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Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abstract thinking, 71, 135–39, 398
acetaminophen (Tylenol), 224
acetylcholine, 51, 109, 301, 352–53, 356
Ackerman, Diane, 137
activity and exercise, 280–94
aerobic and anaerobic, 287
age-appropriate goals for, 175
and Alzheimer’s defense, xvii
benefits of, 263, 282–83, 290, 290–92
and blood flow to brain, 161
and cognitive function, 281–82, 284, 286, 287, 289, 291–92
and constipation, 270
curtailment of, 161, 175–76, 285
and embodied cognition, 282, 283
high-intensity, interval training (HIIT), 288–89
and injury risks, 288
and longevity, 320
minimal levels of, 290–91
motivation to stay fit, 174–75
and neurogenesis, 286
and neuroplasticity, 286
in outdoor settings, 113–14, 204, 227, 281–82, 285–86, 292–94, 396–97
and pain management, 224–25, 226, 227
and sedentary lifestyles, 280–81
of Shultz, 118
and sleep hygiene, 248
and social isolation and loneliness, 191
and telomere length, 326
and walking, 292–94
Adams, James L., 129–30, 132, 285
Adderall, 349–50
addictions, 375
Adelson, Edward, 91–92
advance medical directives, 390–93
affirmations, personal, 28
age discrimination, 380, 472n380
agency, sense of, 196–99, 284, 285
agreeableness, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 21
alcohol consumption, 76, 246–47, 265–66, 268, 269, 377–78
Alexander, Jason, 7
all-cause mortality, 26, 202, 207, 208
Allen, David, 26
allostasis and allostatic load, 155–58, 185
Allport, Gordon, xxiii
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), 109
alternative medicine, 255–56
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
about, 81
and age-related changes in personalities, 20
and amyloids, xvii, xviii, 81, 247, 299, 334
and Bredesen Protocol, xvii–xviii
and chronic inflammation, 82
and circadian rhythm disruption, 245
and cortisol levels, 157
and daydreaming mode, 80
environmental component of, xvii
genetic component of, xvii, 81, 82, 405n
and insulin levels, 263
light therapy and melatonin treatments for, 247
and loneliness, 179
and meditation, 366
and microbiome, 272
and mild cognitive impairment, 80
and music, 146
and neural implants, 362
and neuroinflammation, xviii
and olfactory deficits, 109
preparedness for, 389
and putamen, 182
risk factors for, xvii, 389, 403n
and sleep deprivation, xvii, 299
and sundowner’s syndrome, 245, 247
symptoms of, 81
as third leading cause of death, xvii
treatment strategies being researched, xvii–xviii
without cognitive impairment, 138
women’s risk of, xvii
and work accommodations, 380–81
amnesia, infantile and childhood, 283
amyloids, xvii, xviii, 81, 247, 299, 334
analogical reasoning, 119, 140–41
Anderson, David, 162–63, 183, 188–89, 304
andropause, 306
antibiotics, 272
antidepressants, xvi, 74, 158, 162–64, 190
anti-inflammatory drugs, xviii
antioxidants, 105, 257–59, 442n258
anxiety, 13, 18, 21, 206, 273, 361, 365
APOE gene, 82
appetite loss, 230
apps, security features on, 172–73
arteriosclerosis, 76
artists and artistic endeavors, 24, 25, 135, 160
aspirin, 83
assertiveness, 18
assisted living (AL), 198–99, 388
associations, making, 119. See also sociability
Astorino, Todd, 288–89
Atkins, Robert, 330
attention, 79, 81, 273, 352–53, 365
attitudes toward elderly, xiii, xxi–xxii
auditory memory circuits in the brain, 7
auditory system, 63, 73, 75, 105
Augspurger, George, 115–16, 119, 138
Aune, Gregory, 370
autism spectrum disorders, 41, 80, 187–88, 398–99
autobiographical memories, 39, 40, 45–46, 49
autonomy, functional, 197–98
babies and infancy
adverse experiences in, 272–73
amnesia in, 284
critical periods for, 72–74, 75
deaf, 75
egocentric psychopathy of, 19
emotional needs of, 74
and language acquisition/fluency, 69, 70, 71–72, 75
neurons and neural growth in, 64–65, 68, 69, 70, 71
and nurturing in early life, 184–85
old age compared to, 76
and parental attachment, 184, 397
predispositions (temperament), 19
prenatal influences on development, xx, 185
senses of, 66–68
statistical inferencing of, 70–71
Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop), 357
Balaban, Evan, 67
balance, retaining sense of, 99
Bandura, Albert, 197
Barbi, Elisabetta, 319
Barrett, Lisa Feldman, 150
Bartlett, Frederic, 55
Beecher, Henry, 209
Befriending program, 192–93
Bellugi, Ursula, xxii
Bermuda Triangle, 99
Bible, references to brain in, 62
Big Five personality model, 15–17, 19, 21
biological clocks, 235–50
age-related changes in, 241–42, 243, 243–45
and alcohol consumption, 266
and artificial light, 240, 296, 303
and caffeine intake, 248–49
and chronotypes, 239, 239–42, 249–50
disruptions in, 244–45
evolution of, 235
genetic component of, 236, 237, 239, 241–42
and master clock, 236–38, 239, 243
and melatonin, 238, 239, 240, 245, 246–48, 308
and peak performance, 249–50
and sentinel hypothesis, 241, 242
and sleep requirements, 301
and winter months, 246
and work/school schedules, 240–41
bionics, 362–64
birds, testosterone in, 168
birth order, 8–9
Blackburn, Elizabeth, 328–29
Blakey, Art, 117
blind individuals, 75–76
blueberries, 105
blue light exposure, 238, 303, 308
blue zones, 320–21
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, 124
Bogues, Muggsy, 7
bone density, 168
Bowlby, John, 184
Bowling Alone (Putnam), 180
Bradley, David, 367
brains
blood flow to, 161
brain/body dualism, 281
brain-derived neurotrophic factor, 76
brain injuries, 47
compensatory mechanisms of, xi–xii, 75, 90, 94
continual changes in, xxiii
critical periods of development in, 72–74
of embryos and fetuses, 67, 74
evolutionary blueprint of, 66
and language acquisition/fluency, 69, 70, 73, 74
meditation’s effect on, 365
mirror neurons of, 214
and myelin coating, 65, 77, 78, 79
and neural pruning, 67, 68–69, 70
and neurological turn inward, 31
neurons and neural growth in, 64–65, 71, 84–85
normal aging in, 31
and nurturing in early life, 185, 187
and pain perception, 208–10, 212–15, 213
processing speed of, 132–35, 138
reduction in volume of, 77
remapping in, 75–76
“rewiring,” 337
spatial maps of, 94–95
specific effects of aging on, 76–80
white matter declines in, 78, 161
See also cognitive health/function; intelligence; neuroplasticity; strokes
“brain training games,” 132, 344–46
Bredesen, Dale, xvii
Bredesen Protocol, xvii–xviii
brightness, perception of, 91, 91–92, 92
Brill, David, 384
Buddhism, 29, 159, 372–73, 374
Buenaver, Luis, 308
Buhl, J. D., 205–6
Burke, Deborah, 60
Burke, Tina, 248–49
Bushnell, Catherine, 214–15
business enterprises, late-life, 25
caffeine intake, xxi, 248–49, 306–7
Caldwell, Gordon, 385–86
Calment, Jeanne, 313, 343, 457n313
calmness (personality trait), 10
caloric restriction, 262–66, 330, 339–40
Campbell, Glen, 87
Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), 192
cancer
and cellular senescence, 331, 332
changes in treatments for, 172
and circadian rhythm disruption, 245
and immortality of cancer cells, 324
immunotherapies for, 172, 332–34, 335, 335
and meditation, 366
and melatonin, 308
and microbiome, 272
overdiagnosis in screenings for, 27
and sleep deprivation, xvii
and telomere length, 327, 328, 329
cannabis/cannabinoids, 190, 352, 358, 361
carbohydrate restriction, 255
Carey, Susan, xxii
Carnes, Bruce, 330
Carstensen, Laura, 194–95, 371, 372
castration and longevity, 323
catecholamines, 155
categorization and category members, 103
central executive mode of attention, 79
change, motivation/capacity for, 4–5, 9, 171–76
Chapin, Henry, 186
character, 6. See also personalities
Charles Bonnet syndrome, 105
Chen, Weiyun, 288
childhood socioeconomic status (SES), xx
children and childhood
adverse experiences in, 156, 272–73
amnesia in, 284
on autism spectrum, 398–99
concussions during, 397
coping styles of, 164
and health outcomes in adulthood, 3–4
individual differences in, 3–4, 5
and language acquisition/fluency, 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 74, 75
and long-term effects of parental relationships, 184, 378, 397
and mental/physical health of mother, xix–xx
orphaned or abandoned, 186
and parental attachment, 184, 397
predispositions (temperament), 19
social development of, 74
socioeconomic context of, xx
chronic disease and conditions, rates of, 160
chronobiology. See activity and exercise; biological clocks
chronotypes, 239, 239–42, 249–50
circadian rhythms, 235, 236–37, 238, 247, 301, 308. See also chronobiology
Clarke, Rachel, 395
COACH principle, xxiv, 29, 118
cochlear implants, 73, 75, 107, 361
Coetzee, J. M., 382
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 155–56, 163, 164, 190
cognitive enhancement
ethics of, 346–49
memory/attention enhancement, 352–53
and recreational drugs, 358–61
and stimulants, 349–52
cognitive health/function, 344–66
and activity/exercise, 284, 287, 289, 291–92, 398
and Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop), 357
and biological clocks of aging adults, 244
and “brain training games,” 132, 344–46
and challenges associated with aging, 76
cognitive prostheses, 57
and cognitive reserve, 80–81, 138–39
and cognitive stimulation therapy, 354–55
and constipation, 269
decline in, xvii, 77, 78, 199, 202, 266, 355–56
and declining hormones, 168
filling in missing information (perceptional completion), 93–94, 102–3
and hormone replacement therapy, 354
and meditation, 364–66
and microdosing, 361
and neural implants, 361–62
and Neuroshrooms, 356–57
pain’s impact on, 214, 214, 229
and relationships, 376
and relationships, meaningful, 376
and social engagement, 26, 202, 203–4, 398
and time outdoors, 113–14, 281–82, 292–94, 293, 398
and vitamin B12, 355–56
cognitive stimulation therapy (CST), 354–55
Cohen, Leonard, 144
color constancy, 92
Coltrane, John, 166
compassion, xxii, 6, 28–29, 398, 400
complex/enriched environments, 113–14, 203, 227, 281–82
Conceptual Blockbusting (Adams), 129, 132
Condello, Carlo, 334
conditioning, behavioral, 39
confabulations, 47
confusion, 231
connectomes, 152–53
conscientiousness, 26–27
age-related changes in, 20, 21, 21
and COACH principle, xxiv, 29, 118
and family values, 8
importance of, 396–97
improving levels of, 26
intelligence without, 26
Koch on hiring people with, 26
and physical traits, 10
and serotonin, 18
and telomere length, 326
traits included in, 16
unhealthy levels of, 27
conservatism in older adults, xxii, 87
constipation, 269–71
continuity of care, 382–86
control, sense of, 196–99
coping styles, 164–66
corporations, senior workers in, 138
cortisol
and activity/exercise, 291
and adverse childhood experiences, 156
meditation’s effect on, 365
and memory testing, 59
parenting’s impact on, xx
and probiotics, 273
Coughlin, Joseph F., 387–88
creative arts, 85–86
creativity, 129–32, 130, 131, 199, 285–86, 296, 361
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, xviii
critical periods of development, 72–74, 75
Crook, Robyn, 218–19
crosswords, 132
cruciferous vegetables, 264, 445n264
Cryan, John, 272
curiosity
in children’s temperament, 19
and COACH principle, xxiv, 29, 118
curiosity quotient (CQ), 27
and internal vs. external locus of control, 173
and jump-starting motivation, 173
Koch on hiring people with, 26
unhealthy levels of, 27
Dalai Lama
on compassion, 28–30
counseling followers, 158–59
on emotional regulation, 159–60
humility practiced by, 28–29
on intense self focus, 159, 165–66
on sleep, 295
work schedule of, 379
Daltrey, Roger, xiii
David, Nathaniel, 332
Davidson, Richard, 365
Davis, Clive, 138
Davis, Miles, 166
daydreaming mode, 79–80, 137, 166
deaf individuals, 73, 75, 76, 105
death
acceptance of, xii
and advance medical directives, 390–93
and end-of-life care, 394–96
inevitability of, 313–14
and psilocybin, 358
DeGrado, Bill, 334
De Grey, Aubrey, 336–38
De Groot, Adrian, 309
delirium, 231
dementia
and activity/exercise, 283
advance medical directive for, 391–93
and autonomy of older people, 198
and biological clocks of aging adults, 244
and “brain training games,” 344
and childhood concussions, 397
genetic factors related to, 82
and insulin levels, 263
and loneliness, 179
and mild cognitive impairment, 80
misperception on inevitability of, 82–83
and neural implants, 362
prevention of, 86
and social engagement, 202, 398
and synesthesia, 67
term, 81
variety of brain conditions leading to, 80
and vitamin B12, 356
and work accommodations, 381
See also Alzheimer’s disease
depression, 158–64
and Alzheimer’s defense, xviii
and coping styles, 164–66
and digital devices, 375
and drug therapies, xvi, 74, 158, 162–64, 190
factors contributing to, 160–61
and hypersomnia, 303–4
and intelligence, 134
and lifestyle choices, xvi
and microbiome, 272
and probiotics, 273
and protective factors, 161–62, 162
and psychedelics, 182
and rumination, 164–66
and sleep quality, 303
symptoms of, 160
upon retirement, 199
vascular, 161
and volunteerism, 202
and world happiness rankings, 375
developmental neuroscience, xxii–xxiii
De Waal, Frans, 147
dexterity, losses in, 107–8, 285
diabetes, 104, 105, 238, 263, 366
diagnostics, implants for, 363–64
diarrhea, 268–69
Dickens, Charles, 300
diet and nutrition, 251–79
and alcohol consumption, 265–66, 268, 269
bland, 112–13
and caloric restriction, 262–66, 330, 339–40
and charlatans in diet industry, 251–52
and cognitive reserve, 139
and constipation, 269–71
and fiber, 261, 270, 273, 275, 276
and fish/fish oils, 79, 264, 265, 276
and fruits and vegetables, xvii, 261, 264, 265, 270, 276
history of research in, 252–53, 279
and hydration, 268–69
and inflammation, 266
and intuitive eating, 277–78
and longevity, 320
and microbiome, 238–39, 271–75, 278
and nuts/seeds, 261
and omega-3 fatty acids, 79, 261, 264–65
popular and alternative diets, 254, 255–57, 266, 277
and prebiotics, 275
and probiotics, 271, 273, 274–75, 452
and processed foods, 276, 279, 326
and protein, 266–68
and sleep hygiene, 246–47
and social isolation and loneliness, 191
and soy, 267–68
standard American diet, 279
and superfoods, 278
and supplements, 258–59, 264–65, 266
and telomere length, 326
and timing of meals, 238, 243, 246
and variety of foods, 276–77
and whole grains, 261, 265, 270, 276
difficult conversations, 386–89
digestive cycles, 237
digital devices, 375
disability, living with, 207–8, 208
Disgrace (Coetzee), 382
distractions
and memory disruption, 42–43, 59
and pain management, 227, 394–95
Doidge, Norman, 85
Dolhun, Eduardo, 383
dominance, 18
Domingo, Placido, 399
dopamine
and circadian rhythm, 246
and individual differences, 152
influence on personality traits, 18
and “likes” in cyberspace, 181
and microbiome, 272
and novelty seeking, 171
and putamen, 183
reductions in production/uptake of, 76, 171, 285, 350–51
and social anxiety, 183
and social isolation, 190
and wisdom, 144
Dozier, Lamont, 379
drawing as memory aid, 56–57
drive and productivity, 21
Dweck, Carol, 173–74
Eastern cultural attitudes, xv, 374–75
Edison, Thomas, 296
EGR gene, 314
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 379
Ekman, Paul, 150
embodied cognition, 282, 283, 293, 362, 451n282
emotional stability
age-related changes in, 20, 21, 21
as Big Five dimension, 16
and physical traits, 10
and serotonin, 18
traits included in, 16
emotions, 146–78
about, 146
of animals, 149
and bodily regulation, 150
categorization of, 103
culturally specific/universal, 150
development and maturation of, 151
differentiation of, 151
and emotional eating, 278
evolutionary function of, 147, 149
fear, 149
grief, 210
hardwired, 149
and hormones, 169
misattribution of, 148–49
in musical performances, 146
neurochemical basis of, 151–53
and pain of mental anguish, 210
pain’s interaction with, 214, 214, 399
regulation of, 159–60, 184, 191, 194, 202
as related to moods, 146
sleep’s role in processing, 298
survival related, 147–49
understanding others,’ 150–51
See also depression; happiness; stress and stress response
energy, loss of, xviii
environment/genes, interactions of, 7, 152
Eos and Tithonos, myth of, 367
Epel, Elissa, 328–29
episodic memory (particular knowledge store), 39, 40–41, 51, 54
estrogen, 166–67, 168, 304, 354
ethical behaviors, 103
exercise. See activity and exercise
experience as related to wisdom, 119
Experience Corps, 381
expertise in older adults, 115–16, 119, 398
extraversion, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21
Eysenck, Hans, xxiii
facial recognition, 38
Fagen, Donald, 379
families
family bonds, xxii
intergenerational, 388
and longevity, 320
as microcultures, 8
and pain attitudes, 220
roles adopted in (birth order), 8–9
See also parents
fats, dietary, xvii, 260–62, 264
Fazah, Ziad, 69
fecal transplants, 275
fiber, 261, 270, 273, 275, 276
films, collecting, 172
finances, personal, 26, 171–72
fish and fish oils, 79, 264, 265
flavors, detection of, 110–13
flexibility, 20
Flier, Jeffrey, 341
flow state, 166
forgiveness, xxii
Fox, Nathan, 186–87
FOXO proteins and FOXO genes, 315, 322–23
Frames of Mind (Gardner), 123–24
free radicals, 105, 257–58, 442n257
Friedman, Richard, 292
friends. See relationships
fruits and vegetables, xvii, 261, 264, 265, 270, 276
Gall, Franz Joseph, xxiii
Galton, Sir Francis, xxiii, 12
Gardner, Christopher, 254
Gardner, Howard, 123–24, 126–27, 128
gas detection devices, 113
gassiness, xxi
Gaster, Barak, 392–93
gate control theory of pain, 210
Gawande, Atul, 107–8
generalization principle, 34–38
general knowledge, 39
genes and genetics
and biological clock, 236, 237, 239, 241–42
and breakdown of DNA, 79
in common with other organisms, 66
and cultural context, 8
and dementia risks, 82
environment’s interaction with, 7, 152
and gene expression, 7–8, 152, 182
influence on mental and personality traits, 6–7, 18
and loneliness and social isolation, 182
and longevity, 321
meditation’s effect on, 365–66
and pain perception, 221–22
Gestalt psychologists, 52–53
Getting Things Done (Allen), 26
Gilbert, Dan, 392
ginkgo, 386
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 201
Global Burden of Disease Project, 206–7
Glück, Judith, 143
glucocorticoids, xx, 29, 153–54, 155, 185
glucosamine, 224
Glueck Study, 377–78
Goldberg, Lewis R.
author’s relationship with, xxii, 10–11
and individual differences in manufactured objects, 37
on “openness” factor, 405n16
personality research of, xxiii–xxiv, 12, 13, 15
Goleman, Daniel, 26
Gonzalez, Nicholas, 255–56
good-naturedness (personality trait), 10
Grace and Frankie (television series), 23
Grafton, Scott, 113, 280–81, 283, 293, 451n282
Greeks, ancient, 62
grief, 210
growth mind-sets, 173–74
Guarente, Leonard, 340
guilt, 18
Gundry, Steven, 251–52
gustatory deficits, 108–13
gym memberships, 292
Hafter, Erv, 52
Hall, Ralph, 200
hallucinogenics, 358–61
Hamilton, Dave, 352
Hampson, Sarah, xxii, 4, 10–11, 22, 326, 406n19
happiness, 176–78
and compassion, 28
and conscientiousness, 26
as culturally universal emotion, 150
effect of smiling on, 28
and gratitude, 191
and happiest time of life, xxv
and helping others, 177–78
and love, 376
measuring, 374–78
and observer distortion effect, 176
and positivity in older adults, 196, 202, 371–73
relationships’ impact on, 376–78
relativism of, 176
and religious affiliation, 191
world rankings of, 375
Harlow, Harry, 183–84
Harvard Grant Study, 375–77
Haselton, Martie, 167
hatreds, letting go of, 398
Hawkins, Jeff, 336
Hawkins, Julia “Hurricane,” 22–23, 174
Hayflick, Leonard, 324–25, 329–30
Hayflick limit, 324–26
health spans, 118, 191, 207, 319, 343, 375
healthy life expectancy (HALE), 370
healthy practices, xxiv, 29, 118
hearing
age-related changes in, 104–7
and cochlear implants, 73, 75, 107, 361
and hearing aids, 87, 104, 106–7
rates of hearing loss, 87, 105
and tinnitus, 105–6
heart disease, xvii, 261–62, 264, 265, 287
Hekimi, Siegfried, 318–19, 329
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 94, 95
helping others, 166, 177–78, 381–82
high-intensity, interval training (HIIT), 288–89
hippocampus
and activity/exercise, 282, 283, 284, 291, 397
and adverse childhood experiences, 157
and Alzheimer’s disease, xvii, 41
and childhood amnesia, 284
and consolidation of memories, 51
glucocorticoid receptors in, xx
meditation’s effect on, 365
and memory, 52, 54, 77, 78, 165, 171
and nurturing in early life, 185
research on function of, 52
sensitivity to emotion, 165
shrinking of, with age, xvii, 41, 59, 77
and sleep deprivation, 299
and stress, 29
and time outdoors, 397
hobbies, 227
Hofstadter, Douglas, 69
honesty, 26
Honjo, Tasuku, 332
hopelessness, 18
hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 168–69, 304–6, 354
hospitals, choosing, 390
hostility, 18
housing, intergenerational, 192
Housman, Justin, 294
How to Change Your Mind (Pollan), 359
HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis, 29
HSAD (hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy), 217–18
Hughes, Bryan, 318
humor, 142
Hunt, Buz, 126
Huntington’s diseases, 245
hydration, 268–69
hypermnesia, 38
hypothalamus, 160–61
ibuprofen, xviii
identity, role of memory in, 32, 61
imagination, traits included in, 16–17
immune systems
and circadian rhythm disruption, 245
and hormone reductions, 168
and immunotherapies, 332–34, 335, 335
and insulin levels, 263
and social stress, 184
impulse control, 18, 20, 26, 57, 77
In Defense of Food (Pollan), 279
individual differences, xxii–xxiv, 3–30, 152
individualism, 180
inferior frontal gyrus, 200
inflammation
and Alzheimer’s, xviii, 82, 266
and cellular senescence, 331
and circadian rhythm disruption, 245
and experimental treatments, 339
and hormone replacement therapy, 354
and loneliness, 179
meditation’s effect on, 365, 366
and microbiome, 272
and omega-3 fatty acids, 265
and pain treatments, 223–25
Innsbruck, Austria, sensory adaptation experiments in, 95–96
intellect, 10, 16–17, 405n16. See also openness to experience
intelligence, 115–45
about, 118–20
and abstract thinking, 135–39, 399
and analogical reasoning, 119, 140–41, 421n140
and COACH principle, 118
and cognitive reserve, 80–81
and conscientiousness, 26
and creativity, 129–32, 130, 131, 419n130
and depression, 134
and expertise in older adults, 115–17, 119, 398
fluid, 122–23, 133, 134, 138, 139–42
measuring, 118
multiple domains of, 123–27
and processing speed, 132–35, 138
and Romanian orphan crisis, 187
and school performance, 120–21, 128
tests evaluating, 127–32, 137–38, 139–40
interceptive timing, 71–72
intergenerational living options, 192, 388
inter-/intrapersonal intelligence, 124
internal monologues, 27
inter-rater agreement, 9–10
intuitive eating, 277–78
irritable bowel syndrome, 229, 273
Isaacson, Walter, 199
isolation. See loneliness and social isolation
Istvan, Zoltan, 363
Jagger, Mick, 285
JND (just noticeable difference), 111–12
Jobs, Steve, 27
Joel, Billy, 296
jury trials, 48
Kahana, Michael, 362
Kahneman, Daniel, 222–23, 368, 369
Kamp, David, 296
Kendrick, Anna, 9
Kennedy, John F., Jr., 98–99, 415n98
Kennedy, Pagan, 330–31
Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), 25
Kenyon, Cynthia, 262, 263, 264, 322–23
Keynes, John Maynard, 314
Khullar, Dhruv, 188
Kimball, Jeffrey, 58
Klausner, Richard, 342–43
Klinenber, Eric, 180
knowledge, general and episodic, 39
Koch, Charles, 26
Kodama, Mari, 86
Korsakoff’s syndrome, 109
Kosslyn, Stephen, 57
Krakauer, David, 121
lactose intolerance, xxi
Laddish, Tim, 175–76
La Dolce Vita effect, 20–21
Larsson, Stieg, 217
Lashley, Karl, 84
laughter, value of, 400
laxatives, 270
Lear, Norman, 270
learning
active vs. passive, 55–56
and Alzheimer’s, 81
and cognitive reserve, 139
influence of genes, culture, and opportunity on, 120, 121
and intelligence, 120
and making associations, 119
manual skills, 87
motivation for, 169–71
and new experiences, 132
new things in old age, 87
and quality of life, 382
and sleep, 301
statistical inferencing in, 70–71
LeDoux, Joseph, 147
Lennon, John, 27
leucine, 267–68
Levin, Michael, 314–15
Lewisohn, Mark, 33
lexical hypothesis, 12–13
libido, 167–68
Lickerman, Alex, 391
life spans of humans
and annual risk of death, 319, 319
and antiaging industry, 330
and disease span, xviii–xix, xix, 324
expectations for, 343
and health span, xviii–xix, xix, 319, 324, 330, 343
and oldest living human, 313, 459n315
and population over sixty-five, 400
search for limits of, 317–19
and telomere length, 325–26
lifestyle choices
and COACH principle, xxiv, 29, 118
committing to, 118
understanding the why in, 397
light, artificial, 238, 240, 296, 303
linkAges community program, 191–92
lipid levels, as predicted by childhood personality traits, 4, 26
lists, making, 56
living wills (advance medical directives), 390–93
Lobo, Rogerio, 305–6
Locke, John, 88
locus of control, external vs. internal, 170, 173
logical-mathematical intelligence, 124
Logic of Perception, The (Rock), 90
loneliness and social isolation
about, 179–80
and couplehood, 378
effects of, 181–82, 189, 366, 376
factors contributing to, 180–81
and meditation, 366
and motivation loss, 285
pervasiveness of, 180
as predictors of disease and mortality, 398
reducing, 188–94
longevity
in animal species, 315–17, 316
and antiaging industry, 330
and blue zones, 320–21
and caloric restriction, 339
and cellular senescence, 313, 331–32
and circadian rhythms, 243
and conscientiousness, 26
and couplehood, 378
and disease span, 324
failed attempts at, 330–31
genes’ impact on, 321–22
and Hayflick limit, 324–26
and health/disease spans, 330
and human life span, 317–19, 319
and immunotherapies, 332–34, 335, 335
and oldest living human, 313, 457n313
openness as related to, 25–26
and pseudoscience of de Grey, 336–38
and quality of life, 367–70
role of insulin in, 323
and stress, 153
and telomere length, 325–29
therapies on the horizon, 339–43
long-term care facilities, 196–97, 273–74, 388
Lothian Birth Cohort Study, 134, 139
lottery winners, 177
Louis-Dreyfus, Julia, 7
love, importance of, 376, 377, 378, 379
Lupien, Sonia, 59–60, 154, 305
Luria, Alexander, 38
Maccoby, Eleanor, 367
Mad Men (series), 148–49
Maestas, Nicole, 379
Maimonides, Moses, 238
Mancinelli, Anthony, 200
manual skills, 87
marriages and couplehood, 193, 376, 377, 378, 471n378
Martens, Christopher, 340–41
Mastanamma, 200
math and abstract thinking, 136
Mathews, Max, 306–7
McCartney, Paul, 33, 49, 127, 296
McCrae, Robert, 408n16
McGill Pain Questionnaire, 211
McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 209–10
meals, timing of, 238
Meaney, Michael, xix–xx, 184–85, 272
medial temporal lobe, 41, 59, 77–78, 81
medical care, 382–86
medications
associated with depression, 160–61
and future-impairment preparedness, 389
and hypersomnia, 303–4
and polypharmacy, 230–31
sharing list of, with doctors, 386
meditation, 165–66, 327–28, 364–66
melatonin
and blue light exposure, 303
and caffeine intake, 307
and cancer, 308
and cataract surgery, 238
and circadian rhythms, 235, 239, 240, 246, 248, 301
and resetting sleep cycle, 247–48
timing administration of, 308
Melzack, Ronald, 210, 211, 213, 434n209
memantine (Namenda), 353
Memento (film), 32
memory/memories, 31–61
accuracy of, 49
and active vs. passive learning, 55–56
and activity/exercise, 282, 286, 291
age-related lapses in, 39
and Alzheimer’s, 41, 42, 61, 81
autobiographical, 39, 40, 45–46, 49
and biological clocks of aging adults, 244
and childhood amnesia, 284
decline in, 59–60
and depth of processing, 56–57
disruption of, 42–43
and distractions, 42–43, 57, 59
drugs’ enhancement of, 352–53
episodic memory (particular knowledge store), 39, 40–41, 51, 54
explicit and implicit memory systems, 39, 41, 54
and facial recognition, 38
fundamental importance of, 31–32
and generalization principle, 34–38
hierarchy in systems of, 39
and hormone reductions, 168
inferences and confabulations in, 47–49
location of, in brain, 50–51, 85
long-term, 43
and medial temporal lobe, 77–78
meditation’s effect on, 365
memory systems, 38–56
and multiple-trace theory (MTT), 53–55
negative, 165
and neural implants, 362
and normal aging of brain, 31
organization and retrieval of, 49–50, 52, 53–55, 78
and pain perception, 223
and pattern matching and abstraction, 34–37
and resistance to change, 171
rewriting/editing of, 43–47
semantic memory (general knowledge store), 39–41, 51, 54
and sensory decline, 60
and sentimentality, 37–38
sleep’s function in consolidating, 295, 300, 301
storage of, 50–51, 52, 54–55, 78
strategies for improving and managing, 56–58
and test performance of older adults, 59–60, 409n60
and wisdom, 37
worries about failures in, 31–32
men, emotional sensitivity of, 20
Mencken, H. L., 338
Menon, Vinod, 190
menopausal symptoms, 304–6
mental agility, 26. See also cognitive health/function
mental health, 13, 202–3, 272, 273. See also depression
mental stimulation, 203–4, 227
metabolic syndrome, 238, 245, 292
microbiome, 238–39, 271–75, 278, 335
microdosing, 360–61
migraines, 229
mild cognitive impairment, 80–83, 247, 283, 348, 356, 357, 389
Miller, Earl, 135
Milner, Brenda, 201
Milton, John, 69
mind-sets, fixed vs. growth, 173–74
mirror neurons, 214
Mitchell, Joni, 58, 113, 121, 146, 174, 296
Mlodinow, Leonard, 358
moderation principle, 374
Mogil, Jeffrey, 133, 163, 221, 224–25, 229, 264, 328
Mona Lisa (da Vinci), 133, 199
monogamy, 167
mood disorders/disturbances, 21, 199
moods, 146, 156, 168, 227–28, 361. See also emotions
Moreno, Rita, 343
Morpurgo, Sir Michael, 193–94
mothers, mental and physical health of, xix–xx
motivation
about, 169
decline in, 285
emotions’ function in, 146–47
and external vs. internal locus of control, 170, 173
and fixed vs. growth mind-sets, 173–74
and hormones, 166–69
intrinsic vs. extrinsic, 173
and learning across the life span, 169–71
to make change, 171–76
motor skills and movements, 78, 87, 94, 120
“Mouse Wreckers” Warner Bros. cartoon, 98
movie theater screens, rendering blacks on, 91, 91
Mozart, Wolfgang, 133
multiple-trace theory (MTT), 53–54
multitasking, 56
mushrooms, 182, 356–57, 358–59
music and musicians
and abstract thinking, 136
adapting to changing mediums in, 172
and Alzheimer’s, 146
and emotion, 146
improvisation in, 166
learning to play, 74
motivation of, 170–71
and musical-rhythmic intelligence, 124
and neuroplasticity, 86
and pain management strategies, 227
and reward centers of brain, 190
tests evaluating ability in, 127
myelin
and dietary fats, 261
function of, 65
and neural health, 79
and omega-3 fatty acids, 264
repairing damaged, 79
and vitamin B12, 356
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), 339–41
names, remembering, 55
napping, 303
naturalistic intelligence, 124–25, 419n125
natural remedies, 256
nature and end-of-life care, 395–96. See also outdoors, spending time
Nelson, Charles, 186–87
neuroinflammation, xviii
neuropathy, 225
neuroplasticity
about, 73
across a lifespan, 84–87, 99–100
and activity/exercise, 286
compensatory mechanisms of, 75
and interceptive timing, 72
in older adults, 85
and perceptional completion, 94
and prism adaptation experiments, 94, 97
and remapping process, 75–76
sensitive period for, 73–74
and tinnitus, 106
Neuroshrooms, 356–57
Neurotrack, 56
Newton, Sir Isaac, 89
nicotine, 351
NK (natural killer), xiv
Nolan, Christopher, 32
Nolan, Jonathan, 32
Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan, 164–65
nose, 63–64
notalgia paresthetica, 108, 226
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), 82, 223–24, 225, 229
numbness, 108
nursing homes. See long-term care facilities
nuts and seeds, 261
Nutt, David, 359
obesity, 26, 238, 260, 263, 272, 375
observer distortion effect, 176
obsessive compulsive disorder behaviors, 27
“older adults,” defining, 286
oldest living human, 313, 457n313
olfactory system, declines in, 108–13
olive oil, 264
omega-3 fatty acids, 79, 261, 264–65, 357
Ono, Jiro, 343
openness to experience, 27–28
age-related changes in, 20, 21
and alternative “intellect”/“imagination” terms, 16, 407n16
and COACH principle, xxiv, 29, 118
correlated with health and longevity, 25–26
and internal vs. external locus of control, 173
and microdosing, 361
and psilocybin, 359
and serotonin, 18
traits included in, 16–17
unhealthy levels of, 27
opportunity, 8–9
optimism, 22
Organized Mind, The (Levitin), 82
Ornish, Dean, 256–57
osteoarthritis, 223–24
outdoors, spending time
and cognitive function, 113–14, 281–82, 292–94, 293, 398
and creativity, 285–86
and pain management, 227
Overton, Richard, 343
oxidative stress, 105, 258, 264, 266, 339, 355, 357, 442n258
oxytocin, 190
Oz, Mehmet, 251–52
Padilla, Alfonso, 248
pain, 205–31
age-related problems with, 228–31
anticipation of, 216
and cause of injury, 220
chronic, 206, 207, 210, 218–19, 228–30, 328
and cognitive function, 214, 214, 229
and coping strategies, 227–28
costs of treating, 207
and culture considerations, 219–20, 398
emotions’ interactions with, 214, 214, 398
and empathy, 214
environmental exposure to, 221–22
gate control theory of, 210
genetic factors of, 221–22
hypersensitivity to, 225–26
insensitivity/indifference to, 217–18
managing, 223–26
and mental anguish, 210
misattribution of, 399
misperception on inevitability of, 230
neurological basis of, 208–10, 212–15, 213, 221
and opioids, 48, 207, 220, 223, 225, 226, 375
peaks and declines over time, 207–8
and placebo effects, 220–21
and polypharmacy, 230–31
psychological factors in, 220–21, 222–23, 228
and risk-adjusted age, 207
and telomere length, 328
tool for describing, 211–12
and virtual reality environments, 394–95
Palahniuk, Chuck, 313
Palmer, Steve, 52
Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 191–92
parents
and attachment theory, 184, 397
and children’s stress responses, 184–85
coping styles modeled by, 164
and Harlow’s baby monkey experiments, 183–84
long-term effects of relationships with, 184, 378, 397
and mental/physical health of mother, xix–xx, 185
and prenatal influences on development, xx, 185
Parkinson’s disease, xviii, 109, 245
Parrish, Elizabeth, 329
Parrott, Matthew, 49
patient-centered medical home, 384
patient-doctor relationships, 382–86
pattern matching and abstraction, 34–37, 102, 119
Payne, Samantha, 362–63
Peabody, Dean, 15
peak performance, 249–50
Penfield, Wilder, 212, 434n213
perceptional completion, 102–3
personal affirmations, 28
personalities
age-related changes in, 19–22
Big Five model of, 15–17
biological basis of, 18
dark shifts in, xiii
health-related changes in, 21–22
individual differences in, 152
malleability of, xiii, 4–5, 27–28, 29, 397, 406n19
and opportunity, 8–9
organizing traits, 14–15
and physical traits, 9–10
and role models, 22–26
scientific measurement of, 10–17
temperament versus, 19
See also specific traits, including conscientiousness
pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers (PCEs), 347–49
Physical Intelligence (Grafton), 280
physical traits, 9–10
Pickens, T. Boone, 399
Pick’s disease, 20
pilots, sensory perception of, 98–99, 417n98
Pink, Daniel, 371
pitolisant, 350
pituitary glands, xx
placebo effects, 220–21
police, biases in, 9
Polya, George, 420n130
polyglots, 69
polypharmacy, 230–31
Pontzer, Herman, 276–77
Popper, Karl, 141
positive psychology, 191
positivity bias in older adults, xi, 142, 144, 196, 202, 371–73, 400
Posner, Michael, xxii, 34–35, 54, 135
Potter, Dennis, 395
prebiotics, 275
prefrontal cortex
and abstract thinking, 135–38
age-related changes in, 133–34
declining efficacy of, 78
and GABA receptors, 57
and impulse control, 77
meditation’s effect on, 365
and neural pruning, 69
and pain perception, 215
and processing speed, 133
role of, in successful aging, 77
and self-control, 20
shrinking of, with age, 77
and volunteerism, 203
prenatal influences on development, xx, 185
prisoners, aggressive behavior of, 189
probiotics, 271, 273, 274–75, 449–50
problem solving
and abstract thinking, 138
and analogical reasoning, 140–41, 421n140
and sleep deprivation, 299
and wisdom, 119
processed foods, 276, 279, 326
procrastination, 154
productivity span, 249
prosocial attitudes/behaviors, 142
prostate cancer screening, 27
protein, 266–68
Prusiner, Stan, xvii, xviii, 334
psychotherapy, 5, 29, 164, 190
Putnam, Robert, 180
puzzles, solving, 132
quality of life
and advance medical directives, 390–93
and couplehood, 378
and difficult conversations, 386–89
and doctor-patient relationships, 382–86
effects of new endeavors on, 25
and end-of-life care, 394–96
and future-impairment preparedness, 389
and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 370
and hormone replacement therapy, 169
and hospitals, 390
and longevity, 367–70
and meaningful work, 378–82
measuring, 374–78
and positivity in older adults, 371–73
and social comparisons, 373–74
and three questions to consider, 387–89
and volunteerism, 381
Quintana, Carlos, 353
Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 100
realism, 22
recreational drugs, 358–61
regeneration, 314–15, 341–42, 342
rejection, feelings of, xiv
relationships
bonds of, xxii
and cognitive function, 376
exercising compassion in, 28–29
and happiness, 376–78
importance of meaningful, 200, 376–78
lack of, 155
marriages and couplehood, 193, 376, 377, 378, 471n378
positive, 144
and progesterone production, 167
rumination’s effect on, 165
and sex hormones, 167
social media’s effects on, 180–81
and telomere length, 326–27
relativism, valuing, 142
reliability, 21
religious practices, 191
Remembering (Bartlett), 55
reproduction, 323
resentments, letting go of, 398
resource, treating the elderly as a, xxii respect, loss of, xiv
responsibility (personality trait), 10
“resting bitch face,” 9
resting-state mode of attention, 79
restless leg syndrome, 302
retirement
and acceleration of end of life, xiv, 135
and loss of sense of agency, 196–97
and quality of life, 378–82
Sanders on, 25
and tendency to turn inward, 199
and unretirement, 379
Richards, Keith, 296
Richards, Michael, 7
rickety-bridge experiment, 148–49
rigidity, 27
risk taking behaviors, 18, 21, 167
rivastigmine (Exelon), 352–53
Robertson, Anna Mary (Grandma Moses), 24, 24
Rock, Irv, 52, 53, 90, 92–93, 94, 112
Rodale, Jerome, 331
Roenneberg, Till, 240–41
roles of older adults, transitions in, 21
Rollins, Sonny, 199, 372–73, 374
Romanian orphan crisis, 186–87, 196
Ronstadt, Linda, 170–71
Ruby, Graham, 321
rumination, 164–66
sadness, 150
salmon, 153–54
Sanders, Harland, 25
Sapolsky, Robert, 153–54
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 179, 428n179
satisfaction in life, 373–74
Schiffman, Susan, 112
Schindler, Meyer, 383
schizophrenia, 68–69
school performance, 120–21, 128
SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus), 237–38, 239, 240, 243–44, 247, 302
seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 247
sedentary lifestyles, 280–81, 287–88
Segovia, Andrés, 23
Seinfeld, Jerry, 7
self-discipline, 20
self-efficacy, 196–99
self-reflection, 142
self-regulation, 4, 19, 20, 26, 365
Selye, Hans, 154
semantic memory (general knowledge store), 39–41, 51, 54
sensory perception, 88–114
of animals, 88–89
of babies, 66–68
and complex environments, 113–14
illusions in, 93
and “Mouse Wreckers” WB cartoon, 98
and perceptional completion, 102–3
and phantom limb effect, 100
and physical interaction with environment, 99
and prism adaptation experiments, 94–95, 96–97
and rubber hand illusion, 97–98
and sense of self, 98
sense of touch, 107–8
senses of taste and smell, 108–13
and sensory receptors, 89
See also hearing; vision and visual system
sentimentality, 37–38
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 46
serotonin, xvi, 18, 76, 144, 162, 271–72
Shereshevsky, Solomon, 38
Shimamura, Art, 55–56, 77, 133, 202, 346, 398
Shomrat, Tal, 314–15
short-term memory, 39, 42, 55, 56
Shultz, George, 58, 117, 118, 244, 379
Sierra, Felipe, 341
Simons, Daniel, 345–46
Simpson, Alan, 398
Slaughter, Louis, 201
SLC6A4 (gene), 18
sleep, 295–310
age-related changes in, 302–4
and alcohol consumption, 266
and Alzheimer’s disease, xvii
and blue light exposure, 238, 303, 308
and Bredesen Protocol, xvii
and caffeine intake, 248–49, 306–7
and cataract surgery, 238
and cognitive function, 309
and diet, 246–47
difficulties with, 160–61
disturbances in, 302–3
and hypersomnia, 303–4
and memory consolidation, 51
and napping, 303
need for (sleep drive), 295
and pain, 230
and prescription sleep aids, 160–61
resetting sleep cycle, 300–302
and restless leg syndrome, 302
restorative function of, 295, 298, 299
sleep hygiene, xvii, 161, 191, 246–48, 308–10
and social isolation and loneliness, 191
special problems of men, 306
special problems of women, 304–6
time required for, 297, 299, 301–2
and work/school schedules, 240–41
See also melatonin
sleep deprivation
and amygdala activation, 298
cognitive penalties of, xvii, 299
epidemic levels of, 297
and post-lunch energy dips, 246
risks associated with, xvi–xvii, 241, 299
social factors contributing to, 297
and work/school schedules, 240–41
smell, sense of, 108–13
smiling, emotional effects of, 28
sociability
age-related changes in, 194–96
in children’s temperament, 19
and COACH principle, xxiv, 29, 118
fear’s ancient link to, 188
and physical traits, 10
time perspective in, 194–96
See also social engagement
social anxiety, 182–83, 190, 216
social cohesion, low levels of, 326
social comparisons, 373–74
social engagement, 179–204
and attachment theory, 184
and autism spectrum, 398–99
barriers to, 398
benefits of, 398
and brain development, 196
and cognitive function, 26, 202, 203–4, 398
and coping styles, 165
and digital devices, 375
and easing social awkwardness, 191
evolutionary basis of, 183
and internal reward system, 189–90
and longevity, 320
negative, 202
and pain management strategies, 227
and preference for solitude, 199
and religious affiliation, 191
and retirement planning, 387–89
and social development, 183–88
and social media, 180–81
and social stress, 184
and telomere length, 326–27
and volunteerism, 193–94, 202–3
and work, 199–201
social media, xxv, 180–81, 375
social psychology, 28
socioeconomic influences, xx
socioemotional selectivity theory, 194–96
soldiers, injured, 209
Solomon (biblical), 143, 421n143
soy, 267–68
spatial memory and skills, 39, 41, 81, 94–95, 126
spite, 150
spontaneity, 8
sports, competing in, 22–23
spouses, losing, 193. See also marriages and couplehood
Srivastava, Mansi, 314
standard American diet, 279
statistical inferencing, 70–71
stem cells, 63
Sternberg, Robert, 124–25, 418n122
Stewart, Kristen, 9
stimulants, 349–52
stress and stress response, 153–58
and allostasis/allostatic load, 155–58
biomarkers of, 155
chronic, 327
compassion’s effect on, 29
and emotional eating, 278
factors influencing, 157
and glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus, xx
and longevity, 320
and memory testing, 59, 409n60
and microbiome, 272–73
optimal levels of, 29
and parents’ impact children’s stress responses, 184
reducing levels of, 155–56, 158
of salmon, 153–54
and self-efficacy, 197
and social isolation, 189
and stress hormones, 29, 155, 165, 179
and telomere length, 326–27, 328
strokes, 83–84
aftereffects of, 83–84
causes of, 83
and confabulations/inferences, 47, 48–49
hemispatial neglect following, 96
and personality changes, 20
prevention of, 83
types of, 83
substance P (neurochemical), 225
sugar, refined, xxi
Summitt, Pat, 381
sundowner’s syndrome, 245
superfoods, 278
supplements, xvii, xviii, 258–59, 264–65, 266, 386
Sur, Mriganka, 76
surgency, 19
surprise, 150
survival, emotions related to, 147–49
Suwabe, Kazuya, 291
Swedberg, Heidi, 7
synesthesia, 67
Tac2/NkB (neurokinin), 189, 225
tanezumab, 229
Tang, Paul, 192
taste, sense of, 108–13
technology, 56, 58, 78, 87, 108, 303
Telomere Effect, The (Epel), 328–29
telomeres, 109, 316, 325–29, 326, 331
temperament, 19
tenacity, 169
testing oneself, 23
testosterone, 18, 167–68, 169, 306, 354
thalamus, 299
thalidomide, 74
thinking outside the box, 129–30, 130, 131, 421n130
thioflavin T, 342
Thomas, Alma, 24
Thompson, Harriette, 283
Thompson, Walter, 292
thrill-seeking behaviors, 21
ThyssenKrupp steel factory, 240–41
tickling, 216
tinnitus, 105–6
Tolkien, J. R. R., 133
Tolstoy, Lev, 133
Tomlin, Lily, 23
touch, sense of, 61, 100, 107–8
traffic fatalities, 241
trans fats, 261
transhumanist movement, 363, 471n365
Tribole, Evelyn, 277
trust, difficulties with, 74
turmeric, 386
Turner syndrome, 65
Tversky, Amos, xxiii
Twenge, Jean, 375
twins, 9
uncertainty, coping with, 142, 143, 156
Van Deursen, Jan, 331–32
Vaupel, Jim, 318
verbal-linguistic intelligence, 124
Vijg, Jan, 317–18
virtual reality environments for pain management, 394–95
vision and visual system
age-related dysfunction in, 87, 101–4
and cataracts, 104
and perceptional completion, 102–3
and prism adaptation experiments, 94–95, 96–97
and remapping to auditory cortex, 75–76
and rubber hand illusion, 97–98
and visual hallucinations, 105
at week four of gestation, 62
visual-spatial intelligence, 124
volunteerism, 193–94, 202–3, 381, 382
waist size, as predicted by childhood personality traits, 4
Waldinger, Robert, 376
Walford, Roy, 330
Walker, Matthew, xvi–xvii, 296–97, 301, 303
Waters, Maxine, 201
Webb, Spud, 7
West, Kanye, 9
West, Paul, 137
Westworld (series), 32
Whitman, Walt, 399
whole grains, 261, 265, 270, 276
Why We Sleep (Walker), 296–97
Williams, Robert Lee, II, 128
Williams, Yauger, 282–83
Wilson, Brian, 360
Winehouse, Amy, 27
winter months and biological clocks, 246
wisdom, 142–45
as advantage of aging, 400
four factors contributing to, 119, 143
Glück’s MORE model of, 143
and microdosing, 361
neurobiological basis of, 144
neurocognitive perspective on, 37
nine themes of, 142
precursors of, 144–45
and problem solving, 119
Wisløff, Ulrik, 288
withdrawal, periods of, 164–65
women, emotional vulnerability of, 20
Woodstock generation, xiii, xxi, 358
work, xv, 199–201, 240–41, 378–82. See also retirement
World Trade Center attacks of 2001, 46
Yassa, Michael, 291
Young, Neil, 399
Zeisel, John, 82
Zika virus, 74
Zoloft, 190
Zuger, Abigail, 84