INDEX

Abbott Labs, 108–109

Academic and clinical reputations, 114

Achievement, of women, and social pressure, xxiii

Adipose, 98

Advertisements/advertising, xv, 132, 141–142, 152

    body image and, 124

    body satisfaction, research on, 135

    deceptive, and weight-loss products and gimmicks, 179–180

    deceptive, by diet companies, 40–41

    exposure to, and body dissatisfaction, 134–135

    for medical weight-loss treatment, 96–97

    Truth in Advertising Act 2014, 133

    upward comparison and, 204

African American girls, 145

African American women, 30, 62, 145

African Americans, 27, 152

Agatston, Arthur, 81

Alice in Wonderland syndrome, 131, 131n

Allison, David, 16, 37, 99, 110, 111

Allison, Michelle, 91n

Alter, Craig, 119

AMA. See American Medical Association

“The Amazing Mackerel Pudding Plan: Classic Diet Recipe Cards from the 1970s (McClure), 34n

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 113

American College of Endocrinology, 113

American College of Physicians–American Society of Medicine, 101

American Heart Association, 45

American Medical Association (AMA)

    Committee on Science and Public Health, 102–103

    obesity classified as disease by, 102–103

American Psychological Association, 45

American Public Health Association, 98

Amylin Pharmaceuticals, 109

“An Epidemic of Obesity Myths,” 45n

“An Open Apology to All of My Weight Loss Clients” (Higgins), 90–91

Andres, Reubin, 15

Aniston, Jennifer, xxii

Anorexia, 4, 51–54, 81–82, 130, 135, 170–171

    anxiety, eating disorders, and, 6

    changing language around, 170n

    fat and, 92–93

    fear of food and, 92–94

    genetics and, 6

    overweight/obese and, 5

    perfectionism and, 6

    as physiological and psychological disease, 81

    recovery from, 4–6

    recovery from, social aspects of food and, 74

    recovery from, story of, 4–5

    school-based health eating initiatives and, 54

    theory of why some people develop, 74–75

Anxiety

    eating disorders, anorexia and, 6

    See also Body anxiety

Anxiety disorder, 8

Anxiety drugs, 13

Appetite

    hunger and, neurobiology of, 5–6

    internal sense of, reconnecting with, 188

Aristotle, 17

Armstrong, Lance, xxi

Artificial sweeteners, 13

Astrup, Arne, 110

Attia, Peter, 25–26

Avena, Nicole, 114

Averill, Lindsey, 164–165

Babies

    appetite of, mothers’ fear of, 75–76

    instinctive eating and, 183

Bacon, Linda, 14, 189–190, 196–197

Baker, Sarah, 156

Bariatric doctors, weight bias among, 116

Bariatric surgeons, 95–96, 101

Bariatric surgery, 110, 112, 172–173

    childhood obesity and, 47n

    complications from, 99

    cost of, 100

    long-term success rates, 99–100

    for overweight/obese children and teens, 47n, 181

    profit from, 96

    for teens, 47n

    types of, 99–100

Bariatric surgery practices, 105

Bates, Kim, 142

Beauty

    body image and, 124–126

    cultural norms and, 126–146

    environment and, 130

    inner beauty detector and, 204

    nature and, 126

    nurture and, 130

Beauty culture

    and children and teens, research on, 142–145

    children and teens and, 142–146

    internalizing the unattainable thin ideal and, 144–145

    longing to be thought attractive and, 148

Beauty ideals

    change over time, 150–152

    over the last hundred years, change in, 128–130

The Beauty Myth (Wolf), 151

Becker, Anne, 135

BED. See Binge eating disorder

Being Nourished, 192

Being okay with not being thin, idea of, xvi–xvii

Bekelman, Justin, 102

Beyoncé, 132

Binge eating

    dieting and, 34, 44

    stress and, 62

    weight cycling and, 61–62

Binge Eating Disorder Association, 163

Binge eating disorder (BED), 163

Biochemistry, 26

Bircher, Johannes, 8

Bisexual women, 157

Bisphenol A (aka BPA), 12

Blackburn, George, 116

Blair, Steven, 26, 27–28

Blake, Christine, 144

Blood pressure, 23. See also Hypertension

BMI (body mass index), 151, 196

    cancer and, 116

    in the 1920s vs. 2014, 128

BMI chart for adults, xx, 7, 9–12, 10 (chart), 17, 30

    accuracy of, 9–10

    categories, 197

    categories, and mortality, 14–15, 40

    categories, change in, 11–12, 105

    correlation and causation, and mortality, 27

    mortality and, 14–15, 27, 40

    original intent of, 10

    statistics, 11–12

    type 2 diabetes and, 25

BMI chart for children

    weight categories, change in, 46–47

Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, 194

Bodies, change in words we use to talk about, xx

Body anxiety, xviii

    men and boys and, xix

Body dissatisfaction, 201 (box)

    boys and, 133–134

    from childhood to adulthood, 133–134

    exponential increase in, 133–134, 145

    exposure to advertisements and, 134–135

    girls and, 133–134

    harmful effects of, 49, 145

    marketing and, 134

    older vs. younger women and, 151

    television viewing and, 135–136

Body dysmorphic disorder, 131

Body hatred, xviii, xxiv

Body image

    advertising and, 124

    beauty and, 124–126

    changeable thoughts and perceptions of, 130–131

    cyberbullying and, 137

    dieting and, story about, 129 (box), 139–140 (box)

    exercise and, 204–205

    feminism and, 151–152

    ideal body weight and, 124–126

    judgments, bullying, and insults about, 138

    marketing and, 141

    media and, 136–139

    men and, 130

    new technologies and, 137–138

    obsession with, xxiv

    older women and, 151, 152

    photoshopping and, 132–134

    positive vs. negative, 149

    research on, 132

    self-acceptance and, 148

    self-esteem and, 149

    self-loathing and, 148

    smartphones and, 136–137

    social comparisons and, 204

    social identity and, 131–132

    social media and, 136–137

    teens and, 148–150

    thin, fat, and normal, 123–124

Body mass index. See BMI

Body types, deemed attractive in our culture, 157

Boggiano, Mary, 44

Bolin, Anne, 150

Boys

    body anxiety and, xix

    body dissatisfaction and, 133–134

BPA. See Bisphenol A

Bray, George, 108

Breaking Free from Emotional Eating (Roth), 187 (box)

British Grazia magazine, 157

British Journal of General Practice, 7

British women, 134

Brumberg, Joan Jacobs, 170n

Bullying, 138

    about weight, 76

    cyber-, 137

    by parents of children and teens with weight issues, 169–170

    by peers, coaches, and teachers, 169

    weight bias and, 164

Burgard, Deb, 160, 188–189, 196

Callahan, Daniel, 53, 144, 168, 200

Calle, Eugenia, 27

Calories, xxv, 5, 20n, 35, 38, 50 (box), 60, 64, 72, 74, 77, 78–79 (box), 84, 86, 91, 100, 103, 109 (box), 110, 140 (box) 159, 161–162, 183, 185, 194, 201

Campbell, Eric, 106, 107–108

Campos, Paul, 46–47

Cancer, 18–19, 22, 36, 48, 63, 116, 177

Carnethon, Mercedes, 29–30, 31

Causation, definition of, 22

Causation and correlation. See Correlation and causation

CCF. See Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF)

CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF), 45n

Center for Medical Weight Loss, 96–97

Center for Weight and Eating Disorders (UPenn), 56

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 11, 46

Chastain, Ragen, 189

Cheerios, 23

Chemical contaminants, 12–13

Chewing diet. See Fletcherism

Childhood memory, of eating, 67–68

Childhood obesity/overweight, 46–56

    bariatric surgery for, 47n, 181

    categories on BMI chart, 46–47

    definitions and cutoff points of, change in, 106 (table)

    end-justifies-the-means thinking and, 52

    fear as motivator and, 54

    Georgia ad campaign on, 52–53

    health and, 50–51

    humiliation and, 50–51

    increase in weight and, 1980 and 2000, 47

    Let’s Move! campaign, 47, 182

    medical neglect, foster care and, 47, 47n

    pediatricians and, 51–52

    school-based health eating initiatives and, 53–54

    self-loathing and, 53

    shame and, 53 (see also Shame/shaming)

    stigma and, 53 (see also Weight stigma)

    weight-loss drugs and surgery for overweight/obese, 47n, 181

    See also Obesity; Obesity/overweight

Children

    bariatric surgery for, 47n, 181

    beauty culture and, 142–146

    body dissatisfaction in, 133–134

    calorie intake of, 84

    diabetes types 1 and 2 and, 117, 118–119, 120

    dieting and, 34, 46, 48–56

    dieting and, harmful effects of, 48–49

    eating disorders and, 48, 53–54, 55 (box), 56

    eating disorders and, pediatricians and, 52

    eating disorders and, school-based health eating initiatives and, 54

    mothers’ fear of appetite of, 75–77

    mothers’ ways of discouraging overeating by their, 76–77

    national diet for, 93

    obsession with weight and, xx

    weight and bullying and, 76

    with weight issues, and parents’ bullying, harassing, and teasing, 169–171

    weight-loss drugs and surgery for overweight/obese, 47n, 181

Children’s Defense Fund, 45

Cholesterol, heart disease and, 78, 80, 83

Cholesterol levels, 8, 23, 31, 37 (box), 57, 185

Chou, Wen-ying Sylvia, 137

Chronicle of Higher Education, 162

CK, Louis, 156

Clinical and academic reputations, 114

Clinics, doctor-owned, 101

Clinton, Hillary, xxiii

Coaches, bullying by, 169

Coffey, Kelley, 146–147, 148

Community, among people considered fat, 168

Competent eating, 184–186, 188–189, 200, 202

    internal sense of appetite and, 188

    research on, 185

    See also Healthy eating

Conflicts of interest. See Financial conflicts of interest

Conventional wisdom, on health-weight relationship

    challenge to, 200, 202–205

    strategies for change and, 202–205 (see also Healthy eating)

Cooper, Charlotte, xxi, 124

Cooper, Kenneth, 26

Correlation, definition of, 21–22

Correlation and causation

    mortality-exercise-disease relationship and, 27

    weight-disease relationship and, 21–22, 23–26

Cosmopolitan magazine, 128

Craig, Paul, 98

Cravings, 91

Culture/cultural norms

    beauty and, 126–146

    preference for thinness and, 6

    weight and, feelings about, 199

    weight and, pushing back against, 178

Cyberbullying, 137. See also Bullying

De Beauvoir, Simone, xxiii

Death, obesity and, 45–46

The Death of Humane Medicine and the Rise of Coercive Healthism (Skrabanek), 2

The Devil Wears Prada (film), 159–160

Diagnoses, increase in, and medicalization of obesity, 100

Diehl, Mekayla, 128

Diet books, 39

    authors of, and conflicts of interest, 113–114

Diet companies, deceptive advertising by, 40–41

Diet drugs. See Weight-loss drugs

Diet food, oxymoron of, 89n

Diet industries, failures of, 41

Diet programs, 36, 191. See also specific programs

Diet supplements, 179

    side effects and, 180

Dietary guidelines for consumption of fat, carbohydrates, cholesterol, sugar, and salt, 80–81, 83–84

Dieting

    average age for girls to start, 34

    becoming heavier over time and, 41, 42–43, 44

    binge eating and, 34, 44

    body image and, story about, 129 (box), 139–140 (box)

    children and (see Children: dieting and)

    decrease in, xxv

    diminished executive function and, 43

    dollars spent on weight-loss products and, 36

    failure of, 36–37, 39–40, 41

    food cues and, 43–44

    harmful effects of, 90, 145, 190

    health-weight relationship and, lies about, 31

    ineffectiveness of, 65

    infants and, 56

    maintainers and, 62–64, 64n

    metabolism and, 64

    physiology and, 44

    process, prose, and cons of, 41

    reasons for, 36

    repeated, negative physical and psychological consequences of, 34

    research on, 37, 39–40, 41, 43–44, 48

    as risk factor for binge eating and obesity, 34

    set point (aka settling points) theory and, 41–42

    statistics, 33

    story about, 37–38 (box), 49–50 (box), 78–79 (box), 85 (box)

    stress of, 43

    teens and (see Teens: dieting and)

    therapy and, story about, 109 (box)

    while dying, 154

    yo-yo (see Weight cycling)

Dieting stories, 158

Dietitians, 91

Diet(s)

    New Year’s resolution and, xxii

    twelve-hundred calorie, 90–91

Diminished executive function, dieting and, 43

Discrimination. See Weight bias

Disease

    categories, definitions, and cutoff points and, change in, 24

    health-weight relationship and, lies about, 21–31

    obesity classified as, by AMA, 102–103

    overweight-obesity and, 21–31

    through history, 128

    weight gain as early symptom rather than cause of, 25–26

    See also weight-disease relationship

Disease-exercise-mortality relationship

    correlation and causation and, 27

Disease-weight relationship, 21–31

    chicken-and-egg question regarding, 25–26

    correlation and causation and, 21–22, 23–26

Disordered eating

    fear of, 77

    statistics, 72

    teens and, 48

“Distress and Eating: Why Do Dieters Overeat?” (Polivy), 43–44

Djulbegovic, Benjamin, 112

Doctor-medical industry relationship

    financial conflicts of interest and, 113–114

    perks and, 107–108

Doctor-owned clinics, 101

Doctor-pharmaceutical company relationship

    financial conflicts of interest and, 107–111

Doctors

    doctor-owned clinics and, 101

    dwindling medical salaries of, 101

    financial conflicts of interest and, 101–102

    health, weight, and malpractice and, story about, 20 (box)

    medical weight-loss treatment and, profits from, 96–97, 100–101, 104–105

    medicalization of obesity and, 94

    overvaluing of thinness by, 115–116

    rudeness by, 191–192

    subsidiary services and, 101, 102

    threats and warnings about weight by, 3–4

    weight bias among, 114–115

    weight bias among, story about, 28 (box), 118–119 (box)

    weight stigma and, 58

The Don’t Go Hungry Diet: The Scientifically Based Way to Lose Weight and Keep It Off Forever (Sainsbury-Salis), 113

Dove “Evolution” video, 132

Downward comparison, 204

Drugs

    anxiety, 13

    psychotropic, 13

    See also Weight-loss drugs

Duchess of Windsor, on being “thin enough,” xxi–xxii

Duodenal switch, 100

Dying, dieting while, 154

Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating (Willett), 114

Eating

    utilitarian perspective on, 73

    the way we eat and the way we think about, 84

    See also Healthy eating

Eating disorders, xxii–xxiii, 72

    anxiety, anorexia, and, 6

    children and (see Children: eating disorders and)

    factors that contribute to, 51

    fat and, 92–93

    fear of food and, 92–94

    good food/bad food and, 92–93

    restrictive menu of people with, 177

    story about, 55 (box)

    See also Children: eating disorders and

Eating disorders program (Toronto’s Hospital for Sick Children), 54

Eating well for health, story about, 201 (box)

EDCs (endocrine-disrupting chemicals), 12–13

    health-weight relationship and, 89–90

Eisenhower, Dwight, 103n

Empowerment, 200

Ending the Food Fight: Guide Your Child to a Healthy Weight in a Fast Food/Fake Food World (Ludwig), 87

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals. See EDCs

Environment, beauty and, 130

Environmental toxins, 14

Epigenetic factors, 14

Ernsberger, Paul, 40

Escher, M. C., 195

Esquire magazine, 134

Etcoff, Nancy, 126

Europe, obesity in, 11n

Exercise, 12

    body image and, 204–205

    health-weight relationship and, 26–28, 30

    physical and psychological benefits of, 63

    weight loss and, 63

Exercise-mortality-disease relationship

    correlation and causation and, 27

Fabrey, Bill, 183

Fantasy, of being thin, 192, 194

Fashionista.com, 133

Fast foods, as weight scapegoat, 87–89

Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa (Brumberg), 170n

Fat

    eating disorders and, 92–93

    heart disease and, 83

    need for, 92–93

Fat, xxi

Fat acceptance movement, 189

Fat-bashing, xx

Fat is unhealthy, truth about statement, 3

Fat-shaming, 177. See also Shame/shaming

Fat talk, 154–159

who benefits from, 157–158

Fat!So? (Wann), 189

Fattitude (documentary), 164–165

Fatty liver disease, 25

FDA, 23

Fear

    of being fat, and weight bias, 161, 165–166

    as motivator, and childhood obesity/overweight, 54

    nutrition education and, 93

    obsession with thinness and, 176

    of our power, 199

    the way we talk about weight and, 46

Federal Trade Commission, 40–41, 133

Feminism, body image and, 151–152

Festinger, Leon, 203

Fiji, 135–136

Financial conflicts of interest, 112–114

    academic and clinical reputations and, 114

    diet-book authors and, 113–114

    doctors and, 101–102

    doctors-medical industry relationship and, 113–114

    doctors-pharmaceutical companies relationship and, 107–111

    medical journals-medical industry relationship and, 110–111

    medicalization of obesity and, 105–111

    pharmaceutical companies-research/researcher relationship and, 112–113

    research and, xxx

    researchers-medical industry relationship and, 105–111, 113–114

Financial disclosures, by pharmaceutical companies, 108–109

Fisher, M. F. K., 71–84

“5 Things I Miss About Weighing More Than 300 Pounds” (Coffey), 146

Flamm, Robin, 191, 192, 194

Flegal, Katherine, 11, 14–15, 16–18, 21, 25, 31, 40, 103, 190

Fletcher, Horace, 39n

Fletcherism (aka Chewing diet), 39n

Food

    abundance of, 71–72

    confused, screwed up, and anxious about, 72–73

    fear of, and eating disorders, 92–94

    fear of, harmful effects of, 90

    how we feel about, 72

    low-fat, 13, 83–84

    miracle, 73

    nutritional wisdom and, 73

    recommendations of USDA, 93

    social aspects of, 74

    unhealthy, 12

    weight scapegoats and, 87–89

Food cues, dieting and, 43–44

Food industry, 89n

Foster care, childhood obesity and, 47, 47n

Fox, Bradley, 96, 104–105

Fox, Rachel, 162–163

Framingham Heart Study, 24–25

France, 89n

Freedhoff, Yoni, 114

Frisén, Ann, 149

Frontline, 13, 83

Fruits and vegetables, 88

Fry, Tam, 16, 17, 190, 200

Galen, 97

Gallbladder disease, 23, 25

Gard, Michael, 19–21, 23, 45

Garner, David, 41

Gastric bypass surgery, story about, 172–173

General Mills, 23

Genetics, anorexia and, 6

Georgia ad campaign on childhood obesity, 52–53

Glamorous and beautiful, thinness as, 5

GlaxoSmithKline, 109

Gomez-Nicanor, Claudialee, 117–120

Good Calories, Bad Calories: Fats, Carbs, and the Controversial Science of Diet and Health (Taubes), 83

Good Morning America, xxii

Google searches, xxi

Great Britain, 133

    rates of obesity in, 16

The Great Starvation Experiment: Ancel Keys and the Men Who Starved for Science (Tucker), 81n

Guisinger, Shan, 74–75

Guthman, Julie, 73n, 141–142

HAES (Health at Every Size) movement, 189–197, 200, 202

    advocates of, 190

    critics of, 190, 194–196

    as social justice movement, 189–190, 196

    as weight-neutral, 190

Harassment

    by parents of children and teens with weight issues, 169–170

    by teens, 138

Harding, Kate, 189

Harvard’s Project Implicit test on weight bias (implicit.harvard.edu), 199

Hatred

    violent, and weight bias, 164–166

    See also Body hatred

Health

    changing concept of, 141

    childhood obesity/overweight and, 50–51

    definition of, 7–9

    human behaviors judged by how we think they affect, 2–3

    medical definitions of, 8

    perfect, 141–142

    rather than weight, 200, 202

    underlying assumptions about, 22

    weight as proxy for, 182

    weight loss and, 57–59

Health at Every Size: The Surprising Truth About Your Weight (Bacon), 189

Health at Every Size movement. See HAES movement

Health care quality, weight bias and, 117–120

Health professionals. See Medical professionals

Health-weight relationship, xxv–xxvi

    as complicated issues that are not the same for everyone, 203

    conventional wisdom and, challenge to, 200, 202–205 (see also Healthy eating)

    conventional wisdom and, strategies for change, 202–205

    de-emphasizing of weight and, 182

    definitions and cutoff points and, change in, 24

    example of discussion about, 1–2

    exercise and, 26–28, 30

    with focus on health, story about, 201 (box)

    healthy eating and, 183

    mortality and, 27

    new strategies for, 182–183 (see also Intuitive eating)

    obesity paradox and, 29–31

    poverty, stigma, endocrine disruptors, pollutants and, 89–90

    poverty and, 30–31

    research on, 24–31

    risk factors and, 22, 23

    stigma and, 31

    stress and, 30–31

    thinking critically about, 203

    weight as proxy for health and, 181, 182

    weight cycling and, 59–62

Health-weight relationship, lies about, 9–31

    dieting and, 31

    disease and, 21–31

    mortality and, 14–21

    obesity increase in United States and, 9–14

Health-weight-stigma relationship, 166–167

Healthism, 2–3

Healthy eating

    story about, 201 (box)

    See also Competent eating; Intuitive eating; Normal eating

Heart disease, 18–19, 21, 23–25, 27, 59

    fat and cholesterol and, 83

    obesity paradox and, 29

Heber, David, 114

Height, 12

Height and weight charts, 97

Height to weight ratio. See BMI

Hemochromatosis, 20 (box)

Herbalife, 109–110

HFCS. See High-fructose corn syrup

Higgins, Iris, 90–91

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), 87, 89, 90

Hill, James, 104, 114

Holmqvist, Kristina, 149

Homosexuality, as mental disorder, classification of, 103n

Hormones, obesity and, 64

Houston Chronicle, 44

Hoven, Ardis, 104

Huffington Post, 90

Human behaviors, judged by how we think they affect health, 2–3

Humiliation, childhood obesity/overweight and, 50–51

Hummel, Dennis, 124–125

Hunger and appetite, neurobiology of, 5–6

Hutchinson, Woody, 128

Hypertension, 24

    definitions and cutoff points of, change in, 106 (table)

Ideal body weight, 124–126

Identity

    among people considered fat, 168

    weight bias and, 161

    See also Social identity

Implicit test on weight bias (implicit.harvard.edu), 199

Implicit.harvard.edu, 199

Infants, diets for, 56

Inner judgment, xx

Inner monologue, deflecting and redirecting, xxvi

Insel, Thomas, 51

Instinctive eating

    babies and, 183

    See also Healthy eating

Insulin resistance, or weight gain, which comes first?, 26

Insults, 138

International Body Project, 135

International Congress on Obesity (Bethesda, MD, 1973), 98–99

Intuitive eating, 189–197, 200, 202

    story about, 187–188 (box)

    See also Healthy eating

Israel, 133

Japan, 57

Jaw wiring, 99

Jenny Craig, deceptive advertising and, 41

Jolliffe, Norman, 98

Journal of Pediatrics, 26

Journal of the American Medical Association, 15

Judgment, 6

    body image and, 138

    inner, xx

    story about, 167 (box)

    weight bias and, 165–166

Junk food, as weight scapegoat, 87–89

Katz, Dana, 107

Katz, David, 114

Keys, Ancel, 81–83, 82n

    on heart disease, fat, and cholesterol, 83

Keys equation, 83

Kilbourne, Jean, 134, 141

Kirby, Marianne, 189

Klish, William, 44–45, 45n, 46

Lab animals, 14

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. See Lapband surgery

Lapband surgery (laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding), 99–100

Latinos, 152

Latner, Janet, 170

Lavie, Carl, 29–30

Lesbians, 157–158

Let’s Move! campaign, 47, 182

Lieberman, Viridiana, 164

Life expectancy. See Longevity/life expectancy

Livingston, Jennifer, 164

Longevity/life expectancy, weight epidemic and, xviii, xxix–xxx, 44–45

Look AHEAD trial, 37, 58–59

Loth, Katie, 49, 144

Louie (TV series), 156

“Loving My 300-Pound Body Keeps Me Thin” (Coffey), 147

Low-fat food, 13, 83

Ludwig, David, 47, 47n, 87–88, 114

Lunden, Joan, xxii

Lustig, Robert, 26, 114

Mad Men (TV series), 141

Maintainers, 62–64, 64n

    weight cycling and, 62, 64n

Majdan, Joseph, 189

Manganiello, Joe, xxii

Mann, Traci, 39, 57

Marketing

    body dissatisfaction and, 134, 135

    body image and, 141

    photoshopping and, 132–134

Matlins, Seth, 133

McAuley, Paul, 27, 28, 30

McCarthy, Joe, 103n

McCarthy, Melissa, 152

McCaskill, Claire, 179–180

McClure, Wendy, 34n

McDonald’s, 88–89, 89n

McGovern, George, 8

McGovern committee. See US Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs

McKinley, Nita Mary, 99

Media, 152

    body image and, 134–139

    literacy, 134

Media panopticon, 136–137

Medical device manufacturers, 105

Medical industry

    financial conflicts of interest and, 105–111

    See also Bariatric surgery practices; Medical weight-loss programs; Pharmaceutical companies

Medical industry-doctor relationship

    financial conflicts of interest and, 113–114

    perks and, 107–108

Medical industry-medical journal relationship, 110–111

Medical industry-researcher relationship

    financial conflicts of interest and, 105–111, 113–114

Medical journals. See Medical industry-medical journal relationship

Medical neglect, childhood obesity and, 47, 47n

Medical professionals

    weight bias among, 114–115, 159–160 (see also specific medical professionals under Weight bias)

    See also specific medical professionals

Medical students, weight bias among, 115

Medical weight-loss programs, 105

Medical weight-loss treatment

    doctors profits from, 96–97, 100–101, 104–105

    surgical, 99 (see also Bariatric surgery)

    See also Bariatric surgery

Medicalization of obesity, 94, 102–105

    correlation-but-no-causation and, 103

    financial conflicts of interest and, 105–111

    increased diagnoses and, 100

    standardization for reimbursement and treatments and, 104

Medicare

    coding office visits for, 104–105

    obesity/weight-loss treatment and, 39, 96, 97

Medifast, 4, 109

Men, xxiii

    body anxiety and, xix

    body image and, 130

    weight bias against, 117

Mental disorder, homosexuality as, classification of, 103n

Mercado, Arlene, 117–120

Messages and images

    barrage of prescriptive, xix

    that fat is bad, 65

Metabolism, 8, 89

    dieting and, 64

    factors that influence, 84, 86–87

    pleasure from food and, 86–87

    weight cycling and, 64

Methodology, xxix–xxx

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 97

Miller, Geoffrey, 161

Miller, Marisa, 125–126, 125 (photo), 126–127, 130

Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, 113

Miracle foods, 73

Misery-loves-company syndrome, 160

Miss America pageants, 128

Monroe, Marilyn, 98, 128–129, 150

Moral panic, 158

Moral virtue, human behaviors judged by how we think they affect health and, 2–3

Mortality

    control of, 22–23

    health-weight relationship and, 27

    health-weight relationship and, lies about, 14–21

    overweight and, 40

    See also Weight-mortality relationship

Mortality-exercise-disease relationship

    correlation and causation and, 27

Mortality-weight relationship, 14–21

    research on, 16–18

    risk factors, 19–21

    smoking and, 18

    statistics, 18–19, 21

Moscow, 137–138

Moss, Kate, 132

Moss, Michael, 89

Mothers

    fear of appetites, of babies and children, 75–77

    ways of discouraging overeating by their children, 76–77

Muennig, Peter, 166–168

Mullainathan, Sendhil, 43

Muscle pain, statins and, 4

“Myths, Presumptions, and Facts About Obesity,” 110

NAAFA. See National Association to Aid Fat Americans

Naked Statistics (Whelan), 18

National Academy of Sciences, 101

National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA), 182

National Association to Aid Fat Americans (NAAFA), 182

National diet, for children, 93

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 25

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 41, 46, 105

National Obesity Forum, 16

National Obesity Society, 98–99

National Weight Control Registry, 59

Nature, beauty and, 126

Nestle, Marion, 13

Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne, 48, 52

Neurobiology, of hunger and appetite, 5–6

New England Journal of Medicine, 79

    financial conflicts of interest and, 110–111

    financial disclosures and, 110–111

New Year’s resolution, diet and, xxii

New York Times, 26, 132, 137, 159, 160

Newark Star-Ledger, 106

NHANES. See National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Niger, 150

NIH. See National Institutes of Health

Normal eating, 185–186. See also Healthy eating

Not-disordered eating, 72

Nurses, weight bias among, 115

Nurses’ Health Study, 25

Nurture, beauty and, 130

Nutritionists, 91–92

Nutrition/nutritional science

    dietary guidelines for consumption of fat, carbohydrates, cholesterol, sugar, and salt, 80–81, 83–84

    education, fear and, 93

    low-fat, 83–84

    national policy on, 80

    weakness of, 78–84

    weight and, 79–84

Obama, Michelle, xxii, 46–47

    Let’s Move! campaign, and weight as proxy for health, 47, 182

Obesity

    as a shift in language, 98

    classified as disease, by AMA, 102–103

    disease and, correlation-but-no-causation between, 103

    in Europe, 11n

    medicalization (see Medicalization of obesity)

    mortality and, correlation-but-no-causation between, 103

    public dialogue about, xxi

    in United Kingdom, 16

    in United States, 9–14

    See also Childhood obesity; Obesity/overweight

Obesity, xx, xxi

    as diagnosis, xx

Obesity epidemic

    longevity/life expectancy and, 44–45

The Obesity Epidemic (Gard), 45

The Obesity Myth (Campos), 46

Obesity paradox, 29–31, 160

Obesity treatment, 39, 109, 117

    Medicare and, 39, 96, 97

    profits from, 100–101

    weight loss reframed as, 100

    See also Medical weight-loss-treatment; Weight-loss treatment

Obesity/overweight

    disease and, 21–31

    environmental toxins, viruses, and epigenetic factors and, 14

    increase in, theories regarding, 12–14

    mortality and, 40

    statistics, 11

    See also Childhood obesity/overweight; Obesity

Obsession

    with body image, xxiv

    with thinness, fear and prejudice and, 176

    with weight, xviii, xix–xx, xxiv, xxvi

    with weight, in ancient Greece, 97

    with weight, in early twentieth century, 97–99

    with weight, teens and children and, xx

Oldani, Michael, 107

Olshansky, S. Jay, 15

The Oprah Winfrey Show, 179

Optifast, 40–41

Orexigen Therapeutics, 108

Orthorexia (eating “clean” or “healthy”), 93–94

    story about, 94

Overeaters Anonymous, 94

Overweight, xx. See also Childhood obesity/overweight; Obesity/overweight

Overweight terminology, 98

Oz, Mehmet, 73, 179–180

Panic-dieting, xviii

Parents

    of anorexic children, 170–171

    of children with weight issue, bullying, harassing, and teasing by, 169–171

PCBs, 12

Pediatric obesity, 56

Pediatricians

    childhood obesity/overweight and, 51–52

    eating disorders and, 52

Peers, bullying by, 169

People magazine, 130, 152

Peretti, Jacques, 89n

Perfect health, 141–142

Perfectionism, anorexia and, 6

Perry, Katy, 132

Personal weakness, being overweight as symbol of, xxiii

Pesticides, 12

Pew Charitable Trusts, 101

Pharmaceutical companies, 16, 105

    financial disclosures by, 108–109

Pharmaceutical company-doctor relationship

    financial conflicts of interest and, 107–111

Pharmaceutical company-research/researcher relationship

    financial conflicts of interest and, 112–113

    suppression, funding, and influencing of research and, 112–113

PHD (London-based media agency), 141–142

Philadelphia magazine, 200

Photoshopping, body image, marketing and, 132–134

Physical image, judgment about, 6

Physiology, dieting and, 44

Pi-Sunyer, Xavier, 105–106, 107

Pinhas, Leora, 54, 56

Piper, Sally Gifford, 132

Polivy, Janet, 43–44

Pollan, Michael, 73

Pollutants, health-weight relationship and, 90

Pollutants, persistent organic, 12–13

Popenoe, Rebecca, 150n

Poverty, 12

    health-weight relationship and, 30–31, 89–90

Power, fear of, by women, 199

Pozzilli, Paolo, 127–128

Prediabetes, 24

Pregnancy, 35

Prehypertension, 24

Prejudice, obsession with thinness and, 176

Princeton Weekly Bulletin, 107

Privilege

    thinness and, 161

    weight bias and, 161

Proceedings of the Royal Society, 14

Processed food, as weight scapegoat, 87–89

Project EAT, 48–49, 144–145

ProLinn Diet, 39n

Psychologists, weight bias among, 115

Psychosurgery. See Stereotactic surgery

Psychotropic drugs, 13

Public dialogue, about obesity, xxi

Puhl, Rebecca, 76, 114–115, 117, 168, 169, 176

Quality of life, weight epidemic and, xviii

Queen bee syndrome, 159–160

Quetelet, Adolphe, 10

Redbook magazine, 145–146

Regaining weight. See Weight regain

Regret, 197, 199–200

Reimbursement and treatments, standardization of, and medicalization of obesity, 104

Reputations, academic and clinical, 114

Resch, Elyse, 189

Research

    on beauty culture, and children and teens, 142–145

    on body image, 132

    on body image and social comparisons, 204

    on competent eating, 185

    conclusions, financial conflicts of interest and, xxx

    on death and obesity, 45–46

    on dieting, 37, 39–40, 41, 43–44

    on dieting and children, 48

    on exercise and body image, 204–205

    funding for, 9

    funding from weight-loss industries and, 59

    on health-weight relationship, 24–31

    on health-weight relationship, and exercise, 26–28

    on health-weight relationship, and obesity paradox, 29–31

    on heart disease, risk factors for, 24–25

    on intentional weight loss and health, 57–59

    key to understanding, xxx

    on marketing and advertising, and body dissatisfaction, 135

    on media and body image, 136–137

    methodology and, xxix–xxx

    misrepresenting facts and, 16, 21

    obesity, profits and, 100–101

    on obesity and stigma, 170

    power and limitations of, xxix

    on starvation and malnutrition, 81–83, 82n

    on television viewing and body dissatisfaction, 135–136

    on weight, and contradictory findings, xxix, xxx

    on weight, health, fitness, and longevity, difficulty in understanding, xxix–xxx

    on weight cycling, 59–62

    on weight cycling and metabolism, 64

    on weight-mortality relationship, 16–18

Researchers, weight bias among, 114–115

Researchers-medical industry relationship

    financial conflicts of interest and, 105–111, 113–114

Research/researcher-pharmaceutical company relationship

    financial conflicts of interest and, 112–113

    suppression, funding, and influencing of research and, 112–113

Risk factors, 25

    definition of, 22

    definitions and cutoff points and, change in, 24

    health-weight relationship and, 22, 23

    weight-mortality relationship and, 19–21

Roberts, Julia, 133

Roth, Geneen, 187 (box)

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 100

Rudeness, by doctors, 191–192

Ryan, Donna, 61

Saguy, Abigail, 45, 99, 158, 160, 161–162

Sainsbury-Salis, Amanda, 114, 194–196

Salt guidelines, 79

Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us (Moss), 89

Satter, Ellyn, 75, 183–186, 189

Scarce-resources theory, 135

Schadenfreude, 204

School-based health eating initiatives, harmful effects of, including eating disorders, 53–54

Scientists, weight bias among, 162–163

Seacat, Jason, 138

Sears, William, 51–52

Self-acceptance, 147, 148

Self-care, meaning of, 198

Self-criticism, 147

Self-disparagement, 155. See also Fat talk

Self-esteem, 149

Self-loathing, xix

    body image and, 148

    childhood obesity/overweight and, 53

    cycle of, 178

Self-love, 147, 198–199

    story about, 174–175 (box), 193 (box)

Self-objectification, older women and, 151

Self-trust, empowerment and, 200

Senate subcommittee on deceptive advertising, 179–180

Set point (aka settling points) theory, 41–42

Settling points theory. See Set point theory

Sexual harassment, 162

Shame/shaming, xvii, xix, xxiii, 53, 161, 162, 177, 200

    cycle of, 178

    work-related, story about, 173

Sharma, Arya, 114

Size discrimination, 183. See also Weight bias

Skinner, Asheley, 64, 78–80, 93, 117

Skrabanek, Petr, 2

Sleeve gastrectomy, 100

Smartphones, body image and, 136–137

Smoking, 48, 63

    weight-mortality relationship and, 18

Sobal, Jeffery, 84

Social comparison, 203–204

    upward vs. downward, 204

Social identity

    body image and, 131–132

    See also Identity

Social justice issue, weight bias as, 168

Social justice movement

    HAES movement as, 189–190, 196

Social media, 189

    body image and, 136–137

Social networks, 137

Social pressure, achievement by women and, xxiii

Sony Pictures, 27

South Beach Diet, 81

Standardization for reimbursement and treatments, medicalization of obesity and, 104

Stanford’s Veterans Exercise Testing Study, 30

Starvation and malnutrition experiment, 81–83, 82n

Statins, muscle pain and, 4

Steinem, Gloria, xxiii

Stephens-Davidowicz, Seth, 132

Stereotactic surgery (aka psychosurgery), 99

Stigma. See Weight stigma

Stress

    binge eating and, 62

    dieting and, 43

    health-weight relationship and, 30–31

    obesity and, 167

Stroke, 25

    obesity paradox and, 29

Stunkard, A. J., 40, 84

Subsidiary services, doctors and, 101, 102

Sugar, 26, 89

    as weight scapegoat, 87

Super Size Me (film), 44

Surgeons, 95–96

Surgery

    for overweight/obese children and teens, 181

    See also Bariatric surgery

Survival of the Prettiest (Etcoff), 126

Sweden, 86–87

Swinson, Jo, 133

Tajfel, Henri, 131

Taste buds, removal of, 86–87

Tatum, Channing, 130

Taubes, Gary, 83

Taylor, Elizabeth, 98

Teachers, bullying by, 169

Teasing, by parents of children and teens with weight issues, 169–170

Technologies, new, and body image, 137–138

Teens, xix

    bariatric surgery for overweight/obese, 47n, 181

    beauty culture and, 142–146

    body image and, 148–150

    calorie intake of, 84

    dieting and, 34, 46, 48–49

    disordered eating and, 48

    eating disorders and, 48, 56

    harassment by, 138

    obsession with weight and, xx

    teasing about weight among, 168

    weight and bullying and, 76

    with weight issues, and parents’ bullying, harassing, and teasing, 169–171

    weight-loss drugs and surgery for overweight/obese, 47n, 181

Television viewing, body dissatisfaction and, 135–136

Thailand, 86–87

Theracos, 109

Therapy for weight problem, 35, 192

    story about, xv–xviii, xxv, 68–71, 109 (box)

Thin

    being okay with not being, xvi–xvii

    being too thin, 4

    fantasy of being, 192, 194

“Thin, fat, normal” class assignment, 123–124

“Thin enough,” xxi–xxii

Thin ideal, 144–145

“Thinner is always better,” 160

Thinness

    cultural preference for, 6

    as glamorous and beautiful, 5

    obsession with, 176 (see also Obsession)

    overvaluing of, by doctors, 115–116

    privilege and, 161

Third-person effect, 106

Thyroid drugs, 97

Tiggemann, Marika, 133, 151

Today Show, xxii

Toddlers, fear of obesity and, xix

Tomiyama, Janet, 39–40, 56–57

“Too Fat to Be a Scientist?” (Fox), 162

Toronto’s Hospital for Sick Children, eating disorders program at, 54

Trans fats, 88

Tribole, Evelyn, 189

Truth in Advertising Act of 2014, 133

Tucker, Todd, 81n

Tulloch, Alistair, 7–8

Turlington, Christy, 133

Turner, Chevese, 163

Twain, Mark, 18

Twiggy, 151

Type 1 diabetes, 120

    children and, 118–119

Type 2 diabetes

    bariatric surgery and, 100

    BMI and, 25

    chemical contaminants and, 13

    children and, 117, 119

    definitions and cutoff points and, change in, 24, 106 (table)

    guidelines, 113

    obesity and, 23–24

    obesity and, which comes first?, 120

    obesity paradox and, 29–30

    statistics, 120

    weight gain as early symptom of, 25–26

    weight loss and, 58–59

    weight-loss treatment for, 120–121

United Kingdom, 17, 143

    obesity in, 16

United States

    hunger in, 80

    obesity in, 9–14

Upward comparison, 204

US Department of Agriculture, 190

US Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs (aka McGovern committee)

    dietary guidelines for consumption of fat, carbohydrates, cholesterol, sugar, and salt, 80–81, 83–84

USDA, latest food

    recommendations of, 93

Vegetables and fruits, 88

Venus of Willendorf, 125–126, 125 (photo), 126–127, 151

Video-sharing websites, 137

Viruses, 14

Wadden, Thomas, 56, 114

Wann, Marilyn, 189

Wansink, Brian, 73

Wass, John, 17

Weighing benches, 137–138

Weight

    calories and, 84, 86

    changing the way you think about, xxvi–xxvii

    cultural norms and, xix, 199

    cultural norms and, pushing back against, 178

    fact vs. fiction and, xxv

    health rather than, 200, 202

    nutrition/nutritional science and, 79–84

    obsession with (see Obsession: with weight)

    as proxy for health, 182

    the way we talk about, change in, 178

    the way we talk about, fear and, 46

    See also Health-weight relationship

Weight, health, fitness, and longevity

    difficulty in understanding, xxix–xxx

Weight bias, 159–168, 202

    among bariatric doctors, 116

    among doctors, 116, 159–160

    among doctors, story about, 28 (box), 118–119 (box)

    among medical professionals, 114–115, 159–160

    among medical students, 115

    among nurses, 115

    among psychologists, 115

    among researchers, 114–115

    among scientists, 162–163

    bullying and, 164

    fear of being fat and, 161, 165–166

    fighting back against, 162–164

    Harvard’s Project Implicit test on (implicit.harvard.edu), 199

    identity and, 161

    judgment and, 165–166

    against men vs. women, 117

    privilege and, 161

    quality of health care and, 117–120

    as social justice issue, 168

    violent hatred and, 164–166

Weight cycling (aka Yo-yo dieting), 34–35

    binge eating and, 61–62

    health risks of, 59, 60

    health-weight relationship and, 59–62

    maintainers and, 62, 64n

    metabolism and, 64

    See also Weight regain

Weight-disease relationship, 21–31

    chicken-and-egg question regarding, 25–26

    correlation and causation and, 21–22, 23–26

Weight epidemic, xviii, xxiv, 81

    longevity/life expectancy and, 44–45

Weight gain

    as early symptom rather than cause of disease, 25–26

    fear of, 133

    myth about, 84

    or insulin resistance, which comes first?, 26

Weight-health relationship. See Health-weight relationship

Weight-health-stigma relationship, 166–167

Weight issues, sense of conviction around, 45–46

Weight loss

    change in way people react to person with, stories about, 171–176

    exercise and, 63

    health and, 57–59

    as a job, 161

    maintaining, 181

    reframed as “obesity treatment,” 100

    type 2 diabetes and, 58–59

    weight suppressed and, 160–161

Weight-loss drugs, 97

    for overweight/obese children and teens, 181

    risks vs. benefits and, 111

    side effects and, 179

Weight-loss industry, research funding from, 59

Weight-loss paradigm, 189

Weight-loss products and gimmicks

    deceptive advertising and, 179–180

    dollars spent on, 36

Weight-loss programs, 105, 176. See also specific programs

Weight-loss treatment

    for type 2 diabetes, 120–121

    See also Medical weight-loss treatment; Obesity treatment

Weight-loss treatment, medical. See Medical weight-loss treatment.

Weight-mortality relationship, 14–21

    research on, 16–18

    risk factors, 19–21

    smoking and, 18

    statistics, 18–19, 21

Weight regain, 176–178

    story about, 177–178

    See also Weight cycling

Weight shaming, 162. See also Shame/shaming

Weight stigma, 162–163, 200

    childhood obesity/overweight and, 53

    doctors and, 58

    health-weight relationship and, 31, 89–90

    physical repercussions of, 166–167

    research on, 170

    stigma-weight-health relationship, 166–167

    weight bias and, 166–167

Weight suppressed, 160–161

Weight talk, as a code, xxii

Weight Watchers, 34, 34n, 35, 78–79 (box), 109 (box), 129 (box), 139 (box), 171, 185, 193

    deceptive advertising and, 41

Weiss, Dara-Lynn, 49, 50–51, 57, 76

What’s Wrong With Fat? (Saguy), 162

Wheat, as weight scapegoat, 87

Whelan, Charles, 18, 21

WHO. See World Health Organization

Willett, Walter, 17–18, 28, 61, 73, 114, 144, 200

Williamson, Marianne, 199

Winfrey, Oprah, 40

Wing, Rena, 59

Wolf, Naomi, xxiii, 151

Women

    achievement by, and social pressure, xxiii

    British, 134

    fear of power by, 199

    older, and BMI, body dissatisfaction, and self-objectification, 151

    older, body image and, 151, 152

    older vs. younger, and body dissatisfaction, 151

    weight bias against, 117

Words we use to talk about our bodies, change in, xx

World Health Organization (WHO), 7, 8, 11n, 105

Wright, Jan, 19–21, 23

Yo-Yo dieting. See Weight cycling

YouTube, 164–165