A few soldier’s families were allowed to settle in the villages of Eskişehir, after an order to that effect arrived from Istanbul (ibidem, p. 247).

34. Ibidem, p. 246.

35. PCI Bureau, List of the responsibles for the massacres and deportations: BNu, ms. 289, f° 13, çenkiler; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 197 and 561–2, list of responsibles in çenkiler.

36. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 147; Karpat, op. cit., p. 176, states that there were a total of 3,348 in the kaza.

37. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 147; Karpat, op. cit., p. 176.

38. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 197 and 561–2, list of responsibles in Kirmasti.

39. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 147; Karpat, op. cit., p. 176.

40. Ibidem.

41. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 198, 144 (English version) and 562–3, list of responsibles in Bilecik.

42. Ibidem.

43. Father Y. P., “, 1915 [The Catastrophe of Bilecik, 1915],” Pazmaveb 1921, p. 117.

44. Ibidem, pp. 118–19.

45. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 150; Karpat, op. cit., p. 176.

46. Ibidem; Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 150 .

47. Ibidem; Karpat, op. cit., p. 176.

48. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 198, List of responsibles in İnegöl.

49. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 157; Karpat, op. cit., p. 186.

50. Ibidem; Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 158–9.

51. Ibidem; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 627/2 and 989, Balıkeser, bilan.

52. Aguni, op. cit., pp. 287–8; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 920.

53. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 138–9 and 556–7, list of responsibles in Balıkeser.

54. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 138 and 558–9, list of responsibles in Bandırma.

55. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 138 and 558–9, list of responsibles in Eydincik.

56. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 150–1; Karpat, op. cit., p. 186, states that there were a total of 3,449 in the kaza.

57. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 150–1.

58. Aguni, op. cit., pp. 287–8; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 920.

59. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 38, çangırı, ff 107v°, 112–13, letter from Vartan Karageuzian to Aram Andonian, 25 February 1947.

60. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 150–1; Karpat, op. cit., p. 186.

61. Aguni, op. cit., p. 286.

62. Examination of the Dr. Besim Zühtü, responsible secretary in Eskişehir, at the second session of the trial of the kâtibi mesullari, 23 June 1919 (23 Haziran 1335): Takvim-ı Vakayi, no. 3589, 5 July 1919, pp. 171–17?; Dr. Nesim Zühtü was released: the verdict in the trial of the CUP responsible secretaries and delegates, handed down on 8 January 1920: Takvim-ı Vakayi, n° 3772, February 1920, p. 2, col. 2, p. 3, col. 1 and pp. 53–66 (the full verdict).

63. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 201 and 177–8, list of responsibles in Eskişehir.

64. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 38, çangırı, f° 110, letter from Vartan Karageuzian to Aram Andonian, Cairo, 1 April 1947.

65. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 156; Karpat, op. cit., p. 182.

66. Aguni, op. cit., p. 286; SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 231, doc. no. 257, Constantinople, 6 February 1919, “Déportations d’Afionkarahissar.”

67. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 198 and 147 (English version), list of responsibles in Afionkarahisar.

16 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Aydın

1. Cf supra, p. 37, n. 161.

2. Letter from George Horton to Henry Morgenthau, Smyrnia, 30 July 1915 (U.S. State Department Record Group 59, 867.4016/130: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, II, The Peripheries, Watertown 1994, pp. 107–9.

3. Letter from Vladimir Radinsky to Stefan Burian, Smyrnia, 30 August 1915: Staatsarchiv, HHStA PA 1915.

4. Aguni, op. cit., p. 279.

5. Taner Akçam, From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism & the Armenian Genocide, Londres & New York 2004, pp. 144–6; the American consul George Horton, The Blight of Asia, London 2003, pp. 24–33, reports his impressions of these events.

6. Hervé Georgelin, La fin de la Belle-époque à Smyrne, doctoral thesis, II, Paris/EHESS 2002, pp. 378–9, cited the Austro-Hungarian consul Vladimir Radinsky.

7. Letter from Vladimir Radinsky to Stefan Burian, Smyrnia,10 January 1916: Staatsarchiv, HHStA PA 1916, coted in Georgelin, op. cit., p. 379.

8. FO. 371.2772, report no. 19 547, from Adam Block to the Foreign Office, 28 January 1916, coted in Georgelin, op. cit., p. 379, n. 4.

9. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 156; Karpat, op. cit., pp. 182, 184.

10. Letter from Vladimir Radinsky to Pallavicini, Smyrnia, 1 December 1914: Staatsarchiv HHStA K 405, coted in Georgelin, op. cit., p. 381, n. 12.

11. Georgelin, op. cit., p. 393.

12. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 245, doc. no. 109, Smyrne, 29 April 1919, “Report on the unjust and criminal acts perpetrated by the Unionist Turkish government against the Armenians of the province of Smyrna,” by Garabed Balabanian, pp. 5–6; letter from Vladimir Radinsky to Stefan Burian, Smyrnia, 3 May 1915: Staatsarchiv, HHStA PA 1915.

13. “Mémoire” appended to G. Horton’s letter to H. Morgenthau, Smyrnia, 5 August 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, II, The Peripheries, Watertown 1994, pp. 112–13; letter from V. Radinsky to S. Burian, Smyrnia, 21 May 1915: Staatsarchiv, HHStA PA 1915, coted in Georgelin, op. cit., p. 393, n. 1.

14. Cf. supra, p. 52, 59, 73, n. 10.

15. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 245, doc. no. 109, Smyrna, 29 April 1919, “Rapport sur les actes injustes,” pp. 8–9.

16. Cf. n. 13 “Mémoire” and G. Horton’s letter to H. Morgenthau, Smyrnia, 30 July 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, II, The Peripheries, Watertown 1994, p. 108.

17. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 245, doc. no. 109, Smyrna, 29 April 1919, “Rapport sur les actes injustes,” p. 9.

18. Aguni, op. cit., p. 280.

19. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 539, no. 12, “Liste des responsables unionistes, vilayet d’Aïdın.”

20. Aguni, op. cit., p. 281; SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 245, doc. no. 109, Smyrna, 29 April 1919, “Rapport sur les actes injustes,” p. 9.

21. Ibidem, pp. 10–11, cited Daniel, Garabed and Berdj Bali, British citizens, Ardashes Karunian and Ardashes Isakian, Russian citizens, Giovanni Shaoum, Italian citizen, all of whom died in Islahiye, Birecik or Der Zor.

22. Ibidem, p. 12.

23. Ibidem, pp. 12–14; Aguni, op. cit., pp. 282–4.

24. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 169–70.

25. Aguni, op. cit., p. 282; SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 245, doc. no. 109, Smyrna, 29 April 1919, “Rapport sur les actes injustes,” pp. 17–19.

26. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 539, no. 12, “Liste des responsables unionistes, vilayet d’Aïdın.”

27. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 170–1.

28. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 245, doc. no. 109, Smyrna, 29 April 1919, “Rapport sur les actes injustes,” pp. 19–20.

29. Ibidem, pp. 20–1.

30. Aguni, op. cit., p. 282.

31. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 171–2

32. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 245, doc. no. 109, Smyrna, 29 April 1919, “Rapport sur les actes injustes,” p. 21.

33. Ibidem, pp. 21–2.

17 Deportations and Massacres in the Vilayet of Konya

1. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 780, vilayet of Konya; Karpat, op. cit., pp. 180, 182, says there were 13,855.

2. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 780, vilayet of Konya, estimates the Armenian population of this sancak at 14,809, including the two colonies of Seydişehir (pop. 175) and Ilgun (pop. 142).

3. Azmi left his post on 18 June and immediately assumed the responsibilities of the vali of Lebanon, where he had 11 Arab nationalists executed on 21 August 19195 in Beirut’s Square of the Canons.

4. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 388–9, no. 85, “The deportations in Konya”; Gaydzag [=Mgrdich Barsamian], “. [The Tragedy of the Armenians of Konya (according to the notebook souvenirs of a witness)],” Zhoghovurt, 20 December 1918. The author was the director of Konya’s Armenian College in this period.

5. Letter from the Dr. W. Dodd to H. Morgenthau, 6 May 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, Princeton-London 2004, pp. 37–8.

6. Cf. n. 4, art. cit., Zhoghovurt, 20 December 1918.

7. Letter from the Dr. W. Dodd to H. Morgenthau, 15 August 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., pp. 192–5.

8. Ibidem, p. 194.

9. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 14, Konya, collective report, Aleppo, 14 December 1918, f° 6. They were transferred to Abuharar; 200 survivors were to be found in Aleppo after the armistice (ibidem); APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 388–9, no. 85, “The deportations in Konya.”

10. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 4, List of responsibles in the vilayet of Konya.

11. Ibidem.

12. Ibidem.

13. Cf. n. 4, art. cit., Zhoghovurt, 20 December 1918.

14. Ibidem; Letter from the Dr. Wilfred M. Post to Henry Morgenthau, 3 September 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., pp. 246–50.

15. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 388–9, no. 85, “The deportations in Konya” .

16. Cf. n. 4, art. cit., Zhoghovurt, 20 December 1918.

17. Letter from the Dr. W. Dodd to H. Morgenthau, 8 September 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 254.

18. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 14, Konya, report by T. Tajirian, from Karaman, [Aleppo in 1919], f° 10.

19. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 14, Konya, collective report by inhabitants from Akşehir, Aleppo, 23 February 1919, f° 2v°.

20. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 9 4, List of responsibles in the vilayet of Konya. Among the main beneficiaries of the pillage of Armenian property were: Mustafa Ağazâde Ruşdi Bey, Haci Kurazâde Haci Bekir Effendi, Haci Kurazâde Haci Rusçük Ahmed, Akağazâde Abdullah, Küse Ahmedzâde Mustafa, Atta and his brother Haci Rıza, Kâtibzâde Tevfik, Raif, İsmail Hakkı, director of the Regie, Avındikzâde Hüseyin bey, Momcizâde Ali, Molla Veli Zâde, İzzet Bey, director of property (mal müdüri), Celalbeyzâde Haci Kadri Bey, Sabaheddinağazâde Alaheddin, Mahmudbeyzâde Behir, Nacarzâde Mustafa.

21. Bauernfeind, Journal de Malatia 1915, op. cit., Diary of the 23 August 1915, p. 312.

22. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 4, List of responsibles in Eregli.

23. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 780, vilayet of Konya, puts 132 Armenians in Hamidiye.

24. La Renaissance, no. 48, 27 January 1919: “La déportation des Arméniens de Burdur.”

25. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 4, List of responsibles in Burdur.

26. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 780, vilayet of Konya.

27. Bauernfeind, Journal de Malatia 1915, op. cit., Diary of the 23 August 1915, p. 312.

28. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 4, List of responsibles in the vilayet of Konya.

29. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 780, vilayet of Konya.

30. Letter from the Dr. W. Dodd to H. Morgenthau, 8 September 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 254.

18 The Deportees on the Istanbul-Ismit- Eskişehir-Konya-Bozanti Route and Along the Trajectory of the Bagdadbahn

1. Gerald D. Feldman, “The Deutsche Bank from World War to World Economic Crisis, 1914–1923,” in The Deutsche Bank, 1870–1995, London 1995, pp. 138–9; Hilmar Kaiser, “The Bagdad Railway and the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1916,” in R. G. Hovannisian (ed.), Remembrance and Denial: the Case of the Armenian Genocide, Detroit 1998, pp. 78–92.

2. Ibidem, p. 78 and n. 2.

3. Ibidem, p. 79.

4. Ibidem, pp. 85–6.

5. Ibidem, p. 79.

6. Letter from Franz Günther to the president of the Deutsche Bank, 4 September 1915: ibidem, pp. 79–80, and n. 6.

7. Ibidem, p. 81.

8. Ibidem, p. 82.

9. Ibidem, p. 82.

10. Feldman, “The Deutsche Bank,” art. cit., p. 142.

11. Ibidem, pp. 142–3.

12. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 575, telegram no. 1068, 25 October 1915, from the Assistant Military Commissar of Rail Transport (War Ministry), Lieutenant Şükrü, to the Board of Directors of the Eastern Railways.

13. Ibidem.

14. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 576, telegram, 8 November 1915, from the Military Commissar of Rail Transport (War Ministry) to the Board of Directors of the Eastern Railways.

15. Ibidem. The commission recommended, finally, “following the matter constantly,” “that the points indicated be fully applied and carried out.”

16. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 577, telegram, 8 November 1915, from the minister of interior to the minister of war.

17. Ghazar Charek, Marzbed (Hadji Hüseyin), op. cit., pp. 9–13.

18. Ibidem, pp. 9–10; Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 115.

19. Feldman, “The Deutsche Bank,” art. cit., pp. 138–42.

20. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 26, states that he also had to pay for the tickets of the policemen guarding him and provide them with their daily wages; Letter from the Dr. W. Dodd to H. Morgenthau, 8 September 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 254, mentions that it cost four times the ordinary fare to travel in a sheep-car.

21. Photograph sent, with a dedication, to the president of the Deutsche Bank by the director of the Bagdadbahn: Feldman, “The Deutsche Bank,” art. cit., p. 142.

22. Report by the Dr. W. Dodd, doctor in the American Hospital of Konya, 21 December 1917, Montclair (New Jersey): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., pp. 145–6.

23. Letter from the Dr. W. Post to H. Morgenthau, 3 September 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 246.

24. Ibidem, p. 247.

25. Report by Dr. W. Post, doctor in the American Hospital of Konya, 11 April 1918, Lawrenceville (New Jersey): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 155. Dr. Post points out that the temporary deportation law was used to send French and British citizens from the capital “to the interior.” (ibidem, p. 153); Report by the Dr. W. Dodd, 21 December 1917 ( ibidem, pp. 145–6), puts the number of deportees at 45,000 in Konya.

26. Ibidem.

27. Ibidem; Report by the Dr. W. Post, 11 April 1918: Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 156.

28. Letter from the Dr. W. Dodd to H. Morgenthau, 8 September 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 255.

29. Anonymous letter, Afionkarahisar, 23 September 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 106, p. 431.

30. Report by the Dr. W. Dodd, 21 December 1917: Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 147. Dr. Dodd treated many of these Armenians, those suffering from injured feet in particular.

31. Letter from the Dr. W. Post to H. Morgenthau, 27 October 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 111, p. 445.

32. Report by the Dr. W. Dodd, 21 December 1917: Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., pp. 147–8.

33. Ibidem.

34. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 14, Konya, f° 7, collectif report, Aleppo, 14 December 1918.

35. Letter from the Dr. W. Dodd to H. Morgenthau, 8 September 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 254.

36. Letter from the Dr. W. Post to William Peet, 25 November 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 112, pp. 447–8.

37. Ibidem, p. 449.

38. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 14, Konya, f° 7v°, collective report, Aleppo, 14 December 1918.

39. Report from Hoover to J. Barton, n. d.: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 104, pp. 426–7.

40. Levon Mozian, [The Odyssey of an Exiled], Boston 1958. The author was a reporter for the Constantinople daily Azadamard.

41. Letter from Krikor Zohrab to Clara Zohrab, Konya, 9 June 1915: Zohrab, Complete works, op. cit., IV, pp. 290–1.

42. Letter from Krikor Zohrab to the Minister of Interior, Talât bey, Konya, 27 May/9 June 1915: ibidem, pp. 292–6.

43. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 23 and 26.

44. Ibidem, no. 29.

45. Ibidem, no. 30–2.

46. Ibidem, no. 34.

47. Ibidem, no. 37.

19 Deportations from Zeitun and Dörtyol: Repression or Genocidal Program?

1. Cf supra, pp. 249–50.

2. Letter from Kate E. Ainslie to J. Barton, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 484.

3. Letter from the American consul in Aleppo, J. B. Jackson, to H. Morgenthau, 21 April 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 13.

4. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 313.

5. Ibidem, pp. 314–18.

6. Summary of the story of the Rev. Dikran Andreasian, from Zeytoun, by father Stephen Trowbridge, Cairo, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 489.

7. Agassi, [Zeytun and His Surrounding area], Beirut 1968, pp. 386–9; Aguni, op. cit., p. 46. Haydar was latter appointed vali of Mosul, where he took part in the liquidation of the deportees who arrived in his region; La Renaissance, no. 153, 30 May 1919.

8. Aguni, op. cit., p. 46.

9. Agassi, Zeytun, op. cit., p. 389.

10. Aguni, op. cit., p. 47.

11. Agassi, Zeytun, op. cit., pp. 390–1; Summary of the story of the Reverend Dikran Andreasian, from Zeytoun, by Father Stephen Trowbridge, Cairo, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 489.

12. Letter from the American consul in Aleppo, J. B. Jackson, to H. Morgenthau, 21 April 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 10.

13. Agassi, Zeytun, op. cit., pp. 390–1.

14. Ibidem.

15. Ibidem, p. 392; A letter that Wolffskeel von Reichenberg wrote to his father Karl from Damascus on 30 March 1915 (Hilmar Kaiser (ed.), Eberhard Count Wolffskeel Von Reichenberg, Zeitoun, Mousa Dagh, Ourfa: Letters on the Armenian Genocide, Princeton 2001, p. 4), reveals that the German chief-of-staff of the Fourth Ottoman Army had sent four battalions, a few squadrons, and a battery of cannon to surround Zeitun and get the better of the deserters; Summary of the story of the Rev. Dikran Andreasian, from Zeytoun, by Father Stephen Trowbridge, Cairo, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 489.

16. Letter from the American consul in Aleppo, J. B. Jackson, to H. Morgenthau, 21 April 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 10; Agassi, Zeytun, op. cit., p. 392.

17. Ibidem, pp. 393–4. According to the author, who attended this meeting, H. Blank was persuaded, when he arrived, that what was involved was a rebellion. This suggests that the authorities exaggerated the importance of the event (ibidem); Summary of the story of the Rev. Dikran Andreasian, from Zeytoun, by father Stephen Trowbridge, Cairo, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 489.

18. Ibidem; Agassi, Zeytun, op. cit., p. 394; Aguni, op. cit., p. 47.

19. Report by the Dr. J. R. Merill on the la situation in Zeytou and Marach, Ayntab, 14 June 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 67, speaks of one hundred dead and as many wounded in the Ottoman ranks.

20. Summary of the story of the Rev. Dikran Andreasian, from Zeytoun, by father Stephen Trowbridge, Cairo, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 489.

21. Aguni, op. cit., p. 48.

22. Agassi, Zeytun, op. cit., p. 396.

23. Letter from the American consul in Aleppo, J. B. Jackson, to H. Morgenthau, 21 April 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 11.

24. Zaven Der Yéghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 91; This was also Wolffskeel’s sentiment: Kaiser (ed.), Eberhard Count Wolffskeel ... Letters, op. cit., p. 14, letter to his wife, 24 April 1915.

25. In August 1915, the survivors of the camp of Sultaniye were dispatched to the deserts of Syria in their turn.

26. Aguni, op. cit., pp. 48–52.

27. Letter from Kate E. Ainslie to J. Barton, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 484; letter from the American consul in Aleppo, J. B. Jackson, to H. Morgenthau, 21 April 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 7, summarizes a report on the situation in the mutesarifat of Marash made by Reverand John Merril the very same day; it confirms that the Armenians were deported from these areas.

28. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 311–12.

29. Letter from the Dr. Shepard, missionary in Ayntab, 20 June 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 120, p. 482.

30. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 318.

31. Letter from Kate E. Ainslie to J. Barton, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 484. She also witnessed the arrival of the wife of the minister of Göksun.

32. J. Merril met these deportees on the road between Ayntab and Aleppo; he observes that they were being sent toward Iraq: letter from the American consul in Aleppo, J. B. Jackson, to H. Morgenthau, 21 April 1915, in Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 11.

33. Letter from Kate E. Ainslie to J. Barton, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 484. In a letter to Morgenthau, 28 May 1915 (Ara Sarafian [ed.], United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 49), the consul of Mersina, Edward I. Nathan, confirms that it was muhacirs from Macedonia who were settled near Marash and Zeitun.

34. Letter from the American consul in Aleppo, J. B. Jackson, to H. Morgenthau, 21 April 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 11.

35. Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., p. 397.

36. Diary of Pierre Briquet, from the Saint-Paul Institute of Tarsus, from 14 March to May 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., p. 492–4.

37. “ [The Deportation of the Zeituntsi],” Zhoghovurti Tsayn, 15 May 1919.

38. Verchin Lur, 26 May/8 June 1915, repeats information given in the Official Gazette of the day, which published the decree announcing that the name had been changed; Summary of the story of the Rev. Dikran Andreasian, from Zeytoun, by Father Stephen Trowbridge, Cairo, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 489

39. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 302–3.

40. Puzant Yeghiayan (ed.), [History of Armenians of Adana], Antelias 1970, p. 320.

41. Aguni, op. cit., p. 294.

42. Ibidem; letter from the German consul in Alexandretta, P. Hoffmann, to H. von Wangenheim, 7 March 1915: Lepsius (ed.), Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 18, pp. 72–3.

43. Hilmar Kaiser, Bagdad Railways. Politics and the Socio-Economic Transformation of the çukurova, doctoral thesis, European University of Florence, 2001, p. 308.

44. Yeghiayan (ed.), History of Armenians of Adana, op. cit., pp. 321–2.

45. Ibidem, p. 323 (ff. 186–90 of the ms. report).

46. Ibidem.

47. Report by a witness, 12 March, annexed to a letter from the Dr. Eugen Büge, German consul in Adana, to Wangenheim, 13 March 1915: Lepsius (ed.), Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 19, pp. 74–6.

48. Yeghiayan (ed.), History of Armenians of Adana, op. cit., pp. 321–2; Kaiser, Bagdad Railways, these cit., p. 309; chiffred telegram from the minister of Interior to the vilayet of Adana, 2 March 1915: BOA.DH. şfr, nr. 50/141 (Osmanli Belgelerinde Ermeniler (1915–1920), Armenians in Ottoman Documents (1915–1920), op. cit., doc. no. 2, p. 22).

49. Aguni, op. cit., p. 295, reveals who these notables were: Hovhannes Balian, Krikor Gökpanosian, Hovhannes Aprahamian, Dikran and Sarkis Balian, Baghdasar Balian and Hagop Küchükian.

50. Ibidem.

20 Deportations in the Mutesarifat of Marash

1. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 305–11.

2. Ibidem, p. 311.

3. Telegram from the consul Rössler to Wangenheim, Marash, 31 March 1915: Lepsius (ed.), Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 22, pp. 76–7.

4. Report by Drs Caroline F. Hamilton and C. F. Ranney, doctors in Ayntab’s American hospital, attached to a 21 April 1915 letter from the American consul in Aleppo, Jackson, to Morgenthau, 21 April 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 9. In this report, Kherlakian is referred to as “Horlkahian.”

5. Ibidem, pp. 11–12.

6. Aguni, op. cit., p. 298.

7. Cf. n. 4, pp. 12–13.

8. Aguni, op. cit., p. 298. According to an Armenian balance-sheet of the operations, around 900 men were arrested and tortured, 328 were hanged, and 314 worker-soldiers were shot in June-July 1916: BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 34, Marash, assessment of the deportations and massacres, Aleppo, 23 December 1918, f° 31.

9. Ibidem, p. 301. Wolffskeel notes that the Armenians collected money to bribe the judge presiding over the court-martial (Kaiser [ed.], Eberhard Count Wolffskeel ... Letters, op. cit., p. 15, letter to his wife, 24 April 1915), which suggests that, thanks to bribes, certain inhabitants of Marash managed to secure more favorable deportation conditions or avoided a death sentence.

10. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 34, Marash, assessment of the deportations and massacres, Aleppo, 23 December 1918, f° 32.

11. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 34, list of responsibles for deportations in Marash and his area, ff. 6–9.

21 Deportations in the Vilayet of Adana

1. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 265–78.

2. Cf. supra, pp. 87 and sqq.

3. Kaiser, Bagdad Railways, thesis cit., p. 306.

4. Report, 14 December 1914, with a letter from Büge to Wangenheim, 2 February 1915; letter from general Sanders to Wangenheim, 8 February 1915: Kaiser, Bagdad Railways, thesis cit., p. 308.

5. Diary of Miss H. E. Wallis, Adana, from September 1914 to September 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 129, p. 515.

6. Report by William N. Chambers, a British missionary who had been working in Adana for the American Board of Turkey for thirty-seven years, 3 December 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 128, p. 511.

7. Aguni, op. cit., p. 305.

8. In service from 4 April 1914 to 22 February 1916.

9. Aguni, op. cit., p. 305.

10. Diary of Miss Wallis, doc. cit.: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 129, p. 515; letters from the consul in Mersina, Edward I. Nathan, to Henry Morgenthau, 18 and 28 May 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., pp. 43 et 46; Yeghiayan (ed.), History of Armenians of Adana, op. cit., pp. 340–1, notes, however, that systematic searches for weapons and possibly compromising documents were carried out in Armenian neighborhoods and institutions in the last week of May 1915. The catholicos tendered his resignation when an officer came to search his apartments.

11. Ibidem, p. 323.

12. Report by Harriet J. Fischer, missionary in Adana, 13 April 1917, Wheaton (Illinois): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 161.

13. Report from Büge to Wangenheim, 18 May 1915: Kaiser, Bagdad Railways, thesis cit., p. 311.

14. Telegram from Ali Münîf to the vilayet of Adana, 25 May 1915: BOA. DH. şfr, nr. 53/113, in Osmanli Belgelerinde Ermeniler (1915–1920), Armenians in Ottoman Documents (1915–1920), op. cit., doc. no. 21, p. 38.

15. Yeghiayan (ed.), History of Armenians of Adana, op. cit., p. 342, cited the unpublished Memories of the principal secretary, Kerovpe Papazian, f° 210, as an indication that the catholicos left for Aleppo on 25 May.

16. Ibidem, pp. 343–4, the unpublished Memories of the principal secretary, Kerovpe Papazian, ff. 210–11.

17. Ibidem, pp. 344–5, ff. 211–13.

18. Letter from Nathan to Morgenthau, 28 May 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, II, op. cit., doc. no. 44, pp. 78–9.

19. Aguni, op. cit., p. 306.

20. Ibidem; in a letter to Morgenthau, 11 September 1915 (Ara Sarafian [ed.], United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 270), the consul Nathan confirms that Ali Münîf was responsible for the new, harsher policy, for he had decided that there would be “without any exception.”

21. Letter from the consul in Mersina, E. Nathan, to H. Morgenthau, 26 July 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 89.

22. Report, 7 July: Kaiser, Bagdad Railways, thesis cit., p. 314.

23. Aguni, op. cit., p. 307; William N. Chambers, missionary in Adana, in a report, 3 December 1915 (Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 128, p. 513), confirms that the Protestants were not spared.

24. Ibidem, p. 512.

25. Report by Miss H. E. Wallis, from September 1914 to September 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 129, pp. 516–17; Elizabeth S. Webb, a missionary in Adana, confirms the figure of twenty thousand deportees in a report written on 13 April 1917 in Wheaton, Illinois (Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 169).

26. Ibidem, p. 169.

27. Report of Elizabeth S. Webb, missionary in Adana, 13 April 1917, Wheaton (Illinois): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 170.

28. Yeghiayan (ed.), History of Armenians of Adana, op. cit., pp. 337, 347–9.

29. Aguni, op. cit., p. 308.

30. Letter from the consul E. Nathan, to H. Morgenthau, 11 September 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 270.

31. Report from Stöckel to Pallavicini, in Kaiser, Bagdad Railways, thesis cit., pp. 314–15.

32. Yeghiayan (ed.), History of Armenians of Adana, op. cit., p. 335, cited the unpublished Memories of the principal secretary, Kerovpe Papazian, ff. 198–201.

33. Ibidem, p. 336.

34. Cf. supra, p. 524.

35. Unpublished Memories of the principal secretary, Kerovpe Papazian, ff. 201–3: ibidem, pp. 336–7.

36. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 39–40.

37. Report by Miss H. E. Wallis, from September 1914 to September 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 129, pp. 515–16.

38. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 40–1.

39. Report of Elizabeth S. Webb, missionary in Adana, 13 April 1917, Wheaton (Illinois): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 170.

40. Aguni, op. cit., p. 308.

41. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 45.

42. Ibidem, no. 43. Odian reports that Andonian left Çangırı with a group of other intellectuals, but fell out of the car and broke his leg; this led to a stay in a hospital in Angora, whose chief physician refused to treat him when he learned that he was Armenian. It was while treating himself and then trying to obtain crutches that, late in August, he managed to flee the hospital and slip into the convoys of the deportees from Angora. His companions had long since been put to death in the vicinity of Yozgat.

43. Ibidem, no. 44. Odian noted that the two brothers ensure all the support expenses for the four men.

44. Report by Elizabeth S. Webb, missionary in Adana, 13 April 1917, Wheaton (Illinois): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., pp. 171–2.

45. Cf. supra, p. 520.

46. Report by Elizabeth S. Webb, missionary in Adana, 13 April 1917, Wheaton (Illinois): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 173.

47. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 279–6.

48. Aguni, op. cit., p. 297.

49. Ibidem, p. 296. Among the six arrested men were three important entrepreneurs: Abraham Elagözian, Abraham and Garabed Abrahamian.

50. Letter from the consul E. Nathan, to H. Morgenthau, 18 May 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 43, according to information provided by Dr. Christie, the director of the American mission in Tarsus.

51. Aguni, op. cit., p. 297.

52. Ibidem.

53. Ibidem, pp. 308–9.

54. Letter from the consul E. Nathan, to H. Morgenthau, 11 September 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 270.

55. Aguni, op. cit., pp. 270, 310.

56. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 290–3.

57. Ibidem, p. 292.

58. Ibidem, pp. 297–300.

59. Hagop Boghosian, [General History of Hadjen], Los Angeles 1942, pp. 585–6.

60. Ibidem, pp. 586–7. Those condemned to death were Garabed Kizirian, Nazareth Shekerdemian, Drtad Melkonian and the young Aram Boyajian, whose “confessions” had not been enough to save him.

61. Cf. supra, p. 590.

62. Aguni, op. cit., pp. 305–30?; report by Edith M. Cold, missionary in Hacın, 16 December 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 126, p. 502; Boghosian, General History of Hadjen, op. cit., pp. 588–90, gives a complete account of the meeting organized at the archbishopric by the primate, which was attended by 70 to 80 notables from the city.

63. Ibidem, p. 590; report by Edith M. Cold, missionary in Hacın, 16 December 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 126, p. 502.

64. Ibidem, pp. 502–3; Boghosian, General History of Hadjen, op. cit., p. 590.

65. Ibidem, p. 592.

66. Report by Edith M. Cold, missionary in Hacın, 16 December 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 126, p. 503.

67. Ibidem, p. 504; Aguni, op. cit., p. 305.

68. Ibidem; Boghosian, General History of Hadjen, op. cit., p. 592.

69. Report by Edith M. Cold, missionary in Hacın, 16 December 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 126, p. 505.

70. Ibidem, p. 507.

71. Ibidem, p. 509.

72. Ibidem, p. 505.

73. Boghosian, General History of Hadjen, op. cit., p. 593.

74. Aguni, op. cit., p. 305.

75. Report by Edith M. Cold, missionary in Hacın, 16 December 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 126, p. 505.

76. Ibidem, p. 507.

77. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, file 59, list of responsibles for the deportations in Cilicia, Hacın and Sis: Asum effendi, Hasanağazâde Ali, Şadi effendi, Mafazâde İbrahim, Mafazâde Süleyman, Suzekzâde Hasan, Suzekzâde Haci Ali, Suzekzâde Mustafa, Cemalzâde Mustafa, Dr. Ali effendi, Muhtar Haci effendi and sons, Haci Mahmud effendi and his son, Kürdzâde Hulis, çulhacizâde Haci Halil, Yarimzâde İbrahim, Kısacıkzâde Ali, Kısacıkzâde Ahmed, Haci Hasan effendi, doctor of the municipality, Fodoş Ahmed, Dede effendi Zâde Şeyh Ca, Haci Mehmedzâde Cemil effendi, Haci Mehmedzâde Mahmud, Total Mustafa Bey, lawyer, Aşuk Yusufoğlu Hakkı, Abdurrahman çavuş, Lepeci Zâde, Vezirzâde Mahmud, Yurik Velizâde İbrahim, Mufti Hafız, Kusacıkzâde Mahmud, Şamlızâde Mehmed, Şamlızâde Durmuş, Muallim İbrahim, Gök Mustafa effendi, Gök Cemil, Topaloğlu Molla Halil effendi, Üçtatlı Şükrü, Hamamköyli Haci Bey, Şeyh Alioğlu Tahir, Ankuzoğlu Ahmed, brothers Hökeş, Haci and Yusuf, Ormanci Mehmed, Fekeli Ummet çavuş, Kösezâde Ahmed, Kürd Kuzuoğlu Mehmed, and çamurdanzâde Mehmed.

78. Telegram from Talât to the sancak of Kozan, 17 June 1915: BOA.DH. Şfr, nr. 54/51: Armenians in Ottoman Documents (1915–1920), op. cit., doc. no. 37, p. 50; Misak Keleshian, [Book of Sis], Beirut 1949, pp. 553–61

79. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., p. 300.

80. Ibidem, pp. 300–1.

81. Kaiser, “The Bagdad Railway and the Armenian Genocide,” art. cit., p. 79; cf. supra, pp. 578–9.

82. SHAT, Syrie-Liban, 1-V, b.d., dossier 2351, “Rapport sur les mesures d’anéantissement prises contre les Arméniens des régions des monts de l’Amanus” [Report on the Measures Taken to Annihilate the Armenians in the Mountainous Amanus Region], signed by the Dr P. Hovnanian, Bagdadbahn physician in Intilli, Vartivar Kabayan and Garabed Geukjeian, who furnished the Bagdadbahn with supplies, Aleppo, 5 January 1919, pp. 8, 11 of annexe.

83. Ibidem, p. II.

84. Ibidem. Demirji Khodja, Harmanda Samuel, Lapashli Hovsep, Simon oghlu Peniamin, Haji Mattheos, Darakji Ohannes oghlu Arakel and Darakji Baghdasar. Three of them were hanged, one killed and four sent to Der Zor.

85. Ibidem, pp. IV, VII.

86. Ibidem, annexe.

87. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, file XXIII, doc. n° 158, telegram no. 67, from the presiding judge at the court of appeals of Constantinople, Asım Bey, to the Ministry of Interior, Adana, 14/27 November 1915.

88. Asım Bey had held posts under Abdül Hamid in Damascus, Salonika, and in Uskub as the presiding judge of a penal tribunal. In 1908, as a member of the CUP, he had served as a court inspector in Salonika and as interim vali of Kosovo. Later, he was promoted to the rank of Director of the Criminal Investigations Department at the Ministry of Justice, member of the commission that appointed civil servants, and, finally, presiding judge at the criminal court and the court of appeals: APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 25-26-27-28-29-30-31-32-33-34, “Second report on Turks responsible for the armenian atrocities.”

89. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, file XXIII, doc. n° 158, telegram no. 67, from the presiding judge at the court of appeals of Constantinople, Asım bey, to the Ministry of Interior, Adana, 14/27 November 1915.

90. Ibidem.

91. Keleshian, Book of Sis, op. cit., pp. 562–3.

22 Deportations in the Sancaks of Ayntab and Antakya

1. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 318–23. There were another two Armenian villages, Arel and Orul, on the road leading to Rumkale and Nisibin, with eight and 50 Armenian households, respectively.

2. Ibidem, p. 323.

3. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, “The deportation of Armenians in Ayntab,” f° 1r°-v°, notes that much of the land on which the Armenian cemetery lay was confiscated on the eve of the war; this led to a lawsuit that, obviously, was never terminated.

4. Ibidem.

5. Ibidem, f° 3.

6. Ibidem. Wolffskeel confirms that certain circles in Marash sent a blatantly “make up telegram” to Istanbul in which they affirmed that the Armenians had “occupy a mosque” and “begin to kill the Muslims”: Kaiser (ed.), Eberhard Count Wolffskeel ... Letters, op. cit., p. 14, letter to his wife, 24 April 1915.

7. Ibidem, f° 3v°. Among the men arrested were Father Movses, Hrant Sülahian, Nazaret Manushagian, Hagop and Nazar Ghazarian, Movses Vartavarian, Hovsep Biulbiulian, Avedis Khanzadian, and Khoren Minasian: Aguni, op. cit., p. 310.

8. Kevork Sarafian (ed.), [History of the Armenians in Ayntab], I, Los Angeles 1953, p. 1019.

9. Ibidem, p. 1020.

10. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, f° 4.

11. Report by Miss Fearson, a resident of Ayntab, written in September 1915 after her departure from Turkey: missionary in Ayntab and then assistant to the American vice-consul in Urfa, written on 11 April 1918: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 137, pp. 541–50; Report by Elvesta T. Leslie, an assistant to the American vice-consul in Urfa (report by 11 April 1918): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 107.

12. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, f° 9.

13. Ibidem, f° 4.

14. Telegram from the German consul in Alep, Walter Rössler, to the embassy in Constantinople, 30 July 1915: Lepsius (ed.), Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 125, pp. 119–20.

15. Letter from the Consul Jackson to Morgenthau, 3 August 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 169.

16. Aguni, op. cit., p. 310; BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, f° 4v°.

17. Sarafian (ed.), Ayntab, I, op. cit., p. 1024.

18. Report by Miss Fearson, written on 11 April 1918: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 137, pp. 543–4.

19. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, f° 4v°.

20. Ibidem, f° 6; report by Miss Fearson, written on 11 April 1918: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 137, p. 544.

21. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, f° 7.

22. Sarafian (ed.), Ayntab, I, op. cit., p. 1026. The director of the deportation was someone named Yasin; he organized the pillage of the Armenians waiting for a train.

23. Letter from the Consul Jackson to Morgenthau, 19 August 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 207.

24. Telegram from the vali of Aleppo, Bekir Sâmi, to the Ministry of Interior, 1 September 1915: BOA.DH. EUM, 2. Şb, nr. 68/76: Armenians in Ottoman Documents (1915–1920), op. cit., doc. n° 105, p. 100.

25. Sarafian (ed.), Ayntab, I, op. cit., p. 1026.

26. Ibidem, p. 1027.

27. Aguni, op. cit., p. 312.

28. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, f° 5.

29. Sarafian (ed.), Ayntab, I, op. cit., p. 1026.

30. Ibidem, pp. 1029–30.

31. Ibidem, p. 1032.

32. Ibidem, p. 1033.

33. The report by Elvesta T. Leslie, an assistant to the American vice-consul in Urfa (report by 11 April 1918): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 107, gives 1 December as the first convoy’s departure date.

34. Report by Miss Fearson, written on 11 April 1918: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 137, pp. 546–9.

35. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, f° 9.

36. Ibidem, f° 7v°. Oddly, there is never any mention of a committee responsible for “abandoned property” in the sources at our disposal, even if auctions are mentioned.

37. Ibidem, f° 5v°.

38. Ibidem.

39. Sarafian (ed.), Ayntab, I, op. cit., pp. 1036–7.

40. Ibidem, pp. 1037–9.

41. Ibidem, pp. 1039–40.

42. Ibidem, p. 1041.

43. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, f° 6.

44. Sarafian (ed.), Ayntab, I, op. cit., pp. 1043–4.

45. Ibidem, p. 1042.

46. Ibidem, p. 1045.

47. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, f° 10v°.

48. Ibidem, ff. 11–17.

49. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 60, Kilis, report by the Committee of the deportes from Kilis, 18 December 1918, f° 1. Those present at this meeting were: Haci Mustafa, deputy of Kilis, Hüsni, president of the CUP’s Club, Mesud, member of the Regional Council, Haci Ahmed, president of the municipality, Muhtar, director of the Evkaf, Razi, civil servant, Nihad, director of the Regie, and all the senior civil servants of the Kaza.

50. Ibidem.

51. Ibidem, f° 2.

52. Ibidem, ff. 3–4.

53. Ibidem, f° 5.

54. Ibidem, ff. 7–8.

55. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 343–8.

56. Ibidem, p. 348.

57. Ibidem, pp. 349–51.

58. Cf. supra, pp. 606–7.

59. Telegram from Rössler to the embassy in Constantinople, 30 July 1915: Lepsius (ed.), Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 125, pp. 119–20.

60. Zora Iskenderian, “ [Why the Population Take up Arms],” in M. Kushakjian & B. Madurian (ed.), [Memorial Book of Musa Dagh], Beirut 1970, p. 315.

61. Report by the Rev. Dikran Andreasian [c. October 1915]: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 130, p. 522. The Protestant minister mistakenly dated the deportation order to 13 July. Obviously, he used the Julian calendar, but that is not enough to explain this date.

62. Report by Bishop Torgom Kushagian, primate of the Armenians of Egypte, 28 September 1915: ibidem, doc. 131, pp. 528–9.

63. Iskenderian, art. cit., in Kushakjian & Madurian (ed.), Memorial Book of Musa Dagh, op. cit., p. 316.

64. Ibidem, p. 327; Report by Bishop Torgom Kushagian: The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 131, pp. 528–9.

65. Report by the Rev. Dikran Andreasian [c. October 1915]: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 130, p. 522.

66. Ibidem, pp. 523–4. The defense committee included, notably, Reverand Dikran Andreasian, Mikayel Gegejian, Hetum Filian, Sahag Andekian, Khacher Mardirian, Hovnan Iskenderian, Iskender Kelemian, Jabra Kazanjian, Boghos Kabayan, Hovhannes Kebburian, Movses Der Kalustian, Melkon and Krikor Kuyumjian, Krikor Tovmasian, Yesayi Ibrahimian, Simon Shemmasian and Thomas Azayan: Kushakjian & Madurian (ed.), Memorial Book of Musa Dagh, op. cit., pp. 329, 336.

67. Report by the Rev. Dikran Andreasian [c. October 1915]: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 130, pp. 524–5.

68. Ibidem, pp. 525–6.

69. Ibidem, pp. 525–7.

70. Ibidem, p. 527; Report by Bishop Torgom Kushagian: ibidem, p. 530.

71. Iskenderian, art. cit., in Kushakjian & Madurian (ed.), Memorial Book of Musa Dagh, op. cit., p. 318. The principal Armenian figures arrested in Antioch were Sahag Aramian, the lawyer Dikran Aramian, Setrak and Misak Iskenderian, Mukhtar Hagop, Movses Kazanjian, Abraham Renjilian, Kerovpe Aslanian, Khacher Hagopian, Movses Boyajian, Hovhannes Zararsız, and Stepan Movsesian. Only Alexandre Iskenderian managed to elude the police and flee to Musa Dağ.

72. Ibidem, p. 327.

23 Deportations in the Mutesarifat of Urfa

1. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 323–6.

2. Ephraim K. Jernazian, Judgement unto Truth. Witnessing the Armenian Genocide, transl. Alice Haug, New Brunswick & London 2003, p. 3.

3. Ibidem, pp. 46–8.

4. Aram Sahagian, [Heroic Urfa and His Armenians], Beirut 1955, pp. 763–4.

5. Ibidem, p. 765.

6. Ibidem, p. 766.

7. Telegram from Walter Rössler to the embassy in Constantinople, 13 August 1915: Lepsius (ed.), Archives du génocide, op. cit., doc. 137, pp. 130–2. The engineer also saw how the corpses of deportees were burned on the road between Urfa and Arabpunar (ibidem, p. 133).

8. Jernazian, op. cit., p. 48; Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., pp. 774–6.

9. Ibidem, p. 771.

10. Jernazian, op. cit., p. 49.

11. Ibidem, pp. 50–4.

12. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 771.

13. Ibidem, pp. 772–3; Jernazian, op. cit., p. 54.

14. Ibidem, p. 56.

15. Ibidem. The date has been determined on the basis of an indication provided by the witness, who points out that the deportation order was issued “one week” after he began working in his new position.

16. Ibidem, p. 56.

17. Ibidem, p. 59; Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., pp. 776–7.

18. Letter from Francis Leslie, American vice-consul in Urfa, to the Consul Jackson, Urfa, 14 June 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 133, p. 536.

19. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., pp. 776–7. The mutesarif summoned their families and told them to reveal where the weapons were hidden if they wished to see their husbands come back home alive (ibidem, p. 777); Elvesta T. Leslie, an assistant to the American vice-consul in Urfa, reports (report by 11 April 1918, in Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 109) that Jacob Künzler and Franz Eckart, as well as Francis Leslie and Dr. Shepard, made great efforts to ensure that these families would be deported to Rakka, which probably was deemed safer for them.

20. Ibidem, pp. 778–9; Jernazian, op. cit., p. 60, points out that the Dashnak leader Antranig Bozajian was brought before the Aleppo court-martial together with a schoolteacher.

21. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., pp. 780–1.

22. Ibidem, p. 781; Jernazian, op. cit., pp. 59–60.

23. Letter from Kate E. Ainslie to J. Barton, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 484.

24. Jernazian, op. cit., pp. 60–1.

25. Ibidem, pp. 62–3, 70; Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 782.

26. Ibidem, pp. 788–9.

27. Ibidem, pp. 790–2.

28. Ibidem, pp. 793–5.

29. Ibidem, p. 797; Report by Elvesta T. Leslie, an assistant to the American vice-consul in Urfa, 11 April 1918: Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 110.

30. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 771; Jernazian, op. cit., p. 71.

31. Ibidem; Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 782.

32. Cf. supra, p. 327, n. 58–60; Dadrian, “Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources,” in Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review, art. cit., pp. 118–20, provides an annotated bibliography that reveals Çerkez Ahmed’s criminal activities in Van and, subsequently, the vilayet of Dyarbekir.

33. Hans-Lukas Kieser, Der Verpasste Fiede. Mission, Ethnie und Staat in den Ostrprovinzen der Türkey, 1839–1938, Zürich 2000, p. 470, n. 149.

34. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., pp. 801–2.

35. Dadrian, “Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources,” in Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review, art. cit., pp. 119–20, provides a list of the Turkish sources on these murders, as well as the commentaries in Rafaël de Nogales, Four Years Beneath the Crescent, op. cit., p. 73, on Major Ahmed. The next day, Zohrab’s watch and ring were on sale in Urfa: Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 802.

36. Ibidem, p. 803, mentions the two labor battalions liquidated on 4 August; Kieser, Der Verpasste Fiede, op. cit., p. 471, n. 150, cites reports by Künzler and Eckart; Jernazian, op. cit., p. 73, also says that the “gendarmes” Halil and Ahmed left for Karaköprü on 4 August, and further notes that the Syriacs who were spared reported on these events when they returned.

37. Ibidem, pp. 73–4; Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., pp. 804–6, 812.

38. Jernazian, op. cit., p. 74. Elvesta T. Leslie, an assistant to the American vice-consul in Urfa (Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 110) confirms that Urfa was attached to the vilayet of Dyarbekir in her report by 11 April 1918

39. Ibidem, p. 75.

40. Ibidem, p. 75.

41. Ibidem.

42. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 807; interview by Mrs. J. Vance Young, wife of Dr. Vance, doctor in the American Hospital of Urfa, in Egyptian Gazette, 11 October 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 135, p. 539.

43. Report by Elvesta T. Leslie, an assistant to the American vice-consul in Urfa, 11 April 1918: Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 110.

44. Interview by Mrs. J. Vance Young, in Egyptian Gazette, 11 October 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 135, p. 539.

45. Letter from Jackson to Morgenthau, 25 August 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 234; Jehan de Rohé [ps. of Jean-Baptiste Rebours], Chouchanik, la jeune Arménienne, Paris 1928, p. 115, a Frenchman held in Urfa, together with other nationals of countries at war with Turkey, witnessed these massacres.

46. Jernazian, op. cit., p. 75.

47. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., pp. 810–12. According to Jernazian, the decision was taken when a squadron of gendarmes entered the Armenian quarter in order, it was said, to look for deserters there: Jernazian, op. cit., p. 83.

48. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 817.

49. Ibidem, p. 818.

50. Ibidem.

51. Ibidem, p. 819.

52. Ibidem, p. 821. A “military committee” charged with coordinating the defense effort was then formed; it comprised: Mgrdich Yotneghperian, Harutiun Rastgelenian, Harutiun Simian, Khoren Kupelian, Levon Eghperlerian, Hovhannes Izmirlian and Armenag Attarian (ibidem, p. 823).

53. Ibidem, pp. 824–5.

54. Ibidem, pp. 827–9.

55. Kaiser (ed.), Eberhard Count Wolffskeel Von Reichenberg ... Letters, op. cit., pp. 20–1, letter to his wife, 1 October 1915.

56. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 831; Memorandum by an American missionary in Urfa [c. October 1915]: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 136, p. 540; Jehan de Rohé, Chouchanik, op. cit., p. 115, witnessed the arrival of the regular forces.

57. Kaiser (ed.), Eberhard Count Wolffskeel Von Reichenberg ... Letters, op. cit., p. XV.

58. Ibidem, pp. 20–1, letter to his wife, 16 October 1915; Jernazian, op. cit., p. 85.

59. Ibidem; Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 832.

60. Ibidem , pp. 833–5; Jernazian, op. cit., p. 85.

61. Ibidem; Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 835–40.

62. Memorandum by an American missionary in Urfa [c. October 1915]: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 136, p. 540.

63. Jehan de Rohé, Chouchanik, op. cit., p. 120.

64. Kaiser (ed.), Eberhard Count Wolffskeel Von Reichenberg ... Letters, op. cit., p. 28, letter to his wife, 16 October 1915.

65. Sahagian, Heroic Urfa, op. cit., p. 943.

66. Ibidem, p. 843.

67. Ibidem, p. 847.

68. Ibidem, p. 856.

69. Ibidem, p. 858.

70. Ibidem, p. 1015.

71. Ibidem, p. 947; Sarafian (ed.), Ayntab, I, op. cit., p. 1031, notes that it was Ğalib Bey who had Rev. Soghomon Akelian hanged.

72. Report by Elvesta T. Leslie, 11 April 1918, Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 110.

73. Ibidem, p. 111.

74. Kaiser (ed.), Eberhard Count Wolffskeel ... Letters, op. cit., p. 25, letter to his wife, 16 October 1915.

75. Ibidem, p. 28.

76. Hyacinthe Simon, Mardine, la ville héroïque. Autel et tombeau de l’Arménie durant les massacres de 1915, Jounieh, s. d., p. 91.

77. Jacob Künzler, Im Lande des Blutes. Erlebnisse in Mesopotamien während des Weltkireges (1914–1918), introduction by Hans-Lukas Kieser, Zurich 2004, p. 92.

78. Jehan de Rohé, Chouchanik, op. cit., p. 121.

79. Ibidem , pp. 833–5; Jernazian, op. cit., p. 86.

80. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 231, doc. No. 299, Constantinople, 11 February 1919, “Les crimes de Franz Ec[k]art à Ourfa.” He was arrested in Constantinople by the British occupation forces in February 1919 on the basis of these accusations: APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 327–8, file no. 34, report by Gabriel Daghavarian, Constantinople, 15 January 1919.

81. Letter from F. Leslie to J. Jackson, Urfa, 14 June 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 133, p. 536.

82. Jehan de Rohé, Chouchanik, op. cit., p. 111.

83. Künzler, Im Lande des Blutes, op. cit., p. 98.

84. Ibidem.

85. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, dossier 59, List of those responsible for the massacres and deportations in Urfa and its environs.

86. Kévorkian & Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire ottoman, op. cit., pp. 337–40.

87. Letter from J. Jackson to H. Morgenthau, 25 August 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 234, letter from John Merrill, president of the Central Turkey College in Ayntab, 17 August 1915.

88. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 4, Ayntab, ff. 26–30, about the deportation of the Armenians of Eneş.

Part V The Second Phase of the Genocide Fall 1915–December 1916

1 The Aleppo Sub-Directorate for Deportees: An Agency in the Service of the Party-State’s Liquidation Policy

1. Fuat Dündar, İttihat ve Terakki’nin Müslümanları Iskân Politikası (1913–1918), Istanbul 2001, pp. 92–174 and the map, p. 93.

2. Ibidem, pp. 201–25; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 370, “Muslims who Emigrated during the Balkan war and the General War,” gives the following breakdown: vilayet of Andrinople 132,500; vilayet of Adana 9,059; vilayet of Angora 10,000; vilayet of Aydın 145,868; vilayet of Alep 10,504; vilayet of Bursa 20,853; vilayet of Sıvas 10,806; vilayet of Konya 8,512, etc., for a total of 413,922 people.

3. FO 371/6500, Turkish War Criminals, file of the prisoner Şükrü Bey, edited by Vartkes Yeghiayan, British Foreign Office Dossiers on the Turkish War Criminals, op. cit., pp. 143–6. Şükrü became minister during the kemalist period.

4. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 125–128–129–130.

5. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 456, no. 24, chiffred telegram from the minister of interior, Talât, to the vilayet of Erzerum, 10/23 May 1915.

6. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, 22 Sh 1333, IAMM, circular from Ali Münîf, şf 54/ 315, doc. no. 63; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 455, no. 51, directive annexed to chiffred telegram from the commandant by interim of the 15th division, the Colonel Şahabeddin, in Kayseri, to the commandant of the 3th Army, 24 June/7 July 1915 [24 Haziran 1331]. According to Fuat Dündar, the IAMM was renamed Aşâyir ve Muhâcirîn Müdîriyeti Umumiyesi (AMMU) in 1916.

7. Report by J. Mordtmann, Pera, l30 June 1915: J. No. zu. 4018 AA-PA Konstantinopel 169, in Kaiser, Bagdad Railways, thesis cit., pp. 321–2, and n. 790. Fuat Dündar has very recently unearthed ethnographic maps and censuses established just before or during the First World War, which we had previously known about only from accounts by witnesses such as Mordtmann: Fuat Dündar, “La dimension ingénierie de la Turcisation de l’Anatolie: Les cartes ethnographiques et les recensements,” conference, Salzburg, 14–17 April 2005.

8. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 313, List of those responsible for massacres in the Aleppo-Der Zor-Mosul.

9. Falih Rıfkı Atay, Zeytindağı, Istanbul 1981, p. 64. The author, an officer in the Fourth Army, who was traveling by rail to Aleppo with the Young Turk feminist Halide Edib, saw him board a train in the Adana train station, and heard the story of his exploits in the provinces.

10. Ali Fuad Erden, Birinci Dünya harbinde Suriye hatıraları [Memories of the WWI in Syria], Istanbul 1954, p. 217, cited in Dadrian, “Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources,” art. cit., pp. 118–19.

11. Hilmar Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor, Death, Survival and Humanitarian Resistance in Aleppo, 1915–1917, Princeton 2001, p. 15, n. 5 and 6, provides a list of the many different dispatches about the new arrival that Rössler sent his ambassador in June 1915.

12. We have discussed the role Kemal played in May 1909 as a member of the parliamentary commission of inquiry after the massacres in Cilicia. It was Kemal who, on behalf of the government, defended the law authorizing recruitment of criminals to the Special Organization before the Senate at its 12/25 September 1916 session (two years late!): Vahakn Dadrian, “The Complicity of the Party, the Government, and the Military,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 22/1 (summer 1994), pp. 57–9.

13. Declaration of Ihsan Bey, head of the Interior Minister’s cabinet and former assistant prefect of Kilis, at the first session of the trial of Ittihadistes, 27 April 1919: Takvim-ı Vakayi, no. 3540, 5 May 1919, p. 5.

14. Cf. supra, p. 524.

15. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 104–5, Memorandum from the Dr. A. Nakashian to the British Intelligence, Colonel Ballard, Galata, July 1920.

16. Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, HHStA PA LX, Internal, file 272, no. 397.

17. Cf. supra, p. 602.

18. V. Dadrian, “The Naïm-Andonian Documents on the World War I Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 18/3 (1986), pp. 331–2 and n. 35.

19. FO 371/6501, War Criminals, file of the prisoner Mustafa Abdülhalik: Yeghiayan, British Foreign Office Dossiers on the Turkish War Criminals, op. cit., pp. 305–19.

20. J. Kheroyan, who was appointed to the Ras ul-Ayn camp late in October 1915, presented a letter of credentials signed by Nuri, “chief of the Directorate of Deportees”: cf. Raymond Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens ottomans dans les camps de concentration de Syrie-Mésopotamie (1915–1916), la Deuxième phase du génocide, Paris, RHAC II (1998), p. 110.

2 Displaced Populations and the Main Deportation Routes

1. Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, HHStA PA XL, file 275, no. 26.

2. US National Archives, State Department Record Group 59, 867.4016/225, no. 278, letter and report from Jackson, to the State Department, 16 October 1915: Sarafian, United States Official Documents, op. cit., I, pp. 105–8.

3. Ibidem, State Department RG 59, 867.4016/219, no. 382, letter and report from Jackson, to Morgenthau, 29 September 1915: Sarafian, op. cit., I, p. 100.

4. BNu, Archives de la délégation nationale arménienne, “Statistique de la population arménienne en Turquie [in 1920],” IV. 46. 2, ff. 1–3.

5. Ibidem.

6. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, 9Za1333/18 Eylul [September] 1915, DN, letter from the vali of Dyarbekir, the Dr. Reşid, to Ministry of Interior [12 August 1331/1915], DH.EUM, 2 şube, 68/71, doc. no. 112.

7. Djemal Pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913–1919, London 1922, p. 277.

8. A.A., Türkei 183/376, K169, no. 48: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., p. 93.

9. A.A., Türkei 183/38, A23991: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., pp. 112–13.

10. French translation of the indictment in the Unionists’ trial: Marcus Fisch, Justicier du génocide arménien, le procès de Tehlirian, Paris 1981, p. 266.

11. A.A., Türkei 183/38, A23991: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., p. 114.

12. Telegram to the ambassador: ibidem, p. 120.

13. Beylerian, op. cit., p. 51.

14. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 78, on the camp of Bab.

15. Ibidem, p. 79.

16. US National Archives, State Department RG 59, 867.4016/219, no. 382, letter and report from Jackson to Morgenthau, 29 September 1915: Sarafian, United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., pp. 94–8.

17. SHAT, Syrie-Liban, 1-V, b.d., dossier 2351, “Rapport sur les mesures d’anéantissement prises contre les Arméniens des régions des monts de l’Amanus” [Report on the Measures Taken to Annihilate the Armenians in the Mountainous Amanus Region], signed by the Dr. Ph. Hovnanian, Bagdadbahn physician in Intilli, Vartivar Kabayan and Garabed Geukjeian, who furnished the Bagdadbahn with supplies, Aleppo, 5 January 1919, 11 pp. III–VI.

18. Report by Elizabeth S. Webb, missionary in Adana, 13 April 1917, in Wheaton (Illinois): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., pp. 170–1; Balakian, Le Golgotha arménien, op. cit., p. 238. This information is corroborated by the account of Aleksan Tarpinian (Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 63–4), who passed by way of Osmaniye/Mamura in early September; he puts the number of deportees at 37,000.

19. Balakian, Le Golgotha arménien, op. cit., p. 238.

20. Yervant Odian, The Cursed Years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 45.

21. Reports about the camp of Mamura, 16 and 26 November, 1 and 13 December 1915, by Paula Schäfer and Beatrice Rohner: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians, op. cit., doc. 117, pp. 469–72.

22. Report of Paula Schäfer about the camp of Mamura, 1 December 1915: ibidem, doc. 117, pp. 470–1.

23. Balakian, Le Golgotha arménien, op. cit., p. 253; Yervant Odian, The Cursed Years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no 47, confirms that, in late November 1915, traffic on the road was hindered by corpses, abandoned children, and crying babies lying alongside lifeless mothers. In Hasanbeyli, Odian encountered worker-soldiers in an amele taburi that was building a road; among them were two compositors from the Istanbul daily Zhamanag. Of the 800 men originally in the labor battalion, only 160 were left; they lived in the open and worked ten hours a day.

24. Ibidem, puts the mortality rate in the Islahiye camp at 150 per day; Balakian, op. cit., p. 253.

25. Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 185, p. 161.

26. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 68–74.

27. Vahram Dadian, To the Desert, Pages from my Diary, trans. H. Hacikyan, Princeton & London 2003, p. 51. His convoy had left Çorum on 30 July (ibidem, pp. 20–1).

28. Ibidem, pp. 52–3.

29. Ibidem, pp. 54–5.

30. Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 193, p. 164.

31. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 72.

32. Ibidem.

33. Aram Andonian, Documents officiels concernant les massacres arméniens, Paris 1920, p. 20.

34. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 73.

35. Report from Rössler to Wolf-Metternich, 9 February 1916: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 235, p. 198. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., op. cit., p. 205, traveled through Katma, on his road into exile, around 10 or 11 November 1916; he saw deportees still living in the open there.

36. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 77–8, report by Aram Andonian.

37. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J. 1/3, file 14, Konya, collective report by Armenians native to Akşehir, Aleppo, 23 February 1919, f° 3.

38. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 75, report by Hovhannes Khacherian.

39. Ibidem, p. 79, report by Aram Andonian.

40. Ibidem, pp. 77–85.

41. Ibidem.

42. Ibidem. “It was also in the course of this operation,” Andonian notes, “that we, too, were sent to Meskene.”

43. Ibidem, pp. 87–8, report; Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 58, n. 52, cites the many telegrams from Rössler to Ambassador Metternich, sent in January and February 1916, which mention the evacuation of the camp in Bab.

44. Ibidem; Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., p. 199.

45. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 76–7.

46. Ibidem, pp. 93–7, reports about Munbuc.

47. Yervant Odian, The Cursed Years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 48.

48. Ibidem.

3 Aleppo, the Center of the Genocidal System and of Relief Operations for the Deportees

1. Letter from the consul J. Jackson to H. Morgenthau, 5 June 1915: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Records on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 57.

2. Puzant Yeghiayan (ed.), History of Armenians in Adana, op. cit., p. 345, cites the unpublished Memories of the principal secretary, Kerovpe Papazian, f° 214.

3. Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 15, n. 5.

4. Letter from Kate E. Ainslie to J. Barton, 6 July 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 121, p. 485. Ainslie points out (ibidem, p. 486) that horses, mules, and donkeys were “requisitioned” by the authorities “for the army,” with the result that the deportees had very few animals at their disposal.

5. Zohrab, Complete Works, op. cit., IV, letters to Clara Zohrab, Aleppo, 16 June, 12 and 15 July 1915, pp. 304–15. Zohrab wrote his last will and testament, dated 15 July, and entrusted it to the German consul, Dr. Rössler (ibidem, pp. 319–21, the testament).

6. Telegram from Rössler to the embassy, Aleppo, 15 August 1915: Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 18, n. 13.

7. Ibidem, p. 24, cites some telegrams from Rössler and Jackson on this subject

8. An initial report by Martin Niepage, sent to the German embassy in Constantinople by way of the consul, Rössler, on 15 October 1915, was published by J. Lepsius (Deutschland und Armenien, op. cit., pp. 165–7, doc. 182). This second report, which points out German complicity, was published only in the French translation of Livre bleu du gouvernement britannique, Paris 1916 (réédition 1987), pp. 507–16, by A. Toynbee.

9. Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 28

10. Ibidem, p. 29.

11. Cf. supra, p. 174, n. 55.

12. On the committee were Father Harutiun Yesayan, T. Jidejian, Vahan Kavafian, Sarkis Jierjian, H. Barsumian and the Reverend Rupen Gejghajian: Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., pp. 178–9.

13. Puzant Yeghiayan, [Contemporary History of the Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia], Beirut 1975, pp. 46–56.

14. Telegram from Rössler to the embassy, Aleppo, 27 October 1915: Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 27. The religious dignitaries who accompanied Sahag II in his exile in Jerusalem were Bishop Yeghishe Garoyan, Yeprem Dohmuni and Kud Mkhitarian, and Fathers Khat and Giragos Markarian. In the following months, other Apostolic and Catholic Armenian clergymen who had been deported from different provinces of Asia Minor also came together in Jerusalem. The Patriarch Zaven says that Sahag was initially isolated in a village near Aleppo. On 21 October, he left for Idlib, although the vali wanted to send him to Munbuc (where all the clergymen had been concentrated), and on 9 November for Jerusalem. Cemal is supposed to have forced through the decision to exile him to Jerusalem at a meeting held in Istanbul in fall 1915: Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 175.

15. Cf. supra, pp. 524, 539, his stay with the political prisoners in Ayaş and, p. 905, his provisional actions in the camp for deportees in Tarsus.

16. Cf. supra, p. 539.

17. Cf. supra, p. 539, n. 51.

18. Charek, Marzbed (Haji Hüseyin), op. cit., I, pp. 26–7.

19. Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., pp. 31–57.

20. Ibidem, provides a good summary of what the Armenian emissaries did in Aleppo and the vicinity, noting that all the work involved in distributing the financial aid was carried out by an Armenian network.

21. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, telegram from the Ministry of Interior to the vilayet of Aleppo, 22 July 1915, EUM BOA.DH.şfr 54A/71, and, telegram from Talât to mutesarifat of Zor, 24 July 1915, EUM Special 28 BOA.DH. şfr 54A/91: Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 17 et n. 11.

22. Charek, Marzbed (Haji Hüseyin), op. cit., I, pp. 26–8.

23. Yervant Odian, The Cursed Years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 49 and 50.

24. Central Archives of AGBU/Cairo, Aleppo, no. 23, April 1910–December 1919, C8, letter from Stephen Markarian (nephew of the Dr. Shmavonian) to Central Board in Cairo, 2 May 1916.

25. Bishop Yeghishe Chilingirian, who lived in Aleppo from November 1916 to February 1917, puts the number of Armenian deportees in the city at between 25,000 and 30,000: Yeghishe Chilingirian, , 1914–1918 [Descriptions of Various Events and Developments Bearing on the Refugees and Monks in Jerusalem, Aleppo, and Damascus, 1914–1918], Alexandria 1922, p. 31.

26. Stanley E. Kerr, The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919–1922, New York 1973, p. 28. According to Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., pp. 171, 173–4, the Patriarchate sent large sums to Aleppo and other regions, tapping endowments that were in principle inalienable and making use of the network established by Dr. Peet, the head of the Bible House of Istanbul, which was run by American missionaries.

27. Report from J. Jackson to the State Secretary, Washington, 4 March 1918: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., pp. 149–52, “The Armenian atrocities.”

28. “Dr. Altunian,” Veradznunt, no. 12, 12 June 1919, p. 203.

29. These employees held a certificate issued by Cemal Pasha that exempted them from the deportation: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., p. 152.

30. Central Archives of AGBU/Cairo, Aleppo, no. 12, 21 July 1910–26 March 1931, CII-1, letter from the Comity of Damascus to Central Board in Cairo, 13 November 1918; Chilingirian, op. cit., pp. 32–3.

31. Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 27.

32. Ibidem.

33. Antranig Dzarugian, [Men without Childhood], Erevan 1985, pp. 64–6

34. Report from J. Jackson to the State Secretary, Washington, 4 March 1918: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., p. 154, “The Armenian atrocities.”

35. Elmas Boyajian, “ [Fragments of the Life in an Armenian Orphanage],” Chanaser, no. 19, 1 October 1964, p. 415; Karl Meyer, L’Arménie et la Suisse, s.l. 1986, p. 287.

36. Ibidem, p. 416.

37. “ [The Armenian Orphanage in Aleppo],” Chanaser, no. 19, 1 October 1964, p. 414.

38. “Dr. Altunian,” Veradznunt, no. 12, 12 June 1919, p. 202.

39. Meyer, op. cit., p. 117.

40. Central Archives of AGBU/Cairo, C6, “Rapport sur l’orphelinat arménien (from 31 July 1915 to 30 September 1919), by the Reverend Aharon Shirajian, Aleppo, 30 November 1919.

41. Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 54.

42. Ibidem, p. 59. Harriet J. Fischer, a missionary in Adana who was traveling through Aleppo on 1 January 1916 met a Protestant minister from Adana, Rev. Sisag, who was working in the orphanage headed by Rohner; Sisag estimated the number of children residing in the orphanage at 700: report by Harriet J. Fischer, 13 April 1917, Wheaton (Illinois), in Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 162.

43. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, telegrams from the Ministry of Interior to the vilayets, 23 March 1916 (EUM général 44298 BOA.DH.şfr 62/90) and 3 April 1916 (EUM Special 71 BOA.DH.şfr 62/210): ibidem, p. 61, n. 4, 5. The orphanage directed by Rohner was finally shut down in February 1917. Around 70 children were sent to the Turkish orphanage in Ayntura, Lebanon; 370 others slipped off to the city to avoid being sent there (Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., pp. 69–70).

44. Chilingirian, op. cit., p. 34. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 179, indicates that this institution cared for 800 children, 300 of whom were put in Rohner’s hands in December 1915.

45. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 14, Konya, collective report by peoples native from Akşehir, Aleppo, 23 February 1919, f° 2v°.

46. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 27.

47. Report, 8 November 1915: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., p. 164.

48. US National Archives, State Department RG 59, 867.4016/373, report, 4 March 1918: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., p. 146.

49. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 51.

50. Ibidem.

51. Ibidem, no. 54.

52. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 98–104, report on Aleppo.

53. Ibidem, pp. 104–5; Report, 27 April 1916: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., p. 203.

54. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 175.

55. Chiffred telegram from Talât, minister of Interior, to the vali of Aleppo, Mustafa Abdülhalik, 18 November/1 December 1915: APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 54, p. 7. The stamp indicating that Nuri received the telegram bears the date 21 November/4 December 1915 and is accompanied by a handwritten note: “I was sure that there were people like this and, on a few occasions, asked the police chief to pursue them, but his investigations failed to produce results.”

4 The Camps in Suruc, Arabpunar, and Ras ul-Ayn and the Zones of Relegation in the Vilayet of Mosul

1. Kapigian, op. cit., pp. 346–7.

2. Ibidem, pp. 351–2.

3. Ibidem, pp. 353–4.

4. Ibidem, pp. 356–7.

5. Ibidem, p. 358.

6. Ibidem, pp. 358–9. According to the confidences of the municipal physician in Suruc, 27,000 Armenian “patients” died in the town’s “hospital” between July and December 1915 (ibidem, p. 380).

7. Ibidem, pp. 358–9.

8. Cf. supra, p. 296.

9. Kapigian, op. cit., pp. 368–9.

10. Ibidem, p. 376.

11. Ibidem, pp. 376–7.

12. Ibidem, pp. 381–2.

13. Ibidem, p. 383. Kapigian notes that the pharmacists Drtad Tarpinian, from Amasia, and Harutiun Bakalian, from Samsun, “the only surviving male representatives of their cities,” were able to treat the 15,000 inmates of the camp and prevent epidemics from wreaking havoc there. Several convoys of unaccompanied women were also sent to Birecik, Nisib, and Ayntab.

14. Ibidem, pp. 394–5.

15. Ibidem, pp. 397–8.

16. Ibidem, pp. 401–2.

17. Ibidem, pp. 403–4.

18. Ibidem, pp. 409–10. Kapigian notes that around 15 Armenians from a village near the Euphrates who had been Kurdified and Islamicized during the 1895 massacres were incorporated into their convoy en route and then deported to Rakka.

19. Ibidem, p. 364.

20. Ibidem, pp. 365–7.

21. A.A., Türkei 183/38, A23991, report from Walter Rössler to the chancellor Bethmann Hollweg, 27 July 1915: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 120, p. 114.

22. US National Archives, State Department RG 59, 867.4016/191, no. 372, report to H. Morgenthau, 29 August 1915: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., pp. 262–3. The vali in question, a former mutesarif of Marash, was Hayret Bey, who held his post from May 1915 to August 1917: APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 314, list of those guilty of perpetrating massacres in Mosul.

23. Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 137, pp. 130–1.

24. Ibidem.

25. Ibidem, pp. 131–3, report by Lismayer (not signed).

26. Balakian, op. cit., p. 294.

27. Ibidem.

28. Cf. supra, p. 967, n. 28, the notes bearing on Martin Niepage’s report.

29. Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 195, pp. 166–7.

30. Cf. supra, p. 635.

31. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 65–6, report by Kalust Hazarabedian.

32. Ibidem, pp. 107–8, report by Aram Andonian.

33. Ibidem, pp. 110–14, report by J. Kheroyan.

34. Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 137, pp. 130–1.

35. This is the figure advanced by Naim Bey in his memoirs:: Andonian, op. cit., p. 39.

36. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 107–9, report by Aram Andonian on Ras ul-Ayn.

37. Ibidem.

38. The information provided by Andonian is corroborated by this telegram of Rössler’s: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 257, p. 200.

39. A.A., Türkei 183/38, A27200: ibidem, pp. 203–5. This information is corroborated by the summary report written by the American Consul Jackson: US National Archives, State Department RG 59, 867.4016/373, report, 4 March 1918, in Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., pp. 148–9. This information is supplemented by Garabed K. Muradian’s account: Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 119–20; in her report, written on 11 April 1918, Elvesta T. Leslie, a missionary in Ayntab (Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 109), relates the testimony of a coachman who told her that, in fall 1915, on the road between Urfa and Rakka, on the banks of the Euphrates, 400 to 500 babies were burned alive together and that in March 1916, “thirty thousand” deportees from the camp in Ras ul-Ayn were massacred.

40. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 113–14.

41. Andonian, op. cit., p. 48.

42. Telegram from Holstein, consul in Mosul, to the ambassador in Constantinople, 21 July 1915: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 118, p. 111. Armenian sources put the number of survivors from the second convoy from Siirt to reach Mosul at 50 (supra, p. 340), and the number of survivors from Bitlis at 130 (supra, p. 353).

43. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 237.

44. Ibidem; cf. supra, p. 300.

45. Cf. supra, p. 317.

46. Report, 5 September 1916: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 298, p. 227. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 237, confirms these facts, adding that these deportees were subsequently transferred to Kirkuk.

47. National Archives, State Department RG 867. 48/271, report from Jackson to Morgenthau, 8 February 1916, no. 534.

48. Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 263, pp. 211–12.

49. Cf. supra, p. 592.

50. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 314, list of those guilty of perpetrating massacres in Mosul.

51. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 82, file on the colonel Abdülkadri Hilmi, a native of Kastamonu and member of the Ottoman General Staff who was also involved in the massacres that took place in Alexandropol in summer 1918. According to an Armenian source, of a battalion of 400 worker-soldiers put under his command, only 60 to 80 men were still alive, “in an appalling state,” when the English arrived in Mosul (APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 321–2).

52. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 781, Cevdet Bey and the massacres of Armenians in Mosul. Mehmed Halid also held a post in Van, where he rendered his compatriots great services and participated in the underground network based in Aleppo and Bozanti (cf. supra, pp. 632–3).

53. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., pp. 230–3.

54. Ibidem, p. 235.

55. Ibidem. La Renaissance, no. 113, 13 April 1919, provides an account of the third session in the trial of Nevzâde Bey, a close associate of Halil’s; at this trial session, it was revealed that most of these men had founded businesses in Mosul and that it was Halil who had them deported and then killed.

56. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 781, Cevdet Bey and the massacres of Armenians in Mosul.

57. La Renaissance, no. 115, 15 April 1919, and no. 120, 22 April 1919.

58. La Renaissance, no. 111, 10 April 1919.

59. La Renaissance, no. 113, 13 April 1919.

60. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 239–40, file on lieutenant-colonel Basri Bey, member of the General Staff of Halil pasha.

61. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 781, Cevdet Bey and the massacres of Armenians in Mosul.

62. S. Zurlinden, Der Weltkrieg, II, Zurich 1918, p. 707, in V. N. Dadrian, “Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources,” art. cit., pp. 116–17. Be it noted that while another of Halil’s henchmen, Ferid Bey, formerly second in command in Mosul, was brought before the courtmartial in Istanbul in December 1919 (La Renaissance, no. 332, 27 December 1919), but Halil himself was never brought to justice. The chief of Halil Pasha’s General Staff, Ernest Paraquin, further notes that, in spring 1918, the Armenians of Mosul were put to work “on the construction of roads in the desert”: SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 235, doc. no. 1992, Constantinople, 16 April 1920, “La politique pantouranienne,” by Ernest Paraquin, p. 5.

63. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., pp. 220–1. In fall 1916, Halil also held a post in Baghdad (ibidem, p. 222).

5 The Concentration Camps along “The Euphrates Line”

1. Report from J. Jackson to State Department, 3 August 1915: Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, op. cit., doc. 139, p. 55, the mutesarif of Zor, then in Aleppo, announced that there were, at this time, around 15,000 Armenians in Zor. In a wire that Rössler sent to the embassy from Aleppo in July 1915 (Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., p. 16), he is more precise, putting the number of Armenians in Zor in late July at 15,328.

2. US National Archives, State Department RG 59, 867.4016/219, letter and annexe from the consul Jackson to Morgenthau, 29 September 1915: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., pp. 100–1.

3. US National Archives, State Department RG 59, 867.48/271, letter and annexe, 8 and 3 February 1916: ibidem, I, pp. 112–13.

4. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 128–9, report by Aram Andonian. The director of the camp was “a man of sixty, ‘married’ to some young Armenian girls from Zeitun”: BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 14, Konya, collective report, Aleppo, 14 December 1918.

5. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 129, report by Aram Andonian.

6. Sticks on which one cut marks in order to record deaths.

7. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 124–5, report by Aram Andonian.

8. Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 290, p. 219.

9. US National Archives, State Department RG 59, 867.4016/302: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., p. 131.

10. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 208.

11. BNu/Fonds A. Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 14, Konya, collective report, Aleppo, 14 December 1918, f° 8; ibidem, report by T. Tajirian, native of Karaman, [Aleppo, 1919], f° 12.

12. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 125–7.

13. Ibidem, pp. 121–43, reports by survivors of Meskene.

14. Ibidem, pp. 144–6, report by Krikor Ankout.

15. Ibidem, p. 144.

16. Ibidem.

17. Ibidem, pp. 146–9, report by Krikor Ankout.

18. Ibidem.

19. Ibidem, pp. 155–6, report by Krikor Ankout.

20. Ibidem.

21. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 210.

22. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 158–73, report by Krikor Ankout.

23. Ibidem.

24. Ibidem.

25. Ibidem. This information is confirmed in Auguste Bernau’s 10 September 1916 report: US National Archives, State Department RG 59, 867.4016/302: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., pp. 132–3. There were then 5,000 to 6,000 Armenians left in Rakka at this time: “Although the Armenians of Rakka are treated better than at other places, their misery is terrible.”

26. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memoirs, op. cit., p. 211.

27. Kapigian, op. cit., pp. 415–503.

28. Ibidem, p. 415.

29. Ibidem, p. 416.

30. Ibidem, pp. 416–17. Kapigian escaped their fate, along with a few other deportees who did not come from Erzerum, by joining the families of two of his fellow teachers, Sarkis Manukian and Levon Karakashian. The kaymakam’s name is given in ibidem, p. 430.

31. Ibidem, pp. 418–19.

32. Ibidem, p. 430–1.

33. Ibidem, pp. 432–3.

34. Ibidem, pp. 440–2.

35. Ibidem, pp. 442–3. In spring 1919, Dr. Selian organized the transfer of the remaining deportees to Aleppo as well as the campaign to liberate the women and children being held by the Bedouin tribes of the region.

36. Ibidem, pp. 444–5.

37. Ibidem, pp. 450–2.

38. Ibidem, pp. 454–6.

39. Ibidem, p. 457.

40. Ibidem, pp. 458–9.

41. Ibidem, pp. 460–1.

42. Ibidem, pp. 462–5.

43. Ibidem, pp. 462–5.

44. Ibidem, pp. 468–9; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 611, “Accusations against İsmail Hakkı bey, the tormenter of Der Zor” (French version: 323).

45. Kapigian, op. cit., pp. 470–1.

46. Ibidem, pp. 471–2.

47. Ibidem, pp. 472–3. Kapigian gives the names of the families that converted: the Chakmajian brothers from Nevşehir, two households in Ereyli, a Protestant couple from Yozgat, Eftian from Erzerum, two people from Birecik, two from Kastamonu, one from Bardizag, Dr. Levon Ohnigian from Istanbul, and Hovhannes Zeki from the Dardanelles.

48. Ibidem, pp. 475–9.

49. Report by Elvesta T. Leslie, 11 April 1918: Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 113.

50. Kapigian, op. cit., pp. 484–6. In spring 1917, some fifty boys in Rakka were also rounded up and sent to Urfa: ibidem, p. 496.

51. Ibidem, pp. 496–8.

52. Ibidem, p. 504.

53. Report annexed to a letter from Rössler to Bethmann Hollweg, 16 November 1915: Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 203, p. 182.

54. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 174.

55. Ibidem, p. 175, report by Aram Andonian.

56. Ibidem, pp. 137–41, report by Aram Andonian.

57. Zeki began by personally murdering Levon Shashian and his closest collaborators: “Shashian’s group was made up of fifteen people guarded by five Chechens and seven gendarmes. They had all been tied up, and were then stripped ... They tortured Levon Effendi brutally: they pulled out his teeth with pliers, gouged out his eyes and placed them in his hand, cut off his ears, nose, and testicles, pulled flesh from his buttocks with pliers four times, and cut his hands off at the wrists, until he finally breathed his last (this happened near Marât)”: ibidem, p. 178, report by Aram Andonian; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 304–305–309, Memorandum about the legal prosecution of Mustafa Sidki, one of those responsible for the massacres in Zor, before Court-Martial No. 1, chief of the police in Zor from 1914 to 20 October 1918.

58. Cf. supra, p. 655.

59. Documents published in Takvim-ı Vakayi, no. 3540 (read out at the 12 April 1919 trial session), 5 May 1919, p. 5, as an appendix to the indictment of the Young Turk leaders

60. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, 2R1334, 3R1334, 6R1334, 7R1334, 7, 8, 11 and 12 Şubat 1916, DN, telegram from Ali Suad, [DH. EUM, 2.Ş.69/6, 7, 8, 9], doc. no. 158, 159, 161, 160.

61. Cf. supra, p. 652. That these massacres took place so early may find its explanation in the fact that the deportees here were concentrated in a single site; this was far from being the case on the line of the Euphrates.

62. Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., doc. 260, p. 203.

63. Ibidem, report of 5 September 1916, p. 227.

64. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 177, report by Aram Andonian.

65. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, 16Ş1334, 16 Haziran [June] 1916, IAMM, Talât au vilayet d’Aleppo, [Şfr 65/32–1], documents no. 187.

66. Figures cited in the indictment read out at the 27 April 1919 Ittihadiste trial session: Takvim-ı Vakayi, no. 3540, 5 May 1919.

67. Cf. supra, p. 654, n. 63; APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 332, “The famous Zeki.”

68. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 611, “Accusations against İsmail Hakkı bey, the tormenter of Der Zor” (French version: 323).

69. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 183–4, report by Aram Andonian.

70. Ibidem.

71. Ibidem, p. 175 and sqq, report by Aram Andonian.

72. Ibidem, p. 178.

73. Ibidem, p. 176.

74. Ibidem, p. 177.

75. Ibidem, p. 185.

76. Ibidem, pp. 179–80.

77. Lepsius, Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., p. 219.

78. Ibidem, letter of 29 August 1916, pp. 223–4. The report by Auguste Bernau submitted to the American consul, Jackson, on 10 September 1916, says nothing different.

79. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit.

80. Ibidem, p. 186, report by A. Andonian, and the report by the director of the Orphanage, M. Aghazarian, pp. 219–27.

81. Ibidem, pp. 188–9.

82. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 301–9, Memorandum about the legal prosecution of Mustafa Sidki, one of those responsible for the massacres in Zor, before Court-Martial No. 1. This document mentions the names of witnesses who survived, from Rodosto, Geyve, Erzincan and Adabazar, as well as those of Ottoman officers who served in the region.

83. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 190, report by A. Andonian, and the report by the director of the Orphanage, M. Aghazarian, p. 224. It seems reasonable to suppose that this information was taken from the source mentioned below, but with a typographical error in the number.

84. Takvim-ı Vakayi, no. 3540, 5 May 1919.

85. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 304–9, Memorandum about the legal prosecution of Mustafa Sidki. The figures on those massacred between Marât and Shedaddiye were furnished by the head of Zor’s Department of Statistic, Urfali Mahmud bey.

86. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 314, List of those responsible for massacres in Der Zor; . Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memories, op. cit., pp. 214–15.

87. Ibidem, pp. 217–18.

88. Ibidem, p. 218.

89. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 75–6.

90. Ibidem, no. 77.

91. Ibidem, no. 80.

92. Ibidem, no. 82.

93. Ibidem, no. 83.

94. Ibidem, no. 85–6.

95. Ibidem, no. 86–90.

96. Ibidem, no. 96–100.

97. Ibidem, no. 102.

98. Ibidem, no. 103.

99. Ibidem, no. 104–5.

100. Ibidem, no. 112–13.

101. Ibidem, no. 114.

102. Ibidem, no. 116.

103. Ibidem, no. 117.

104. Ibidem, no. 121.

105. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit.

6 The Deportees on the Hama-Homs-Damascus-Dera’a-Jerusalem-Amman-Maan Line

1. Cf. supra, p. 609.

2. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, 22Sh1333, 5 July 1915, IAMM, circular send by Ali Münîf, [Şf 54/315], doc. no. 63.

3. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, 10Za1333, 19 September 1915, DN, [DH. EUM, 2 Şube, 68/78], document no. 116.

4. US National Archives, State Department RG 59,867.4016/212, letter from Damas to Morgenthau: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., pp. 82–6; this document was published anonymously in 1916 in the French version of the British government’s Blue Book: Toynbee, op. cit., pp. 497–500.

5. Ibidem, p. 500.

6. Ibidem, pp. 166–7, Memorandum.

7. US National Archives, State Department RG 59,867.4016/219, letter to H. Morgenthau: Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, I, op. cit., pp. 94–5.

8. Ibidem, p. 100.

9. Ibidem, pp. 112–13.

10. Cf. supra, p. 645. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 51.

11. Ibidem, no. 52.

12. Archives de la Bibl. Nubar, A. Genjian, “ [The Armenians in Damascus before and after liberation],” p. 1. Vahé Tachjian kindly put the materials mentioned here at my disposal.

13. Malakia Ormanian, = [Reflections and Things], Jerusalem 1929, p. 352.

14. Chilingirian, op. cit., pp. 29, 42.

15. Genjian, doc. cit., p. 5.

16. Ibidem, p. 2.

17. Chilingirian, op. cit., p. 30.

18. Ibidem, p. 32.

19. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memories, op. cit., pp. 173, 180.

20. Ormanian, Reflections and Things, op. cit., p. 353.

21. Ibidem, p. 348. The two men continued to receive a monthly salary from the state (ibidem, pp. 304, 350). These religious dignitaries were assigned residences in the presbytery of the church of Saint Sarkis in Damascus.

22. Ibidem, pp. 353–4.

23. Ibidem.

24. Ibidem, p. 318.

25. Bibl. Nubar, AGBU Archives, correspondence of the administrative Headquarters, vol. 25, letter from the Central committee to the Prof. Muradian, 29 March 1918, ff. 339–41; Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memories, op. cit., p. 177.

26. Cf. supra, p. 641, n. 14. According to the patriarch, Sahag sent him, as soon as he had arrived in Jerusalem, a report indicating that tens of thousands of Armenians were on the road; they were living out in the open and suffering from famine: Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memories, op. cit., p. 177.

27. Ormanian, op. cit., p. 346.

28. Bibl. Nubar, AGBU Archives, correspondence of the administrative Headquarters, vol. 25, letter from the Central committee to the Prof. Muradian, 29 March 1918, ff. 339–41.

29. Report by Harriet J. Fischer, missionary in Adana, 13 April 1917, Wheaton (Illinois): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., pp. 164–5.

30. Cf. supra, p. 644; Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., pp. 69–70. Late in 1916, the Mazlumian brothers were themselves deported from Aleppo, but their friend Cemal succeeded in having them sent to Beirut, in Zahle, with Aram Andonian: Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 63.

31. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 55.

32. Archives of the Catholicosate, Antelias, 26/1, Homs-Hama (1916–40), II/22, letter from bishop Yeghishe Garoyan to Sahag II, Hama, 27 June 1916, kindly put at my disposal by Vahé Tachjian.

33. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 54–5. Odian states that he was able to leave for Hama with a family from Adana because Onnig Mazlumian interceded with Cemal on his behalf.

34. Ibidem, no. 55. Odian mentions, notably, the case of Maritsa Mserian, the wife of a tobacco producer, who told him that her 30 companions had survived by swallowing their gold coins day after day in order to escape the body searches that their torturers imposed on them daily. The other members of their convoy died on the road.

35. Ibidem, no. 56. Odian says that Mihran Boyajian, Samuel and Avedis Avedisian, Artin Nersesian, native of Tarsus, Sarkis Kantsabedian and the lawyer Hampartsum Sarafian were among those he met.

36. Ibidem, no. 56–7.

37. Ibidem, no. 58.

38. Ibidem, no. 59.

39. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memories, op. cit., p. 177. There is every reason to believe that it was the underground network that allowed him to remain abreast of the situation and transmit his recommendations to the deportees.

40. Yervant Odian, The cursed years, 1914–1919, op. cit., no. 60.

41. Ibidem, no. 60/1.

42. Ibidem, no. 60/2.

43. Ibidem, no. 61.

44. Ibidem, no. 61 and [62] (cited 61).

45. Ibidem, no. [62] (cited 61).

46. Ibidem, no. 63.

47. Archives of the Catholicosate, Antelias, 26/1, Homs-Hama (1916–1940), II/13, letter from father Nerses Tavukjian to Sahag II, Hama, 3 November 1918.

48. Bibl. Nubar, arch. of the DNA, 1–15, correspondence February-March 1919, letter no. 32 from the UNA of Beyrouth to Boghos Nubar, 2 December 1918.

49. Ibidem.

50. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memories, op. cit., p. 177.

51. After the Armistice, in June 1919, Hasan Amca published a series of four articles in the Istanbul daily Alemdar in which he related the fate of these deportees; the reactions of “public opinion” forced the paper to suspend publication of the series. The French-language Istanbul daily La Renaissance published an unabridged translation of these articles, under the title Faits et documents, in no. 186, p. 3, 8 July 1919, no. 189, pp. 2, 11 July 1919, no. 192, p. 2, 15 July 1919, and no. 198, pp. 2–3, 22 July 1919.

52. Ibidem, no. 186, 8 July 1919, p. 3.

53. Ibidem, no. 189, 11 July 1919, p. 2.

54. Ibidem, no. 192, 15 July 1919, p. 2.

55. Ibidem.

56. Djemal pasha, Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913–1918, op. cit., p. 279.

7 The Peculiar Case of Ahmed Cemal: The Ittihad’s Independent Spirit or an Agent of the Genocide?

1. Kouyoumdjian, Le Liban à la veille et au début de la Grande Guerre. Memories d’un gouverneur, op. cit.

2. Djemal pacha, La vérité sur la Question Syrienne, Istanbul 1916.

3. The law of 26 October 1915: Lepsius (ed.), Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., p. 282,

4. Letter to the imperial chancellor, 11 May 1916: ibidem, pp. 212–13.

5. Letter to Metternich: ibidem, p. 214.

6. In a letter from Metternich to the imperial chancellor, 10 July 1916: ibidem, pp. 216–17.

7. Letter from Hoffmann to Metternich, 29 August 1916: ibidem, pp. 223–5.

8. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memories, op. cit., p. 177. An anonymous report by an inhabitant of Athlit (near Mt. Carmel in Syria) that the War Office transmitted to the French military attaché in London in November 1916 mentions a voyage that Cemal is supposed to have made to Istanbul, during which he is said to have called for an end to the massacres that would make it possible to profit from the deportees’ labor-power. Constantinople, the report says, nicknamed him the “Armenian Pasha” as a result. The same document confirms that a campaign had been conducted in the Hauran to save several thousand genocide survivors: SHAT (Vincennes), box 7N1253, rapport annexed to a letter from colonel de la Panouse to the minister of the War, London, 1 December 1916, 8.

9. T. C. Başbakanlik Arşivi, 30Ra1334, 5 February 1915, EUM, [Dh. Şfr, 60/239], doc. no. 167.

10. Public Record Office, FO 371/2492, file 200 744, reports of 29, 30 and 31 December 1915.

11. Cf. supra, p. 160, n. 66.

12. Bibl. Nubar, Archives of the Délégation nationale arménienne, P.I. 1.2, Correspondence Arménie, I, letter from Y. Zavriev to Boghos Nubar, 1 February 1916; Arménie III, January-March 1916, letters from Zavriev to Nubar; G. Gavelin, “Sazonov, Zavriev and Cemal pacha,” Erevan, 5 June 1927.

13. Beylérian, Les grandes puissances, l’Empire ottoman et les Arméniens, op. cit., pp. 156–62; C. Jay Smith, The Russian Struggle for Power (1914–1917), New York 1956; documents edited in Razdel Aziatskoi Turtsii (RAT), Moscou, Commissariat du peuple aux Affaires étrangères, pp. 141–51; German edition, Die europaïschen Mächte und die Türkei während des Weltkrieges: Konstantinopel und die Meerengen, ed. E. A. Adamov, 4 vol., Dresde 1930–1932.

14. Beylérian, Les grandes puissances, l’Empire ottoman et les Arméniens, op. cit., p. 156.

15. AMAE, Guerre 1914–1918, Turquie, vol. 871, 125 r°-v°: ibidem.

16. An army doctor, Zavriev had from 1912–14 played crucial roles in the affair surrounding the reforms in the eastern provinces of the empire and then as vice-governor of the Ottoman provinces occupied by the Russian army: Gabriel Lazian, [Revolutionary Figures], Cairo 1945, pp. 250–8.

17. Bibl. Nubar, Archives of the Délégation nationale arménienne, P.I. 1.2, Correspondence Arménie, I, letter-report from Zavriev to Nubar, London, 9 August 1915, 15 pp.

18. Lazian, op. cit., p. 259.

19. AMAE, Guerre 1914–1918, Turquie, vol. 871, f° 125r°-v°: Beylerian, op. cit., pp. 156–62.

20. AMAE, Guerre 1914–1918, Turquie, vol. 871, ff. 128–9, letter to the French ambassadors in Rome, London and Petrograd, 28 December 1915: ibidem, pp. 157–8.

21. AMAE, Guerre 1914–1918, Turquie, vol. 871, f° 132, letter from Petrograd, 30 December 1915: ibidem, p. 159.

22. AMAE, Guerre 1914–1918, Turquie, vol. 871, f° 134r°-v°, note from the Russian ambassador in Paris, 31 December 1915: ibidem, p. 159.

23. Bibl. Nubar, Archives of the Délégation nationale arménienne, P.I. 1.2, Correspondence Arménie III, January-March 1916.

24. Ibidem, letter from Paris, 18 February 1916.

25. Ibidem.

26. Jay Smith, The Russian Struggle for Power, op. cit., pp. 354–8.

8 The Armenian Deportees on the Bagdadbahn Construction Sites in the Taurus and Amanus Mountains

1. Cf. supra, pp. 577–80.

2. Teotig, “ ‘ [The Nation Is Not Dead and It Is Impossible That It Should Die: Years of Prison and Exile],” Antelias 1985, p. 69.

3. Aguni, op. cit., p. 292.

4. Ibidem, pp. 292–3. Kévork was brought before the court-martial in Adana two months before the armistice, with 80 other Armenian management-level employees, but avoided being condemned to death by bribing his judges. Teotig met, for example, Father Krikoris Balakian, dressed as a layman (and without a beard), as well as Aguni in Belemedik: Teotig, “The nation is not dead,” op. cit., pp. 60, 66.

5. Ibidem, pp. 62–3.

6. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., p. 66, report by Kaloust Hazarabedian.

7. Aguni, op. cit., p. 289.

8. Ibidem, pp. 290–1.

9. Kaiser, “The Bagdad Railway,” art. cit., p. 87.

10. SHAT, Syrie-Liban, 1-V, b.d., file 2351, “Report on the annihilation measure taken against the Armenians in the Amanus mountain region,” signed by the Dr Ph. Hovnanian, Bagdadbahn physician in Intilli, Vartivar Kabayan and Garabed Geukjian, suppliers of the Bagdadbahn, Aleppo, 5 January 1919, 11 pp.

11. Cf. supra, pp. 575–6.

12. Kaiser, “The Bagdad Railway,” art. cit., p. 87.

13. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau,  185: Sublime Porte, copy of the chiffred telegram no. 2676, from the minister of interior, to the vali of Konya, 7/20 January 1916. Certified copy, 27 March 1335 [1919] (Takvim-ı Vakayi, no. 3540).

14. Balakian, op. cit., p. 303.

15. Kaiser, “The Bagdad Railway,” art. cit., p. 87.

16. Aguni, op. cit., pp. 290–1.

17. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 169, file of Ağia bey, a Circassian officer.

18. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 63–5, reports by Aleksan Tarpinian and Sahag Cheghekjian.

19. Kaiser, “The Bagdad Railway,” art. cit., p. 87.

20. Aguni, op. cit., pp. 290–1.

21. Kaiser, “The Bagdad Railway,” art. cit., pp. 88–9. Even the doctors in Intilli were deported.

22. Ibidem.

23. Ibidem, p. 90 and n. 25.

24. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 65–6.

25. Ibidem; Kaiser, “The Bagdad Railway,” art. cit., p. 91.

26. Kévorkian, L’Extermination des déportés arméniens, op. cit., pp. 67–8.

27. Kaiser, “The Bagdad Railway,” art. cit., p. 92.

28. Report by Harriet J. Fischer, 13 April 1917, Wheaton (Illinois): Barton, “Turkish Atrocities,” op. cit., p. 163.

29. SHAT, Syrie-Liban, 1-V, b.d., file 2351, “Report on the annihilation measure taken against the Armenians in the Amanus mountain region,” signed by the Dr Ph. Hovnanian, Bagdadbahn physician in Intilli, Vartivar Kabayan and Garabed Geukjian, suppliers of the Bagdadbahn, Aleppo, 5 January 1919, pp. VI–X.

30. Teotig, “The nation is not dead,” op. cit., p. 65; Aguni, op. cit., p. 292.

31. Ibidem, p. 294.

32. Ibidem, p. 292.

33. Teotig, “The nation is not dead,” op. cit., p. 72.

9 The Second Phase of the Genocide: The Dissolution of the Armenian Patriarchate and the Decision to Liquidate the Last Deportees

1. Takvim-ı Vakayi, no. 2611, 28 July 1916, pp. 1–5.

2. Ormanian, Reflections and Things, op. cit., p. 342.

3. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memories, op. cit., p. 191.

4. Father Yervant Perdahjian, [Events and Facts Observed in Constantinople by the [Patriarchal] Vicariate], Bibl. Nubar, ms. 288 (P.I. 2/6), French translation and edition by Raymond Kévorkian, Revue d’Histoire Arménienne Contemporaine I (1995), pp. 247–87. The manuscript was completed in Jerusalem, the 14 February 1918.

5. Ibidem, pp. 270–1.

6. Ibidem, p. 273.

7. Ibidem.

8. Ibidem, pp. 273–4.

9. Ibidem, pp. 274–5.

10. Ibidem, p. 275. Perdahdjian point out that the Official Gazette is distributed only in evening “afin que personne ne soit informé de ce qui allait se passer.”

11. Ibidem.

12. Ibidem, p. 276.

13. Ibidem, p. 278.

14. Ibidem, p. 279.

15. Zaven Der Yeghiayan, Memories, op. cit., pp. 191 et sqq.

16. Ibidem, p. 174.

17. National Archives, State Department, R. G. 867.48/ 271, letter from J. Jackson to H. Morgenthau, 8 February 1916, no. 534.

18. The camp in Bozanti (summer–fall 1915): about 10,000 dead; Mamura (summer–fall 1915): around 40,000 dead; Islahiye (August 1915–early 1916): around 60,000 dead; work camps near the Amanus tunnels (May–June 1916): 20,000 dead; Rajo, Katma and Azaz (fall 1915–spring 1916): around 60 000 dead; Bab and Akhterim (October 1915–spring 1916): about 50,000 to 60,000 dead; Lale and Tefrice (December 1915–February 1916): around 5,000 dead; Munbuc (fall 1915–February 1916): ?; Aleppo and the camps in its outskirts (summer 1915–fall 1918): around 10,000 dead; Ras ul-Ayn (summer 1915–April 1916): around 13,000 deaths due to famine or epidemics and 40,000 massacred in the environs; Meskene (November 1915–April 1916): around 30,000 dead; Dipsi (November 1915–April 1916): around 30,000 dead; Abuharar (November 1915–April 1916): ?; Hamam (November 1915–April 1916): ?; Sebka (opposite Rakka, November 1915–June 1916): around 5,000 dead; Zor-Marât (November 1915–December 1916): 195, 750 massacred between Suvar and Sheddadiye; Mosul region (fall 1915–1917): 15,000 thousand people massacred by General Halil; the regions of Hama/Homs/ Damas/Amman/Hauran/ Maan (fall 1915–summer 1916): around 20,000 deaths, notably in the Hauran.

19. BNu/Fonds Andonian, P.J.1/3, file 59, Erzerum, report by Boghos Vartanian, native of Erzerum, 5 August 1916, f° 61 v°. We have noted, on the other hand, the non-public opposition of several Central Committee members to the liquidation of the Armenians (cf. supra, p. 249).

20. Letters from Metternich to Bethmann Hollweg, 9 and 21 December 1915, and 24 January 1916: Lepsius (ed.), op. cit., doc. 210, p. 203, doc. 217, p. 208, doc. 230, p. 229.

21. Weber, Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance, 1914–1918, op. cit., pp. 159–67.

22. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 183: Sublime Porte, copy of chiffred telegram no. 2351, from the minister of interior, to the vilayet of Konya, 3/18 December 1915. [Certified copy, 28 March 1335 (1919)] (in Takvim-ı Vakayi, no. 3540, pp. 8–14).

23. Kaiser, At the Crossroads of Der Zor ... 1915–1917, op. cit., pp. 36–7.

24. Weber, Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance, 1914–1918, op. cit., p. 184.

25. Istanbul 1916.

26. Letter of 25 December 1916: Lepsius (ed.), Archives du génocide des Arméniens, op. cit., p. 240.

27. Weber, Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance, 1914–1918, op. cit., pp. 184–6.

28. Autheman, La Banque impériale ottomane, op. cit., p. 240.

29. Weber, Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance, 1914–1918, op. cit., pp. 201–2.

30. Aguni, op. cit., pp. 98–9.

31. Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, HHStA PA XL, file 275, no. 34. Remarks made “spontaneously” in the presence of the parliamentary deputy Natanian Effendi that the Ottoman press was careful not to make public. The Ambassador does, however, add that “this volte-face by Talât is due, first and foremost, to Javid Bey, who is supposed to have agreed to join the Cabinet only on that condition.”

32. Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, HHStA PA XL, file 275, no. 39.

33. Ormanian, Reflections and Things, op. cit., p. 338.

Part VI The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire: The Executioners and Their Judges Face-to-Face

1 Grand Vizier Talât Pasha’s New Turkey; or, Reanimating Pan-Turkism

1. Cf. infra, p. 833, n. 45.

2. Cf. supra, p. 123, n. 22.

3. Cf. supra, p. 181, n. 119.

4. AMAE, Série Guerre 1914–1918, vol. 862, report attached to the dispatch from the French ambassador in Bern to the foreign minister, 28 November 1917, p. 49.

5. Cf. supra, p. 181, n. 118.

6. Cf. supra, p. 123, n. 32.

7. Cf. supra, p. 181, n. 117.

8. Cf. supra, p. 219, n. 21.

9. AMAE, Série Guerre 1914–1918, vol. 862, report attached to the dispatch from the French ambassador in Bern to the foreign minister, 28 November 1917, p. 49.

10. Astourian, “The Armenian Genocide: An Interpretation,” art. cit., pp. 138–40, n. 15–16, 122–3, provides an exhaustive list of these sources.

11. Published in full in the 25 September 1917 Ikdam. The French translation is attached to a 28 November 1917 dispatch from the French ambassador in Bern to the foreign minister: AMAE, Série Guerre 1914–1918, vol. 862, pp. 50–60.

12. Ibidem, p. 51.

13. Ibidem, pp. 52–3. Echos of this speech appear in R.L.C., “L’Arménie et l’Allemagne,” La Croix, 13 October 1917; La Suisse, 7 October 1917.

14. AMAE, Série Guerre 1914–1918, vol. 862, p. 54.

15. Ibidem, pp. 55–6.

16. Ibidem, pp. 56–7.

17. Ibidem, p. 57.

18. Ibidem.

19. Ibidem, p. 60.

20. Arif Cemil, The Special Organisation, art. cit., Vakıt/Haratch 89.

21. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, op. cit., pp. 109–10; an 8 December 1917 telegram from France’s military attaché in London, General de La Panouse, to Georges Clemenceau (8 December 1917) announces negotiations for a truce agreement: AMAE, Guerre 1914–1918, Turquie, vol. 894, f° 57: Beylerian, Les Grandes Puissances, op. cit., p. 431.

22. Ibidem, pp. 119–20.

23. Ibidem.

24. Ibidem, pp. 121–2; Dadrian, Histoire du génocide arménien, op. cit., p. 550. The newly created Ninth Army was made up of four divisions comprising a total of 30,000 men and a group of auxiliaries comprising 20,000 militiamen and gendarmes: Zürcher, The Unionist, op. cit., p. 94.

25. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, op. cit., pp. 121–3.

26. Ibidem, pp. 113–15; A. Poidebard, Rôle militaire des Arméniens sur le Front du Caucase après la défection de l’Armée russe, Paris 1920, p. 13. This corps comprised three divisions commanded by General Areshian, General Silikov, and General Antranig, and a cavalry brigade under the orders of Colonel Korganov.

27. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, op. cit., pp. 131–7.

28. Ibidem, p. 172.

29. Ibidem, pp. 172–4.

30. A.A. Türkei 183/51, A21877, 23 May 1918: Dadrian, Histoire du génocide arménien, op. cit., p. 552, n. 2.

31. Deutsches Zentralarchiv (Postdam), Bestand Reicheskanzlei, no. 2458/9, Blatt 292, report of 3 June 1918, p. 2: ibidem, p. 552, n. 3.

32. A.A. Türkei 183/53, A32123, 10 July 1918: ibidem, p. 552, n. 4.

33. A.A. Türkei 183/53, A32145, 11 July 1918: ibidem, p. 552, n. 5.

34. A.A. Türkei 158/20, A31679, 13 July 1918: ibidem, pp. 552–3, n. 7.

35. Deutsches Zentralarchiv, Blatt 287, 31 July 1918: ibidem, p. 553, n. 8.

36. A.A. Türkei 183/54, A39244, 3 September 1918.

37. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 235, doc. no. 1992, Constantinople, 16 April 1920, “La politique pantouranienne,” by Ernest Paraquin, p. 1.

38. Ibidem, p. 2. In Persia, it was Azerbaijan that the CUP, Halil said, hoped to incorporate “in the near future,” despite confessional divisions (ibidem, p. 3).

39. Ibidem, pp. 3–4. Paraquin notes that Mosul served as a pivot for external propaganda campaigns aiming to create a network of “proselytes of Pan-Turkish national aspirations.” “Messengers” were designated there. Among them were Arabs used as “Pan-Turkish propagandists in the Caucasus, where they enjoyed great prestige” as representatives of a holy people, blessed by the Prophet.”

40. Ibidem, p. 4.

41. Ibidem, p. 5.

42. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 82, file of Colonel Abdülkadri Hilmi, a native of Kastamonu and member of the Ottoman General Staff who was arrested by the British and deported to Malta in May 1919. Hilmi also supervised massacres of worker-soldiers in Mosul: cf. supra, p. 653.

43. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, op. cit., pp. 175–6.

44. Ibidem, p. 176.

45. Ibidem, p. 180.

46. Ibidem, p. 178.

47. Ibidem, p. 182.

48. Ibidem, pp. 188–9. On 2 June, Vehib Pasha informed Enver that, in response to an Azerbaijani appeal, the Turkish forces were joining the struggle against the Bolsheviks.

49. Ibidem, pp. 191–4.

50. Ibidem, pp. 194–6.

51. Ibidem, p. 204, reports that it was after Berlin had threatened to withdraw all its officers from the Turkish contingents that Enver ordered the release of the German prisoners being held in Kars and gave up the idea of taking control of the Georgian rail network; SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 235, doc. no. 1992, Constantinople, 16 April 1920, “La politique pantouranienne,” by Ernest Paraquin, p. 6.

52. A.A. Türkei 183/51, A28553, no. 1178, 3 June 1918: Dadrian, Histoire du génocide, op. cit., p. 555, n. 17.

53. Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, 10 Russland/155, no. 61/P.A., report from the ambassador Hohenlohe to the minister Burian, 29 May 1918: ibidem, p. 556, n. 19.

54. Ibidem, n. 20: Kriegsarchiv, KM. Präs. 47/-I/26–1917, letter from Pomiankowski to the Austrian Headquarter commandant, 20 August 1918.

55. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, op. cit., pp. 216–18.

56. Golnazarian-Nichanian, Les Arméniens d’Azerbaïdjan, thesis cit., p. 173.

57. APC/APJ, PCI Bureau, 60–61–62, list of the accused transmitted to the British high commissioner in February 1919 that mentions the massacres of worker-soldiers and civilians in the Mosul region. Lieutenant Lüttichau, who had completed an inspection tour in the East, mentions the atrocities committed by Ali Ihasan, who “on untold occasions deliberately gave the Germans to understand that he would not leave a single Armenian alive in the area under his control”: A.A. Türkei 183/54, A44066, pp. 12–13, report of the summer 1918, in Dadrian, Histoire du génocide arménien, op. cit., p. 558, n. 25. In his memoirs, Ihsan states that the operations in Persia were intended to justify the Caucasian campaign in the Germans’ eyes: Zürcher, The Unionist, op. cit., p. 95, n. 23.

58. Arsen-Trchnig, [The Final Events in Vasburagan and the Exodus], Bibl. Nubar, file P.I. 1/4, f° 1. According to Arsen-Trchnig, from 3,000 to 4,000 people incapable of walking were taken to the island of Lim; he does not know what became of them (ibidem, f° 3).

59. L.C. Dunsterville, “Military Mission to North-West Persia, 1918,” in Journal of the Central Asian Society, VIII/2 (1921), pp. 79–98.

60. Telegram from Lecomte to the MAE, Tehran, 24 April 1918, AMAE, N. S. Perse, vol. 21, f° 317: Golnazarian-Nichanian, Les Arméniens d’Azerbaïdjan, thesis cit., p. 176.

61. Vazgen, “ [The Battle of Azerbaijan],” Hayrenik amsagir, December 1930, p. 157.

62. Golnazarian-Nichanian, Les Arméniens d’Azerbaïdjan, thesis cit., p. 171, points out that the Syriacs vainly offered him 300 rifles.

63. Mohammad Amin Riâhi, Târikh-e Khoy [History of Khoy], Tehran 1372 (1993), pp. 504–5; Riâhi makes use of a notebook belonging to Mollâ Ja’far-e Khoyi, an eyewitness to these events; it indicates that there were 7,000 refugees. Another source puts their number at 15,000 (ibidem, p. 504, n. 7). According to Sister Marie de Lapeyrière, Simko left Mâku for Salmâs on 8 April, accompanied by his men: Archives de la Mission Lazariste, “Compte-rendu des événements qui eurent lieu en Perse, années 1918–1919,” pp. 37bis-40.

64. Arsen-Trchnig, The Final Events in Van and the Exodus, doc. cit., f° 3. Arsen-Trchnig states that in their panicked flight to Salmâs, the refugees abandoned their property.

65. Golnazarian-Nichanian, Les Arméniens d’Azerbaïdjan, thesis cit., p. 169.

66. Arsen-Trchnig, The Final Events in Van and the Exodus, doc. cit., f° 3.

67. Ibidem.

68. Ibidem, p. 168.

69. Ibidem, p. 169.

70. Riâhi, Târikh-e Khoy, op. cit., p. 508: Golnazarian-Nichanian, Les Arméniens d’Azerbaïdjan, thesis cit., p. 169.

71. Ibidem, pp. 178–80; Arsen-Trchnig, The Final Events in Van and the Exodus, doc. cit., ff. 6–7. Under pressure from the French and American governments, the Persian authorities opened an inquiry in October 1919 in order to establish who was responsible for these massacres; the inquiry brought out the participation of the local population in these atrocities (Golnazarian-Nichanian, Les Arméniens d’Azerbaïdjan, thesis cit., pp. 179–80).

72. Ibidem, pp. 180–1.

73. Ibidem, p. 182.

74. Ibidem, p. 185.

75. Father Franssen gives a translation in its Mémoires d’un missionnaire, p. 79: ibidem, p. 185.

76. Ibidem, p. 186.

77. Ibidem.

78. Ibidem, pp. 186–7.

79. Ibidem, p. 187. Franssen provides the rest of Munir’s declaration, which mentions six “enemies of Islam” from Julfa who were hanged by the “Ottoman Army” because they had given assistance to“infidels.” (Mémoires, p. 82).

80. Ibidem, pp. 188–9.

81. Ibidem, p. 190.

82. Mémoires, p. 92: ibidem, p. 190. The speech is mentioned in a corroborating report by the French consul, Saugon, sent to the French Foreign Ministry on 8 March 1919; there are a few minor variations in Saugon’s account of it: AMAE, série E. Levant, 1918–1940. Arménie 4, 1919, ff. 41–2.

83. Ibidem, f° 43.

84. SHAT, Service Historique de la Marine, Service de Renseignements de la Marine, Turquie, 1BB7 235, doc. no. 1992, Constantinople, 16 April 1920, “La politique pantouranienne,” by Ernest Paraquin, p. 12.

85. Golnazarian-Nichanian, Les Arméniens d’Azerbaïdjan, thesis cit., p. 191.

86. Report by the French consul, Saugon, sent to the French Foreign Ministry on 8 March 1919: AMAE, Asie 1918–1940, Perse, vol. 16, ff. 21–3, in Golnazarian-Nichanian, Les Arméniens d’Azerbaïdjan, thesis cit., p. 200, n. 19, gives a fairly complete account of the Syriac and Armenian losses.

87. Ibidem, pp. 200–1, cites a report from The Armenian Prelacy Archives of Tabriz, 27 December 1918.

88. Riâhi, Târikh-e Khoy, op. cit., p. 505: Golnazarian-Nichanian, Les Arméniens d’Azerbaïdjan, thesis cit., p. 201.

89. Riâhi, Târikh-e Khoy, op. cit., p. 515: ibidem.

90. National Archives of Armenia, Fonds 57, vol. 5, file 198, ff. 1a-2a: Ibidem, pp. 202–3.

91. G. Korganoff, La participation des Arméniens à la Guerre mondiale sur le front du Caucase (1914–1918), Paris 1927, pp. 172–3.

92. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, op. cit., pp. 220–1.

93. Ibidem, pp. 222–5.

94. Ibidem, pp. 225–7.

95. A.A. Türkei 183/54, A34707, 26 September 1918, report to the General Seeckt, chief of the Ottoman General Headquarter: Dadrian, Histoire du génocide arménien, op. cit., p. 554, n. 12. Shortly thereafter, Paraquin was relieved of his functions by Halil for having denounced the Baku massacres.

96. Murat Çulcu, Ermeni Entrikalarının Perde Arkasi. “Torlakyan Davası” [History of Armenian Intrigues As Seen from Inside: “The Torlakyan Trial”], Istanbul 1990, p. 240.

97. Cf. supra, p. 44, n. 9.

98. Muhittin Bergen, “Bizimkiler ve Azerbaycan [Us and the Azerbaijan],” Yakın Tarihiniz 2 (1962), p. 158: Dadrian, Histoire du génocide arménien, op. cit., p. 555, n. 15.

99. Amaduni Virabian (ed.), [The Armenian Massacres in the Provinces of Bakou and Elisabethpol, 1918–1920], Erevan 2003, p. 116, doc. 107, 9 October 1918 dispatch from Arshag Jamalian to the Armenian delegation in Constantinople.

100. Ibidem, pp. 120–1, 19 October 1918 dispatch.

101. Arshavir Shakhatuni, “ [Halil Pasha’s exchanges with Aram],” in Aram, Erevan 1991, pp. 495–506.