1 C. Van Eaton, Manuka: The Biography of an Extraordinary Honey, Exisle Publishing, Auckland, 2014; ‘New Zealand Exports Double on Manuka Demand’, New Zealand Herald, 6 January 2016; Ministry for Primary Industries, Apiculture. Ministry for Primary Industries 2016 Apiculture Monitoring Programme, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, 2017.
2 This has been a repeated theme in both New Zealand and Australian economic history: S. H. Franklin, Trade, Growth and Anxiety: New Zealand Beyond the Welfare State, Methuen, Wellington, 1978; J. Gould, The Rake’s Progress? The New Zealand Economy Since 1945, Hodder and Stoughton, Auckland, 1982; J. Edwards, Beyond the Boom: A Lowy Institute Paper, Penguin Books, Melbourne, 2014.
3 T. Brooking and E. Pawson, Seeds of Empire: The Environmental Transformation of New Zealand, IB Tauris, London, 2011; C. Rosin, ‘Food Security and the Justification of Productivism in New Zealand’, Journal of Rural Studies, volume 29, 2013, pp. 50–58.
4 E. Pawson and T. Brooking (eds), Making a New Land: Environmental Histories of New Zealand, Otago University Press, Dunedin, 2013.
5 Brooking and Pawson, Seeds of Empire.
6 E. B. Levy, Grasslands of New Zealand, Government Printer, Wellington, 1970.
7 H. Guthrie-Smith, Tutira. The Story of a New Zealand Sheep Station, Random House, Auckland, 1999; K. B. Cumberland, Soil Erosion in New Zealand: A Geographic Reconnaissance, Soil Conservation & Rivers Control Council, Wellington, 1944.
8 E. J. Russell, Visit to New Zealand, July–September 1928, manuscript copy, Rothamsted Research Station, Harpenden.
9 Levy, Grasslands of New Zealand, pp. xliv–xlv.
10 C. J. MacLeod and H. Moller, ‘Intensification and Diversification of New Zealand Agriculture since 1960: An Evaluation of Current Indicators of Land Use Change’, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, volume 115, 2006, pp. 201–18.
11 H. Campbell, R. Burton, M. Cooper, M. Henry, E. Le Heron, R. Le Heron, N. Lewis, E. Pawson, H. Perkins, M. Roche, C. Rosin, T. White, ‘From Agricultural Science to “Biological Economies”?’, New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, volume 52, no. 1, 2009, p. 93.
12 See for example the pages of the New Zealand Journal of Agriculture throughout the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s; B. Wildblood-Crawford, ‘Grassland Utopia and Silent Spring: Rereading the Agrichemical Revolution in New Zealand’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 62, no. 1, 2006, pp. 65–72.
13 R. Hosking, ‘Rethinking New Zealand: The Big Three Issues’, National Business Review, 23 June 2017; cf. G. Palmer, ‘Why the Environment is Everyone’s Right’, National Business Review, 19 May 2017.
14 C. B. Schedvin, ‘Staples and Regions of Pax Britannica’, Economic History Review, volume 43, no. 4, 1990, pp. 533–59.
15 The original quote is frequently repeated, within and beyond Parliament. See for example T. Groser, ‘Climate Change, Trade and Agriculture: Address to Federated Farmers’, 5 November 2009, http://www.beehive.govt.nz/minister/tim-groser-0?page=4
16 P. Callaghan, Wool to Weta: Transforming New Zealand’s Culture and Economy, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2009, p. vii.
17 S. Hendy and P. Callaghan, Get off the Grass: Kickstarting New Zealand’s Innovation Economy, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2013.
18 Hendy and Callaghan, Get off the Grass, pp. 216–18.
19 W. Rolleston, president, Federated Farmers: ‘New Zealand desperately needs to increase its science capability . . . to help us better understand and address the issues of water quality (rural and urban) as well as climate change’, National Business Review, 19 May 2017; D. Downs and M. Dickinson, No. 8 Recharged: 202 World-Changing Innovations from New Zealand, Penguin Random House, Auckland, 2017.
20 K. Warne, ‘Troubled Waters’, New Zealand Geographic, volume 146, July/August 2017, pp. 36–59; P. Gluckman, New Zealand’s Fresh Waters. Values, State, Trends and Human Impacts, Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor, Auckland, 2017; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: New Zealand 2017, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 2017.
21 Export-doubling goal is in ‘Our Strategy 2030’, Ministry for Primary Industries, accessed 30 June 2017, http://www.mpi.govt.nz/about-mpi/our-strategy-2030-growing-and-protecting-new-zealand/the-export-goal; ‘Food & Beverage Information Project’, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/food-beverage/information-project; Coriolis Research, Food and Beverage Information Project 2011, Markets Stream – Global. Final Report, Auckland, 2011; Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Growing for Good: Intensive Farming, Sustainability and New Zealand’s Environment, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Wellington, 2004.
22 Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Taonga of an Island Nation: Saving New Zealand’s Birds, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Wellington, 2017, p. 107.
23 G. T. Crocombe, M. J. Enright and M. E. Porter, Upgrading New Zealand’s Competitive Advantage, Oxford University Press, Auckland, 1991, pp. 25, 160.
24 Tapa is ‘a bark cloth hand-made throughout the South Pacific . . . Just like a vineyard, the creation of tapa requires passion and craft, and the finished product is popular both for everyday use and for royalty’. Image and quote both from https://www.issuu.com/nzwine/docs/nz_by_the_glass_2014_-_toronto_web
25 ‘Our Land and Water, National Science Challenge’, http://www.ourlandandwater.nz
26 C. Bonneuil and J.-B. Fressoz, The Shock of the Anthropocene: The Earth, History and Us, trans. David Fernbach, Verso, London, 2017; C. Mitchell, ‘NZ Dairy Farms Use as Much Water as 58.2 Million People’, Press, 19 September 2017.
27 ‘Our Land and Water’, http://www.ourlandandwater.nz; Warne, ‘Troubled Waters’; T. Richardson, ‘Balancing Productivity and Environment’, Press, 24 April 2017.
28 N. Lewis, R. Le Heron, M. Carolan, H. Campbell and T. Marsden, ‘Assembling Generative Approaches in Agri-Food Research’, in R. Le Heron, H. Campbell, N. Lewis and M. Carolan (eds), Biological Economies: Experimentation and the Politics of Agri-Food Frontiers, Routledge, Abingdon, 2016, pp. 5–6.
29 Campbell et al., ‘From Agricultural Sciences to “Biological Economies”?’, p. 92.
30 The Biological Economies team has produced a wide range of outputs, but the four collective ones are: an opening statement, Campbell et al., ‘From Agricultural Science to “Biological Economies”’ in 2009; a special issue of a journal, Lewis, N. and Rosin, C. (eds), ‘Biological Economies’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 69, no. 3, 2013, pp. 175–256; a collective volume in the Routledge Studies in Food, Society and the Environment series, R. Le Heron, H. Campbell, N. Lewis and M. Carolan (eds), Biological Economies, 2016; and the present book.
1 A. Healy, ‘New Zealand Dairy Success Comes at a Price’, Irish Times, 11 March 2015.
2 The dairy category relates to supermarket products and goes beyond traditional undifferentiated milk products such as milk powder, butter, cheese and casein. It includes butter and butter blends, cheese of all kinds, cultured dairy products such as yoghurt, cottage cheese, sour cream, dips, ice-cream and other frozen desserts with dairy ingredients, all types of fluid milk (whole, skim, 2%, 1%, flavoured), cream, half-and-half, Ultra High Temperature or UHT milk, high-milk-fat and nutritional products for infant formulas, condensed milk and evaporated milk). Dairy companies are constantly trying to formulate new products for supermarket shelves.
3 D. Burch and G. Lawrence (eds), Supermarkets and Agri-Food Supply Chains: Transformations in the Production and Consumption of Foods, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007.
4 M. Gilbert, J. Gell, S. Cairole, T. Rinne and C. Wurzbacher, Four Strategies for Creating and Sustaining Value in Dairy, Boston Consulting Group, Boston, 2016.
5 Visit to Global Dairy Platform in Chicago as part of Global Dairy Project, May 2010. The Global Dairy Project was a research collaboration between University of Auckland researchers and a senior Fonterra manager.
6 See Global Dairy Platform’s website, https://www.globaldairyplatform.com
7 D. Natzke, ‘Raise a Glass: World Milk Day 2017’, Progressive Dairyman, http://www.progressivedairy.com/news/industry-news/raise-a-glass-world-milk-day-2017
8 S. Gray and R. Le Heron, ‘Globalising New Zealand – Fonterra and Shaping the Future’, New Zealand Geographer Keynote Address, New Zealand Geographical Society conference, Wellington, 3 July 2008.
9 S. Gray and R. Le Heron, ‘Globalising New Zealand: Fonterra Co-operative Group, and Shaping the Future’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 66, no. 1, pp. 1–13.
10 J. Gray, ‘Anchor’s Star Quality Shines Globally’, Weekend Herald, 29 October 2016.
11 J. Fairweather, Farm Enlargement in New Zealand. Research Report 166, Agricultural and Economic Research Unit, Lincoln College, Lincoln, 1985.
12 R. Le Heron, ‘Market-Making and Livelihood Challenges in Contemporary New Zealand’s Dairy and Sheep Pastoral Economies’, in J. Gertel and R. Le Heron (eds), Economic Spaces of Pastoral Production and Commodity Systems: Markets and Livelihoods, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2011, pp. 275–98.
13 ‘Milk Trains’, Te Ara Encyclopedia, http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/21401/milk-trains
14 ‘Fonterra Shareholders’ Fund’, Fonterra Co-operative Group, https://www.fonterra.com/nz/en/our-financials/fonterra-shareholders-fund.html
15 Reserve Bank of New Zealand, Financial Stability Report, November 2017, https://www.parliament.nz/resource/en-NZ/SCR_76150/f2dd1915e691f2864433b2426b794a88bf1386b6
16 My Farm Investments, blog, http://www.myfarm.co.nz/blog/segmenting-nz-dairy-farmers (link discontinued)
17 J. Caradus, ‘75 Years of Scientific and Technological Advances in Pastoral Agriculture – What Will It Take to Deliver?’, Proceedings of the New Zealand Grasslands Association, 68, 2006, pp. 33–68.
18 Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Growing for Good: Intensive Farming, Sustainability and New Zealand’s Environment, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Wellington, 2004, pp. 36–37.
19 Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Update Report – Water Quality in New Zealand: Land Use and Nutrient Pollution, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Wellington, 2015, based on Table 3.1.
20 The National-led government’s Irrigation Acceleration Fund was boosted in 2017: ‘Government $90m Boost for Irrigation to Produce Economic and Environment Gains’, DominionPost, 18 May 2017.
21 ‘1999 Agricultural production: national and regional changes’, Statistics New Zealand, http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/industry_sectors/agriculture-horticulture-forestry/1999-agricultural-production-national-regional-changes.aspx
22 ‘New Zealand Dairy Statistics 2015–16’, Livestock Improvement Corporation Ltd and Dairy New Zealand Ltd, http://www.dairyatwork.co.nz/media/65690/nz-dairy-statistics-2015-16.pdf
23 ‘New Zealand Palm Kernel Imports by Year’, Index Mundi, https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=nz&commodity=palm-kernel-meal&graph=imports
24 TDB Advisory Ltd, New Zealand Dairy Companies Review, TDB Advisory Ltd, Wellington, 2017. The analysis, and all figures in this paragraph, come from that review. No comparable data is available for A2 Milk (mid-Canterbury), which is an independent processor. A2 has growing links with Synlait and is expanding to Auckland: K. Woodford, Synlait Purchases Strategic Blending and Canning Assets, 30 May 2017, https://keithwoodford.wordpress.com/2017/05/30/synlait-purchases-strategic-blending-and-canning-assets/
25 R. Le Heron, G. Smith, E. Le Heron and M. Roche, ‘Enacting BAdairying as a System of Farm Practices in New Zealand: Towards an Emergent Politics of New Soil Resourcefulness?’, in R. Le Heron, H. Campbell, N. Lewis and M. Carolan (eds), Biological Economies: Experimentation and the Politics of Agri-Food Frontiers, Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 170–86.
26 J. Morgan, ‘Bad Look as Fonterra Drops Organic Milk’, NZ Farmer, 1 September 2011, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU1212/S00103/biological-agriculture-joins-the-dots-for-farmers.htm
27 ‘Biological Agriculture “Joins the Dots” for Farmers’, Scoop, True Health press release, 4 December 2012, http://www.community.scoop.co.nz/2012/12/biological-agriculture-joins-the-dots-for-farmers/
28 K. Woodford, ‘A2 Milk, Farmer Decisions, and Risk Management’, Proceedings, International Farm Management Association, volume 16, no. 3, 2012, pp. 641–48.
29 See the a2 Milk Company investor website, https://www.thea2milkcompany.com/
30 M. Carolan, ‘Putting the “Alter” in Alternative Food Futures’, New Zealand Sociology, volume 28, no. 4, 2013, pp. 145–50.
31 J. Barnett, ‘“Dirty Dairying” Slogan off Mark’, New Zealand Herald, 23 September 2001.
32 S. T. Larned, M. R. Scarsbrook, T. H. Snelder, N. J. Norton and B. J. Biggs, ‘Water Quality in Low-Elevation Streams and Rivers of New Zealand: Recent State and Trends in Contrasting Land’, Cover Classes’, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, volume 38, no. 2, 2004, pp. 347–66.
33 The discussion of iterations of the accord in this paragraph comes from P. Holland, ‘The Dirty Dairying Campaign and the Clean Streams Accord’, Lincoln Planning Review, volume 6, nos. 1–2, 2014, pp. 63–69.
34 Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Growing for Good. Intensive Farming, Sustainability and New Zealand’s Environment, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Wellington, 2004.
35 See Land and Water Forum’s website, http://www.landandwater.org.nz/; see also C. de Freitas, ‘An Environmental Crisis Second to None’, New Zealand Herald, 5 January 2017.
36 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, ‘New Zealand’, in Environmental Performance of Agriculture in OECD Countries since 1990, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 2008, pp. 413–22.
37 G. Taylor, ‘Case Note: Environmental Policy-Making in New Zealand, 1978–2013’, Policy Quarterly, volume 9, no. 3, 2013, pp. 18–27.
38 K. Foote, M. Joy and R. Death, ‘New Zealand Dairy Farming: Milking Our Environment for All Its Worth’, Environmental Management, volume 56, no. 3, 2015, pp. 709–20.
39 Earthrace Conservation, ‘Dairy Industry Rightfully Loses Court Battle’, 10 January 2017, http://www.earthraceconservation.org/dairy-industry-rightfully-loses-court-battle/
40 Business Desk, ‘NZ Dairy Expansion Will Hit Limits as Environmental Impact Grows, Must Chase Value, Guy Says’, New Zealand Herald, 27 April 2017.
41 K. Woodford, ‘Alternatives to Dairy in New Zealand – The Challenges Are Underestimated’, Posts from Keith Woodford (blog), 8 May 2017, https://keithwoodford.wordpress.com/2017/05/08/alternatives-to-dairy-in-new-zealand-the-challenges-are-under-estimated/; TDB Advisory Ltd, New Zealand Dairy Companies Review.
1 J. Morgan, ‘Lamb Revolutionaries’, Dominion Post, 9 August 2007.
2 ‘Marks and Spencer Pulls Pin on Lamb Deal’, NZ Farmers Weekly, 25 April 2011, http://www.farmersweekly.co.nz
3 The history of New Zealand’s meat is largely fragmented into a series of company histories, but for broader overviews see: M. Calder and J. Tyson, Meat Acts: The New Zealand Meat Industry 1972–1997, Meat New Zealand, Wellington, 1999; and C. Williscroft (ed.), A Lasting Legacy: A 125 Year History of New Zealand Farming since the First Frozen Meat Shipment, Rural Press, Auckland, 2007.
4 T. Brooking and E. Pawson, Seeds of Empire: The Environmental Transformation of New Zealand, IB Tauris, London, 2011; R. Perren, Taste, Trade and Technology: The Development of the International Meat Industry since 1840, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2006.
5 R. J. H. Woods, ‘Breed, Culture, and Economy: The New Zealand Frozen Meat Trade, 1880–1914’, Agricultural History Review, volume 60, no. 2, 2012, pp. 288–308; R. J. H. Woods, ‘From Colonial Animal to Imperial Edible: Building an Empire of Sheep in New Zealand, ca. 1880–1900’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, volume 35, no. 1, 2015, pp. 117–36.
6 Deloitte, Touche, Tohmatsu Ltd, Red Meat Sector Strategy Report, Deloitte,Touche, Tohmatsu Ltd, Auckland, 2011; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Meat: The Future – Opportunities and Challenges for the New Zealand Sheep Meat and Beef Sector over the Next 10 to 15 Years, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, 2009; Meat Industry Excellence, Red Meat Industry: Pathways to Long-Term Sustainability, Meat Industry Excellence, Wellington, 2015.
7 D. Greig, Report of Commission of Inquiry into the Meat Industry, Government Printer, Wellington, 1959; A. Nordmeyer, Report of Commission of Inquiry into the Meat Industry, Government Printer, Wellington, 1974; R. White, Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon the Sheep-Farming Industry in New Zealand, Government Printer, Wellington, 1949.
8 New Zealand Meat Producers Board, Annual Report, Wellington, 1990.
9 S. L. Star and M. Lampland, ‘Reckoning with Standards’, in M. Lampland and S. L. Star (eds), Standards and their Stories: How Quantifying, Classifying, and Formalizing Practices Shape Everyday Life, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2009, pp. 3–24. The term ‘boring things’ occurs several times.
10 For a broad history of the impact of refrigeration, see K. Gavroglu, History of Artificial Cold, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Issues, Springer, New York and Boston, 2014; J. Rees, Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances and Enterprise in America, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 2014, and specifically for the relationship between food and cool storage, S. Freidberg, Fresh: A Perishable History, the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA and London, 2009.
11 A. Barry, ‘Technological Zones’, European Journal of Social Theory, volume 9, no. 2, 2006, pp. 239–53. For historical accounts of the technological development of the frozen meat industry, see: A. Armstrong, T. Dunlop Young, J. Hogg, J. Medcalf and J. Watson (eds), The Frozen and Chilled Meat Trade: A Practical Treatise by Specialists in the Meat Trade, Volume II, Gresham Publishing Company, London, 1929; J. T. Critchell and J. Raymond, A History of the Frozen Meat Trade, Constable & Company, London, 1912; R. Perren, Taste, Trade and Technology: The Development of the International Meat Industry since 1840, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2006.
12 D. J. Oddy and A. Drouard (eds), The Food Industries of Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Routledge, London and New York, 2016.
13 D. Kritchevsky, ‘History of Recommendations to the Public about Dietary Fat’, The Journal of Nutrition, volume 128, no. 2, 1998, pp. 449S-452S. For an early set of debates about the impact of fat on New Zealand’s meat and dairy exports, see: J. L. Adam (ed.), ‘The Coronary Heart Disease and Dietary Fat Controversy: Implications for the Meat and Dairy Industries’, Joint Symposium, New Zealand Society of Animal Production with Nutrition Society of New Zealand, Massey University, Palmerston North, February 1973, Editorial Services, Wellington, 1973.
14 J. Hammond, ‘Report on the Organization of Animal Research in New Zealand’, New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, volume 19, no. 12, 1937–38, pp. 762–83.
15 Meat Export Grades Investigation Committee, Report to the New Zealand Meat Producers Board, New Zealand Meat Producers Board, Wellington, 1965.
16 C. J. Falconer, Waitaki International New Zealand Refrigerating Company records: Lamb Cutting, 1961–67, MSS 93–113, Box 3, Item 4, Hocken Collections, University of Otago.
17 Meat Export Grades Investigating Committee, A Report to the New Zealand Meat Producers Board, Wellington, 1974.
18 Ministry for Primary Industries, Primary Growth Partnership Annual Report 1 July 2014 – 30 June 2015, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, 2015.
19 For historical accounts of the intense competition within the meat industry see Calder and Tyson, Meat Acts; S. Martin, The Fortex Story, Dunmore Press, Palmerston North, 2004.
20 R. Oram, ‘Strength and Strategy for Landcorp Future’, Sunday Star Times, 23 August 2015.
21 G. Muirhead, Footprints to the Future: The Story of Landcorp’s First 20 Years, Landcorp Farming, Wellington, 2007. Further information about Landcorp’s current strategic direction can be found at http://www.landcorp.co.nz/our-strategies-glance
22 ‘Marbled Grass-Fed Beef’, Ministry for Primary Industries, http://www.mpi.govt.nz/funding-and-programmes/primary-growth-partnership/primary-growth-partnership-programmes/marbled-grass-fed-beef/
23 ‘The New Zealand Sheep Industry Transformation Project (NZSTX)’, Ministry for Primary Industries, https://www.mpi.govt.nz/funding-and-programmes/primary-growth-partnership/primary-growth-partnership-programmes/the-new-zealand-sheep-industry-transformation-project-nzstx/
24 ‘Omega Lamb’, Ministry for Primary Industries, https://www.mpi.govt.nz/funding-and-programmes/primary-growth-partnership/primary-growth-partnership-programmes/omega-lamb/
25 ‘Red Meat Profit Partnership’, Ministry for Primary Industries, http://www.mpi.govt.nz/funding-and-programmes/primary-growth-partnership/primary-growth-partnership-programmes/red-meat-profit-partnership/
26 Statistics New Zealand, Agricultural Production Survey 2016, http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/industry_sectors/agriculture-horticulture-forestry/info-releases.aspx
27 ‘Red Meat Export Trends in Selected Markets up to June 2016’, Meat Industry Association, https://www.mia.co.nz/resources/current-4/statistics/
28 Meat Industry Association, Red Meat Export Trends.
29 J. Carson, P. Kemp, A. East and D. Cleland, ‘The Impact of Slow Steaming on Refrigerated Exports from New Zealand’, 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration, 16–22 August 2015, Yokohama, Japan, http://www.researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/9852
1 Reserve Bank of New Zealand, ‘Wool Industry Review’, Bulletin, Reserve Bank of New Zealand, volume 44, no. 5, 1981, pp. 227–34.
2 E. Pawson and H. C. Perkins, ‘Worlds of Wool: Recreating Value off the Sheep’s Back’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 69, no. 3, 2013, pp. 208–20.
3 J. Perriam, Dust to Gold: The Inspiring Story of Bendigo Station, Home of Shrek, Random House, Auckland, 2009; and for a different perspective, R. Buchanan, Last Shepherd: Anecdotes and Observations from Five Decades in the Wool Industry, Ngaio Press, Wellington, 2012.
4 Described by Perriam in Dust to Gold, pp. 235–40, and ‘Wool and Wine’, Country Life podcast, Radio New Zealand, 9 December 2016.
5 H. C. Perkins and E. Pawson, ‘Value and Values in the Making of Merino’, in R. Le Heron, H. Campbell, N. Lewis and M. Carolan (eds), Biological Economies: Experimentation and the Politics of Agri-Food Frontiers, Routledge, Abingdon, 2016, pp. 141–56.
6 Jeremy Moon quoted in P. Hersey and D. Morrison, Merino Country: Stories from the Home of New Zealand’s Hardiest Sheep, Penguin Random House, Auckland, 2016, p. 24.
7 In November 2017, Icebreaker signed a ten-year supply contract with merino growers: S. Rae, ‘Icebreaker Contract Ensures “Unprecedented” Security’, Otago Daily Times, 11 November 2017.
8 Pawson and Perkins, ‘Worlds of Wool’; Perkins and Pawson, ‘Value and Values’.
9 Hersey and Morrison, Merino Country; M. Philip, Heart of the Mackenzie: The Glenmore Station Story, Random House, Auckland, 2014, pp. 229–31.
10 The merino quote is taken from Icebreaker packaging dated 2008; for ZQ, see http://www.zqmerino.co.nz, and Perkins and Pawson, ‘Value and Values’.
11 Stanford Graduate School of Business, ‘“Icebreaker”, The New Zealand Merino Company’, Stanford Online Case Study, http://www.nzmerino.co.nz/casestudy/icebreaker.php
12 For an illustration of layering, see http://www.nz.icebreaker.com; the two quotes are from separate Icebreaker packaging dated 2008 and 2013.
13 Interview with Dave Maslen, Global Partnerships Manager, New Zealand Merino Company, October 2014.
14 E. Pawson and H. C. Perkins, ‘New Zealand Going Global. The Emerging Relationships Economy’, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, volume 58, no. 3, pp. 257–72.
15 Perriam, Dust to Gold, p. 183; Philip, Heart of the Mackenzie, p. 182.
16 McKinsey and Company, Report to New Zealand Woolgrowers on Improving Profitability, New Zealand Wool Board, Wellington, 2000; T. Benny, ‘Halfbred Sheep Find Purpose Once More’, Press, 6 September 2013.
17 Perriam, Dust to Gold, pp. 220–27; T. Cronshaw, ‘Merino Farmers Land $45m Italian Deal’, Press, 3 June 2016.
18 T. Cronshaw, ‘Demand Up for Merino Suits’, Press, 2 October 2015; ‘Japanese See Sheep for First Time’, Press, 20 May 2016; S. Rae, ‘Merino at the Heart of Firm’s Special Textiles’, Otago Daily Times, 19 December 2016.
19 ‘Icebreaker’, Stanford Online Case Study; Gina Rumble, Icebreaker, personal communication, February 2017.
20 Icebreaker New Zealand Merino, Feel It to Believe, catalogue, 2012.
21 Pawson and Perkins, ‘Worlds of Wool’.
22 For VF Corporation’s acquistion of Icebreaker, see the preface; the rest of the paragraph is based on an interview with Trudy Abel, Global Marketing Manager, and Jeremy Moon, Founder, Icebreaker Ltd, in Ponsonby, October 2016, including the quote ‘more than merino’. In contrast, the claim of ‘100 per cent focused on merino’ is attributed to an earlier global vice president of marketing, in ‘Icebreaker’, Stanford Online Case Study, p. 27.
23 Pawson and Perkins, ‘New Zealand Going Global’; ‘Merino Connection Extends to Vermont’, Press, 3 June 2016.
24 M. Vella, ‘The World’s Most Comfortable Shoes Are Made of Super-Soft Wool’, Time Magazine, 1 March 2016; Cronshaw, ‘Merino Farmers Land $45m Italian Deal’; M. Persad, ‘Allbirds Sneakers Is a Likely Bet to Replace Your Converse’, Huffington Post, 16 June 2016.
25 T. Cronshaw, ‘Merino under Trial in Combat Zones’, Press, 14 December 2012; and ‘NZ Merino Reaches New Heights’, Press, 28 November 2014; Perriam, Dust to Gold, p. 237.
26 P. Callaghan, Wool to Weta: Transforming New Zealand’s Culture and Economy, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2009, pp. 42–43.
27 Peri Drysdale, personal communication, February 2017.
28 Perriam, Dust to Gold, pp. 209–31; see the Perriam website, http://www.perriam.co.nz; plus information from staff and product labels at The Merino Store, Tarras, August 2016.
29 Interviews with Jane Shand at various times, and personal communication, March 2017; see Jane Shand’s website, http://www.jsdesign.co.nz, including video interview with William Gibson.
30 Discussion with Dil Belworthy, November 2013.
31 These points are from two sources: merino industry discussion organised by the authors in Cromwell, Central Otago in November 2013, and keynote address by Jeremy Moon to the annual Environmental Defence Society Conference, Auckland, June 2007.
32 William Gibson: see note 29; Hersey and Morrison, Merino Country, p. 102; T. Cronshaw, ‘Low Fine Wool Prices Force Merino Farmer Rethink’, Press, 2 April 2015; Philip, Heart of the Mackenzie, p. 233.
33 Perriam, Dust to Gold, p. 225.
34 Cronshaw, ‘Low Fine Wool Prices’; Hersey and Morrison, Merino Country, p. 29.
35 T. Cronshaw, ‘Non-mulesing Wool Pays Off for Farmers’, Press, 13 September 2016.
36 ‘$36 Million Revolution for the NZ Sheep Industry’, Scoop, 27 May 2010, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU1005/S00856.htm; Tim Cronshaw, ‘Better Merino Sheep in the Making’, Press, 8 May 2015.
37 Dave Maslen, note 13.
38 Figures from Hersey and Morrison, Merino Country, p. 23; Philip, Heart of the Mackenzie, pp. 276–77.
39 Rae, ‘Merino at the Heart’; Dave Maslen, note 13; Jeremy Moon quoted in Philip, Merino Country, p. 29.
40 Perkins and Pawson, ‘Value and Values’.
1 R. Biggs, F. R. Westley and S. R. Carpenter, ‘Navigating the Back Loop: Fostering Social Innovation and Transformation in Ecosystem Management’, Ecology and Society, volume 15, no. 2, 2010, p. 9.
2 In this chapter, the term ‘ensemble’ is used instead of ‘system’, the more common word deployed by the ecological systems theorists and resilience theorists. ‘Ensemble’ lacks the assumption of automatic, natural functioning. Good ensembles perform like systems. Our term implicitly includes the strategising, ordering, assembling, practising and skills development required for a good ensemble.
3 For the early industry’s triumphs of Kiwi ingenuity see D. Yerex and W. Haines, The Kiwifruit Story, Agricultural Publishing Associates, Masterton, 1983.
4 These early scientists and enthusiasts were belatedly recognised with profiles in J. Webby (ed.), ‘Celebrating 100 Years: The New Zealand Kiwifruit Industry, 1904–2004’, The New Zealand Kiwifruit Journal Centennial Edition, February 2004.
5 Dr David Steven, personal communication, November 1996.
6 The new Gold fruit’s sweeter flavour was a hit in Asia: Webby, ‘Celebrating 100 Years’, pp. 222–23.
7 Webby, ‘Celebrating 100 Years’, p. 219; K. Lui, ‘This Kiwifruit Isn’t from New Zealand at All!’, Time, 9 February 2017.
8 Webby, ‘Celebrating 100 Years’, pp. 218–19.
9 The overapplication of spray would come back to haunt the industry: H. Campbell, J. Fairweather and D. Steven, Recent Developments in Organic Food Production in New Zealand:Part 2, Kiwifruit in the Bay of Plenty, Studies in Rural Sustainability Research Report No. 2, University of Otago, 1997.
10 T. Zwart and W. Moore, ‘Marketing and Processing’, in R. Sandrey and R. Reynolds (eds), Farming Without Subsidies: New Zealand’s Recent Experience, GP Books, Wellington, 1990, pp. 253–72.
11 W. Johnston and R. Sandrey, ‘Land Markets and Rural Debt’, in Sandrey and Reynolds (eds), Farming Without Subsidies, pp. 183–209.
12 N. Lees, Changes in the New Zealand Kiwifruit Industry 1980–1992, MAF Policy, Wellington, 1993. There are now around 12,000 canopy hectares of kiwifruit grown in New Zealand (http://www.hea.co.nz/2012-05-11-03-05-28/kiwifruit-trade).
13 For the political contest between growers and exporters see J. B. Milne, ‘The New Zealand Kiwifruit Industry: Challenges and Successes 1960–1999’, MA thesis, Massey University, 2014.
14 This is a sensitive issue in the industry with varying explanations rehearsed in Webby, ‘Celebrating 100 Years’. Journalist Tom Frewen made it the centrepiece of his claim that ‘New Zealanders are the world’s most stupid people’, p. 221. Others respond that there were specific technical reasons at that time for not applying for a trademark and that rapid global growth of the name and the commercial cultivation of the fruit made economic sense for an isolated niche product.
15 Kiwifruit vines arrived in Chile in 1976: C. Cruzat, ‘The Kiwifruit in Chile and in the World’, Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, volume 36, no. 1, 2014, pp. 112–23.
16 Some 84 per cent of growers polled favoured a new Producer Board: E. Olssen, The Fruition: New Zealand Fruitgrowers Federation 1991–2005, New Zealand Fruitgrowers Charitable Trust, Wellington, 2011. The Labour Cabinet approved it by only one vote: Milne, ‘The New Zealand Kiwifruit Industry’, p. 25.
17 The fourth Labour government of 1984–90 was better known for deregulatory zeal. Consultants Coopers and Lybrand had suggested twin peak bodies: Report on Kiwifruit Marketing: Final Report, New Zealand Kiwifruit Authority, Auckland, 1988.
18 Campbell et al., Recent Developments in Organic Food Production, pp. 7–8.
19 Relatively intensive chemical control of the few pests made sense in an era of strict pest-free export requirements. But it became a liability as MRLs evolved in key markets: M. Howard, N. Lees and A. Tompkins, Implications of Increasing Public Awareness of Health and Environmental Issues Related to Pesticide Use in the Kiwifruit Industry, MAF Policy Technical Paper 90/2, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Wellington, 1992.
20 New Zealand Kiwifruit Growers Inc., ‘2016 Kiwifruit Book: A Resource for New Zealand Secondary School Teachers and Growers New to the Kiwifruit Industry’, New Zealand Kiwifruit Growers Inc, http://nzkgi.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016-Kiwifruit-Book.pdf
21 For the quality of key individuals and their political acumen, see Olssen, The Fruition.
22 R. Brookes, W. Cartwright and M. Domney, Kiwifruit Industry Marketing Review, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1994.
23 Milne, ‘The New Zealand Kiwifruit Industry’, situates this report as strongly contrasting with two other contemporaneous reports which were much more critical of producer boards and argued for complete deregulation of the industry. The difference between these reports boiled down to arguments in favour of efficiency and flexibility versus high-value marketing and retail strategies.
24 Zespri International Ltd, Zespri New Zealand Kiwifruit: Environmental Story, Zespri International Ltd, Auckland, 1997.
25 The bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (PSA) rapidly caused widespread and severe impacts on New Zealand’s kiwifruit industry.
26 The industry was highly fortunate that one of the cultivars it was working on turned out to be resistant to PSA. Since then, there has been more emphasis on the rapid development of new cultivars.
27 That transition also addressed growing local concern over pesticide use on kiwifruit orchards: Howard et al., Implications of Increasing Public Awareness.
28 The development and refinement of a ‘greening’ strategy for the kiwifruit industry is the main focus of the report by Campbell et al., Recent Developments in Organic Food Production.
29 The GlobalGAP audit has nearly 200 ‘control points’ for kiwifruit production. This shift from simple intensive production to highly audited and demanding management of orchards and vines has shifted the entire culture of orchard life. See C. Rosin, H. Campbell and L. Hunt, ‘Audit Me This! Orchard-Level Effects of the EurepGAP Audit System on New Zealand Kiwifruit Producers’ in C. Stringer and R. Le Heron, Agri-Food Commodity Chains and Globalising Networks, Ashgate, Avebury, 2007, pp. 61–74.
30 Webby, ‘Celebrating 100 years’, pp. 219–21.
31 Belrose Inc., World Kiwifruit Review, Belrose Inc., Pullman, WA, 2002 edn.
32 Interview on Nine to Noon, Radio New Zealand, 7 March 2017.
33 H. Campbell and C. Rosin, ‘Global Retailer Politics and the Quality Shift in New Zealand Horticulture’, in M. Butcher, J. Walker and S. Zydenbos (eds), Future Challenges in Crop Protection. Repositioning New Zealand’s Primary Industries for the Future, New Zealand Plant Protection Society, Hastings, 2008, pp. 11-25.
34 According to Milne, ‘The New Zealand Kiwifruit Industry’, exporting companies and lobby groups like the Business Roundtable campaigned to deregulate the board for a slice of the reinvigorated export earnings. Growers resisted.
1 ‘New Zealand Apple Industry Sets Sights on Topping $1 Billion Mark for Exports by 2022’, New Zealand Herald, 3 November 2016. Pipfruit New Zealand is now known as New Zealand Apples and Pears.
2 K. A. Legun, ‘Club Apples: A Biology of Markets Built on the Social Life of Variety’, Economy and Society, volume 44, no. 2, pp. 293–315.
3 K. A. Legun, ‘Ever-Redder Apples: How Aesthetics Shape the Biology of Markets’, in R. Le Heron, H. Campbell, N. Lewis and M. Carolan (eds), Biological Economies: Experimentation and the Politics of Agri-Food Frontiers, Routledge, Abingdon, 2016, pp. 127–40.
4 C. Fowler, ‘The Plant Patent Act of 1930: A Sociological History of Its Creation’, Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society, volume 82, no. 9, 2000, pp. 621–44.
5 The discussion in this chapter draws on ten interviews in New Zealand in 2014 and 2016 with apple producers, breeders and other industry actors. These were supplemented with interviews in Australia in 2015, and in the United States from 2010 to 2012.
6 Belrose Inc., World Apple Review, Belrose Inc., Pullman, WA, 2015, p. 53.
7 D. McKenzie and A. White, Apple tree named ‘Sciros’. US Plant Patent 7,814, filed 13 August 1990, and issued 3 March 1992.
8 M. K. L. McKenna and E. W. Murray, ‘Jungle Law in the Orchard: Comparing Globalization in the New Zealand and Chilean Apple Industries’, Economic Geography, volume 78, no. 4, 2002, pp. 495–514.
9 McKenna and Murray, ‘Jungle Law in the Orchard’.
10 Information on the history of the Turners & Growers purchase of ENZA, and the subsequent purchase of Turners & Growers by BayWa, obtained from the Turners & Growers website under ‘Shareholder information’, http://www.tandg.global/links/investors/shareholder-information/
11 ‘Apples’, Agrícola San Clemente, http://www.sclem.cl/english/frutas/manzanas.php
12 Information on Turners & Growers sales obtained from the 2015 annual report, at http://tandg.global/links/investors/financial-reports/
13 ‘UN Comtrade’, United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database, https://comtrade.un.org/db/
14 ‘Rockit Apples: About Us’, https://www.rockitapple.com/about-us/ (link discontinued)
15 P. Alison, ‘The Rockit Story’, presented at the Combined Fruit Industry Conference, Gold Coast, 18 July 2013, slides available at http://www.apal.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Phil-Alison.pdf
16 Legun, ‘Ever-Redder Apples’.
17 K. A. Legun, ‘Desires, Sorted: Massive Modern Packing Lines in an Era of Affective Food Markets’, Journal of Rural Studies, volume 52, 2017, pp. 110–17.
18 Legun, ‘Desires, Sorted’.
19 C. Dimitri, ‘Contract Evolution and Institutional Innovation: Marketing Pacific-Grown Apples from 1890 to 1930’, The Journal of Economic History, volume 62, no. 1, 2002, pp. 189–212.
20 Belrose Inc., World Apple Review, Belrose Inc., Pullman, WA, 2016 and 2017 edns.
21 For a longer discussion of this within an American context, see K. A. Legun, ‘Tiny Trees for Trendy Produce: Dwarfing Technologies as Assemblage Actors in Orchard Economies’, Geoforum, volume 65, 2015, pp. 314–22.
22 Coriolis Research, Overview of the New Zealand Apple Industry in a Global Context, report prepared for Pipfruit New Zealand, Auckland, December 2006.
23 ‘NZ Apple Industry Leads World Stage’, Newshub, 18 May 2016, available at http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/money/2016/05/nz-apple-industry-leads-world-stage.html
24 J. Gray, ‘Golden Apple Industry on Its Way to $1 Billion Target’, New Zealand Herald, 19 February 2016; ‘Biggest Apple Crop Forecast for 2017’, New Zealand Herald, 19 November 2016.
1 Much of the history and geography of New Zealand wine is captured magnificently in Warren Moran’s richly illustrated book, New Zealand Wine: The Land, the Vines, the People, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2016.
2 R. Prince and N. Lewis, ‘“Quality” as a Governmental Rationality in New Zealand Wine’, EchoGéo, 2013, in French and English, volume 23, https://doi-org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/DOI:10.4000/echogeo.13349; R. Brodie and R. Sharma, ‘National Branding for New Zealand Exports: Developing Distinctive Meanings’, University of Auckland Business Review, volume 14, no. 1, 2011, pp. 1–6.
3 E. Le Heron, N. Lewis and R. Le Heron, ‘Wine Economy as Open Assemblage: Thinking beyond Sector and Region’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 69, no. 3, 2013, pp. 221–34.
4 While other chapters in this book remind us that wool and lamb do have their own differences and regimes of quality identification and differentiation, the next period of New Zealand primary industry evolution is likely to depend on developing such distinctiveness as effectively as New Zealand’s winemakers have done.
5 G. Banks, S. Kelly, N. Lewis and S. Sharpe, ‘Place “From One Glance”: The Use of Place in the Marketing of New Zealand and Australian Wines’, Australian Geographer, volume 38, no. 1, 2007, pp. 15–35.
6 Prince and Lewis, ‘“Quality” as a Governmental Rationality’.
7 Moran, New Zealand Wine.
8 O. Clarke, Oz Clarke’s New Wine Atlas: Wines and Wine Regions of the World, 2nd edn, Little Brown, Websters, London, 2002, p. 311.
9 These wineries build finer-grained terroiriste place–quality relations by distinguishing their wines with references to region, subregion and the qualities of specific vineyards and winemakers.
10 Prince and Lewis, ‘“Quality” as a Governmental Rationality’.
11 J. Barker, N. Lewis and W. Moran, ‘Reregulation and the Development of the New Zealand Wine Industry’, Journal of Wine Industry Research, volume 12, no. 3, 2002, pp. 199–222.
12 New Zealand Winegrowers, Annual Report 2004, New Zealand Winegrowers, Auckland, 2004, p. 17.
13 New Zealand Winegrowers, Annual Report 2015, New Zealand Winegrowers, Auckland, 2015, p. 1.
14 Unless otherwise noted, all data in this section is sourced from New Zealand Winegrowers annual reports and statistical annuals, and the internally circulated New Zealand Wine Export Report.
15 New Zealand Winegrowers, New Zealand Wine Export Report Monthly July 2016, New Zealand Winegrowers, Auckland (unpublished).
16 New Zealand Winegrowers, New Zealand Wine Export Report Monthly July 2016.
17 N. Kloeten, ‘Yealands Estates to Merge with Neighbour’, National Business Review, 29 August 2011, https://www.nbr.co.nz/article/yealands-estates-merge-neighbour-nk-99700
18 Figures to follow are from the New Zealand Winegrowers annual reports and the 2015 Deloitte survey: Deloitte and New Zealand Winegrowers, Vintage 2015: New Zealand Wine Industry Benchmarking Survey, 2016, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/nz/Documents/wine/nz-en-Vintage-2015-wine-survey.pdf
19 R. Bailey, ‘Working the Vines: Ni-Vanuatu Labour, Central Otago Pinot, and Economic Development in Vanuatu’, in P. Howland (ed.), Social, Cultural and Economic Impacts of Wine in New Zealand, Routledge, New York, 2014, pp. 71–85.
20 O. Lewis, ‘NZ Wine Industry’s “Moral” Issue – RSE Workers Face High Rents and Overcrowding’, New Zealand Herald, 1 May 2016.
21 O. Lewis, ‘Vineyard Land and Forestry Plantations Attract Foreign Buyers in Marlborough’, Marlborough Express, 9 February 2017.
22 N. Lewis, ‘Beyond the Flawed Narratives of a Crisis of Over-Supply: A Conceptual Fix for New Zealand Wine’, in P. Howland (ed.), Social, Cultural and Economic Impacts of Wine in New Zealand, pp. 86–102.
23 Moran, New Zealand Wine.
24 New Zealand Winegrowers, Annual Report 2010, New Zealand Winegrowers, Auckland, 2010, p. 7.
25 New Zealand Winegrowers, Annual Report 2010, p. 5.
26 N. Lewis, ‘Packaging Political Projects in Geographical Imaginaries: The Rise of Nation Branding’, in A. Pike (ed.), Brands and Branding Geographies, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 2011, pp. 264–88; Brodie and Sharma, ‘National Branding for New Zealand Exports’.
27 D. Honan in http://www.thewineidealist.com, cited in New Zealand Winegrowers, Annual Report 2015, p. 4.
28 M. Spratt and M. Feldman, Grape-a-hol: How Big Business is Subverting Artisan Winemaking and the Future of Fine Wine, Dog Ear Publishing, Indianapolis, 2012.
29 P. Gregan, personal communication, March 2011.
30 C. Woods, J. Newth and N. Lewis, Central Otago Winegrowers Association Strategic Review, Coal Spud, Auckland, 2011.
31 Woods et al., Central Otago Winegrowers Association.
32 New Zealand Winegrowers, Annual Report 2017, New Zealand Winegrowers, Auckland, 2017.
1 Westpac Institutional Bank, Industry Insights: Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, internet publication, 1 March 2016, https://www.westpac.co.nz/assets/Business/Economic-Updates/2016/Bulletins-2016/Industry-Insights-Tourism-March-2016.pdf
2 P. Deavoll, ‘Tourism Goes Gang-Busters in Mackenzie District’, Stuff Travel, 20 July 2015, https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/70367593/tourism-goes-gangbusters-in-mackenzie-district
3 R. Macfie, ‘Peak Paradise: The Tourism Boom Is Overwhelming Some of New Zealand’s Most Prized Beauty Spots. Are There Clever Solutions?’, New Zealand Listener, 14–20 January 2017.
4 Centre for Responsible Travel, The Case for Responsible Travel: Trends and Statistics 2015, Washington DC, 2015.
5 E. Hoyt and E. C. M. Parsons, ‘The Whale-Watching Industry’, in J. Higham, L. Bejder and R. Williams (eds), Whale-Watching: Sustainable Tourism and Ecological Management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014, pp. 57–70.
6 S. O’Connor, R. Campbell, H. Cortez and T. Knowles, Whale Watching Worldwide: Tourism Numbers, Expenditures and Expanding Economic Benefits. A Special Report from the International Fund for Animal Welfare, Economists at Large, Yarmouth MA, 2009.
7 C. M. Miskelly, ‘Legal Protection of New Zealand’s Indigenous Aquatic Fauna – An Historical Review’, Tuhinga, volume 27, 2016, pp. 81–115; L. Monin, ‘In the Dolphin’s Wake’, New Zealand Listener, 14–20 January 2017.
8 See Auckland Whale and Dolphin Safari website, http://www.awads.co.nz/
9 P. Cloke and H. C. Perkins, ‘Cetacean Performance and Tourism in Kaikoura, New Zealand’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, volume 23, no. 6, 2005, pp. 903–24.
10 See website of Whale Watch, Kaikōura, http://www.whalewatch.co.nz/; see website of Dolphin Encounter, Kaikōura, http://www.dolphinencounter.co.nz/kaikoura/; C. Spiller and S. Bhowmick, ‘Whale Watch Kaikoura – New Zealand’, in J. Hayton, C. Salvato and J. Manimala (eds), Global Entrepreneurship: Case Studies of Entrepreneurial Firms Operating Around the World, Routledge, London, 2015, pp. 141–55.
11 See Tourism New Zealand website, http://www.tourismnewzealand.com
12 ‘Threats to Whales’, Department of Conservation, http://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/marine-mammals/whales/threats/
13 Cloke and Perkins, ‘Cetacean Performance’.
14 See Destination Kaikoura’s website: https://www.kaikoura.co.nz/; International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), The Growth of the New Zealand Whale Watching Industry, 2005, http://www.ecolarge.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/NZ_Whale_Watching_Report_2005-Final1.pdf
15 Market Economics Limited, Economic Impact of the 2016 Kaikoura Earthquake: A Report Prepared for the Ministry of Transport, Auckland, 2017; Radio New Zealand, ‘Cycleway Planned for New Kaikōura Highway’, 24 July 2017.
16 New Zealand Automobile Association, The New Zealand Cycle Trail Guide, AA Tourism Publishing, Auckland, 2016.
17 O. Dowsett, ‘Rural Restructuring: A Multi-Scalar Analysis of the Otago Central Rail Trail’, MSocSc, Lincoln University, 2008.
18 Dowsett, ‘Rural Restructuring’; ‘History’, Department of Conservation, http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/otago/places/clyde-middlemarch-area/things-to-do/otago-central-rail-trail/history/
19 ‘About Our Trail’, Otago Central Rail Trust, http://www.otagocentralrailtrail.co.nz/about-our-trail/#trail-trust
20 C. Paskal, ‘A Happy Trail in New Zealand’, Toronto Star, 11 September 2010.
21 P. Taylor, ‘Making Tracks: Following the Rail Trail’s Lead’, Otago Daily Times, 11 April 2009.
22 S. Gilchrist, ‘A Serving of Yesteryear’, Otago Daily Times, 4 June 2014.
23 J. Key, ‘Job Summit’, Message from the Prime Minister, 26 February 2010, https://www.beehive.govt.nz/feature/job-summit; ‘Job Summit 2009: Who Was There and What Was Achieved?’, Newshub, 27 February 2009.
24 AA, New Zealand Cycle Trail Guide.
25 G. Campbell, ‘Government’s Failure to Cope with Unemployment’, Scoop, 26 June 2009, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0906/S00292.htm; M. Tayawa Figuracion, ‘Ngā Haerenga NZ Cycle Trail Evaluation Report 2016’, Report prepared for Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Wellington, 2016.
26 ‘Pureora Cycle Trail about Realising Economic Potential’, Scoop, 4 December 2012, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1212/S00027/pureora-cycle-trail-about-realising-economic-potential.htm
27 C. M. Hall, L. Sharples, R. Mitchell, N. Macionis and B. Cambourne (eds), Food Tourism Around the World: Development, Management and Markets, Routledge, London, 2003.
28 Tourism New Zealand, ‘New Zealand’s Culinary Culture’, http://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/new-zealands-culinary-culture/
29 Capital Life, ‘The Culinary Tourist: A US Cheerleader for Wellington Cuisine’, Dominion Post, 16 June 2013.
30 R. Stemeitz, ‘Food, Tourism and Destination Differentiation: The case of Rotorua, New Zealand’, MPhil, AUT University, 2010; Canterbury Farmers’ Markets and Artisan Producers, http://www.christchurchnz.com/what-to-see-and-do/farmers-markets/
31 J. Morgan, ‘Farmers’ Market a PlumPart of Job’, Dominion Post, 10 January 2013.
32 O. Lewis, ‘Marlborough Wine and Food Festival Is a Roaring Success’, Stuff, 15 February 2016, https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/food-wine/76860303/Marlborough-Wine-and-Food-Festival-a-roaring-success
33 Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Management of the Environmental Effects Associated with the Tourism Sector, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Wellington, 1997; New Zealand Listener, 14–20 January, 2017.
34 D. Dredge, ‘“Overtourism”: Old Wine in New Bottles’, 13 September 2017, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/overtourism-old-wine-new-bottles-dianne-dredge
35 C. Mitchell, ‘Record Tourist Numbers Put Pressure on Towns’, Press, 17 January 2016; O. Carville, ‘The Great Tourism Squeeze: Small Town Tourist Destinations Buckle under Weight of New Zealand’s Tourism Boom’, New Zealand Herald, 5 June 2017; D. MacKenzie, ‘Tourist Boom Continues as Visitor Record Set’, Otago Daily Times, 1 February 2017.
36 B. Lovelock, ‘Single Worthwhile Policy, Seeking Legitimacy and Implementation: Sustainable Tourism at the Regional Destination Level’, Policy Quarterly, volume 7, no. 4, 2011, pp. 20–26; J. Finlayson, ‘Avoiding Nature’s Privatisation by Stealth’, Press, 12 June 2017.
37 P. F. J. Eagles, S. F. McCool and C. D. Haynes, Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas. Guidelines for Planning and Management, World Commission on Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2002.
38 R. Fox, ‘Visiting Anglers Pay More to Fish, Otago Daily Times, 21 August 2014.
39 Macfie, ‘Peak Paradise’.
40 K. Booth, ‘Rights of Public Access for Outdoor Recreation in New Zealand’, PhD, University of Otago, 2006; New Zealand Federation of Freshwater Anglers, The Commercialisation and Exclusive Capture of NZ’s Public Freshwater Fisheries, 2011, http://www.coranz.org.nz/assets/File-Store/Website_first_3.3184343.pdf
41 T. Miller, ‘Scenic Riches Going to Rich’, Otago Daily Times, 4 March 2017.
42 L. Carlson, ‘The Dark Side of New Zealand’s Tourism Boom’, Stuff, 28 February 2017, https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/travel-troubles/89875545/liz-carlson-the-dark-side-of-new-zealands-tourism-boom
43 A. Cropp, ‘Councils Face $1.4b Bill for Tourism Projects’, Press, 15 March 2017.
1 Business and Economic Research Ltd (BERL), The Asset Base, Income, Expenditure and GDP of the 2010 Māori Economy, Business and Economic Research Ltd, Wellington, 2011; P. Sharples, ‘Our Taniwha Economy: Talking Trade with the Chinese Dragon’, New Zealand China Trade Association, 13 November 2012, http://www.nzcta.co.nz/chinanow-general/1539/our-taniwha-economy-talking-trade-with-the-chinese-dragon/
2 ‘Māori Land Loss 1860–2000’, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/interactive/maori-land-1860-2000
3 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Māori Agribusiness in New Zealand: A Study of the Māori Freehold Land Resource, Wellington, 2011.
4 T. Brooking, ‘Use It or Lose It. Unravelling the Land Debate in Late Nineteenth-Century New Zealand’, New Zealand Journal of History, volume 30, no. 2, 1996, pp. 141–62.
5 Controller and Auditor-General, Māori Land Administration: Client Service Performance of the Māori Land Court Unit and the Māori Trustee, Wellington, 2004.
6 Controller and Auditor-General, Māori Land Administration, p. 11.
7 BERL, The Asset Base.
8 See Bay of Connections’ website, http://www.bayofconnections.com/
9 BERL, Māori Economy in the Waikato Region, Te Puni Kōkiri, 2014, https://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/amatou-mohiotanga/business-and-economics/maori-economy-in-the-waikato-region; ‘Māori in the Taranaki Region: Economic Profile’, Venture Taranaki, http://www.taranaki.info/admin/data/business/maori_in_the_taranaki_region_economic_profile.pdf (link discontinued); Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi, Tairāwhiti Māori Economic Development Report, Te Puni Kōkiri, February 2017, https://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/mo-te-puni-kokiri/our-stories-and-media/tairawhiti-maori-economic-development-report#.WSlDYpKGOpo
10 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Maori Agribusiness in New Zealand.
11 BERL, Te Ōhanga Māori 2013, Māori Economy Report 2013, Te Puni Kōkiri, Wellington, 2015.
12 The Māori Economic Development Panel, He Kai Kei Aku Ringa, The Crown-Māori Economic Growth Partnership, Action Plan 2012–2017, Wellington, 2012.
13 ‘Unlocking Māori Potential’, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/science-innovation/unlocking-maori-potential
14 The Māori Economic Development Panel, Action Plan 2012–2017, Recommendation 18, p. 31. The mention of ‘self-generating well-being’ is on p. 3.
15 ‘Agricultural Production Tables for Federation of Maori Authorities’, Federation of Māori Authorities (FOMA), http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/industry_sectors/agriculture-horticulture-forestry/tables-foma.aspx, Table 2.
16 ANZ, The ANZ Privately-Owned Business Barometer: Māori Business Key Insights 2014, ANZ Bank New Zealand, p. 3, https://www.anz.co.nz/resources/7/0/70c6563c-e699-46ff-9c40-8358ebade63e/MaoriBusinessReport-2014.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
17 See Parininihi ki Waitotara’s website, http://www.pkw.co.nz
18 See Wakatū Incorporation’s website, http://www.wakatu.org
19 See Tuaropaki Trust’s website, http://www.tuaropaki.com
20 The Biological Economies research team is deeply appreciative for the hospitality extended when they visited the Tuaropaki Trust at its headquarters at Mokai in October 2013. Quote comes from discussion there.
21 TDP Advisory, New Zealand Dairy Companies Review, April 2017, https://www.tdb.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/TDB-Dairy-Companies-Review.pdf
22 These key features in this sentence were identified from web sources and from discussions when visiting Tuaropaki in October 2013.
23 F. Rotherham, ‘Wakatu’s Wahine Toa in Her Dream Job’, New Zealand Herald, 10 December 2016.
24 See Kono’s website, https://www.kono.co.nz
25 Westpac, Industry Insights, Māori in the New Zealand Economy, September 2016, p. 2, https://www.westpac.co.nz/assets/Business/Economic-Updates/2016/Bulletins-2016/Industry-Insights-Maori-in-the-NZ-Economy-September-2016.pdf
26 The way collective and perpetual values of te ao Māori mesh particularly well with international business opportunities is clearly articulated in J. Hanita, J. Rihia and R. Te Kanawa, Māui Rau: Adapting to a Changing World, KPMG New Zealand, 2016, pp. 42–47, http://www.kpmg.com/nz
27 ‘Māori Business Delegation Visits to China’, New Zealand Parliament, https://www.parliament.nz/resource/0000182064
28 J. Galloway, ‘Big Force of Maori Farming Takes Spiritual Approach to the Land and Environment’, NZ Farmer, 1 June 2017, https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/93127914/big-force-of-maori-farming-takes-spiritual-approach-to-the-land-and-environment
29 See Landcorp’s website, http://www.landcorp.co.nz
30 ‘Iwi Partnerships’, Landcorp New Zealand, http://www.landcorp.co.nz/iwi-partnerships
31 J. Gray, ‘Sheep Milk: Is This the Future of Farming?”, Weekend Herald, 20 August 2016.
32 P. Smellie, ‘Landcorp’s Steve Carden is an SOE Chief with a Gleam in His Eye’, Press, 1 June 2017.
33 D. Gill, S. Pride, H. Gilbert and R. Norman, The Future State, Institute of Policy Studies, Working Paper 10/08, Victoria University of Wellington, 2010, p. 81; Hanita, Rihia and Te Kanawa, Māui Rau, p. 11.
34 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Maori Agribusiness in New Zealand.
35 ANZ, Privately-Owned Business Barometer.
36 P. White, ‘How Do Māori Landowners Judge Whether the Management of Māori Incorporations Is Successful?’, research report, Massey University, 1997; T. Kingi, ‘Culture, Ethnicity and Organisational Performance: Issues in Evaluating Māori Authorities’, Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Lincoln University, Discussion Paper 147, Lincoln, 2000, pp. 176–83.
37 TDB Advisory, New Zealand Dairy Companies Review.
1 H. Sewell, The Journal of Henry Sewell 1853–7, ed. W. D. McIntyre, Whitcoulls, Christchurch, 1980.
2 L. M. Petrie, ‘From Bush to Cocksfoot: An Essay on the Destruction of the Banks Peninsula Forests’, MSc, University of Canterbury, 1963.
3 V. Wood, Akaroa Cocksfoot: King of Grasses, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, 2014.
4 E. Pawson and V. Wood, ‘The Grass Seed Trade’, in T. Brooking and E. Pawson, Seeds of Empire: The Environmental Transformation of New Zealand, IB Tauris, London, 2011, pp. 117–38.
5 R. C. Stuart and H. H. Tocker, ‘Farming in Akaroa County’, New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, volume 91, no. 5, 1955, pp. 485–93.
6 Milk collected by single Fonterra tanker once every two days: Fonterra tanker drivers, Little River, personal communication, May 2016.
7 A. Smale, ‘Thick and Thin’, New Zealand Geographic, volume 138, 2016, pp. 50–69.
8 This section is based on discussions with Edward Aitken of Holmes Bay, and Paul de Latour of Okains Bay, and on a Television New Zealand Country Calendar programme on Banks Peninsula Farms that screened on 26 April 2015.
9 ‘Pure New Zealand Wool. Farmed on Banks Peninsula’, Banks Peninsula Farms, http://www.bankspeninsulafarms.com
10 H. D. Wilson, Plant Life on Banks Peninsula, Manuka Press, Cromwell, 2013.
11 H. Paxson, The Life of Cheese: Crafting Food and Value in America, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2013.
12 Lonely Planet’s Best in Travel 2011, Lonely Planet, Footscray, Vic., 2010, p. 149.
13 D. Goodman, ‘The Quality “Turn” and Alternative Food Practices: Reflections and Agenda’, Journal of Rural Studies, volume 19, no. 1, 2003, pp. 1–7.
14 P. Tremewan, French Akaroa. An Attempt to Colonise Southern New Zealand, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, rev. edn, 2010, p. 158.
15 Lyttelton Times in 1857, quoted in D. Schuster, D. Jackson and R. Tipples, Canterbury Grapes and Wines 1840–2002, Shoal Bay Press, Christchurch, 2002, p. 24.
16 The figure owes much to a discussion with Tim Lynch, Richard Mitchell and Adrian Woodhouse at Otago Polytechnic’s Food Design Institute, Dunedin, in May 2017.
17 W. Moran, New Zealand Wine: The Land, the Vines, the People, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2016.
18 Jan Whyte of Akaroa Olives, personal communication, May 2016; A. Napier, ‘Canterbury Olive Oil is Liquid Gold’, Press, 4 November 2015; Akaroa Olives website: http://www.akaroaolives.co.nz
19 Paxson, The Life of Cheese, p. 189.
20 Barrys Bay Cheese, discussion and inspection of labels at the factory, May 2016.
21 T. Cronshaw, ‘Big Medal Haul for Cheesemakers’, Press, 4 March 2016.
22 M. S. Carolan, Embodied Food Politics, Ashgate, Farnham, 2011. This paragraph draws from a discussion with Airborne factory staff in December 2016, as well as S. Catherall, ‘Buzzing about Bees’, Press, 7 September 2016 and Cliff van Eaton, Manuka: The Biography of an Extraordinary Honey, Exisle Publishing, Auckland, 2014.
23 Tai Tapu School, The Edible Journey Cookbook. A Taste of Banks Peninsula, Tai Tapu School Parent Teacher Association, Christchurch, 2013.
24 Press, 10 August 1918, reprinted in Summit Road and Reserves Association, Port Hills–Akaroa Summit Road and Scenic Reserves, Summit Road and Reserves Association, Christchurch, no date.
25 The trust’s website is http://www.roddonaldtrust.co.nz
26 C. Ray, ‘Culture, Intellectual Property and Territorial Rural Development’, Sociologia Ruralis, volume 38, no. 1, 1998, pp. 3–20; M. D. Mackay, ‘Tourism and the Rural Culture Economy in New Zealand: Insights from the Inner Rural Bays, Banks Peninsula’, MAppScience, Lincoln University, 2004.
27 C. L. Grocke, ‘New Opportunities: The Development of Private Rural Walkways in Rural North Canterbury’, MAppScience, Lincoln University, 1999.
28 Sonia Armstrong, personal communication, February 2017; the track’s website is http://www.bankstrack.co.nz
29 Farming survey respondent quoted in Mackay, ‘Tourism and the Rural Culture Economy’, p. 51.
30 H. D. Wilson, Hinewai: The Journal of a New Zealand Naturalist, Shoal Bay Press, Christchurch, 2002, p. 38.
31 ‘Francis and Shireen Helps, Flea Bay, Banks Peninsula’, Rural Delivery, https://www.ruraldelivery.net.nz/stories/Francis-and-Shireen-Helps-Flea-Bay-Banks-Peninsula
32 Lonely Planet’s 1000 Ultimate Adventures, Lonely Planet, Footscray, Vic., 2013, p. 268.
33 Mackay, ‘Tourism and the Rural Culture Economy’, p. 51.
34 ‘Banks Peninsula Track Loses a Day’, Press, 5 November 2016.
35 R. Barker, Nature Tourism on Banks Peninsula: Issues and Perceptions of People from the Rural Community, research report towards Kelloggs Rural Leadership Course, Lincoln University, 1994, p. 6.
36 E. Pawson and A. A. Christensen, ‘Landscapes of the Anthropocene: From Dominion to Dependence?’, in J. Frawley and I. McCalman (eds), Rethinking Invasion Ecologies for the Environmental Humanities, Routledge, Abingdon, 2014, pp. 64–83.
37 Pawson and Christensen, ‘Landscapes of the Anthropocene’.
1 P. Cloke and H. C. Perkins, ‘“Cracking the Canyon with the Awesome Foursome”: Representations of Adventure Tourism in New Zealand’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, volume 16, no. 2, 1998, pp. 185–218.
2 G. Sydney, B. Turner and O. Marshall, Timeless Land, Longacre Press, Auckland, 2010.
3 Interview with Lindon and Jennie Sanders, Little Valley Station, October 2011.
4 Interview with Tom Pinckney, Northburn Station, October 2010.
5 A. Brower, Who Owns the High Country? The Controversial Story of Tenure Review in New Zealand, Craig Potton Publishing, Nelson, 2008.
6 ‘Tenure Review Achieves Win-Win at Bendigo Station’, http://www.ruraldelivery.net.nz/2006/11/tenure-review-achieves-win-win-at-bendigo-station/ (link discontinued); Harcourts New Zealand, Southern Lakes and Central Otago Bluebook, Harcourts Publications, summer 2016, p. 18.
7 J. Perriam, Dust to Gold: The Inspiring Story of Bendigo Station, Home of Shrek, Random House, Auckland, 2009.
8 ‘Forest Range Farming Operation’, Forest Range Station, http://www.merinonz.co.nz/forest-range-station-nz/our-farming-operation/; interview with Alistair Campbell, Earnscleugh Station, October 2011.
9 E. Pawson and H. C. Perkins, ‘Worlds of Wool: Recreating Value off the Sheep’s Back’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 69, no. 3, 2013, pp. 208–20.
10 Cardrona Merino website: http://www.cardronamerino.com/en/; interview with Ben Gordon, Avalon Station, October 2010.
11 ‘Mining – Gold’, Department of Conservation, http://www.doc.govt.nz/our-work/heritage/heritage-topics/mining-gold/; interview with David Murphy, Department of Conservation, Alexandra.
12 Interview with Murray Nielson, retired Technical Support Officer – Fresh Water, Department of Conservation, and Trustee of the Clutha Fisheries Trust, September 2017; interviews with David Murphy and Mike Tubbs, former manager and manager, respectively, of the Central Otago Area Office of the Department of Conservation, Alexandra, October 2010; ‘Oteake Conservation Park’, Department of Conservation, http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/otago/oteake-conservation-park-brochure.pdf
13 ‘Golden Valleys Turning Green’, Country Life, 4 November 2016, http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/countrylife/audio/201822566/golden-valleys-turn-green, 4 November 2016.
14 Interview with Murray Nielson, note 12.
15 Westpac Institutional Bank, Industry Insights: Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 1 March 2016, p. 5, https://www.westpac.co.nz/assets/Business/Economic-Updates/2016/Bulletins-2016/Industry-Insights-Tourism-March-2016.pdf
16 Destination Queenstown Business Plan 2016–17, http://www.qldc.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Your-Views/Annual-Plan-2016/Organisations-D-F.pdf
17 M. McClure, The Wonder Country: Making New Zealand Tourism, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2004.
18 ‘A Snapshot History of Skiing in the South Island’, nzXsports.co.nz, http://www.snow.co.nz/SIHistory/ (link discontinued)
19 H. C. Perkins, ‘Skiers’ Satisfaction with Coronet Peak‘, MA, University of Otago, 1981.
20 Mount Cook and Southern Lakes Tourist Company, Ski-Hi New Zealand, New Zealand edition, publicity pamphlet, 1977.
21 ‘Queenstown Adventure, Adventure Capital of the World’, Queenstown Adventure Group, http://www.queenstownadventure.com/adventure-history/
22 P. Cloke and H. C. Perkins, ‘Commodification and Adventure in New Zealand Tourism’, Current Issues in Tourism, volume 5, no. 6, 2002, pp. 521–49.
23 McClure, The Wonder Country.
24 J. Carroll, ‘Couple Go Crackers for Cheese’, Otago Daily Times, 24 June 2009.
25 ‘Gibbston River Ride’, Queenstown Trail, http://www.queenstowntrail.co.nz/maps-and-rides/trail-maps/gibbston-river-ride/
26 M. Woods, ‘The Local Politics of the Global Countryside: Boosterism, Aspirational Ruralism and the Contested Reconstitution of Queenstown, New Zealand’, GeoJournal, volume 76, no. 4, 2011, pp. 365–81; P. Newport, ‘Families struggling as Queenstown house prices continue to climb’, Radio New Zealand printed news item, 2 June 2016, http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/regional/305404/queenstown-’in-crisis’-as-property-prices-soar; ‘It’s Sam versus Warren II in Queenstown’, Mountain Scene, Voice of Queenstown, 28 March 2013.
27 Queenstown-Lakes District Council, ‘Chapter 6, Landscapes’, Proposed District Plan, 2015, http://www.qldc.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Planning/District-Plan/PDP-Chapters/Chapter-6-Landscapes.pdf
28 M. Mackay, H. C. Perkins and C. N. Taylor, ‘Producing and Consuming the Global Multifunctional Countryside: Rural Tourism in the South Island of New Zealand’ in K. Dashper (ed.), Rural Tourism: An International Perspective, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014, pp. 41–58.
29 Central Otago, New Zealand: A World of Difference, http://www.aworldofdifference.co.nz/
30 C. Rosin, A. Dwiartama, D. Grant and D. Hopkins, ‘Using Provenance to Create Stability: State-Led Territorialisation of Central Otago as Assemblage’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 69, no. 3, 2013, pp. 235–48.
31 H. C. Perkins, M. Mackay and S. Espiner, ‘Putting Pinot alongside Merino in Central Otago, New Zealand: Rural Amenity and the Making of the Global Countryside’, Journal of Rural Studies, volume 39, 2015, pp. 85–98.
32 ‘Highlands – Experience the Exceptional’, Highlands Motorsport, http://www.highlands.co.nz/
33 Interview with Murray Nielson, note 12.
34 O. Dowsett, ‘Rural Restructuring: A Multi-Scalar Analysis of the Otago Central Rail Trail’, MSocSc, Lincoln University, 2008.
35 ‘Sad Day for Art Deco Fans’, Otago Daily Times, 19 April 2010.
36 Residential House Values, January 2017, https://www.qv.co.nz/; J. McKenzie-McLean, ‘Central Otago Property Values Skyrocket’, Stuff, 25 November 2016, https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/86830919/central-otago-property-values-skyrocket; Central Otago: A World of Difference – Housing, http://www.centralotagonz.com/living-here/housing; C. Harris, ‘Queenstown Cracks $1m Mark’, Press, 1 December 2016.
37 ‘Summerfruit (cherries, apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums)’, New Zealand Horticulture Export Authority, http://www.hea.co.nz/2012-05-11-03-05-28/summerfruit-trade
38 P. Jones, ‘Booming Apple Industry Boosting Economy’, Otago Daily Times, 13 March 2017.
1 An overview of the government’s regional development programme can be found at: http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/sectors-industries/regions-cities/regional-economic-development. For information about the development of regional GDP figures by Statistics New Zealand see http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/economic_indicators/NationalAccounts/intro-regional-gdp.aspx
2 J. A. Agnew, ‘Arguing with Regions’, Regional Studies, volume 47, no. 1, 2012, pp. 6–17; J. Harrison, ‘Configuring the New “Regional World”: On Being Caught between Territory and Networks’, Regional Studies, volume 47, no. 1, 2012, pp. 55–74.
3 N. Lewis, R. Le Heron, H. Campbell, M. Henry, E. Le Heron, E. Pawson, H. Perkins, M. Roche and C. Rosin, ‘Assembling Biological Economies: Region-Shaping Initiatives in Making and Retaining Value’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 69, no. 3, 2013, pp. 180–96.
4 See, for example, R. Lattimore and S. Eaqub, The New Zealand Economy: An Introduction, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2011; S. Eaqub and J. Stephenson, Regional Economies: Shape, Performance and Drivers, NZIER Working Paper 2014/03, New Zealand Institute of Economic Research, Wellington, 2014; P. Spoonley (ed.), Rebooting the Regions: Why Low or Zero Growth Needn’t Mean the End of Prosperity, Massey University Press, Auckland, 2016.
5 J. Beckert, Imagined Futures: Fictional Expectations and Capitalist Dynamics, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2016.
6 Lewis et al., ‘Assembling Biological Economies’; T. Mitchell, ‘Rethinking economy’, Geoforum, volume 39, no. 3, 2008, pp. 1116–21.
7 For example, see Richard Paling Consulting, Martin Jenkins, ASCARI and Crowe Horwath, (2014). East Coast Regional Economic Potential, April 2014. Final Report. Stage 1 Research Review; Stage 2: Economic Forecasting and Transport and Skills Implications, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Wellington.
8 ‘Matariki: Hawke’s Bay Regional Economic Development Strategy and Action Plan’, Hawke’s Bay Regional Council, http://www.hbreds.nz/about-matariki/strategy/
9 Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Regional Economic Activity Report, No. 38, Wellington, 2015. Figures referred to in next sentence are from the same report.
10 S. Bevin, Social and Economic Development in the Hawke’s Bay Region: An Analysis of Current Historical and Future Trends and Progress, Economic Solutions Ltd, Napier, 2012.
11 G. Conly, Wattie’s: The First Fifty Years, J. Wattie’s Canneries Ltd, Hastings, 1984; D. Irving and K. Inkson, It Must Be Wattie’s: From Kiwi Icon to Global Player, David Bateman, Auckland, 1998.
12 Irving and Inkson, It Must Be Wattie’s.
13 M. Calder and J. Tyson, Meat Acts: The New Zealand Meat Industry 1972–1997, Meat New Zealand, Wellington, 1999; C. Ellis, Who Dares, Wins Freedom: Graeme Lowe of Lowe Corporation, Lowe Corporation, Wellington, 2004.
14 Te Rōpū Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pōmare, Mauri Mahi: Does Being Made Unemployed Affect Health? The Closures of Whakatu and Tomoana, Ngāti Kahungunu Iwi, Hastings, 2001.
15 For an overview of the Tomoana Food Hub see https://www.tomoanafoodhub.co.nz/
16 Bevin, Social and Economic Development; S. Bevin, Hawke’s Bay Economic Performance Update: Prepared for the Local Government Commission, Economic Solutions Ltd, Napier, 2014.
17 D. Massey, For Space, Sage, London, 2005.
18 For histories of Hawke’s Bay and the role of sheep and the meat industry in it, see M. Wright, Hawke’s Bay: The History of a Province, Dunmore Press, Palmerston North, 1994; M. Wright, Historic Hawke’s Bay and East Coast, David Bateman, Auckland, 2010.
19 R. Perren, Taste, Trade and Technology: The Development of the International Meat Industry since 1840, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2006.
20 For accounts of the early years in the Hawke’s Bay meat industry, see G. Harrison, Borthwicks: A Century in the Meat Trade, 1863–1963, Hazell Watson & Viney Limited, London, 1963.
21 In 2012 Craig Hickson won the New Zealand Agribusiness Person of the Year, and in 2015 he also won the New Zealand EY Entrepreneur of the Year for his work in developing Progressive Meats: http://www.progressivemeats.co.nz/our-people/
22 Progressive Meats’ website: http://www.progressivemeats.co.nz
23 Progressive Meats, Hawke’s Bay Lamb Supplier Newsletter, June 2016, p. 10.
24 R. Wolfe, A Short History of Sheep in New Zealand, Random House, Auckland, 2006.
25 M. Wright, Trucks around New Zealand, Whitcoulls, Auckland, 2006.
26 Town & Country Planning Directorate, The Meat Industry in Hawke’s Bay: A Review, Ministry of Works & Development and Hawke’s Bay Regional Development Council, Napier, 1986.
27 K. Barber, ‘Unravelling the Schedule Gap between North and South Islands’, Barber’s Meaty Issues (blog), https://www.allanbarber.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/unravelling-the-schedule-gap-between-north-and-south-islands/, 2014.
28 W. Moran, New Zealand Wine: The Land, the Vines, the People, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 2016; M. Sweet, Wine Stories from Hawke’s Bay, BayBuzz, Havelock North, 2015.
29 Quote comes from Hawke’s Bay Wine Growers Association, http://www.hawkesbaywine.co.nz. For information about wine production in Hawke’s Bay see this and New Zealand Wine, https://www.nzwine.com/en/regions/hawkes-bay/
30 Moran, New Zealand Wine; also Chapter 7 in this book for a discussion on white wine as a fast-moving consumer good.
31 J. Overton and J. Heitger, ‘Maps, Markets and Merlot: The Making of an Antipodean Wine Appellation’, Journal of Rural Studies, volume 24, no. 4, 2008, pp. 440–49. Also see the Gimblett Gravels website: http://www.gimblettgravels.com
32 Gimblett Gravels: https://www.gimblettgravels.com/accolades/2017-wine-show-results/. Chardonnay and Viognier wines from the Gimblett Gravels also won awards at the same competition. International Wine Challenge: http://www.internationalwinechallenge.com
33 These interviews were conducted from 2010 to 2012, as part of research by the Biological Economies team on innovation and experimentation in the wine industry in Hawke’s Bay.
34 E. Le Heron, R. Le Heron and N. Lewis, ‘Wine Economy as Open Assemblage: Thinking beyond Sector and Region’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 69, no. 3, 2013, pp. 221–34.
35 See note 33.
36 For the Family of Twelve group see: http://www.familyoftwelve.co.nz/about/
37 R. Kitchin, The Big Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures and Their Consequences, Sage, London, 2014.
38 For Statistics New Zealand’s geographical hierarchy, see http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods/classifications-and-standards/geographic-hierarchy.aspx
39 Spoonley, Rebooting the Regions; Eaqub and Stephenson, Regional Economies: Shape, Performance.
40 ‘New Zealand 2014’s “Rock Star” Economy’, Stuff, 7 January 2014, http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/9583473/New-Zealand-2014s-rock-star-economy; S. Eaqub, Growing Apart: Regional Prosperity in New Zealand, Bridget Williams Books, Wellington, 2014.
41 ‘Five Headline Indicators of National Success: A Clearer Picture of How the UK is Performing, 2015’, New Economics Foundation, http://www.b.3cdn.net/nefoundation/1ff58cfc7d3f4b3fad_o4m6ynyiz.pdf
1 S. H. Franklin, Trade, Growth and Anxiety: New Zealand beyond the Welfare State, Methuen, Wellington, 1978; Cul de Sac: The Question of New Zealand’s Future, Unwin/Port Nicholson Press, Wellington, 1985.
2 ‘About Us’, New Zealand Food Innovation Network, http://www.foodinnovationnetwork.co.nz/about-us
3 ‘The FoodBowl Is Growing’, New Zealand Food Innovation Network, http://www.foodinnovationnetwork.co.nz/foodbowl-growing---check-out-our-three-new-roles
4 Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Evaluation of the NZTE Incubator Support Programme, Part 1, Economic Development Group, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Wellington, 2012.
5 Angus Brown discusses the physical facilities and equipment available at the FoodBowl, including both quotes, at: http://www.legacy.sciencelearn.org.nz/Innovation/Innovation-Stories/The-FOODBOWL/Videos/The-FOODBOWL-story
6 This quote and the description ‘secondary salesperson’ that follows are from video transcripts at http://www.legacy.sciencelearn.org.nz/Innovation/Innovation-Stories/The-FOODBOWL/Articles/Innovation-ecosystem
7 Brown, note 5.
8 ATEED, Auckland Innovation Plan: A City of Change and Innovation, Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development, Auckland, 2014, p. 24; ATEED, Annual Report for the Year Ended 30 June 2016, Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development, Auckland, 2016, p. 17.
9 S. Morgan, ‘Big Kitchen Helps Small Firms Grow’, Manukau Courier, 10 January 2013.
10 Morgan, ‘Big Kitchen Helps’.
11 ‘FoodBowl Partners Celebrate Culley’s Growth Milestones’, Scoop, 23 May 2014, ATEED press release, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU1405/S00858/foodbowl-partners-celebrate-culleys-growth-milestones.htm
12 ‘ANZCO FoodBowl’, New Zealand Food Innovation Network, http://www.foodinnovationnetwork.co.nz/anzco
13 G. Skellern, ‘Food Science Feeds Needs of Growing Industry’, New Zealand Herald, 12 November 2013.
14 Two further initiatives have been added to the original four hubs. The first is effectively a satellite office based at what is termed the Hawke’s Bay Business Hub, which establishes a placeholder for a future processing facility and is designed in the meantime to broker relationships with the other four hubs. The second is FoodSouth Otago, a second facility in the FoodSouth hub, which is based at the University of Otago and connected to its food science teaching. Launched in early 2017, it has a single employee and is yet to establish its own independent identity, media profile or web presence.
15 National Network of Science and Technology Resources’, Food Innovation Network, http://www.foodinnovationnetwork.co.nz
16 Callaghan Innovation, Statement of Intent to June 2016, Callaghan Innovation, Wellington, 2013, p. 10.
17 S. Sturm and S. Turner, ‘Knowledge Waves: New Zealand as Educational Enterprise’, Australian Journal of Communication, volume 38, no. 3, 2011, pp. 153–77.
18 N. Lewis, ‘Thinking/Learning about Policy to Enact Different Food Futures’, Regional Science Policy & Practice, volume 1, no. 2, 2009, pp. 187–92.
19 Coriolis Research, Mapping the Structure of the New Zealand Food and Beverage Industry, report prepared for the New Zealand Food and Beverage Taskforce, Coriolis Research, Auckland, 2005, p. 2.
20 Food and Beverage Taskforce, Smart Food, Cool Beverage: New Zealand’s Future in the Food and Beverage Sector, 2006, pp. 29–30.
21 Coriolis Research, Review of the International Peers for the New Zealand Food and Innovation Network (NZFIN), Coriolis Research, Auckland, 2009.
22 The term ‘triple helix’ became popular in the national ‘systems of innovation’ language of the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology at the time: N. Lewis and C. Shore, ‘Academic Entrepreneurialism and University Commercialization: The Rise of the Third Mission in New Zealand’, URGE Symposium, 8–10 August 2012, Copenhagen: for slideshow see http://www.edu.au.dk/fileadmin/www.dpu.dk/forskning/forskningsprogrammer/epoke/forskningsprojekter/university_reform__globalization_and_Europeanization__URGE_/work_package_4/University_Third_Mission_-_URGE_WP_4_paper_-_Cris_Shore.pdf
23 ‘NZ Food Innovation Network’, Export New Zealand, https://www.exportnz.org.nz/resources-and-tools/market-research/nz-food-innovation-network
24 N. Lewis, R. Le Heron, H. Campbell, M. Henry, E. Le Heron, E. Pawson, H. Perkins, M. Roche and C. Rosin, ‘Assembling Biological Economies: Region-Shaping Initiatives in Making and Retaining Value’, New Zealand Geographer, volume 69, no. 3, 2013, pp. 180–96.
25 Coriolis Research, Mapping the Structure; Review of the International Peers.
26 ‘The Export Goal’, Ministry for Primary Industries, https://www.mpi.govt.nz/about-mpi/our-strategy-2030-growing-and-protecting-new-zealand/the-export-goal/ (link discontinued)
27 ‘Our Objectives’, Northland Inc, http://www.northlandnz.com/business/northland-inc/strategy
28 ‘Innovation Ecosystem’, Science Learning Hub, https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1670-innovation-ecosystem
29 ‘Regional Business Partners’, Callaghan Innovation, October 2017, https://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/contact-us/regional-business-partners
30 OECD, Innovation-Driven Growth in Regions: The Role of Smart Specialisation, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 2013.
31 Dean Peterson, formerly of Callaghan Innovation, personal communication, February 2017.
32 ATEED Food & Beverage Growth and Competitiveness Plan. Report to Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development Chairman and Board, ATEED, Auckland, 2013.
33 ‘Callaghan Partnership Announced’, Food Innovation Network, 3 August 2013, http://www.foodinnovationnetwork.co.nz/callaghan-partnership-announced
34 Callaghan Innovation, Statement of Intent to 30 June 2016, pp. 18–20, https://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/sites/all/files/callaghan-innovation-soi-june-2016.pdf
35 This insight was confirmed in discussion with a former official heavily involved in the establishment of the New Zealand Food Innovation Network.
36 An insider suggests that the faith among entrepreneurs in the possibility of fostering a new global fast-moving consumer brand is surprisingly deep and blind: personal communication.
1 S. Rae, ‘Icebreaker Contract Ensures “Unprecedented” Security’, Otago Daily Times, 11 November 2017.
2 E. Pawson and H. C. Perkins, ‘New Zealand Going Global: The Emerging Relationships Economy’, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, volume 58, no. 3, 2017, pp. 257–72.
3 C. Saunders, M. Guenther, P. Tait and J. Saunders, ‘Assessing Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for NZ Food Attributes in China, India and the UK’, contributed paper prepared for presentation at the 87th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society, University of Warwick, 8–10 April 2013.
4 For example, ‘Cows and Seep. Dairy Farming is Polluting New Zealand’s Water’, Economist, 16 November 2017.
5 M. Harris, The New Zealand Project, Bridget Williams Books, Wellington, 2017, p. 202.
6 Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Annual Report 2017, Christchurch; C. Hutching, ‘Honey Venture Sours Ngai Tahu Profit’, Press, 16 November 2017: the headline is a good example of a closed storyline that obscures the narrative within.