CHAPTER NOTES

Foreword

1.     Ibsen M. An Enemy of the People (1882).

2.     In a story told by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, a medical officer, Dr. Thomas Stockmann, wants to publish information about his town’s water baths being polluted with disease-causing microorganisms and chromium from the local tannery. The baths, which were reputed to have health benefits, were a major source of the town’s income. The mayor, who is Stockmann’s brother and supervisor, casts Stockmann as the public enemy, as do all of the townspeople, including Stockmann’s closest friends. Dr. Stockmann, as a result, loses his government position and private medical practice (Provided by David Lewis).

3.     Edwards M. AEESP. Saving mankind from itself for 40 years (and counting). Presidents Letter January 14, 2004. Accessed 12/3/2013 at https://www.aeesp.org/sites/default/files/publications/AEESPNL.39.1.2004.pdf

4.     Hiltzik M. Science has lost its way, at a big cost to humanity. October 27, 2013. Los Angeles Times.

5.     The Economist. Unreliable Research. Trouble at the Lab. Scientists like to think of science as self-correcting. To an alarming degree, it is not. October 3, 2013.

6.     The Economist. Problems with scientific research. How science goes wrong. Scientific research has changed the world. Now it needs to change itself. October 19, 2013.

7.     Broad W, N Wade. Betrayers of the Truth. Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science. Century Publishing Co. Ltd, London (1983).

8.     Whyte WH. The Organization Man. Simon and Schuster, New York (1956).

9.     Lewis D. Personal Communication, Dec. 2, 2013.

10.   Lewis D. How to study research ethics? A dialogue between different research perspectives. Littauer Panel III – Enacting Ethics: Conflicts of interest in practice. Chair: Ellen Bales, Harvard Kennedy School, STS Program. May 6, 2011.

11.   Holder E. (2004). Summary of Investigation Reported to the Board of Directors of the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/metro/specials/water/wasa071604.pdf (accessed Aug. 2, 2004).

12.   House Government Reform Committee. Public Confidence, Down the Drain: The Federal Role in Ensuring Safe Drinking Water in the District of Columbia. Hearing March 5, 2004.

13.   Edwards M. Testimony to the 108th Congress of the United States. Lead in DC Drinking Water. House Committee on Government Reform. March 5, 2004. 29 pages.

14.   Fisheries, Wildlife and Water Subcommittee of Environment and Public Works. Oversight of Drinking Water in the District of Columbia. Hearing April 7, 2004.

15.   House Government Reform. DC Lead Crisis. Hearing May 21, 2004.

16.   Energy and Commerce Committee Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials U.S. House of Representatives. Lead in DC Water. Hearing. July 22, 2004.

17.   House Government Reform. Oversight of DC Lead in Water. Hearing. March 11, 2005.

18.   Government Accountability Office (2006). Report to Congressional Requesters. EPA Should Strengthen Ongoing Efforts to Ensure That Consumers Are Protected from Lead Contamination. GAO-06-148.

19.   Blood lead levels in residents of homes with elevated lead in tap water–District of Columbia, 2004. CDC Morb. Mort. Weekly Rep. 2004, 53, 268–270.

20.   Edwards M. Discussion: Effect of Changing Water Quality on Galvanic Coupling. J.AWWA 104(12) 65-82 (2012).

21.   Guidotti, TL; Calhoun T.; John O. Davies-Cole, J.O.; Knuckles, M.E.; Stokes L.; Glymph, C; Lum G; Moses, M.S.; Goldsmith, D.F.; Ragain, L. Elevated lead in drinking water in Washington DC, 2003-2004: The public health response. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115, 695-701.

22.   A Public Health Tragedy: How Flawed CDC Data and Faulty Assumptions Endangered Children’s Health. May 20, 2010. US Congressional report by the Oversight Committee on Science and Technology.

23.   Edwards M. Written Testimony to the House Committee on Science and Technology. May 20, 2010.

24.   CDC. Notice to Readers. Examining the Effect of Previously Missing Blood Lead Surveillance Data on Results Reported in MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 59(19); 592. May 21, 2010.

25.   Frieden TR. Lead in DC Water: Still more to do. Washington Post. June 27, 2010.

26.   Virginia Tech professor uncovered truth about lead in D.C. water. By Robert McCartney Sunday, May 23, 2010.

27.   Edwards M. and 21 other individuals and organizations. Personal communication to Katherine Sebellius. False Statement in the May 21, 2010 CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Sent May 27, 2010.

28.   CDC’s Botched Handling of 2004 District Lead Scare Reveals Toxic Bureaucracy. By Robert McCartney Sunday, May 27, 2010.

29.   SSIT Announces IEEE Barus Award to Environmental Engineer Marc Edwards. Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE 31(2) 2012.

30.   Rushton JP. Victim of Scientific Hoax (Cyril Burt and the Genetic IQ Controversy). Society, 31, 40-44 (1994).

31.   Rushton JP. (2002). New Evidence on Sir Cyril Burt: His 1964 Speech to the Association of Educational Psychologists, Intelligence, 30, 555-567 (2002).

32.   Hunt E. Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, New York (2011).

33.   Ibid, Ibsen (1882).

34.   Heroic By Nature, Cowardly by Convenience. TEDx Talk Virginia Tech, Beyond Boundaries. November 9, 2013. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apZynV7lfic

Prologue

1.     Kohn SM. (2011) Conclusion: Whistleblowing and The American Dream, The Whistleblowers Handbook, pp. 313-4. Lyons Press, Guilford, CT.

2.     Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA. Hundreds of EPA scientists report political interference over last five years. Apr. 23, 2008.

3.     Personal communication. Meeting between Lewis D, Cohen B and Cooke CE, Special Assistant to Congressman Ralph Hall (1999).

4.     Chapter 5, section titled: “UGA and Republicans Torpedo Senate Hearings.”

President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Farewell Address

1.     Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library. The Farewell Address, January 17, 1961, http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/farewell_address/1961_01_17_Press_Release.pdf

Chapter 1

1.     CDC. Recommended infection-control practices for dentistry. 1993. Morbid. Mortal. Wky. Rep. 42:1-12.

2.     Lancet, Risk of HIV transmission during dental treatment. 1992;340:1259 [Editorial].

3.     HHS, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, J. S. Benson, Director. Dear Doctor letter, Dental Handpiece Sterilization. Sept. 28, 1992.

4.     Breo DL, The dental AIDS cases—Murder or an unsolvable mystery? JAMA 1993; 270, 2732-4.

5.     Lewis DL, Arens M, Appleton S, Nakashima K, Ryu J, Boe RK, Patrick J, Watanabe D, Suzuki M. Cross-contamination potential with dental equipment. Lancet 1992; 340:1252-4; Lewis DL, Arens M. Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in dental and medical devices. Nature Med. 1995;1:956-8.

6.     CDC. Possible Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus to a Patient during an Invasive Dental Procedure. MMWR 39: 489 (July 27, 1990).

7.     Lambert B. Kimberly Bergalis Is Dead at 23; Symbol of Debate Over AIDS Tests. NY Times, Dec. 9, 1991.

8.     Cheek M, Drill suspect in AIDS case. The Stuart News, July 11, 1991.

9.     Lewis DL, Arens M., Nature Med. 1995. Note: We did not identify Dr. Acer’s patient as the source of any of the blood samples used in the study. HIV entrapped in dental and endoscope lubricants survived disinfection for at least forty-eight hours, but less than two weeks.

10.   Gooch B, Marianos D, Ciesielski C, Dumbaugh R, Lasch A, Jaffe H, Bond W, Lockwood S, Cleveland J, Lack of evidence for patient-to-patient transmission of HIV in a dental practice. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1993; 124, 38-44.

11.   Ibid, Lewis DL, Arens M., Nature Med. 1995.

12.   Lewis DL, Boe RK. 1992. Cross-infection risks associated with current procedures for using high-speed dental handpieces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:401-406.

13.   Lewis DL, Arens M, Appleton S, Nakashima K, Ryu J, Boe RK, Patrick J, Watanabe D, Suzuki M. Lancet 1992; 340:1252-4.

14.   James Sharpe and Jeanne Sharpe v. Anthony E. Breglio, DMD and Robert A. Breglio, DMD. Superior Court Department of the Trial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1993. CA-93-034. 20.

15.   Sharpe et al. v. Breglio et al., Defendant Anthony E. Breglio, Answers to Second Set of Interrogatories, CA-93-034. 20, Sept. 7, 1994.

16.   Bollinger RC, Brookmeyer RS, Mehendale SM, Paranjape RS, Shepherd ME, Gadkari DA, Quinn TC. Risk factors and clinical presentation of acute primary HIV infection in India. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1997;278(23):2085–2089.

17.   Lewis D to Zabin A, July 5, 1995 [Letter].

18.   Roche BJ. Case contends AIDS infection by dental tools. Boston Globe Feb. 2, 1996.

19.   Hilkevitch J. It’s A Mystery Why Girl, 11, Has AIDS, Chicago Tribune, June 20,1993; Mystery of AIDS Girl Has a Twist, Chicago Tribune, July 18, 1993.

20.   Ibid.

21.   U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Statistics. 2010.

22.   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR. 35, 237 (1986).

23.   Christensen GJ. Infection control: some significant loopholes. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 1991; 122:99-100.

24.   Verrusio AC, Neidle EA, Nash KD, Silverman S Jr, Horowitz AM, Wagner KS. The dentist and infectious diseases: a national survey of attitudes and behavior. J Am Dent Assoc. 1989 May;118(5):553-62. Erratum in: J Am Dent Assoc 1989 Jun;118(6):684.

25.   Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, McQuillan GM, Gao F, Moyer LA, Kaslow RA, Margolis HS. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994, N Engl J Med. 1999 Aug 19;341(8):556-62.

26.   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); Part 1: Immunization of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. MMWR 2005;54(No. RR-16):[inclusive page numbers].

27.   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. http://hepnet.com/hepc/cdc98/intro.html.

28.   Kuehn R. 2004. Suppression of Environmental Science, American Journal of Law & Medicine, 30:333-69.

Chapter 2

1.     This discussion is drawn, in part, from an article I published in the International Review of Modern Surgery (1999, pp. 77-83) in association with the International Federation of Surgical Colleges as part of his official duties for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

2.     CDC, Stopping C. difficile Infections, CDC Vital Signs, March 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/VitalSigns/Hai/StoppingCdifficile/

3.     CDC, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/Disinfection_Sterilization/13_0Sterilization.html

4.     Spaulding EH. 1968. Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials. In. Lawrence, C.A. and S.S. Block, eds. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

5.     Ibid, see Ref. 3, Crow, Malchesky et al., Seballos et al., 1995.

6.     Lewis DL, Arens M. Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in dental and medical devices. Nature Med. 1995;1:956-8.

7.     Bond WW, Favero MS, Mackal DC, Malison GF. Sterilization or disinfection of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes. AORN J. 1979; 30:350-352; Welter IVD., Williams CB, Jeffries DJ, et al. Cleaning and disinfection of equipment for gastrointestinal flexible endoscopy: interim recommendations of a Working Part of the British Society for Gastroenterology. Gut. 1988; 29:1134-51; Cowan RE, Manning AP, et al. Aldehyde disinfectants and health in endoscopy units. 1993; Gut. 34:1641-5.

8.     Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan. 1995. U.S. Patents 5,408,991; 5,419,311; 5,431,150; 5,458,132; 5,458,133.

9.     Lewis DL, Arens M. Microbially contaminated medical/dental device lubricants. Biomedicine ‘96, Washington, DC, May 1996.

10.   Lewis DL, Arens M. Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in dental and medical devices. Nature Medicine 1995; 1:956-958.

11.   Jensen MN. Bacteria may hide in hunks of gunk. Science News 1998;153:137.

12.   Cheung RJ, Ortiz D, DiMarino AJ. GI endoscopic reprocessing practices in the United States. Gastrointest. Endosc., 1999, 3: 362-64.

13.   Johnson & Johnson Medical, 1995; Michele TM, Cronin WA, Graham NMH, Dwyer DM, Pope DS, Harrington SH, Chaisson RE, Bishai WR. 1997. Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a fiberopitc bronchoscope. Identification by DNA fingerprinting. JAMA. 278:1093-1095.

14.   Tucker RC, Lestini BS, Marchant RE. Surface analysis of clinically used PTFE endoscopic tubing treated by the STERIS PROCESS. ASAIO Journal 1996;42:306-313.

15.   Zuber TJ. Disposable sheath endoscopes: a new office technology. American Family Physician. 1994;50: 1465-68; Schroy PC, Wilson S, Afdhal N. Feasibility of high-volume screening sigmoidoscopy using a flexible fiberoptic endoscope and a disposable sheath system. Am. J. Gastro. 1996;91: 1331-37; Sardinha TC, Wexner SD, Gilliland J, Daniel N, Kroll M, Lee E, Wexler J, Hudzinski D, Glass D. Efficiency and productivity of a sheathed fiberoptic sigmoidoscope compared with a conventional sigmoidoscope. Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:1248-1253.

16.   Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan. U.S. Patents 5,458,132 (1995); 5,536,235 (1996); 5,554,098 (1996); 5,674,182 (1997).

17.   Finch S. The dirt on disinfectants. Hippocrates. February 1998, p. 40-47.

18.   Wallace, CG, Demicco DD, Agee PM. 1990. Nosocominal pseudoinfection associated with endoscopy processor disinfection using 2% glutaraldehyde. Abstract at Third International Conference on Nosocominal Infections. Atlanta, GA, July-August 1990; Wallace CG, Agee PM, Demicco DD. Liquid chemical sterilization using peracetic acid. ASAIO Journal, 1995;41:151-154.

19.   Johnson & Johnson Medical. How the right disinfectant can prevent the wrong diagnosis. Technical advisory JJM, 1995;346 April 1995.

20.   Foss D, Monagan D. A National survey of physicians’ and nurses’ attitudes toward endoscope cleaning and the potential for cross-infection. Society for Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. October, 1992. pp. 59-65.

21.   Johnson & Johnson Medical, 1995; Michele TM, Cronin WA, Graham NMH, Dwyer DM, Pope DS, Harrington SH, Chaisson RE, Bishai WR. 1997. Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a fiberopitc bronchoscope. Identification by DNA fin-gerprinting. JAMA. 278:1093-1095.

22.   Lewis DL. Lack of HIV transmission in a dental practice. Ann. Intern. Med. 1995;122, 960.

23.   U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Recommended infection-control practices for dentistry. Morbid. Mortal. Wky. Rep. 1993;42:1-12.

24.   See Ref. 21, Foss, Monagan, 1992.

25.   Ibid. Lewis DL, Arens M., Nature Med. 1995.

26.   S Finch. The Dirt on Disinfectants. And Editor’s Note: The Trouble with Endoscopes; Hippocrates, Feb. 1998, p. 3; 40-47; R Davis, Medicine’s dirty little secret, USA Today, Feb. 18, 1999; A Underwood, Do Scopes Spread Sickness, Newsweek, Mar. 1, 1999; J Appleby, Medical community debates scope-cleaning procedures, USA Today, Apr. 28, 2002.

27.   ABC News, Dirty Scopes, Good Morning America, Apr. 18, 2002; PBS Healthweek, Endoscopes, Sep. 17, 2000.

28.   GW Meyer, An Introduction to Scopes and Sterilization; Lewis DL, A Sterilization Standard for Endoscopes and Other Difficult to Clean Medical Devices, Pract. Gastoenterol. 1999; 23: Introduction, 28, 30, 35-6,42, 51-2, 54, 56.

29.   Muscarella LF, Custom Ultrasonics, Inc. Ivyland, PA. The Q-Net Monthly, May-Jun., Jul.-Aug., 2003.

Chapter 3

1.     North East Biosolids & Residuals Association (NEBRA), The Science of Biosolids Recycling. http://www.nebiosolids.org/index.php?page=science

2.     Lewis DL, W Garrison, Wommack KE, Whittemore A, Steudler, Melillo J. 1999. Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils. Nature 401:898-901.

3.     Bienkowski B. Fish on Prozac: Anxious, anti-social, aggressive, Environ. Health News, June 12, 2013.

4.     Ibid.

5.     European Parliament Directorate-General for Research, Directorate A, Division for Industry, Research, Energy & Environment and STOA (Scientific and Technical Options Assessment Unit). Neurotoxicity of Environmental Pollutants. EP/IV/A/STOA/2000/09/04.

6.     Lewis DL, Gattie DK, Novak ME, Sanchez S, Pumphrey C. Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land-applied sewage sludges (biosolids). BMC Public Health 2:11 (28 Jun). www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/2/11.

7.     Marshall J. National Press Club, Washington, DC. Mar. 23, 1999.

8.     Stuck in the mud—The Environmental Protection Agency must gather data on the toxicity of spreading sewage sludge [Editorial]; Tollefson J. Raking through sludge exposes a stink. Nature, 2008, Vol. 453, p. 258, 262-3, May 15, 2008.

9.     Khuder S, Milz SA, Bisesi M, Vincent R, McNulty W, Czajkowski K. Health survey of residents living near farm fields permitted to receive biosolids. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 62, 5–11 (2007).

10.   Paris DP, Lewis DL. Chemical and Microbial Degradation of Ten Selected Pesticides in Aquatic Systems. 1973; Res. Rev. 45: 95-124.

11.   Kamler J, Soria JA. Supercritical Water Gasification of Municipal Sludge: A Novel Approach to Waste Treatment and Energy Recovery. In: Gasification for Practical Applications, Yun Y, Ed. ISBN 978-953-51-0818-4. Published: Oct. 24, 2012. DOI: 10.5772/51048.

12.   Schmidt CW. The Endocrine Society Issues Statement of Principles. Environ Health Perspectives.2012;120(9). See also Fagin D. Toxicology: The learning curve. News Feature. Nature 490, 24 Oct. 2012.

13.   USDA Pesticide Data Program Report USDA (2010). www.ams.usda.gov/pdp. U.S. EPA. Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey (TNSSS) Sampling and Analysis Technical Report. EPA-822-R-08-016. Jan. 2009.

14.   NEBRA, http://www.nebiosolids.org/index.php?page=faqs

15.   Ibid, EPA TNSSS.

16.   Landrigan P, Lambertini L, Birnbaum L. A Research Strategy to Discover the Environmental Causes of Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities. Environ Health Perspect. 2012 July; 120(7): a258–a260.

17.   EPA-WEF National Biosolids Public Acceptance Campaign, Grant No. CX-820725-01-0, Decision Memorandum. Quigley MJ to Cook MB, July 28, 1992.

18.   EPA Cooperative Agreement CR-820725-01-01, Decision Memorandum. Lee RE, Chief, Municipal Technology Branch to Quigley MJ, Director, Municipal Support Division, Sept. 23, 1996.

19.   Grey AC, Deputy Executive Director, WEF, to Walker J, EPA, Jun. 12, 1995. Proposal to Amend and Expand Cooperative Agreement, CX-820725-01-3, National Biosolids Public Acceptance Campaign [Cover Letter, Proposal].

20.   Ibid.

21.   Ibid.

22.   EPA-WEF FY94 Amendment. National Biosolids Public Acceptance Campaign, Decision Memorandum. Quigley to Cook, Jul. 30, 1994.

23.   Ibid, Grey, 1995.

24.   Ibid, Lee, 1996.

25.   Ibid.

26.   US EPA Report: EPA-600/S1-81-026, 232 p. (Apr. 1981). Sewage Sludge—Viral and Pathogenic Agents in Soil-Plant-Animal Systems. G.T. Edds and J.M. Davidson, Institute of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Florida. An EPA Project Summary is available online at http://nepis.epa.gov/ by searching 600S181026 or key words in the title of the report. To obtain a copy of the full report, contact the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 (Tele. 703-487-4650). Request Order No. PB 81 179 103.

27.   Efroymson, RA, Sample BE, Luxmoore RJ, Tharp ML, Barnthouse LW. Final Report: Evaluation of Ecological Risks Associated with Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. ORNL/TM-13703. Sept. 30, 1998.

28.   Ibid, p. 197.

29.   Ibid, Quigley MJ to Cook MB, Jul 30, 1994.

30.   EPA, Note of conversation with Bob Brobst, Biosolids Management and Enforcement, EIHWF8-11-0027. May 11, 1999 [Memorandum].

31.   McElmurray A, Lynchburg News & Advance, Letters to the editor, Sept. 1, 2005.

32.   Perciasepe R, EPA Assistant Administrator for Office of Water, to SA Herman, EPA Assistant Administrator for Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. Request for Additional OECA Resources for the Biosolids Program. Apr. 29, 1998 [Memorandum].

33.   McElmurray v. United States Department of Agriculture, United States District Court, Southern District of Georgia. Case No. CV105-159. Order issued Feb. 25, 2008.

34.   Gaskin J, Brobst R., Miller W, Tollner W. Long-term biosolids application effects on metal concentrations in soil and bermudagrass forage. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 146-152 (2003), p. 151.

35.   Holmes C, University of Georgia. Sludge study relieves environmental fears. Jan. 29, 2003.

36.   National Research Council. Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practice, p. 4. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, 2002.

37.   Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Administrative Law Judges, Case No. 97-CAA-7. In retaliation over my 1996 Nature commentary, which discussed gaps in the science EPA uses to support a number of regulations, the DOL found: “Dr. David Lewis was discriminated against by EPA’s inquiry into ethics violations at the highest levels and communicating these allegations to members of Congress.” Settlement: EPA paid $115,000 ($75,000 in attorneys’ fees, $40,000 to plaintiff), and issued a letter stating that I did not violate the Hatch Act or any ethics rules as EPA had claimed; R Russo v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA Case No. 1183524. Oct 2, 2000. OSHA found that EPA assistant administrator Norine Noonan lowered Dr. Russo’s performance rating, denied her a Special Act Award and a 5 percent pay bonus, and removed her from her position as laboratory director in retaliation for her approval of my research article published by Nature in 1999, which raised concerns about EPA’s 503 sludge rule. EPA restored Dr. Russo to her position and compensated her for lost wages.

38.   Ibid, McElmurray v. USDA, 2008.

39.   United States of America, ex rel. David L. Lewis, Ph.D., et al. v. John Walker, Ph.D., et al., US District Court, Middle District of Georgia, Athens Division, Case No. 3:06-CV-16, Deposition of Regina Smith, Ph.D., April 27, 2009, p. 73, 81-82.

40.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Alexis Strauss, Director, Water Division, EPA Region IX, San Francisco, to Frank J. Doyle, P.E., Director, Department of Environmental Services, Honolulu, HI. December 2, 2003 [Letter].

41.   EPA’s Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) investigated EPA’s interactions with Synagro, and Dr. Walker’s distribution of Defendant Synagro’s white paper. During the interviews, a supervisory OIG agent asked Dr. Walker: “Do you see that you appear to be in cahoots with Synagro?” Dr. Walker replied: “We are not in cahoots with Synagro . . . I see we do have an appearance problem.” Vanderhoef JJ, Project Manager, Headquarter Audit Division. EPA OIG, Hotline Case No. 2001-32, Oct. 12, 2001 [Memorandum].

42.   Lewis v. EPA, Office of Administrative Law Judges, Case Nos. 2003-CAA-6, 2003-CAA-5; ARB Case No. 04-117; U.S. Court of Appeals, The Eleventh Circuit, Case No.08-12114HH. The DOL found that Dr. John Walker retaliated against Dr. Lewis in violation of whistleblower protections in federal environmental statutes by distributing Defendant Synagro’s white paper containing false allegations of research and ethical misconduct. The DOL determined, however, that EPA was not liable for Dr. Walker’s actions because they were not approved by EPA, and because EPA promptly prevented any further distribution of Synagro’s false allegations. In 2011, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the DOL’s decision that EPA was not liable for Dr. Walker’s distribution of Synagro’s white paper.

43.   United States of America, ex rel. David L. Lewis, Ph.D., et al. v. John Walker, Ph.D., et al., US District Court, Middle District of Georgia, Athens Division, Case No. 3:06-CV-16, Deposition of UGA Research Integrity Officer Dr. Regina Smith, April 27, 2009.

44.   For other cases involving humans and animals, see: www.sludgevictims.com; sludgefacts.org; www.sludgenews.org; www.sourcewatch.org; and http://sewagesludgeactionnetwork.com/

45.   Ibid, Lewis v. EPA, Office of Administrative Law Judges, 2003.

46.   Ibid, Lewis et al., 2002.

47.   Gray A, WEF Dep. Exec. Dir., to Whitman C, EPA Admin., copied to Fisher L, Deputy EPA Administrator, Longest H, Acting Asst. Administrator, Mehan T, Cook M, and others, Feb. 13, 2002; Thomas A, Synagro Executive VP and General Counsel, to Fisher L, copied to O’Connor DJ, EPA Acting Asst. Administrator and others, Dec. 10, 2001 [Letter].

48.   Weaver GM, Hollberg & Weaver, LLP, to Snell B, US Dept. Justice, Dec. 21, 2012.

49.   University of Georgia, Public Affairs Division, Georgia Opens Records Request #14-007, Aug. 8, 2013.

50.   FOIA request EPA-HQ-2013-008011 submitted by Attorney James E. Carter on Jul. 7, 2013.

Chapter 4

1.     US Dept. Labor, Office of Administrative Law Judges. Case No.99- CAA-12, Deposition transcript of Dr. Alan Rubin, p. 149. Lewis v. EPA, Apr. 27, 1999.

2.     Ibid, pp. 168-172.

3.     USA, ex rel. Lewis, McElmurray and Boyce v. Walker et al. United States District Court, Middle District of Georgia, Athens Division. Case No. 3:06-CV-16-CDL. Deposition transcript of Dr. Rufus Chaney, Jun. 26, 2009.

4.     Dendy LB, U. of Maryland administrator named dean of UGA College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. University of Georgia, June 3, 2005.

5.     University of Georgia, Bush taps former UGA dean for REE under secretary. Jan. 19, 2006.

6.     Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor, CA 2003-CAA-00005, 00006. Deposition of Robert E. Hodson, Ph.D. Jan. 31, 2003.

7.     Ibid, Dendy LB, 2005.

8.     Ibid, USA, ex rel. Lewis, et al. R Chaney Deposition, p. 21.

9.     Ibid, USA, ex rel. Lewis, et al. R Chaney Deposition, p.53-54.

10.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Land Application of Biosolids Status Report; Report 2002-S-000004; Office of Inspector General. Washington, DC.

11.   McElmurray v. United States Department of Agriculture, United States District Court, Southern District of Georgia. Case No. CV105-159. Order issued Feb. 25, 2008.

12.   Ibid, USA, ex rel. Lewis, et al. R Chaney Deposition, p. 157.

13.   Chaney R, USCC Listserve, October 5, 2004.

14.   Ibid, USA, ex rel. Lewis, et al. R Chaney Deposition, p. 13-17.

15.   Thomas AL, Synagro, to Adams M, President, University of Georgia, Dec. 21, 2004.

16.   Synagro Technologies, Inc. Analysis of David Lewis’ Theories Regarding Biosolids, p. 4, 6, Sept. 20, 2001.

17.   Lewis DL, Gattie DK, Novak ME, Sanchez S, Pumphrey C. Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land-applied sewage sludges (biosolids). BMC Public Health 2:11 (28 Jun). www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/2/11.

18.   Ibid, Lewis et al., BMC-Public Health, 2001. Results, Environmental Assessment.

19.   Khuder S, Milz SA, Bisesi M, Vincent R, McNulty W, Czajkowski K. Health survey of residents living near farm fields permitted to receive biosolids. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 62, 5–11 (2007).

20.   Ibid, Lewis et al., BMC-Public Health, 2001. Methods, Assessing environmental conditions.

21.   Gattie DK and Lewis DL. 2004. A high-level disinfection standard for land-applied sewage sludge (biosolids). Environ. Health Perspect. 112:126-31.

22.   Reinthaler FF, Posch J, Feierl G, Wüst G, Haas D, Ruckenbauer G, Mascher F, Marth E. Antibiotic resistance of E. coli in sewage and sludge. Water Res. 2003 Apr; 37(8):1685-90; Sahlström L, Rehbinder V, Albihn A, Aspan A, Bengtsson B. Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in Swedish sewage sludge. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2009.

23.   USA, ex rel. Lewis, McElmurray and Boyce v. Walker et al. United States District Court, Middle District of Georgia, Athens Division. Case No. 3:06-CV-16-CDL. Deposition transcript of J. Gaskin, p. 293-4, Jun. 20, 2009.

24.   Ibid, p. 269.

25.   Ibid, p. 372-4, Jun. 22, 2009.

26.   Harrison, EZ, McBride MB and Bouldin DR. Land application of sewage sludges: An appraisal of the US regulations. Int. J. Environ. and Pollution, Vol.11, No.1. 1-36. http:cwmi.css.cornell.edu/PDFS/LandApp.pdf; Case for Caution Revisited 2009. http:cwmi.css.cornell.edu/case.pdf. http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/PDFS/LandApp.pdf

27.   Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Administrative Law Judges, Case No. 98-CAA-13, Deposition of Ellen Harrison, p. 34-35, 76, Mar. 21, 2003.

28.   Harrison E, Cornell Waste Management Institute, to Lewis D, Mar. 5, 2003 [Email].

29.   Ibid.

30.   Kester G to EPA officials Rubin A, Hais A, Roufael A, Carkuff A, Sajjad A, Bastian R, Brobst R, Sans C, Hamilton D, Hetherington D, Gross C, Lindsey A, Home J, Ryan J, Smith J, Colletti J, Dombrowski J, Dunn J, Walker J, Fondahl L, Dominy M, Meckes M, Murphy T. Subject: FW: Dr. David Lewis, 09/24/01 [Email].

31.   Ibid.

32.   National Research Council. Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practice, Overarching Findings, p. 4. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, 2002.

33.   Burkhart J (NIH/NIEHS) to Lewis D, copied to Burleigh K (NIH/NIEHS), Subject: EHP ms 6207. May 07, 2003 [Email].

34.   Ibid, Gattie, Lewis, 2004.

35.   Stuck in the mud—The Environmental Protection Agency must gather data on the toxicity of spreading sewage sludge [Editorial]; Tollefson J. Raking through sludge exposes a stink. Nature, 2008, Vol. 453, p. 258, 262-3, May 15, 2008.

36.   Nature editors. Correction. Nature 453; 577, May 28, 2008 doi:10.1038/453577d http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080528/full/453577d.html

37.   Harrison E. Correspondence at Nature.com. June 17, 2008.

38.   O’Dette R, Synagro Technologies, Inc., to Stavinoha TD, Commissioner Precinct 1, Fort Bend County, TX. Nov.18, 2002.

39.   Personal Communication (2014). McElmurray RA III. Hephzibah, Georgia.

40.   Schmitt B, Swickard J. Monica Conyers Gets 37 Months in Prison in Synagro Bribery Scandal in Detroit. Detroit Free Press - MI, Mar. 10, 2010; Dixon J. Synagro execs knew of payments, records show. Detroit Free Press - MI. Jul. 10, 2010.

41.   Lewis DL to Hallman FE Jr. Hallman & Wingate, LLC, Marietta, GA. Nov. 19, 2012 [Letter].

42.   Snell B, Civil Division Chief, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Middle District of Georgia to FE Hallman, Jr. Hallman & Wingate, LLC. Dec. 12, 2012 [Email].

43.   Ibid.

44.   Olens SS, Attorney General of Georgia, et al., Satisfaction of Judgment and Bills of Costs, Lewis et al. v. Walker et al., U.S. District Court, Middle District Of Georgia, Athens Division, Civil Action File NO. 3:06-cv-16-CDL. Jan. 29, 2013.

45.   Marshall v. Synagro. State of New Hampshire Superior Court. Case No. 99-C-0045. Deposition transcript of Michael W. Rainey, NH Dept. Environ. Services. Oct. 26, 1999, p. 86-97;114, 123-124; Mehan GT III. USEPA, Assistant Administrator, Office of Water, to Mendelson J III. Dec. 24, 2003 [Letter].

46.   For other cases involving humans and animals, see www.sludgevictims.com; sludgefacts.org; www.sludgenews.org; www.sourcewatch.org; and http://sewagesludgeactionnetwork.com/

Chapter 5

1.     Gattie DK, Lewis DL. A high-level disinfection standard for land-applied sewage sludge (biosolids). Environ. Health Perspect. 2004;112:126-31. Note: PubMed misidentified the second author as McLaughlin TJ. See, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754565. PubMed Canada attempted, unsuccessfully, to have PubMed correct the authorship.

2.     Lowman A, McDonald MA, Wing S, Muhammad N, Land Application of Treated Sewage Sludge: Community Health and Environmental Justice. Environ. Health Perspect. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205470. Online Mar. 11, 2013.

3.     Lewis DL, Gattie DK, Novak ME, Sanchez S, and Pumphrey C. Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land-applied sewage sludges (biosolids). BMC Public Health. 2002;2:11 (28 June) www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/2/11.

4.     N Beecher to C Dilworth, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Mar. 2013 [Letter].

5.     ABBA Quarterly Conference Call, Mar. 25, 2013. A total of 24 participants included, for example, Lisa McFadden (WEF and the EPA-funded National Biosolids Partnership), Greg Kester (California Association of Sanitation Agencies a.k.a. CASA), Layne Baroldi (CASA, Synagro), Lori Loder (CASA, U.S. Compost Council) and Dan Noble (California Association of Compost Producers).

6.     Wing S. When Research Turns to Sludge. Academe Online, Nov.-Dec. 2010. http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2010/ND/feat/wing.htm

7.     National Biosoilds Partnership. http://www.wef.org/biosolids/

8.     N Beecher, NEBRA. Synagro responds to biosolids recycling opponent, New England Water and Wastewater News, Nov. 2001; 69:7; N Beecher, NEBRA. David Lewis, Ph.D. Shifts Focus, NEBRA, Apr. 9, 2012; Lewis DL. Institutional Research Misconduct: An Honest Researcher’s Worst Nightmare. Autism Sci. Digest. April 2012, pp. 33-40.

9.     Lewis DL to Carlyle K, National Press Coordinator, UGA Office of Public Information, Nov. 16, 2003 [Email].

10.   Deposition transcript of Regina Smith, Ph.D., Apr. 27, 2009, p.79. USA ex rel., Lewis et al. v. Walker et al. U.S. District Court, Middle District of Georgia, Athens Division. Case No. 3:06-CV-16.

11.   Holmes C. University of Georgia. Sludge study relieves environmental fears, Jan. 29, 2003.

12.   Environmental Public Health Review prepared by Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, Jul. 19, 2005; Harrison E to The Rubins . . . re: Louisiana Convent—more sludge victims? Aug. 12, 2005 [Email].

13.   Farfel MR, Orlova AO, Chaney RL, Lees PSJ, Rohde C and Ashley PJ. Biosolids compost amendment for reducing soil lead hazards: AA pilot study of Orgro® amendment and grass seeding in urban yards. Sci. Total Environ. 2005;340: 81-95.

14.   Southwestern Illinois Resource Conservation & Development, Inc., East St. Louis Biosolids Lead Remediation Project funded by US EPA, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://www.swircd.org/pdf/lead.pdf.

15.   Ibid, Gattie DK, Lewis DL, 2004.

16.   Lewis v. EPA. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Administrative Law Judges, Case Nos. 2003-CAA-00005, 2003-CAA-00006. Transcript of Hearing before the U.S. Department of Labor Northeast Region in Washington, DC, Apr. 11, 2003.

17.   Ibid.

18.   Heilprin J, Vineys KS. AP IMPACT: Sludge tested in poor neighborhoods, Associated Press, Baltimore, MD, Apr. 13, 2008.

19.   USA ex rel., Lewis et al. v. Walker et al. Deposition transcript of Rufus Chaney, Ph.D. Jun. 26, 2009, p. 69.

20.   Personal Communication. Heilprin J, Mar. 29, 2009.

21.   Chaney R, USDA, to Gaskin J, Angle JS and others. Nov. 20, 2008 [Email].

22.   Silverman M, Managing Editor, AP, to Hallman FE Jr., copied to Heilprin J, Tomlin D. Subject: Request for information regarding AP reporter John Heilprin, Feb. 11, 2009 [Email].

23.   Ibid, Deposition transcript of R Chaney, 2009.

24.   Ibid.

25.   United Nations Correspondent Association, Announcing the Thirteenth Annual UNCA Award Winners for 2008, Elizabeth Neuffer Memorial Award for Best Overall Print Journalism, including online media, Dec. 4, 2008. http://cms.unca.com/content/view/42/10/.

26.   Lewis DL to Snowden CO, Stansbury GG, Cheatham ML Sr, Johnson ME. Subject: Lewis, McElmurray, Boyce cases, Johns Hopkins/Kennedy Krieger experiments. Jun. 8, 2008. 9 pp [Letter].

27.   Cecil KM, Brubaker CJ, Adler CM, Dietrich KN, Altaye M., et al. Decreased Brain Volume in Adults with Childhood Lead Exposure. PLoS Med. 5: e112 (2008); Wright JP, Dietrich KN, Ris MD, Hornung, RW, Wessel SD, et al. Association of Prenatal and Childhood Blood Lead Concentrations with Criminal Arrests in Early Adulthood. PLoS Med. 5: e101 (2008).

28.   Federal Register, 2001. Part III, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Lead; Identification of dangerous levels of lead: Final Rule 66, 1206-1240.

29.   Snyder C. Baltimore Sludge Pilot Project Puts Children at Additional Risk. 2008; Int J Occup Environ Health. 14 (3) 240-241. http://www.sludgefacts.org/baltimore.pdf

30.   Binns HJ, Gray KA, Chen T, Finster ME, Peneff N, Schaefer P, Ovsey V, Fernandes J, Brown M, and Dunlap B. Evaluation of landscape coverings to reduce soil lead hazards in urban residential yards: The Safer Yards Project. Environ Res. 2004;96:127-38.

31.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. 2000. Analysis of pathways of residential lead exposure in children. EPA 747-R-98-007.

32.   Ryan, JA, Berti WR, Brown SL, Casteel SW, Chaney RL, Doolan M et al., Reducing children’s risk from soil lead. Summary of a field experiment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004;38:18A-24A. http://www.esd.ornl.gov/research/earth_sciences/images/2004ryan_ esd_38_10A-24A.pdf

33.   Heilprin J, Vineys KS, Senate Plans Hearing on Sludge. Associated Press, April 14, 2008.

34.   Senator Barbara Boxer to David L. Lewis, Sept. 4, 2008 [Letter].

35.   Hallum AW. Compliance Evaluation Task Force, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Environmental Protection Division, to Larson JH, Sommerville, GA, Dec 16, 1998 [Memorandum].

36. U.S.EPA, Lewis DL to Holm H, Athens-ERL Research Director. Adverse health effects from Augusta-sludged hay. May 8, 2003 [Memorandum].

37.   Lee J, Sludge Spread on Fields Is Fodder for Lawsuits, NY Times, Jun. 26, 2003.

38.   United States of America, ex rel. David L. Lewis, Ph.D., R. A. McElmurray, III, and G. William Boyce v. John Walker, Ph.D., Julia W. Gaskin, Robert B. Brobst, William P. Miller, Ph.D., E. William Tollner, Ph.D., L. Mark Risse, Ph.D., Joe. L. Key and The University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. United States District Court, Middle District of Georgia, Athens Division. Case No. 3:06-CV-16-CDL.

39.   USA ex rel., Lewis et al. v. Walker et al. Deposition transcript of William P. Miller, Ph.D., Jan. 22, 2009, p.134.

40.   Ibid, Holmes 2003.

41.   Lewis DL to Leed AH, UGA Associate Director of Legal Affairs, Aug. 10, 2005 [Memorandum].

42.   Leed AH to Kohn SM, Jan. 19, 2006 [Letter].

43.   Smith R, UGA Scientific Integrity Officer, to Mace A, UGA Provost, and Patel G, UGA VP Research, Apr. 19, 2004 [Memorandum].

44.   Gaskin J to Hallman FE Jr., Apr. 21, 2004 [Letter].

45.   Evans B, Senate cancels hearing on Georgia sludge findings. Associated Press, Sept. 11, 2008.

46.   USA ex rel., Lewis et al. v. Walker et al., DL Lewis (“Plaintiff ”) Responses to Dr. Joe L. Key and University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc., Requests for Production, Requests for Admission, May 4, 2009.

47.   USA ex rel., Lewis et al. v. Walker et al., Deposition transcript of David Lewis, Ph.D., Vol III, Jun. 22, 2009, p. 349.

Chapter 6

1.     Bingham J, “Fracking protesters like MMR scaremongers, says Church of England,” The Telegraph, Aug. 16, 2013.

2.     HHS.gov. Nov. 14, 2011. Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Tools and Resources, The Partnership Center Newsletter.

3.     Ibid.

4.     National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Environmental Health Disparities and Environmental Justice Meeting, Research Triangle Park, NC, Jul. 29-31, 2013.

5.     Kuehn R. (2004). Suppression of Environmental Science, Section III, Part B. Misuse Of Scientific Misconduct Charges (pp. 349-55). American Journal of Law & Medicine 30:333-69.

6.     Wheatly MJ, Turning to One Another. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2002.

7.     Sekerka L. Appreciative Inquiry Organizational Development Program, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, Jan. 10, 2003.

8.     Kamen A. “Intimate Climate.” Washington Post, p. A19, Jan. 10, 2003.

9.     Petersen M, Beef Cattle become Behemoths: Who Are Animal Scientists Serving? Apr. 15, 2013. Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/article/As-Beef-Cattle-Become/131480/

10.   Michaels D, Doubt is their product: How industry’s assault on science threatens your health. 2008 Introduction. Oxford University Press, New York.

11.   James 1:27.

12.   Quran 3.119; 2.190-91.

13.   Hebrews 4:12.

14.   Deuteronomy 27:26; James 2:10; Quran 3.119.

15.   James 2:10.

16.   Romans 1:21 to 2:1-6.

17.   Exodus 16:3.

18.   Exodus 34:6-7.

19.   James 2:13.

20.   John 8:7.

21.   Matthew 7:2.

22.   Matthew 7:12.

23.   James 2:19.

24.   Matthew 7:21.

25.   Isaiah 14:14.

26.   Isaiah 19:25.

27.   Mark 9:24; John 20:25.

28.   Matthew 7:12; 22:37-40.

29.   1 John 4:7.

30.   Matthew 25:31-46

31.   Jeremiah 31:33; Hebrews 10:16

32.   John 3:7.

33.   Deuteronomy 1:39.

34.   Genesis 2:9-25.

35.   James 1:27.

36.   Matthew 25:31-46.

Chapter 7

1.     The White House, “We the People petition to work with the new EPA administrator to ban the land application of sewage sludge (also called biosolids).” Snyder C, Dec. 27, 2012.

2.     Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, Berelowitz M, Dhillon AP, Thomson MA, Harvey P, Valentine A, Davies SE, Walker-Smith JA. Ileal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis and pervasive developmental disorder in children, Lancet 1998;351(9713):637-641. [Retracted]

3.     Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S, Sharon S, Hyde ER, McCue T, Codelli JA, Chow J, Reisman SE, Petrosino JF, Patterson PH, Mazmanian SK. Microbiota Modulate Behavioral and Physiological Abnormalities Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cell, 05 December 2013; doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.024; Walker SJ, Fortunato J, Gonzalez LG, Krigsman A (2013). Identification of Unique Gene Expression Profile in Children with Regressive Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Ileocolitis. PLoS ONE 8(3): e58058. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058058; Williams BL, Hornig M, Buie T, Bauman ML, Cho Paik M, Wick I, Bennett A, Jabado O, Hirschberg DL, Lipkin WI. Impaired carbohydrate digestion and transport and mucosal dysbiosis in the intestines of children with autism and gastrointestinal disturbances. PLoS One. 2011 Sep;6(9): e24585.

4.     Deer B, Revealed: MMR research scandal, The Sunday Times, February 22, 2004.

5.     General Medical Council, Committee and Professional Conduct Committee (UK). Dr. Andrew Jeremy Wakefield and Dr. John Walker-Smith, Determinations on Serious Professional Misconduct (SPM) and Sanction, May 24, 2010.

6.     Professor John Walker-Smith v. General Medical Council, Committee and Professional Conduct Committee. The High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division, Administrative Court. Case No: CO/7039/2010. March 3, 2012.

7.     Dr. Andrew J. Wakefield v. The British Medical Journal, Brian Deer and Fiona Godlee, District Court for the 250th District, Travis, TX, Case No. D-1-GN-12-000003, January 3, 2012.

8.     Synagro Technologies, Inc. Analysis of David Lewis’ Theories Regarding Biosolids, including separate Executive Summary. Sept. 20, 2001.

9.     Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor, Case Nos. 2003-CAA-6, 2003-CAA-5, Joint stipulations, March 4, 2003; USEPA, Stancil F, Branch Chief, ESD, to Russo R, Director, ERD, Apr. 22, 2003; Thomas AL II, Synagro Exec. VP & Gen. Counsel, to Adams MF, President, University of Georgia. Dec. 21, 2004 [Letter].

10.   Lewis DL, Letter to the BMJ from David Lewis, Rapid response, http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/09/re-how-case-against-mmr-vaccine-was-fixed; Godlee F, “Institutional research misconduct,” BMJ 2011; Nov 9;343:d7284, http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d7284?tab=full. Additional documents are posted under research staff (David Lewis) by the University of British Columbia Neural Dynamics Research Group. http://www.neuraldynamicsubc.ca/

11.   Deer B, “David L Lewis: Indignant abuse as complaints turn to nothing,” Jan. 10, 2012. http://briandeer.com/solved/david-lewis-1.htm.

12.   Deer B, Scientific misconduct: Latest MMR ‘dispute’ is a straw man. Nature 481, 145, Jan.12, 2012.

13.   Godlee F. BMJ response to David Lewis’ accusations of scientific fraud, Jan. 23, 2012.

14.   Hallman FE Jr. to Godlee F, Feb. 4, 2013 [Letter].

15.   Deer B to Carter JE Apr 22, 2013 [Email].

16.   Ibid.

17.   Vaccine Safety: Evaluating the Science. Montego Bay, Jamaica Jan. 3-7, 2011.

18.   CNN Anderson Cooper 360° Jan 6, 2011; CNN’s Dr. Sanjay Gupta questions Andrew Wakefield; CNN Danielle Dellorto, February 4, 2011, Bill Gates: Vaccine-autism link ‘an absolute lie’; CNN, Journalist Brian Deer responds to Dr. Andrew Wakefield, Jan. 7, 2011.

19.   Ibid, Wakefield et al., Lancet, 1998.

20.   Deer B, Wakefield’s “Autistic Enterocolitis” under the microscope. BMJ 2010;340:c1127.

21.   Ibid.

22.   Mikhail N, Lewis DL, Omar N, Taha H, El-Badawy A, Mawgoud NA, Abdel-Hamid M, Strickland GT. Prospective study of cross-infection from upper-GI endoscopy in a hepatitis C–prevalent population. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;65:584-588.

23.   General Medical Council (GMC) Fitness to Practise Panel (Misconduct). Transcript of the shorthand notes of TA Reed & Co., Ltd. (2010), Professor John Angus Walker-Smith Examined By Mr. Miller, Day 74-38, July 16, 2008.

24.   Dhillon AP. Re: Pathology reports solve “new bowel disease” riddle. BMJ, Nov. 17, 2011.

25.   Ibid, GMC Walker-Smith testimony, Day 74-37.

26.   Ibid, AP Dhillon. BMJ, 2011.

27.   Ibid, Godlee, BMJ Nov. 9, 2011.

28.   Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ 2011; 342:c7452.

29.   Booth I, Expert Witness Report submitted to General Medical Council, Fitness To Practice Panel (Misconduct), Nov. 8, 2006.

30.   Deer B to Kohn S, Jun. 2, 2011 [Email].

31.   Ibid, Booth I 2006.

32.   Booth to Lewis DL, Aug. 10, 2011 [Email].

33.   Ibid, Godlee et al., BMJ 2011.

34.   Reich ES. “Fresh dispute about MMR ‘fraud,’” Nature 2011;479:157-158.

35.   Deer B. “Brian Deer Wins a Second British Press Award” and “Award-Winning Journalism at The Sunday Times.” http://briandeer.com/brian/press-awards-2011-win.htm

36.   Deer B. Wakefield’s “Autistic Enterocolitis” under the microscope. BMJ 2010;340:c1127.

37.   Ibid, Deer to Kohn, 2011.

38.   Ibid, Reich 2011.

39.   Ibid.

40.   Ibid, Booth 2011.

41.   Ibid, Deer 2010.

42.   Delamothe T to Lewis DL, copied to Godlee F. Oct. 27, 2011 [Email].

43.   Lewis DL, “Letter to the BMJ from David Lewis,” BMJ Rapid response, 2011.

44.   Professor John Walker-Smith v. General Medical Council, Committee and Professional Conduct Committee. The High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division, Administrative Court. Case No: CO/7039/2010. Mar. 3, 2012.

45.   University College London, “MMR and the development of a research governance framework in UCL,” Sep. 13, 2012. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1209/13092012-Governance.

46.   Thompson N, Montgomery S, Pounder RE, Wakefield AJ. Is measles vaccination a risk factor for inflammatory bowel diseases? Lancet 1995; 345: 1071–74.

47.   Davis RL, Bohlke K. Measles vaccination and inflammatory bowel disease: controversy laid to rest? Drug Saf. 2001;24(13):939-46.

48.   Williams BL, Hornig M, Buie T, Bauman ML, Paik M Cho, Wick I, Bennett A, Jabado O, Hirschberg DL, Lipkin WI. Impaired carbohydrate digestion and transport and mucosal dysbiosis in the intestines of children with autism and gastrointestinal disturbances. PLoS One. 2011 September;6(9): e24585.

49.   Ibid, Walker et al., 2013.

50.   Ibid, CNN Anderson Cooper 360°, 2011.

Chapter 8

1.     Booth I to Lewis DL, Subject: Booth expert report to GMC, Fitness to Practice Panel (Misconduct), “Wakefield, Walker-Smith, Murch. Second Addendum to Overview Statement,” Aug. 10, 2011 [Email].

2.     Deer B, Wakefield’s “Autistic Enterocolitis” under the microscope. BMJ 2010;340:c1127.

3.     Lohn M, Field Fisher Waterhouse Partner, to Deer B, Subject: General Medical Council - Dr Wakefield, Dr Murch, Dr Walker-Smith, Reference No. JXO/00492-I 5237/3352872 v1, May 25, 2005.

4.     Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H. Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ 2011; 342:c7452.

5.     Ibid.

6.     Godlee F. “Institutional research misconduct.” Editorial published in response to Lewis DL Rapid Response letter. BMJ 2011; Nov 9;343:d7284. Disclaimer states: Author declares “no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; the BMJ Group receives funding from the two manufacturers of MMR vaccine, Merck and GSK.”

7.     Godlee F. Uncorrected Transcript of Oral Evidence, House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, Peer Review, May 11, 2011. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmsctech/uc856-ii/uc85601.htm.

8.     Deer B. “Brian Deer Wins a Second British Press Award” and “Award-Winning Journalism at The Sunday Times.” http://briandeer.com/brian/press-awards-2011-win.htm

9.     Ibid, Godlee et al. 2011. Lewis DL. “Wakefield Fights Back” submitted to Nature Neuroscience on Mar. 2, 2011. Author’s manuscript cited an Alliance for Human Research Protection Partnership article, “BMJ & Lancet Wedded to Merck CME” (http://www.ahrp.org/cms/content/view/766/149/). It also included a figure illustrating GSK’s sponsorship of BMJ (http://groupawards.bmj.com/sponsors), including a figure legend stating: “Financial ties between medical journals and MMR vaccine manufacturers. Are they playing a role in attacks against Wakefield?”

10.   Andrew Wakefield v. Channel Four Television Corporation, Twenty Twenty Productions, Ltd. and Brian Deer, High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division, Case No. HQ05X00900.

11.   Professor John Walker-Smith v. General Medical Council, Committee and Professional Conduct Committee. The High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division, Administrative Court. Case No: CO/7039/2010. Mar. 3, 2012.

12.   Ibid. at 15, 23.

13.   Ibid. at 20.

14.   Ibid. at 24-49.

15.   Ibid. at 50.

16.   Ibid. at 85, 186.

17.   Ibid. at 148, 186.

18.   Ibid. at 16.

19.   Ibid. at 153.

20.   Kraus S, London Strategic Health Authority, National Health Services (NHS) to Miller CG, (Jan. 15, 2007). A description by DL Lewis of the 10 documents NHS provided to Deer follows: (1) [Letter] John Walker-Smith to Maureen Carroll, Royal Free Hospital Ethics Committee (1997 February 27) in which J Walker-Smith states: “We currently have formal approval to take research biopsies during colonoscopy (code 162-95) and I am writing to organize formal approval for research biopsies to be taken during upper biopsies,” (2) [Letter] AD Phillips to M Pegg, Royal Free Hospital and Medical School Ethics Committee (2000 March 15) in which Phillips requests an “updated approval” for continuing to take research biopsies in studies 162-95 (colonoscopy) and 70-97 (upper endoscopy), (3) Same as No. 2 above with handwritten note from Pegg to Carroll requesting she check on the status of the approvals, (4) [Memorandum] Carroll to Pegg (2000 April 7) re. “Extension to 162-95 & 70-97,” in which Carroll states: “ . . . no requests have been received previously for the continuation of these studies . . . could you please approve this by way of Chairman’s Action and return to me,” (5) [Letter] Pegg to Phillip (2000 April 28) in which Pegg acknowledges Phillip’s March 15 letter and requests a brief annual report for studies 162-95 and 70-97, (6) [Letter] Phillips to Pegg (2000 May 17), which is a cover letter transmitting “1999 Annual Report on Ethical Submissions 162-95 and 70-97,” (7) [Report] Phillips to Pegg (2000 May 17), “1999 Annual Report on Ethical Submissions 162-95 and 70-97,” (8) Same as No. 6 above with handwritten note from Pegg to Carroll requesting she “create an updated approval letter” and stating: “I think I should sign it,” (9) [Letter] Pegg to Phillips (2000 May 25), in which Pegg acknowledges receiving the annual report on the taking of research biopsies, and conveys the committee’s approval for Walker-Smith’s group to continue taking research biopsies in studies 162-95 and 70-97, and (10) a blank, undated parental consent form titled “CONSENT FORM FOR RESEARCH BIOPSIES.”

21.   TA Reed & Company, Day 68-57 thru 59.

22.   Ibid, TA Reed & Company, Day 197-2 and 3; General Medical Council, Committee and Professional Conduct Committee (UK) (2010 May 24), “Dr. Andrew Jeremy Wakefield—determination on serious professional misconduct (SPM) and sanction,” http://www.gmc-uk.org/Wakefield_SPM_and_SANCTION.pdf_32595267.pdf; and General Medical Council, Committee and Professional Conduct Committee (UK). (2010 May 24), “Professor John Angus Walker-Smith—determination on serious professional misconduct (SPM) and sanction,” http://www.gmc-uk.org/Professor_Walker_Smith_SPM.pdf_32595970.pdf.

23.   Ibid, TA Reed & Company. Day 147-62.

24.   AD Phillips to MS Pegg, Royal Free Hospital Medical School Ethics Committee (2000 May 17).

25.   Ibid, Walker-Smith v. GMC at 7.

26.   JS Brown, BP Kotler, RJ Smith, WO Wirtz II, The effects of owl predation on the foraging behavior of heteromyid rodents, Oecologia 1988; 76:408-415.

27.   Personal communication; Wakefield A to Horton R, Mar. 15, 2012 [Letter].

28.   Ibid, Godlee F. Uncorrected Transcript of Oral Evidence, 2011.

Chapter 9

1.     “Research Ethics: A Question of Method?” Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government. Cosponsored by the Program on Science, Technology and Society and Cultural Foundations of Integration, a Center of Excellence at the University of Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. May 6, 2011.

2.     Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). In Case No. 97-CAA-7, 1997, for example, the DOL found: “Dr. David Lewis was discriminated against by EPA’s inquiry into ethics violations at the highest levels and communicating these allegations to members of Congress.” EPA paid $115,000 in damages and issued a letter stating that I did not violate the Hatch Act or any ethics rules. In Case No. 41107317, 1998; and Case Nos. 1999-CAA12; 2000-CAA10 and 11, the DOL ruled that EPA retaliated over my Nature commentary, for example, by establishing special requirements for my promotion to GS 15. EPA paid $495,000 in damages and legal costs to settle.

3.     NIH Committee on Scientific Conduct and Ethics, “A Guide to the Handling of Scientific Misconduct Allegations in the Intramural Research Program at the NIH,” January 12, 2001. http://sourcebook.od.nih.gov/ResEthicsCases/sm-booklet.htm

4.     Godlee F. BMJ response to David Lewis’ accusations of scientific fraud, Jan. 23, 2012. http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2012/01/23/re-how-case-against-mmr-vaccine-was-fixed; B Deer, “David L Lewis: indignant abuse as complaints turn to nothing,” Jan. 10, 2012. http://briandeer.com/solved/david-lewis-1.htm.

5.     Walker JM, EPA Municipal Technology Branch, to Longest HL II, EPA Assoc. Deputy Asst. Administrator for Water Program Operations. September 12, 1978.

6.     “Stuck in the Mud.” Nature 453: 258; 262-3, May 15, 2008 [Editorial].

7.     U.S. EPA, Technical Assistance Directory, Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/K-97/001 October 1997.

8.     Paletta D, White House to Halt Civil-Service Bonus Program, WSJ, Jun. 11, 2013.

9.     Personal communication.

10.   House Bill 3288 Effective 09-01-99, which amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act to “prohibit the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) from charging a solid waste disposal fee for the disposal of sewage sludge that has been treated to reduce the density of pathogens to the lowest level provided by TNRCC rules. . . .”

11.   Marshall v. Synagro, Rockingham County, New Hampshire Superior Court, Case No. 99-C-45. Deposition of David L. Lewis, August 9, 2001, p. 800-801.

12.   Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Dept. Labor Case Nos. 2003-CAA-00005, 00006. Deposition of Rosemarie C. Russo, Ph.D., Jan. 31, 2003; Woods J, EPA ORD, to Lewis D, “Emergency Access to Scientific Advice.” Jun. 20, 2002 [Email]; Lewis DL to Russo R, EPA Homeland Security, Jun. 3, 2002 [Memorandum].

13.   USA, ex rel. David L. Lewis, Ph.D., R. A. McElmurray, III, and G. William Boyce v. John Walker, Ph.D., Julia W. Gaskin, Robert B. Brobst, William P. Miller, Ph.D., E. William Tollner, Ph.D., L. Mark Risse, Ph.D., Joe. L. Key and The University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. U.S. District Court, Middle District of Georgia, Athens Division. Case No. 3:06-CV-16-CDL. Affidavit of David L. Lewis, Ph.D., Exhibit A, Oct. 28, 2009, p. 85.

14.   Reich ES, “Agencies unveil plans to safeguard science.” Nature 476:262, August 18, 2011.

15.   Ibid.

16.   The term “banished from Woolworths” is quoted from the 2000 comedy film, O Brother, Where Art Thou?, starring George Clooney.

17.   Mann A. Fight over Sludge Starts to Get Dirty. Time, Sept. 27, 1999; Follow-Up─Mann A. More Sludge Slinging: How Safe if That Dump? Time, Oct. 4, 1999.

18.   NIOSH. 2002. Guidance for Controlling Potential Risks to Workers Exposed to Class B Biosolids. NIOSH Publication No. 2002-149. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-149/pdfs/2002-149.pdf.

19.   U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science. 2000a. EPA’s Sludge Rule: Closed Minds or Open Debate? No. 106-95. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000b. Intolerance at EPA—Harming People, Harming Science? No. 106- 103. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

20.   Notification and Federal Employee Antidiscrimination and Retaliation Act of 2002. 2002. Public Law 107-174.

21.   Shaw GJ. SEA secures vital changes to “no fear” bill. Senior Exec. Legislative Update. May 2002, p 3.

22.   EPA-WEF National Biosolids Public Acceptance Campaign, Grant No. CX-820725-01-0, Decision Memorandum from Michael J. Quigley to Michael B. Cook, July 28, 1992.

23.   Ibid.

24.   Epstein E to Ozonoff D, Chair, Dept. Environ. Health, Boston University School of Public Health. Sept. 28, 2001.

25.   USEPA Office of Inspector General, Report of Audit. Management of Extramural Resources. Audit Report E1JBF2-04-0300-3100156 (revised) March 31, 1993; U.S. Government Printing Office. EPA contracting: hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, March 10, 1993, Volume 4; EPA Watch: “Browner admits EPA’s accountability in disrepair, pledges reform.” Vol 2, No 6. March 31, 1993. Available at http://www.legacy.library.ucsf.edu/documentStore/i/a/p/iap56e00/Siap56e00.pdf

26.   USA, ex rel. Lewis, McElmurray and Boyce v. Walker et al. Deposition of Joe. L. Key, Apr 4, 2009, p. 34-35.

27.   Based on Author’s records obtained under the Georgia Open Records Act, August 2013.

28.   National Center for Biotechnology Information, Colleges of agriculture at the land grant universities: Public service and public policy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Vol. 94, pp. 1610–1611, Mar. 1997.

29.   Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor. CA 2003-CAA-00005, 00006. Deposition Transcript of Robert E. Hodson, Ph.D., Jan. 31, 2003.

Chapter 10

1.     Atlanta Journal-Constitution, “CDC offers buyouts in chief’s office,” July 24, 2008.

2.     Lewis DL. 1996. EPA Science: Casualty of election politics. Nature 381:731-2.

3.     Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA. Hundreds of EPA scientists report political interference over last five years. Apr. 23, 2008.

4.     Ibid.

5.     National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Environmental Health Disparities and environmental Justice Meeting, Research Triangle Park, NC, Jul. 29-31, 2013.

6.     U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science. 2000a. EPA’s Sludge Rule: Closed Minds or Open Debate? No.106-95. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.— 2000b. Intolerance at EPA—Harming People, Harming Science? No. 106-103. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

7.     National Research Council. 2002. Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practice. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

8.     Rockefeller A, Civilization and sludge: notes on the history of the management of human excreta. Current World Leaders, vol.39. No.6. 1996.

9.     Snyder C. 2005. The Dirty Work of Promoting Recycling of America’s Sewage Sludge. IJOEH 2 (4): 415-27. www.sludgefacts.org

10.   Personal communication.

11.   Lewis DL. 1999. High-level disinfection of flexible endoscopes: a microbiologist’s point of view. International Review of Modern Surgery. pp. 77-83. Published in association with the International Federation of Surgical Colleges.

12.   Jensen MN. Bacteria may hide in hunks of gunk. Feb. 28, 1998; Science News, 153:137.

13.   Gingrich N, Speaker, U.S. House of Representatives, Norwood C, Member of Congress, Linder J, Member of Congress, to Huggett R, EPA Asst. Administrator ORD, Oct 30, 1996; Senators Inhofe J, Grassley C to Whitman CT, EPA Administrator, May 21, 2003 [Letter].

14.   Lee G, Agency takes a hit from one of its own. Washington Post, Jun. 27, 1996; Mann A. Fight over Sludge Starts to Get Dirty. Time, Sept. 27, 1999; Follow-Up—Mann A. More Sludge Slinging: How Safe if That Dump? Time, Oct. 4, 1999; Faced with faulty science, EPA muzzles critics, USA Today, Oct 5, 2000 [Editorial]; Barnett M, Making a Stink. U.S. News & World Report, Aug. 5, 2002.

15.   American Dental Association. ADA Urges HHS to Act on Research. ADA News. Mar. 9, 1992; Breo D. The dental AIDS cases – murder or an unsolvable mystery? JAMA 1993, 270:2732-34; Finch S. Unclean instruments. Hippocrates. February 1998; Davis R, Medicine’s dirty little secret. USA Today, Feb. 18, 1999; Underwood A, Do scopes spread sickness? Newsweek, Mar. 1, 1999; Armbrister T, Weird Science at the EPA, Reader’s Digest, June 1999; Appleby J, Medical community debates scope-cleaning procedures, USA Today, Apr. 8, 2002; Tollefson J. Raking through sludge exposes a stink, Nature 2008;453:262-3; Stuck in the mud—The Environmental Protection Agency must gather data on the toxicity of spreading sewage sludge [Editorial], Nature 2008;453:258; Reich ES, Fresh dispute about MMR ‘fraud,’ Nature 2011; 479: 157-158.

16.   Lewis DL. 1999. A sterilization standard for endoscopes and other difficult to clean medical devices. Practical Gastroenterology 23:28-56.

17.   Tucker RC, BS Lestini, RE Marchant. Surface analysis of clinically used PFTE endoscopic tubing treated by the STERIS PROCESS. 1996; ASAIO Journal 42:306-313; CDC, Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008.

18.   Mikhail N, DL Lewis, N Omar, et al., 2007. 5-year cohort study of cross-infection from upper-GI endoscopy in a hepatitis C–prevalent population. Gastrointest. Endoscopy. 65: 584-588; Lewis DL, and M Arens. 1995. Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in dental and medical devices. Nature Med. 1:956-958; Lewis DL, M Arens, R Harlee, G Michaels. Risks of Infection with Blood- and Saliva-Borne Pathogens from Internally Contaminated Impressions and Models. Trends & Techniques, National Association of Dental Laboratories, Jun. 1995.

19.   Ibid, Mikhail et al, 2007.

Chapter 11

1.     Erika Crimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute, Inc., Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Case Nos. 24-C-99-000925, 24-C-95066067/CL193461. Order dated Oct. 11, 2001. http://www.courts.state.md.us/opinions/coa/2001/128a00.pdf

2.     Ibid.

3.     Ibid.

4.     Farfel MR, Orlova AO, Chaney RL, Lees PS, Rohde C, Ashley P. 2005. Biosolids compost amendment for reducing soil lead hazards: A pilot study in urban yards. Science of the Total Environment 340:81-95.

5.     Ibid, Crimes v. Kennedy Krieger, 2001.

6.     Snyder C, 2014. Dr/Snyder documented her recollections specifically for this book, and are not published elsewhere.

7.     Gerlach W. And the Witnesses Were Silent: The Confessing Church and the Persecution of the Jews. Translated and Edited by VJ Barnett. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln and London. 2000.

8.     de Zayas AM. Nemesis at Potsdam: The Expulsion of the Germans from the East. Third Edition. 1988. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln and London.

9.     Hunt L. Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip 1945-1990. 1991. St. Martin’s Press. New York.

10.   Transcript of the Nuremberg Trials. Harvard University. http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/NurTranscript/TranscriptPages/411_372.html

11.   Martin DS. Vets Feel Abandoned After Secret Drug Experiments. CNN Health. Mar. 1, 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/01/health/human-test-subjects/

12.   Joint House and Senate Government Oversight Hearings titled “Activities of the EPA’s Office of Inspector General [OIG]” were held in 1991. Rep. John Dingell and Senator John Glenn pressured Martin to step up prosecutions of EPA managers and contractors over contract abuses. Martin, in turn, rewrote performance standards for his field agents, requiring that they achieve certain levels of prosecutions to gain satisfactory performance ratings and promotions. By networking with EPA employees, the Author built a large file documenting the OIG’s abuses, which he provided to Reader’s Digest editor Trevor Armbrister, and Jeff Nesmith in the Washington, DC Bureau of the Atlanta Constitution. Martin resigned several weeks after the Author informed EPA of the pending news coverage. Martin’s abuses were outrageous. For example, a chemist working at the EPA lab in Athens, Georgia, Dr. Jesse MacArthur (Mac) Long, and his wife, were awakened late one night as agents sent by EPA’s Office of Inspector General and the U.S. Department of Justice knocked on their front door. After informing Dr. Long that he was about to be prosecuted, they offered to let him off the hook if he would wear a hidden microphone to gather information from his laboratory director. Martin promised his agents extra points for prosecuting high-profile cases that captured congressional and media attention. According to documents the Author obtained from Dr. Long, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Mac planned question his EPA lab director as she took a smoking break outside the building. To protect Dr. Long, GBI agents promised to be hiding in the shrubbery and spring into action at the first sign of any trouble. As was the case with other scientists targeted at EPA labs throughout the country, Dr. Long refused to cooperate in any sting operation. Because he wouldn’t cooperate, the Justice Department charged Dr. Long with “benefiting from the wrongdoing of an unnamed third party.” To avoid large fines that could financially cripple them for life, Dr. Long and his wife took out a second mortgage on their home and paid the Justice Department $24,000 to settle the case. (See: Nesmith J, “Focus on EPA Investigation—Cleared chemist’s victory leaves bitter taste.” Atlanta Constitution, Jan. 28, 1997, p. A6.) Similar bullying by the OIG and Justice Department was repeated at EPA research laboratories across the country as armed federal agents threatened scientists with imprisonment. After being shoved in his chair and promised five years in federal prison, one senior researcher in Duluth, Minnesota, told the Author that he planned to divorce his wife so that she could keep their home while he was in prison. Another lab director targeted in Gulf Breeze, Florida, died of a heart attack. Fortunately, federal judges eventually dismissed all of the cases working their way through the courts and the nightmare ended.

13.   Ibid, Crimes v. Kennedy Krieger, 2001.

14.   Young A, Exodus, Morale Shake CDC. Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 10 Sept. 2006.

15.   Atlanta Journal-Constitution, “CDC offers buyouts in chief’s office,” Jul. 24, 2008.

16.   Katic G, The Terry Project on CiTR #27: Silencing the Scientists. Nov. 7, 2013. http://www.terry.ubc.ca/2013/11/07/the-terry-project-on-citr-27-silencing-the-scientists/

17.   Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada (PIPSC). “The Big Chill. Silencing Public Interest Science, A Survey.” http://www.pipsc.ca/bigchill.

18.   Ibid, Oversight Hearings, 1991; Nesmith, 1997.

19.   Broder JM. “Title, but Unclear Power, for a New Climate Czar.” NY Times, Dec. 11, 2008.

20.   When EPA transferred the Author to the Department of Marine Sciences in 1998, he assembled a group of research scientists to address the prospects of a catastrophic blowout from an offshore oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico. The approach EPA used to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound in 1989 was largely based research that the Author and his coworkers published showing that certain growth-limiting trace elements shorten the amount of time bacteria require to break down the kinds of chemicals found in crude oil (Lewis, et al. 1986. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51:598-603). The Author’s research on oil spills at UGA was aimed at developing complex mixtures of microbes capable of detoxifying crude oil and the surfactants used to disperse it in ocean water. Mixtures could include, for example, bacteria adapted to detoxifying oil at cold temperatures and high pressures near the ocean floor, as well as photosynthetic bacteria that could metabolize toxic chemicals when the oil reaches the surface. By stockpiling large quantities of freeze-dried bacteria and minerals, mixtures of oil-detoxifying microbes and trace elements could be injected directly into ruptured oil lines beneath offshore oil rigs. Wherever ocean currents carry the contaminants from there, their potential for impacting the environment would steadily diminish as the microbes detoxify them along the way. Longest, however, cut off my in-house funding and ordered local EPA managers to stop the Author from collaborating with other EPA scientists (Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor Case No. 98-CAA-13). EPA’s Acting Asst. Administrator, Henry Longest, also denied the Author access to a sophisticated computer model developed by EPA and UGA, which he needed to conduct the deepwater oil spill project.

21.   Fujioka R, Vithanage G, and Yoneyama B, Analysis of proposed biosolids pellets applied to Hawaiian soil for detection and growth of Salmonella. Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, May 2004. http://www.sludgefacts.org/Ref49.pdf

22.   Hyatt HM (1973). Hoodoo—Conjuration—Witchcraft—Rootwork, Volume II, p. 1761. Western Publishing Co., Inc., Cambridge, Maryland.

23.   Isaiah 45:7.

24.   U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General Status Report—Land Application of Biosolids, 2002-S-000004, Mar. 28, 2002. www.epa.gov/oig/reports/2002/BIOSOLIDS_FINAL_REPORT.pdf

25.   Armbrister T, Weird Science at the EPA, Reader’s Digest, Jun. 1999.

26.   Goldstein BD, Director EOHSI to Russo RC, Director USEPA Ecosystems Research Division, Sept. 18, 2000.

27.   Russo RC to Lewis DL, Mar. 6, 2008 [Email].

28.   Poland GA, Jacobson RM, The Age-Old Struggle against the Antivaccinationists. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:97-99. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1010594.

Chapter 12

1.     O’Dette R, Vice President, Synagro Technologies, Inc. to Stavinoha TD, Commissioner Precinct 1, Fort Bend County, TX. Nov.18, 2002 [Letter].

2.     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986b. Guidelines for the Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. EPA/630/R-98/002. Risk Assessment Forum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Fed. Regist. 51(185):34014–34025 (Sept. 24, 1986).

3.     Kamler J, Soria JA. Supercritical Water Gasification of Municipal Sludge: A Novel Approach to Waste Treatment and Energy Recovery. In: Gasification for Practical Applications, Yongseung Y, Ed. ISBN 978-953-51-0818-4. Published: Oct. 24, 2012. DOI: 10.5772/51048.

4.     Winn RN, Norris MB, Brayer KJ, Torres C, Muller SL. Detection of mutations in transgenic fish carrying a bacteriophage lambda cII transgene target. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(23):12655-60; Winn RN, Norris MB, Lothenbach D, Flynn K, Hammermeister D, Whiteman F, et al. Sub-chronic exposure to 1,1-dichloropropene induces frameshift mutations in lambda transgenic medaka. Mutat Res. 2006;595(1-2):52-9; Winn RN, Majeske AJ, Jagoe CH, Glenn TC, Smith MH, Norris MB. Transgenic lambda medaka as a new model for germ cell mutagenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2008.

5.     Bove F, CDC-Atlanta, to Jennings-McElhaney J, Feb. 25, 2013 [Email].

6.     Union of Concerned Scientists. Analysis on Airborne Bacteria Suppressed. Interview with James Zahn, January 2004, for UCS Scientific Integrity report. http://www.ucsusa.org/scientific_integrity/abuses_of_science/airborne-bacteria.html.

7.     Marti E, Jofre J, Balcazar JL (2013) Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Bacterial Community Composition in a River Influenced by a Wastewater Treatment Plant. PLoS ONE 8(10): e78906. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078906; Munir M, Wong K, Xagoraraki I. Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the effluent and biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan. Water Res. 2011 Jan;45(2):681-93. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.033. Epub 2010 Aug 27.

8.     Gurian-Sherman D, CAFOs Uncovered: The Untold Costs of Confined Animal Feeding Operations. Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA.

9.     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Biosolids: Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report—Overview, January 2009, EPA 822-R-08-014. www.epa.gov/waterscience/biosolids/tnsss-tech.pdf

10.   Cox-Foster DL, Conlan S, Holmes EC, et al. 2007. A Metagenomic Survey of Microbes in Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder. Science 318: 283-287.

11.   Mullin CA, et al., High Levels of Miticides and Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries: Implications for Honey Bee Health, 2010. PLoS ONE 5(March):e9754.

12.   Lewis DL, Said WA. Special Applications of insect gut microflora in kinetic studies of microbial substrate removal rates. Environ. Tox. Chem. 1989;8:563-567; Lewis DL, 1980. Environmental and health aspects of termite control chemicals. Sociobiol. 5:698-703; Lewis DL, Michaels GE, Hays DB, Campbell N, Smith V. Evaluation of the anti-termitic activity of hydroxyquinoline and naphthol derivative formulations using Reticulitermes in laboratory and field tests. J. Econ. Entomol. 1978;71:818-821.

13.   Air Force Magazine, They Flew to 65,000 Feet . . . The Easy Way. Vol. 47, No. 6, Jun. 1964; Moody Air Force Base, Valdosta, GA. Mar. 5, 1964 [USAF Press Release].

14.   Lewis JD. Discussion provided specifically for this book, not available elsewhere.

15.   Wickramasinghe C, Bacterial morphologies supporting cometary panspermia: a reappraisal. Internat. J. Astrobiol. 2011; 10 (1):25–30.

16.   Pflug HD, Utrafine structure of the organic matter in meteorites. In Fundamental Studies and the Future of Science, ed. Wickramasinghe NC (1984), pp. 24–37. University College Cardiff Press, Cardiff.

17.   Noffke N, Christian D, Wacey D, Hazen RM, Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia. Astrobiology. Dec. 2013, 13(12): 1103-1124. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030.

18.   Lewis DL. Author’s theories of cosmic evolution were first proposed in 1984 as an internal EPA-ORD research project in collaboration with NASA’s Ames Research Center and UGA’s Department of Marine Sciences.

19.   Lund C, Lynch-Stieglitz J, Curry WB. Nature, 444. 601-604 (2006).

20.   NOAA. A Paleo Perspective on Global Warming. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/paleolast.html

21.   Behn MD, Lin J, Zuber MT (2004), The Thermal Structure of the Ocean Crust and the Dynamics of Hydrothermal Circulation, Geophysical Monograph 148. American Geophysical Union; Behn MD, Lin J, Zuber MT (2013), Effects of Hydrothermal Cooling and Magma Injection on Mid-Ocean Ridge Temperature Structure, Deformation, and Axial Morphology. German CR, Lin J, Parson LM, American Geophysical Union, Published Online Mar. 19, 2013. DOI: 10.1029/148GM06.

22.   Transcript of Remarks by Secretary of State John Kerry. Release of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group 2 Report, Washington, DC, Mar. 30, 2014. http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/03/224161.htm.

23.   Transcript of Remarks by Secretary of State John Kerry. Climate Change Remarks, Jakarta, Indonesia, Feb. 16, 2014. http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/02/221704.htm

24.   See previous sections: “President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Farewell Address” and “President John F. Kennedy’s Legacy.”

25.   Ibid, Kerry, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2014.

Epilogue

1.     Stuck in the mud—The Environmental Protection Agency must gather data on the toxicity of spreading sewage sludge [Editorial]; Tollefson J. Raking through sludge exposes a stink. Nature, 2008, Vol. 453, p. 258, 262-3, May 15, 2008.

2.     Perciasepe R, EPA Assistant Administrator for Office of Water, to Herman SA, EPA Assistant Administrator for Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. Request for Additional OECA Resources for the Biosolids Program. Apr. 29, 1998 [Memorandum].

3.     National Research Council. Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practice, p. 4. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, 2002, p. 52; [E-mail] BIRT Member R Bastian to National Academy of Sciences attaching draft of J Gaskin’s final report to EPA, Mar. 13, 2001.

4.     Perciasepe R, EPA Assistant Administrator, to Rominger R, Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture, July 24, 1997 [Letter]; U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science. 2000. EPA’s Sludge Rule: Closed Minds or Open Debate? No. 106-95. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

5.     NRC Panel Member Kester A to EPA officials Rubin A, Hais A, Roufael A, Carkuff A, Sajjad A, Bastian R, Brobst R, Sans C, Hamilton D, Hetherington D, Gross C, Lindsey A, Home J, Ryan J, Smith J, Colletti J, Dombrowski J, Dunn J, Walker J, Fondahl L, Dominy M, Meckes M, Murphy T. Subject: FW: Dr. David Lewis, 09/24/01 [Email]; NRC Panel Member Harrison E to Lewis DL, Mar. 5, 2003 [Email].

6.     Kamler J, Soria JA. Supercritical Water Gasification of Municipal Sludge: A Novel Approach to Waste Treatment and Energy Recovery. In: Gasification for Practical Applications, Yun Y, Ed. ISBN 978-953-51-0818-4. Published: Oct. 24, 2012. DOI: 10.5772/51048.

7.     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Assistance Directory, Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/K-97/001 October 1997.

8.     University of Georgia, Bush taps former UGA dean for REE under secretary. Jan. 19, 2006.

9.     Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor, CA 2003-CAA-00005, 00006. Deposition of RE Hodson, Ph.D. Jan. 31, 2003. Also, see USA, ex rel. Lewis et al. v. Walker et al. U.S. District Court, Middle District of Georgia, Athens Division. Case No. 3:06-CV-16-CDL, Affidavit of Guthrie L, and the following testimony of Lewis DL: Dr. Larry Guthrie, head of the Dairy Science Department, investigated problems at Relator Boyce’s dairy farm and supported the conclusions put forth by Relator Boyce and his experts, namely, that long-term application of sewage sludge to Relator Boyce’s dairy farm had contaminated the land with hazardous wastes such that forage crops were too toxic to feed to dairy cattle even if they were diluted with uncontaminated forage and cattle feed were amended with copper. On the one hand, Dr. Gale Buchanan, Dean of the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, prohibited Dr. Guthrie from testifying as an expert for Relators Boyce and McElmurray in their lawsuits against Augusta. On the other hand, Dean Buchanan allowed Defendants Gaskin, Miller and other UGA Defendants conduct a study with Defendant Brobst, who worked directly with attorneys defending Augusta. [Author’s Note: EPA’s Cooperative Agreement with the Water Environment Federation (Coop. Agr. CX820725-01-2 titled “National Biosolids Public Acceptance Campaign”), which was funded with Congressional earmarks, specifically mentions using deans at land grant universities as gatekeepers to keep track of research projects on biosolids and identify scientists who oppose land application of biosolids].

10.   Lewis DL, Institutional Research Misconduct: An Honest Researcher’s Worst Nightmare, Autism Sci Digest, 2012(4):31-40.

11.   Beecher N, David Lewis, PhD, Shifts Focus. NEBRA, Apr. 9, 2012. www.nebiosolids.org/.

12.   Beecher N, Synagro responds to biosolids recycling opponent. New England Water and Wastewater News, Issue 69, Nov. 2001, p. 7.

13.   NEBRA, Mission and Membership. http://www.nebiosolids.org/.

14.   Ibid.

Afterword

1.     Egilman DS, Bohme S (2005), Over a Barrel: Corporate Corruption of Science and the Effects on Workers and the Environment. Int J Occup Environ Health 11: 331-337; Krimsky S. (2003), Science in the Private Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted Biomedical Research? Rowman & Littlefields Publishers Inc. Lanham- Boulder- New York- Oxford; Michaels D (2008), Doubt is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford University Press. New York.

2.     Michaels (op cit.) in his book exposing the tobacco industry’s campaign to cover up health hazards, states “every chapter in my book contains material that was uncovered during the discovery process in a legal proceeding.”

3.     The Merchant of Venice 2. 7. 7-10.

4.     Caroline Snyder holds a Ph.D. from Harvard University and is Professor Emeritus at the Rochester Institute of Technology, where she developed and taught interdisciplinary environmental science courses. Before retiring, Dr. Snyder chaired the Department of Science, Technology, and Society. For the past seventeen years she has researched and written about the politics and science of using municipal sewage sludge (aka biosolids). Her article published in 2002 in the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, titled “The Dirty Work of Promoting ‘Recycling’ of America’s Sewage Sludge,” is widely cited.

Appendix I.

1.     Bastian RK, Interpreting Science in the Real World for Sustainable Land Application 2005; JEQ 34,1:174.

2.     EPA Fact Sheet. http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/wastewater/treatment/biosolids/

3.     Hale RC, LaGuardia MJ, Harvey EP, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM, Duff WH. Persistent pollutants in land applied sludges. Nature 412:140-141.

4.     NEBRA, Response to Toxic Action Center’s Toxic Sludge in Our Communities. Mar. 3, 2003.

5.     CalRecycle. http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/biosolids/

6.     Gattie DK, Lewis DL, A high-level disinfection standard for land-applied sewage sludge (biosolids). Environ. Health Perspect. 2004;112:126-31.

7.     Gibbs RA et al. Re-growth of faecal coliforms and salmonellae in stored biosolids and soil amended with biosolids. Water Science and Technology 1997; 35 (11-12).

8.     Miles SL, Takizawa K, Gerba CP, Pepper IL, Survival of Infectious Prions in Blass B Biosolids. J.Env..Sci. & Hlth. 2011; 46: 364-370.

9.     Kaplan N, Prions’ Great Escape. http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080701/full/news.2008.926.html

10.   Toffey WE, Biosolids Odorant Emissions as a Cause of Somatic Disease. Presentation to the 2007 North East Bisolids & Residuals Conference, Philadelphia Water Department. December 4, 2007.

11.   Shusterman D, Critical review; the health significance of environmental odor pollution. Arch.Environ.Health 1992; 47:76-87.

12.   NEBRA Mar. 3, 2003 op.cit p. 10.

13.   Lewis DL et al., Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land-applied sewage sludges (biosolids) BMC 2002; 2:11. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/2/11; Lewis DL, Gattie DK, Pathogen risks from applying sewage sludge to land Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002; 36:286A-293A; Ghosh J, Bioaerosols Generated From Biosolids Applied Farm Fields In Wood County, Ohio. Master of Science Thesis (2005), Graduate College of Bowling Green State University. Abstract by Robert K Vincent, Advisor. www.ohiolink.edu/etd/sendpdf.cgi/Ghosh%20Jaydeep.pdf?bgsu1131322484; Khuder S et al. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 2007; 62, 5–11.

14.   NEBRA. Mar. 3, op.cit. p. 22.

15.   U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Biosolids: Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Report - Overview, January 2009, EPA 822-R-08-014. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/biosolids/tnsss-overview.cfm; See also Sepulvado JG, Blaine AC, Hundal LS, Higgins CP, Occurrence and Fate of Perfluorochemicals in Soil Following the Land Application of Municipal Biosolids. Environ. Sci. Technol. Mar. 29, 2011, DOI: 10.1021/es103903d.

16.   Lewis DL, Garrison W, Wommack KE, Whittemore A, Steudler P, Melillo J. Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils. Nature 1999; 401:898-901; Paris DF, Lewis DL. Chemical and microbial degradation of ten selected pesticides in aquatic systems. Residue reviews 1973; 45:95-124.

17.   Abernethy MD, To sludge or not to sludge?: At summit, scientists discuss risks, Interview with R Chaney, USDA. Green Consumer Headlines, Times-News, May 2, 2010. http://www.managemylife.com/mmh/articles/curated/278108

18.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Report: EPA-600/S1-81-026, 232 p. (Apr. 1981). Sewage Sludge–Viral and Pathogenic Agents in Soil-Plant-Animal Systems. G.T. Edds and J.M. Davidson, Institute of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Florida. An EPA Project Summary is available at http://nepis.epa.gov/ by searching 600S181026 or key words in the title of the report.

19.   Ibid, U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General Status Report (2002).

20.   NEBRA, Is biosolids recycling safe? How do we know? http://www.nebiosolids.org/index.php?page=faqs

21.   Harrison EZ, McBride MB, Bouldin DR, Land application of sewage sludges: an appraisal of the US regulations. Int. J.Environment and Pollution, Vol. 11, No.1. 1-36. Retrieved at http:cwmi.css.cornell.edu/PDFS/LandApp.pdf. See also Case for Caution Revisited 2008 (revised 2009). http:cwmi.css.cornell.edu/case.pdf; http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/PDFS/LandApp.pdf

22.   National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices, National Academy Press, Jul. 2, 2002. www.nap.edu/books/0309084865/html

Appendix III.

1.     Billups Grove Baptist Church is an historic African-American church near Athens, Georgia, which was organized in 1898 by former slaves. In 1976, the City of Athens created a landfill near the church, and now composts sewage sludge (biosolids) generated on land directly behind the church. Families attending the church, and living around it, suffer from exposure to landfill leachates and sewage sludges, which contaminate the air, water and soil. Symptoms include those commonly reported in the scientific literature at other land-application sites, such as gastrointestinal problems and chronic infections of the skin and respiratory tract.

2.     In 1977, President Jimmy Carter announced a 10-year program to construct wastewater (sewage) treatment plants for every municipality in the country. In a speech to Congress, he cautioned: “But at the same time, we need to be sure that sewage projects supported by Federal money do not create additional environmental problems . . . We also must ensure that the systems are operated properly . . . that there is an effective pretreatment program to remove harmful industrial wastes from these systems; and that we are carefully considering alternative solutions . . . .” President Jimmy Carter, The Environment Message to the Congress. May 23, 1977. www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7561

Appendix IV.

1.     WEF/EPA Biosolids Fact Sheet (1997) titled “Biosolids Reuse in Southern California” funded by EPA Cooperative Agreement #CX820725-01-2, National Biosolids Public Acceptance Campaign.

2.     EPA-WEF National Biosolids Public Acceptance Campaign, Grant No. CX-820725-01-0 and renewals, Decision Memorandum from Michael J. Quigley to Michael B. Cook, July 28, 1992.

3.     Suquamish Tribe of Port Madison, WA. Chief Seattle’s 1854 Oration. www.suquamish.nsn.us/HistoryCulture/Speech/tabid/85/Default.aspx

Appendix V.

1.     In 2008, the Senate Environment Public Works Committee scheduled, then cancelled, a Briefing on EPA’s biosolids program. Chapter 5 of this book contains a detailed discussion of the planned Briefing and reasons it was cancelled. Appendices V and VI represent the written testimony of the Author and former dairy owner Andy McElmurray, respectively. Mr. McElmurray, another dairy owner, William (Bill) Boyce, and their families sued the City of Augusta and Richmond County over damages caused by hazardous wastes in Augusta’s sewage sludge. The McElmurray family also filed suit against the USDA to obtain compensation for crop losses caused by the contamination of their land. They won all of their cases based on compelling evidence that EPA, the Georgia Environmental Protection Division, and the City of Augusta covered up the adverse effects Augusta’s biosolids had on their dairy cattle. The cover-up included publishing environmental monitoring data fabricated by the City of Augusta, which indicated levels of heavy metals and nitrogen in Augusta’s sewage sludges generally dropped to safe levels after EPA passed its current sludge regulation (503 sludge rule) in 1993.

2.     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Memorandum: Walker JM, EPA Municipal Technology Branch to Henry L. Longest II, EPA Assoc. Deputy Asst. Administrator for Water Program Operations. Sept. 12, 1978.

3.     Henry Longest was Acting Asst. Administrator of EPA’s Office of Research & Development (ORD) during the time Dr. Lewis researched biosolids at UGA; and Mr. Longest was deposed in Dr. Lewis’ U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) Cases. The EPA lab where Dr. Lewis worked played a lead role in peer-reviewing EPA’s sludge rule in 1992; and Longest’s lead role in promoting biosolids and overseeing the development of EPA’s sludge regulations was common knowledge throughout EPA-ORD. EPA Attorney Bridget Shea, however, informed Dr. Lewis’ attorneys prior to his DOL depositions that Mr. Longest would not answer any questions related to biosolids.

4.     Lewis, DL, EPA science: Casualty of election politics. Nature 1996; 381:731-2.

5.     Lewis, DL, Arens M, Appleton S, et al., Cross-contamination potential with dental equipment. Lancet 1992;340:1252-4; Lewis DL, Arens M, Resistance of microorganisms to disinfection in dental and medical devices. Nature Medicine 1995;1:956-8; CDC, Recommended infection-control practices for dentistry. Morbid. Mortal. Wky. Rep. 1993; 42:1-12.

6.     Mikhail N, Lewis DL, Omar N, Taha H, El-Badawy A, Mawgoud nA, Abdel-Hamid M, Strickland GT, Prospective study of cross-infection from upper-GI endoscopy in a hepatitis C–prevalent population. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65:584-588.

7.     U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General Status Report—Land Application of Biosolids, 2002-S-000004, Mar. 28, 2002. www.epa.gov/oig/reports/2002/BIOSOLIDS_FINAL_REPORT.pdf

8.     Harrison E. Correspondence at Nature.com. June 17, 2008.

9.     Tollefson J. Raking through sludge exposes a stink. Nature, 2008, Vol. 453, p. 258, 262-3, May 15, 2008.

10.     Nature, Stuck in the Mud. Vol. 453 p. 258, May 15, 2008.

11.     U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science. 2000a. EPA’s Sludge Rule: Closed Minds or Open Debate? No. 106-95. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000b. Intolerance at EPA—Harming People, Harming Science? No. 106- 103. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12.     Notification and Federal Employee Antidiscrimination and Retaliation Act of 2002. 2002. Public Law 107-174.

13.   Deposition transcript of EPA-Athens Research Director Dr. Robert Swank, p. 52. Sep. 6, 2000. Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor Case Nos. 99-CAA-12, 2000-CAA-10, 2000-CAA-11.

14.   Kuehn R., Suppression of Environmental Science, American Journal of Law & Medicine, 2004;30:333-69.

15.   McElmurray v. USDA, United States District Court, Southern District of Georgia, Case No. CV105-159, Order issued Feb. 25, 2008.

16.   Lewis DL, Garrison W, Wommack KE, Whittemore A, Steudler P, Melillo J, Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils. Nature 1999; 401:898-901.

17.   Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA. Hundreds of EPA scientists report political interference over last five years. Apr. 23, 2008. (www.ucsusa.org).

18.   Gattie DK, Lewis DL, A high-level disinfection standard for land-applied sewage sludge (biosolids). Environ. Health Perspect. 2004;112:126-31.

19.   Griffin DW, Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. Jul 2007; 20(3): 459–477.

20.   Ibid.

21.   Lewis DL, Gattie DK, Novak ME, Sanchez S, Pumphrey C. Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land-applied sewage sludges (biosolids). BMC Public Health 2:11 (28 Jun). www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/2/11.

22.   Dorn RC, Reddy CS, Lamphere DN, Gaeuman JV, Lanese R: Municipal sewage sludge application on Ohio farms: health effects. Environ. Res. 1985; 38:332-359.

Appendix VI.

1.     Based on independent analyses performed by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division and a private consulting firm, potentially harmful levels of thallium and other hazardous wastes were found in milk samples collected on one dairy farm treated with Augusta’s sewage sludge, and in milk cartons pulled from the shelf in area grocery stores. USA, ex rel. Lewis, McElmurray & Boyce et al. v. Walker et al. Case No. 3:06-CV-16. Lewis DL, Responses to Interrogatories submitted by Defendant UGA Research Foundation: “Milk Contamination Cover-Up,” p. 145-149. May 4, 2009.

2.     McElmurray v. United States Department of Agriculture, United States District Court, Southern District of Georgia. Case No. CV105-159. Order issued Feb. 25, 2008.

3.     Ibid.

4.     USA, ex rel. R.A. McElmurray, III, G. William Boyce, and David L. Lewis v. The Consolidated Government of Augusta-Richmond County, Georgia. United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, Atlanta Division. Civil Action No. 1:05-CV-1575-ODE.

5.     Ibid, McElmurray v. USDA, Order issued Feb. 25, 2008.

6.     Ibid.

7.     Bastian R, EPA Office of Water, to Dominy M, EPA Region IV-Atlanta, Nov. 25, 2003 [Email]. Bastian states: "I have been drafted by OST to develop a write-up on the Augusta, GA, case to include in the petition response." Bastian attached a draft "write-up" and explained that it incorporated suggestions from Bob Brobst. Brobst coauthored the 2003 JEQ study with J. Gaskin. This write-up was incorporated in a letter to Joseph Mendelson, III and Thomas Linsey issued by EPA Asst. Administrator G. Tracy Mehan, III on Dec. 24, 2003; Mehan, GT III, EPA Asst. Administrator for Water, to Mendelson J III, Legal Director, Center for Food Safety, Linsey T, Community Environ. Legal Defense Fund, Dec. 24, 2003. This letter dismissed in link between biosolids and the deaths of Tony Behun, Shayne Conner, Daniel Pennock, and the dairy cattle on the McElmurray and Boyce farms.

8.     Deposition testimony of former Augusta Wastewater Treatment Plant Manager Allen Saxon taken on July 23, 1999 (p. 166), and deposition of Hugh Avery taken on May 6, 1999 (p. 19). McElmurray et al. and Boyce et al. v. Augusta, Georgia, Richmond County Superior Court, Civil Action File Nos. 198-216, 198-217.U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General Status Report - Land Application of Biosolids, 2002-S-000004, Mar. 28, 2002.

9.     BIRT Member R Bastian to National Academy of Sciences attaching draft of J Gaskin’s final report to EPA, Mar. 13, 2001.

10.   Gaskin J, Brobst R, Miller W, Tollner W. 2003. Long-term biosolids application effects on metal concentrations in soil and bermudagrass forage, Table 2. J. Environ. Qual. 32: 146-152. http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/32/1/146.pdf

11.   Ibid, Bastian, 2001.

12.   Holmes C, University of Georgia. Sludge study relieves environmental fears. Jan. 29, 2003.

13.   Ibid, Bastian, 2003.

14.   Ibid, Mehan, 2003

15.   U.S. EPA Office of Inspector General Status Report—Land Application of Biosolids, 2002-S-000004, Mar. 28, 2002.

16.   Lewis v. EPA, U.S. Department of Labor, CA 2003-CAA-00005, 00006. Deposition of Robert E. Hodson, Ph.D. Jan. 31, 2003. Prof. Hodson, Director of Marine Programs at UGA, testified under oath that UGA’s Provost and other administrators advised him not to hire Dr. Lewis after EPA’s Office of Water funded the Gaskin study at UGA. The reason, Prof. Hodson testified, was “because we’re dependent on this money . . . grant and contract money . . . money either from possible future EPA grants or [from] connections there might be between the waste-disposal community [and] members of faculty at the university.”