48. The Chicago Daily News’s home decor column received about a dozen letters per week. Letter from Margaret H. Mann, Chicago Daily News, in response to a syndicate circular, no date, estimated between 1917 and 1924, Victor Freemont Lawson Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago.
49. Dorothy Ethel Walsh, “Getting the House Ready for Warm Weather,” Chicago Daily News, 24 February 1917, 8.
50. Suburban Gardening by Frank Ridgway is advertised in Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927.
51. The Chicago Herald, for example, began printing regular gardening columns during the war.
52. Carson Pirie Scott & Company ad, Chicago Herald, 24 April 1917, 3, and Chicago Daily News, 18 April 1929, 11.
53. Wittbold Gardeners ad, Sunday Record-Herald, 4 May, 1913, 3.
54. For an example, see ad for the “Jeffery Four” in the Chicago Tribune, 17 September 1916, pt. 1, 7.
55. “Help for the Man Who Wants to Build” was a syndicated feature, written by the Architects’ Small House Service Bureau and run in the Chicago Daily News in the 1920s.
56. These questions appeared in the column “What You May Want to Know about Building,” Chicago Daily News, 5 September 1925, 15.
57. The 1920s Herald and Examiner offered a free booklet on the fine points of home construction, and Sears, Roebuck, & Company advertised its mail-order homes in Chicago newspapers as well. For both see Chicago Herald and Examiner, 5 May 1929, real estate and business section, 1.
58. Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 41.
59. Chicago Tribune, Chicago Tribune Book of Homes, 7.
60. “Events of a City Day,” Chicago Tribune, 8 August 1896, 5; and “What Some of the Chicago Preachers Said,” Chicago Tribune, and 3 August 1896, 12.
61. These stories were later collected in a book: Franklin J. Meine, ed. Chicago Stories, by George Ade, Illustrated by John T. McCutcheon and Others (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1963). The same feature ran in the Chicago Record-Herald for several years in the 1900s.
62. “Tales They Tell in the Loop” and “Our Neighbors across the Way,” Chicago Herald, 29 April 1917, humor and city life section.
63. For example, see “The Restless Age,” Chicago Tribune, 21 June 1920, front page.
64. For an ad that offered suburban delivery, see Chicago Daily News, 5 January 1905, 16. For a map showing how Chicago department stores calibrated their delivery routes to the incomes and neighborhoods of their desired customers, see Lewis Copeland, “The Limits and Characteristics of Metropolitan Chicago” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1937), 67, 70. Regena Marie Beckmire also discusses suburban delivery in “The Study of Highland Park as a Residential Suburb” (MA thesis, University of Chicago, 1932), 113.
65. Beckmire, “The Study of Highland Park as a Residential Suburb,” 111.
66. The Herald subtitled one 1889 article on annexation “Valuable Hints for Suburbanites” and walked readers through the complicated new laws surrounding the process. “To Get Into Chicago; the New Plan for Annexation,” Chicago Herald, 28 April 1889, 10.
67. The example of club lists comes from the Chicago Times-Herald, 3 November 1897, 9. There are fewer records of suburban social mixing in the late nineteenth century than there are for the early twentieth century. Lewis Copeland tracked membership in social clubs in “The Limits and Characteristics of Metropolitan Chicago,” 211, 213. He found that the Union League was 57 percent suburban in 1935, the University Club was about 50 percent suburban in 1926, and the City Club was 27.5 percent suburban in 1935. The Chicago names appearing in the 1926 Social Register were 35.9 percent suburban.
68. Beckmire, “The Study of Highland Park as a Residential Suburb,” 110–11. Other examples of mixed urban and suburban news include the Tribune’s weekly listings of religious services, and many papers’ columns on amateur leagues, which reported on teams such as the Lake Views, the Garden Cities, and the Evanston Boys, who regularly played urban teams. Chicago Herald, 17 July 1893, 7.
69. An 1888 Tribune listed dozens of branch offices, with seven in suburbs. List of branch offices, Chicago Tribune, 10 April 1888, 10. In 1890, two hundred druggists worked for the Daily News; by 1905, the number had risen to six hundred. Charles H. Dennis, Victor Lawson: His Time and His Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935), 35, 136. Around the turn of the century, most Chicagoans did not own telephones, but many druggists kept a phone in their stores—hence the need for this arrangement.
70. On the decentralization of work and retail in the Chicago area and beyond, see Robert Bruegmann, “Schaumburg, Oak Brook, Rosemont, and the Recentering of the Chicago Metropolitan Area,” in Chicago Architecture and Design, 1923–1993, ed. John Zukowsky (Munich: Prestel-Verlag; Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1993), 161; Neil Harris, “The City That Shops: Chicago’s Retailing Landscape,” in Chicago Architecture and Design, ed. Zukowsky, 179–80; and Richard Harris and Robert Lewis, “The Geography of North American Cities and Suburbs, 1900–1950: A New Synthesis,” Journal of Urban History 27, no. 3 (March 2001): 262–92.
71. The Daily News articulated its urban focus in an editorial on 30 October 1876, quoted in Dennis, Victor Lawson, 33, and later also in its Employee’s Manual, 1928, 26, MMS Field Enterprises Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago.
72. For comparison: in the 1920s, the American, the Herald and Examiner, and the Daily News all sold between twenty-eight and thirty-eight thousand papers to the suburbs every day. Circulation statistics are for 1925 and come from Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, 30 January 1926, 35.
73. Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia of the World’s Greatest Newspaper (Chicago: Tribune Company, 1928), 122–23.
74. The Tribune said that it paid a carrier, for example, $3.50 per week to deliver a newspaper that cost the subscriber sixty cents per week. Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia, 124.
75. The suburban circulation manager is listed in the employee manual, 1928, 12, MMS Field Enterprises Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago. The airplanes and branch plans are mentioned in “‘Story of a Newspaper’—a Conducted Tour through the Chicago Daily News Plant,” script, no date—likely 1929, 8, Victor Freemont Lawson Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago. Several New York City papers, including the Sun, Telegram, Journal, and Daily News, set up branch plants in the 1920s and 1930s as well. These plants became especially necessary as automobile traffic clogged city streets, and trucks could not deliver papers to suburbs on time. Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America: The Evolution of a Social Instrument (New York: Macmillan, 1937), 281.
76. “The Tribune’s Platform for Chicago,” Chicago Tribune, 21 June 1920, 8.
77. “For Chicago, the Nation’s Central Great City.” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 May 1929, 10.
78. For the first year and a half of its existence, the metropolitan section printed different advertisements for the three zones, but the same articles. In 1928 it started running separate news content as well. The Trib (internal newsletter for Chicago Tribune employees), October 1928, 6–7. Regional advertising rates are explained in Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia, 108.
79. Advertisement for zoned classified ads in the Chicago Herald and Examiner, 5 May 1929, Part 4, 8.
80. These regional headings appeared in the Chicago Tribune, 18 September 1916, 13. The Tribune explained its directory’s purpose and advertising success in 1927: “When it first appeared, thirteen years ago, skeptics were positive that it could not possibly succeed because of the ‘waste circulation.’ No movie theatre outside the loop has in its immediate neighborhood more than 25,000 Tribune subscribers out of a total of more than 1,000,000. Yet, the movie theatres outside the loop find it profitable to use Chicago Tribune space 365 days in the year. In fact, their advertising totals far more than that of all legitimate loop theatres which are, of course, in a position to draw upon the entire city.” Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 162. The Chicago Herald and Examiner printed a regionally organized listing page by 1929.
81. The Harris Brothers’ home improvement chain, for example, operated more stores in Chicago’s periphery than in Chicago proper, but it still placed two-page ads in the Sunday Herald and Examiner. Chicago Herald and Examiner, 5 May 1929, pt. 1, 24. For other examples of chains advertising all of their branches in Chicago dailies, see the ad for Harman’s in the Chicago Tribune, 4 November 1928, pt. 1, 14–15, and ads for Spiegel’s department stores in both the Chicago Tribune, 20 April 1924, 6–7, and the Chicago Defender, 13 April 1929, pt. 1, 5.
82. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 281.
83. For “El” instructions and parking publicity, see the Sears ad in the Chicago Daily News, 4 September 1925, 22, as well as multiple full-page advertisements in the Chicago Herald and Examiner, 5 May 1929.
84. Pittsfield Building Shops ad, Chicago Daily News, 17 April 1929, midweek features section, 2.
85. Rev. Henry C. Kinney, “The Towns All Need Chicago,” Chicago Tribune, 23 June 1889, 5. I owe this reference to Michael P. McCarthy, “The New Metropolis: Chicago, the Annexation Movement and Progressive Reform,” in The Age of Urban Reform: New Perspectives on the Progressive Era, ed. Michael H. Ebner and Eugene M. Tobin (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1977), 45.
86. A few suburbs boasted newspapers almost from the date of their founding, but these were booster papers, created to attract buyers rather than to communicate news. For example, see the Riverside Gazette (1871) and the Evanston Real Estate News (1871–73).
87. Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 49.
88. University Bookstore advertised Chicago dailies in the Evanston Index, 1 May, 1880, front page. Full-page ads for the Herald and Examiner appeared in the Evanston Index, 18 July 1925, 3, and the Hyde Park Herald, 22 May 1925, 8.
89. For an invitation to phone in news, see the masthead of the Evanston Index, 20 July 1925, front page.
90. Newspapers advertised their printing services in their own pages: see the Hyde Park Herald, 2 February 1884, 10, and the Lake Shore News, 10 June 1921, 8.
91. Police news, Hyde Park Herald, 14 June 1929, 10.
92. Hyde Park Theater ad, Hyde Park Herald, 6 September 1918, 2.
93. For an example of its slogan, “A Clean Newspaper for a Clean Community,” see, e.g., Wilmette Life, 4 January 1924.
94. During the Great Migration, one in six African Americans moving to the urban north moved to a suburb. Wiese, Places of Their Own, 5. This population included people who settled in working-class suburbs near industrial jobs as well as those who lived and worked in prosperous, predominantly white suburbs.
95. One thousand one hundred African Americans lived in Evanston in 1910, when the total population was twenty-five thousand. The number climbed steeply in the next three decades. Wiese, Places of Their Own, 21, 61.
96. Junior section, Hyde Park Herald, 14 June 1929, 17; “Junior Life,” in Wilmette Life, 14 June 1929, 5.
97. Ad for Wilmette Life, Winnetka Talk, and Glencoe News in Wilmette Life, 14 June 1929, 49.
98. Ad for Northwestern Elevated trains, Lake Shore News, 18 December 1913, 8.
99. Regena Beckmire also documented this “opera train,” which ran at 11 P.M. to take suburban operagoers home. Beckmire, “The Study of Highland Park as a Residential Suburb,” 106.
100. Field Museum of Natural History ad, Lake Shore News, 10 June 1921, 12.
101. The phrase “satellite city” was first coined by Graham Romeyn Taylor, Satellite Cities: A Study of Industrial Suburbs (New York: D. Appleton, 1915), then picked up by N. Carpenter in The Sociology of City Life (New York: Longmans, Green & Company, 1931), and by many Chicago School sociologists, including Robert Ezra Park, Charles Newcomb, and Roderick McKenzie. See The City, ed. Robert Ezra Park, Ernest Watson Burgess, Roderick Duncan McKenzie, and Louis Wirth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1923); Park and Newcomb, “Newspaper Circulation and Metropolitan Regions,” in The Metropolitan Community, ed. Roderick D. McKenzie (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1933); and Park, “Urbanization as Measured by Newspaper Circulation,” American Journal of Sociology 35 (July 1929): 60–79.
102. South Chicago, though annexed to Chicago in 1889, functioned as a satellite city through the turn of the century; it had its own downtown district, industrial employers, and self-contained social life.
103. For example, an ad for the South Chicago branch of the Bee Hive in the South Chicago Daily Calumet (15 July 1892, 2) told readers that in the branch they would find German, Swedish, and Polish clerks.
104. In 1892, the Joliet Daily News claimed “a larger home circulation, and consequently a greater home popularity than any other daily paper” (14 January 1892, 2). In 1892, the Daily Calumet declared on its front page, “The Calumet has a larger circulation in the 33d ward than all the other Chicago papers combined” (15 July 1892, front page). No official circulation statistics exist for the 1880s through the 1910s, but by 1928, nearly all of the satellite cities took more local than Chicago papers. Park and Newcomb, “Newspaper Circulation and Metropolitan Regions,” 103.
105. “From the Coal Fields and Surrounding Towns,” Joliet Daily News, 20 May 1910, 2. The South Chicago Daily Calumet reported on Indiana social life since it lay so close to the border; it called the column “Across the River.” South Chicago Daily Calumet, 11 July 1887, 4.
106. For agricultural material, see F. C. Grannis, “Weekly Farm Letter” and “Joliet Local Mart Reports,” Joliet Evening Herald News, 2 March 1916, 13; for Friday advertisements including weekend or next-week prices, see ad for L. F. Beach & Company, Joliet Daily News, 15 January 1892, 3, and ads for the Spot Cash and the Boston Store, Joliet Daily News, 20 May 1910, 1, 8.
107. Joliet Daily News, 14 January 1892, 6.
108. Robert Park and Charles Newcomb found that, in 1928, Gary received 50.1 percent of its newspapers from Chicago, Elgin 46 percent, Joliet 45 percent, Hammond 42 percent, and Aurora 40 percent. Park and Newcomb, “Newspaper Circulation and Metropolitan Regions,” 103. The Chicago Tribune alone reported subscription rates of 54–70 percent in these cities in 1924—though some of the subscriptions were just for Sunday. Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 77.
109. Park, “Urbanization as Measured by Newspaper Circulation,” 75.
110. Charles Moreau Harger, “The Country Editor Today,” Atlantic Monthly 99 (January 1907): 93. I owe this reference to Wayne Fuller, RFD: The Changing Face of Rural America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964), 293–94.
111. Carroll D. Clark, “My ‘Newspaper Life History,’” 13, Robert Ezra Park Papers, University of Chicago Special Collections.
112. N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual and Directory, 1916 (Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1916), 359.
113. William R. Scott, Scientific Circulation Management for Newspapers (New York: Ronald Press, 1915), 123.
114. Until 1885, newspapers cost two cents per pound to send through the mail.
115. John M. Stahl, Growing with the West: The Story of a Busy, Quiet Life (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1930), 101, as quoted in Charles Johanningsmeier, Fiction and the American Literary Marketplace: The Role of Newspaper Syndicates, 1860–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 189.
116. Daily papers sometimes published separate weeklies for rural readers. Other weeklies were independent publications. Chicago dailies that published a weekly edition in 1880 include the Chicagoer Neue Freie Presse, the Chicago Evening Journal, the Illinois Staats-Zeitung, the Chicago Inter-Ocean, the Chicago Daily News, the Chicago Skandinaven, the Chicago Svornost (called the Amerikan in its weekly version), the Chicago Telegraph, the Chicago Times, and the Chicago Tribune. American Newspaper Directory, 1880 (New York: George P. Rowell & Co., 1880), 62–63.
117. Chicago Tribune, 12 March 1884, 2. The story of this first express train appears in Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, 333.
118. “The Fast Mail: The Run from Chicago to Burlington Accomplished in Less Than Five Hours,” Chicago Tribune, 12 March 1884, 2.
119. On the additional rail lines, see “Fast Mails,” Chicago Tribune, 13 March 1884, 7. Special newspaper trains still ran in the 1930s; see the Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia, 119. On steamboats for Chicago newspapers, see E. W. Howe, “Country Newspapers,” Century Magazine 42, no. 5 (September 1891): 782.
120. “Editorial: The Tribune’s ‘Boom,’” Chicago Tribune, 13 March 1884, 6.
121. “The Fast Mail: The Run from Chicago to Burlington Accomplished in Less Than Five Hours,” Chicago Tribune, 12 March 1884, 2.
122. A yearly subscription to the Chicago Tribune in 1896, for example, cost country readers $6.00 per year, only twenty-eight cents more than in the city. On the history of the post office and its distribution of news, see Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Richard B. Kielbowicz, News in the Mail: The Press, the Post Office, and Public Information, 1700s-1860s (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 1989); and David Henkin, The Postal Age: The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), chap. 2.
123. Fuller, RFD, 294–95.
124. Postmaster General’s Report, 1911, 613, as cited in Fuller, RFD, 294–95.
125. Editor & Publisher, 23 November 1901, as quoted in Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 387.
126. Scott, Scientific Circulation Management for Newspapers, 122.
127. For Chicago’s history as a crossroads for travelers and homesteaders, see Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, prologue through chap. 2.
128. Ad for the Hub, Chicago Daily News, 29 November 1901, 14.
129. Scott, Scientific Circulation Management for Newspapers, 122.
130. For examples, see ad for Rothschild’s semiannual sale in the Chicagoer Freie Presse, 7 August 1898, 8, and Mandel Brothers ad in the Sunday Chicago Tribune, 15 April 1888, 2. William Scott talks about these practices in Scientific Circulation Management for Newspapers, 122.
131. Though I have not seen this technique in Chicago newspaper ads, it did appear in an ad for Frank A. Lappen & Co. in the Milwaukee Daily Journal. “We Pay Railroad Fare from any place in the state within 150 miles of Milwaukee for any customer whose purchase amounts to $100.00,” it said. “Should amount purchased be $200 or over, we pay railroad fare both ways.” Milwaukee Daily Journal, 6 April 1891, 8. William Scott describes this as common practice in Indianapolis in Scientific Circulation Management for Newspapers, 122.
132. For examples of ads offering catalogs, see Speigel & Co. Furniture ad, Chicago Herald, 28 April 1889, 14; several ads in the Chicago Tribune, 15 April 1888, 3, 4, 12; and Siegel and Cooper ad, Chicago Times-Herald, 7 November 1897, 37.
133. Smyth’s Town Market ad, Chicago Times-Herald, 7 November 1897, 37.
134. By 1920, families living on rural delivery routes were receiving an average of seventeen packages per year. Fuller, RFD, 252. Rural Free Delivery did not deliver packages for free, but it smoothed the mail-order process. Companies such as Sears, Roebuck & Co. and Montgomery Ward had pioneered the mail-order business in the mid-nineteenth century, concentrating strictly on the rural market by advertising in religious weeklies and in publications such as Comfort and Home Monthly that circulated almost entirely in rural households. Boris Emmet and John E. Jeuck, Catalogues and Counters: A History of Sears, Roebuck and Company (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950).
135. U.S. farmers owned eighty-five thousand cars total in 1911; by 1920 they owned 2,146,512. By 1930 about half of all the registered automobiles in the United States were in rural areas; over half of farms had at least one car. Hal S. Barron, Mixed Harvest: The Second Great Transformation in the Rural North, 1870–1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 195. The Midwest had a higher rate of automobile ownership than most U.S. regions. In 1926 Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana held 17.1 percent of the nation’s population and 21.1 percent of the nation’s cars. Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 17.
136. Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1979), 458. Wendt’s information comes from the Chicago Tribune’s Book of Facts; he gives no year.
137. On the assembly of the Sunday paper, see Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 397.
138. This is based on my survey of circulation statistics in 1920s editions of Editor & Publisher.
139. Circulation numbers come from Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, 30 January 1926, 35.
140. In 1925 the Indianapolis News held a Sunday circulation of 125,827, while the Chicago Tribune’s Sunday circulation in Indiana was 89,761. Indiana statistics from Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, 30 January 1926, 42. Tribune circulation numbers from Book of Facts, 1927, 73.
141. Circulation numbers come from Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, 30 January 1926, 35.
142. Circulation manager position listed in the Employee Manual, 1928, 12, Chicago Daily News-Administration and Operations, MMS Field Enterprises, Newberry Library. Delivery routes shown in Copeland, “The Limits and Characteristics of Metropolitan Chicago,” 42. These were the delivery routes on or before 1937. There are no data on the routes before that year.
143. From a chart documenting a circulation drive, dated 17 November 1914, Reports and Documents, Circulation—1905, 1921, Victor Freemont Lawson Papers, Newberry Library.
144. Form letter dated 11 March 1921, Reports and Documents, Circulation—1905, 1921, Victor Freemont Lawson Papers, Newberry Library.
145. Robert Ezra Park, “Newspaper Circulation in the Chicago Region and Its Relation to the Organization of the Regional Community Pattern,” unpublished typescript, Robert Ezra Park Papers, University of Chicago Special Collections. Park incorporated some of this information into maps that appeared in Park and Newcomb, “Newspaper Circulation and Metropolitan Regions,” 102.
146. Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia, 195–97.
147. Radio broadcast referenced in “Farm and Garden,” Chicago Tribune, 20 April 1924, pt. 2, 14.
148. The Tribune’s essay contest was for schoolchildren and ran in 1923; its beauty contest, for fifty midwestern “peaches,” ran in 1927. Descriptions of contests come from letters and articles in Series XI-125, Circulation Department General, 1921–1939, Chicago Tribune Departmental Papers, Col. McCormick Research Center, Wheaton, IL.
149. Departments as listed in the Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 41.
150. The objectives changed slightly over the course of the decade. These are drawn from Sunday papers in 1924; from the platforms reprinted in the Chicago Tribune’s Pictured Encyclopedia, 204; and from the Chicago Tribune’s The WGN: A Handbook of Newspaper Administration (Chicago: Chicago Tribune, 1922), 170.
151. James O’Donnell Bennett, “Chicagoland’s Shrines: A Tour of Discoveries; Our Own Historic Midwest Revealed,” Chicago Tribune, 27 July 1926, front page.
152. The Trib (internal newsletter for Chicago Tribune employees), April 1929, 2.
153. As referenced by Keating in Chicagoland, 19. The book collected Bradford’s newspaper columns on regional history; none of these earlier columns had used the phrase.
154. Reprinted in Chicago Tribune, 2 September 1926, 8.
155. Ann Durkin Keating discusses rural market centers relatively close to Chicago in Chicagoland, chap. 3. For an overview of the transformation that trains wrought on the human landscape, see John R. Stilgoe, Metropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the American Scene (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983).
156. Hal Barron describes the impact of automobiles on early twentieth-century rural culture in Mixed Harvest, chap. 6, and the ritual of Saturday “farmers’ nights” in regional towns on pages 204–5. The Tribune described the trend of farm families making shopping trips to larger “trading centers” in its Book of Facts, 1927, 71, and supported it with reports from the U.S. Department of Commerce.
157. The Tribune explained that 204 towns housed 53.4 percent of the region’s families, and that these towns provided 75.1 percent of the region’s tax returns. Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 73.
158. Ibid.
159. Ibid., 69.
160. Ibid., 479.
161. The 1922 Tribune survey asked shopkeepers “Do you believe advertising in the Tribune helps the sale of advertised brands in your community?” Their responses appear in the Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 60.
162. Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 60. The 1922 Tribune survey found that 65 percent of retailers in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin read the Tribune, and 72 percent felt the effect of Tribune ads on their sales. Chicago Tribune, The WGN, 201.
163. Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia, 62.
164. Ibid., 170.
165. Ibid.
166. These maps came from Crowell Publishing Company. Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 95.
167. Ibid.
168. Ibid., 70.
169. Ibid., 72.
170. Weeklies still made up 70 percent of all publications in 1900, according to the U.S. Census, but their numbers had been shrinking since 1880. William S. Rossiter, Printing and Publishing, Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, vol. 9, Manufactures, pt. 3, Special Reports on Selected Industries, ser. no. 79 (Washington: U.S. Census Office, 1902), 1037–1119. One analysis found that weeklies’ circulation stagnated from 1902 to 1916 and then declined. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 208.
171. Howe, “Country Newspapers,” 782.
172. James Edward Rogers, The American Newspaper, 39–40.
173. Sherwood Anderson, “Godliness,” in Winesburg, Ohio (1919; repr., New York: Random House, 1950), 43.
174. Park, “Urbanization as Measured by Newspaper Circulation,” 64.
175. Howe, “Country Newspapers,” 782; Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 281, 387; and Harger, “The Country Editor Today,” 93.
176. About a thousand of the nation’s 2,580 dailies still published a weekly edition in 1914. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 387. On the persistence of local weeklies, see Harger, “The Country Editor Today,” 93–94; and Fuller, RFD, 296–300.
177. Harger, “The Country Editor Today,” 93. Also on rural readers of local weeklies, see Fuller, RFD, 296–97.
178. Harger, “The Country Editor Today,” 94. Sally Foreman Griffith found that the Emporia Gazette, in Kansas, held subscribers of this type, too. Griffith, Home Town News: William Allen White and the Emporia Gazette (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 233. On the nineteenth-century practice of sending hometown newspapers to loved ones, see Henkin, The Postal Age, chap. 2.
179. These radial images echo urban and suburban maps from previous eras. Ann Durkin Keating examines Chicago maps from 1874 and 1909 that depict this radial pattern in Chicagoland, 15–18. Urban sociologists Ernest Burgess and Robert Park used such images to explain and predict urban growth in Park et al., The City. For a discussion of the evolution and accuracy of this kind of mapping, see Elaine Lewinnek, “Mapping Chicago, Imagining Metropolises: Reconsidering the Zonal Model of Urban Growth,” Journal of Urban History 36 (March 2010): 197–225.
180. Park, “Urbanization as Measured by Newspaper Circulation,” 65.
181. Roslyn Terrace ad, Philadelphia Inquirer, 21 May 1899, sec. 1, 4.
182. Suburban Homes Realty Co. ad for Fern Heights, Milwaukee Journal, 22 May 1927, real estate section, 10.
183. Ad for Morgan Park, Baltimore Afro-American, 20 September 1918, 8.
184. Ad for Crestas development, Pittsburgh Courier, National Edition, Saturday 15 September 1928, sec. 1, 12.
185. “The Home Garden for Pleasure and Profit,” Philadelphia Evening Public Ledger, March 21, 1916, 9.
186. Hitchner Wallpaper ad, Baltimore Afro-American, 17 November 1928, and Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 14 October 1922, 10.
187. “Third Competition Problem Calls for Perspective, Plans and Plot Plan for Dwelling That Can Be Erected for $6,000,” New York Sun, 25 February 1917, 14.
188. “News of the Suburbs,” Milwaukee Daily Journal, 5 October 1895, 8.
189. Philadelphia Inquirer, 15 May 1895, 8.
190. Society pages, New York Herald Tribune, 23 August 1927, late city edition, sec. 5, 2–7.
191. Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 14.
192. Chalmers M. Roberts, The Washington Post: The First 100 Years (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977), 77.
193. J. Cutler Andrews, Pittsburgh’s Post-Gazette: “The First Newspaper West of the Alleghenies” (Boston: Chapman & Grimes, 1936), 196.
194. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 281.
195. Examples come from Philadelphia Record, 9 December 1882, 7.
196. Poster for “New York World Thrice-a-Week Edition,” 1895, Art and Architecture Collection, New York Public Library.
197. Society notes, Philadelphia Public Ledger, 7 November 1920, 3, 4, 5.
198. Tractor advertisement, New York World, 27 March 1921, second news section, 3.
199. “Farm Food Show Has Many Winners,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 7 January 1923, 5; poultry section, Philadelphia North American, 17 May 1925, second news section, 5.
200. Letter from “a Florida farmer” in Collier’s Weekly, 30 September 1911, 34.
201. Louis M. Lyons, Newspaper Story: One Hundred Years of the Boston Globe (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1971), 154.
202. Letter from Louis Parke Chamberlayne in Collier’s Weekly, 19 August 1911, 18.
203. Will C. Conrad, Kathleen F. Wilson, and Dale Wilson, The Milwaukee Journal: The First Eighty Years (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), 119.
1. John A. Cockerill, “The Newspaper of the Future” (Journalist Series), Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine, August 1892, 226. Cockerill worked as managing editor of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch beginning in 1879, became Sunday editor of the New York World in the 1880s, and then held a position at the New York Advertiser.
2. John McCarthy, “The Reluctant City: Milwaukee’s Fragmented Metropolis, 1920–1960” (PhD diss., Marquette University, 2005), 25, 31–32.
3. On the communities and culture that German immigrants established in Milwaukee, see Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976); and Anke Ortlepp, “Deutsch-Athen Revisited: Writing the History of Germans in Milwaukee,” in Perspectives on Milwaukee’s Past, ed. Margo Anderson and Victor Greene (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 109–30.
4. Robert C. Nesbit, The History of Wisconsin, vol. 2, Urbanization and Industrialization, 1873–1893 (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1985), 541–42n118.
5. Bayrd Still, Milwaukee: the History of a City (Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1948), 259. On Milwaukee’s beer gardens and other German features, see Megan E. Daniels, Milwaukee’s Early Architecture (Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2010); and Larry Widen, Entertainment in Early Milwaukee (Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2007).
6. Louis J. Swichkow and Lloyd P. Gartner, The History of the Jews of Milwaukee (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1963), 258.
7. German immigration information comes from Still, Milwaukee: The History of a City, 112–13. On Milwaukee’s laborers and labor politics, see Eric Fure-Slocum, “Milwaukee Labor and Urban Democracy,” in Perspectives on Milwaukee’s Past, ed. Anderson and Greene, 48–78.
8. These were Mayor Emil Seidel, Mayor Daniel Hoan, and Congressman Victor Bergen. For an overview of the history and historiography of Milwaukee socialism, see Aims McGuinness, “The Revolution Begins Here: Milwaukee and the History of Socialism,” in Perspectives on Milwaukee’s Past, ed. Anderson and Greene, 79–106.
9. Judith W. Leavitt, The Healthiest City: Milwaukee and the Politics of Health Reform (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996).
10. These were the Germania (which began as a semiweekly but became a daily in 1897), the Seebote, the Herold, and the Abendpost. Information about the city’s German-language press comes from Carl Heinz Knoche, “The German Immigrant Press in Milwaukee” (PhD diss., Ohio State University, 1969), 123–48; and from Charles Austin Bates, ed., American Journalism from the Practical Side: What Leading Newspaper Publishers Say Concerning the Relations of Advertisers and Publishers and about the Way a Great Paper Should be Made (New York: Holmes Publishing Company, 1897), 185–96.
11. Milwaukee in 1905 had eight daily newspapers with circulations between 10,000 and 40,000. By 1929 the readers were less equally distributed among fewer daily newspapers. The Journal dominated the city with around 170,000 daily readers; the Wisconsin News had just over 100,000. The Sentinel held around 75,000, and the Leader, the Herold, and the Kuryer Polski each held under 50,000. Newspaper numbers come from N.W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual and from Editor & Publisher. Population statistics come from the U.S. Census.
12. The “Wisconsin Idea” maintained that the state university system should benefit the state’s population as broadly as possible, often through the sharing of academic expertise with state legislators.
13. Joe William Trotter Jr., Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat, 1915–1945 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 8.
14. Evening Wisconsin, 17 June 1881.
15. “Short But Newsy,” Evening Wisconsin, 25 September 1889, 4. In the 1880s, the Evening Wisconsin also ran a column titled “Miscellaneous Telegrams,” the Milwaukee Journal ran a front-page column called “Telegraphic Sparks,” and the Milwaukee Germania had a telegraph column drawing news from all over the world.
16. All are from the column “A Little Nonsense” in the Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, 25 July 1881, 4.
17. On the history of the Associated Press and the United Press, see Victor Rosewater, History of Coöperative News-Gathering in the United States (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1930).
18. “Local Odds and Ends” and “The City in Brief” were the titles of daily columns in the Milwaukee Free Press in 1902. “Sunday State Page—Badger News and Features,” Milwaukee Daily Journal, 3 October 1895, pt. 4, 1.
19. “Review of the Events of the Week in City, State, Nation and the World,” Milwaukee Journal, 28 December 1919, pt. 4, 8.
20. “State News in Brief,” Milwaukee Daily Journal, 2 October 1895, 7.
21. See “Mayors of Wisconsin” on the front page of the Milwaukee Sentinel, week of 16 May 1892; “State News in Brief,” Milwaukee Daily Journal, 21 November 1899, 2; and “Gossip of the State,” Milwaukee Daily Journal, 3 October 1895, 10.
22. Trotter, Black Milwaukee, 40.
23. “The Messenger Boy ‘Who in His Time Plays Many Parts’ Caring for Babies, Acting as Escort, Washing Dishes and Playing Detective,” Milwaukee Free Press, 25 September 1906, Sunday magazine section, 1.
24. “As Cartoonist Bernau Saw Happenings of the Week,” Milwaukee Journal, 4 February 1911, 1.
25. For a deeper investigation into this phenomenon of U.S. women following European fashions, see Kristin L. Hoganson, Consumers’ Imperium: The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), chap. 2.
26. “The Fashions of Paris,” Milwaukee Daily Journal, 6 April 1891, 2; and “Parisian Fashions for the Hair as Described by a Recent Observer,” Milwaukee Journal, 25 November 1899, 8.
27. “In the Shops,” Milwaukee Free Press, 5 August 1902, 6.
28. Gimbels ad, Milwaukee Daily Journal, 21 November 1899, 5. Adam Gimbel opened the very first Gimbels as an Indiana dry goods shop, but his son Jacob Gimbel opened the first Gimbels department store in Milwaukee in 1887. Other Gimbel brothers opened stores in Philadelphia in 1894, New York in 1910, and several other cities. Paul Geenen, Schuster’s and Gimbels: Milwaukee’s Beloved Department Stores (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2012).
29. “Olive Beauties” appeared in the illustrated Sunday magazine of the Milwaukee Sentinel, 30 December 1906, 15; “George Gould” ran on the same day in the “Special Features,” sec. 4, 4.
30. Examples taken from “What Society Talks Of,” Milwaukee Daily Journal, 3 October 1895, 9. Both were paraphrased from other papers—the Washington Evening Star and the New York Journal.
31. For these columns, see Evening Wisconsin, 23 April 1901, 4, and 19 January 1906, 6; and Milwaukee Herold und Seebote, 27 August 1899, 9, and 13 November 1904, sec. 2, front page. For other New York columns in Milwaukee see “New Yorker Plauderei” (“New York Chat”) in the Milwaukee Sonntagspost, 6 October 1912, 3; and “New York Every Day” in the Wisconsin Weekly Advocate, 28 February 1907, 4. These New York columns were written exclusively for Milwaukee papers, but other New York columns came from syndicate services. Some of the first such columns were offered by the American Printers’ Warehouse in 1875 and by Irving Bacheller’s New York Press Syndicate in 1884. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 582; and Elmo Scott Watson, A History of Newspaper Syndicates (Chicago: printed by author, 1936), 42.
32. “Heard in the Hotels” ran in the Milwaukee Sentinel, 27 December 1906; the Journal also had a hotel column.
33. For the two given examples, see the “The Man with the Hoe,” Milwaukee Journal, 21 November 1899, 4, and 22 November 1899, 6.
34. Milwaukee Sentinel, 27 January 1895, 6.
35. Ad for Oswald Jaeger Baking Co., Milwaukee Journal, 15 April 1923, rotogravure section, 8.
36. Ad for Pabst Brewing Co., Milwaukee Daily Journal, 6 April 1891, 8.
37. See An Illustrated Description of Milwaukee: Its Homes, Social Conditions, Public Institutions, Manufactures, Commerce, Improvements, and Its Unparalleled Growth (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Sentinel, 1890); Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the Cream City: Its Unexampled Growth and Brilliant Prospects; A Glance at Its History, a Review of Its Commerce and a Description of Some of Its Business Enterprise (Milwaukee: Evening Wisconsin, 1891); and The Book of Milwaukee: Development, Resources, Enterprise and Beauty of the Peerless Cream City (Milwaukee: Evening Wisconsin, 1901).
38. Ad for upcoming industrial issue in the Milwaukee Sentinel, 28 December 1906, 11.
39. “About Town,” Evening Wisconsin, 19 January 1906, 12.
40. “The Milwaukee Market,” Milwaukee Journal, 28 December 1919, part three, 7.
41. Rogers, The American Newspaper, 162.
42. Laura J. Murray, “Exchange Practices among Nineteenth-Century US Newspaper Editors: Cooperation in Competition,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, ed. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
43. For an example of recycling, see the Charles Dickens story in the Milwaukee Free Press, 13 December 1908, Sunday magazine, 5.
44. Watson, A History of Newspaper Syndicates, 44. U.S. copyright did not extend to foreign authors, so these stories were free for the taking.
45. On the early history of news syndicates for city papers, see ibid., 42–46; Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 580–86; and Charles Johanningsmeier, Fiction and the American Literary Marketplace: The Role of Newspaper Syndicates, 1860–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 32–35, 48–81. Bok and McClure both talk about their time in the syndication business in autobiographies; see Edward Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok: The Autobiography of a Dutch Boy Fifty Years After (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), 111–14, and S. S. McClure, My Autobiography (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1914).
46. “The Extension of Syndicate Work,” Journalist, 9 July 1887, 8.
47. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 583.
48. On copyright laws and suits, see Johanningsmeier, Fiction and the American Literary Marketplace, 39; Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 578, 583; and “Does Stealing Pay?” Journalist, 18 August 1888, 8.
49. “The Extension of Syndicate Work,” Journalist, 9 July 1887, 8.
50. On the birth of the term “boilerplate,” see Eugene C. Harter and Dorothy Harter, Boilerplating America: The Hidden Newspaper (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991), 33. One of the first newspaper unions operated out of Milwaukee and sold to country papers throughout the region. By the 1870s it had moved to Chicago and become the Chicago Newspaper Union; it ultimately became a branch of the American Newspaper Union. On newspaper unions and their origins, see Watson, A History of Newspaper Syndicates, 26–30; and Johanningsmeier, Fiction and the American Literary Marketplace, 37–38.
51. American Press Association, Hand-book Containing Description of Service, List of Features, with a Variety of . . . Suggestions about Plates (New York: American Press Association, 1890). On the evolution of syndication technology, see Watson, A History of Newspaper Syndicates, 33–35; Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 581; and Johanningsmeier, Fiction and the American Literary Marketplace, 42–44, 48, 159–60.
52. For another example, all of the women’s material in the Sunday magazine of the Milwaukee Sentinel, 20 December 1914, came from syndicates. A similar catching-up process occurred at the Herold. It added a sports page quite late; when it did, it bought (and translated) nearly the whole thing from syndicates. See the Milwaukee Herold, 23 November 1929, 8.
53. The Sentinel took readers on an illustrated tour of its engravers’ offices on Sunday, 22 May 1892, 10. By 1925, the Milwaukee Journal, the Wisconsin News, and the Milwaukee Leader all owned their own engraving plants. See Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, 30 January 1926, 102.
54. Charles Johanningsmeier documents newspaper editors requesting a variety of fiction genres in Fiction and the American Literary Marketplace, 167–69.
55. Matthew Klingle, Emerald City: An Environmental History of Seattle (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 122, 151.
56. On Progressive-era city planning and planners, see Alison Isenberg, Downtown America: A History of the Place and the People Who Made It (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
57. The Milwaukee Journal printed syndicated “Mr. Dooley” columns, by Finley Peter Dunne, sporadically between 1894 and 1899, before they fell under Hearst’s control. The Katzenjammer Kids, also syndicated by Hearst, ran in the 1918 Free Press and in the Milwaukee Sentinel after 1924. Scripps papers had their own German comic characters, Osgar and Adolf, in the strip A Bit of Vaudeville.
58. These titles come from an anthology of this feature: William Ely Hill and Franklin Pierce Adams, eds., Among Us Mortals; Pictures and Legends by W. E. Hill (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917). The Chicago Tribune and the New York Tribune each distributed this feature at various points during the 1910s and 1920s.
59. Little Stories Told in Homely Rhyme appeared in the Philadelphia Public Ledger, 21 March 1916, 10.
60. “In Hickville,” Milwaukee Sentinel, 15 December 1914, 6.
61. See Michael Oriard, Reading Football: How the Popular Press Created an American Spectacle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993).
62. Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Types of News Writing (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1916), 200.
63. “Sportlight” appeared in the Milwaukee Journal from at least 1919 through the 1920s; it was distributed by the New York Tribune. “Along the Sport Trail” appeared in the Wisconsin News in 1921; it appears syndicated but was not attributed. For syndicated sports cartoons, see the Sunday Sentinel’s “Big Peach” (its sports section printed on peach-colored paper), 1922, and the Evening Sentinel, 15 December 1914, 11.
64. For syndicated golf column, see Grantland Rice, “Tales of a Wayside Tee,” Milwaukee Journal, 28 December 1919, pt. 3, 4. King Features and Ledger Feature Syndicate offered tennis columns; see Moses Koenigsberg, King News: An Autobiography (Philadelphia: F. A. Stokes Company, 1941), 447; and Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, 30 January 1926, 176. For a national motorcycle column, see “Motorcycle Notes,” Milwaukee Sentinel, 20 December 1914, 3.
65. “A Touch of Tango Makes the Whole World Spin,” from the New York Herald Syndicate, Milwaukee Sentinel, 20 December 1914, magazine, 10.
66. “Let Wisconsin News Teach You How to Charleston,” Wisconsin News, 6 October 1925, 13. The News published photographs of Milwaukee dancer Lester Mayhew Jr. in this series on the Charleston and then aired his instructions in nightly radio broadcasts.
67. As cited in Genevieve Jackson Boughner, Women in Journalism: A Guide to the Opportunities and a Manual of the Technique of Women’s Work for Newspapers and Magazines (New York: D. Appleton, 1926), 167.
68. For basketball example, see Milwaukee Sentinel, 20 December 1914, pt. 3, 2.
69. Trina Robbins, Nell Brinkley and the New Woman in the Early 20th Century (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2001), 39–41, 51.
70. On words that originated in comic strips, see H. L. Mencken, The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States, supp. 1 (New York: Knopf, 1945), 333.
71. The New York World syndicated this strip. For its appearance in Milwaukee, see the Milwaukee Journal, 3 September 1915, 7.
72. Harnett T. Kane, with Ella Bentley Arthur, Dear Dorothy Dix: The Story of a Compassionate Woman (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1952), 11–12, 264. On sermons, see Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1929), 116, and Kane, Dear Dorothy Dix, 11.
73. Fairfax gets questioned in George Gershwin’s 1930 song “But Not for Me,” and Bert Kalmar, Edgar Leslie, and Pete Wendling’s 1919 song “Take Your Girlie to the Movies.” Fairfax’s radio show ran in the 1930s, and she became the basis of a series of comic books in the 1950s as well. Fairfax was distributed through the Hearst syndicate.
74. For “Homes of Character” by John Henry Newson, see the Evening Wisconsin, 28 June 1913, 6. Another mail-order column, “Help for the Man Who Wants to Build,” appeared in the Milwaukee Journal (and in many other papers, including, as appeared in chap. 3, the Chicago Daily News.) The style examples come from booklets offered by the Architects’ Small House Service Bureau through the Milwaukee Journal, 22 May 1927, real estate section, 37. Americans built houses from ready-made patterns that they got through a variety of other sources, too; see Daniel D. Reiff, Houses from Books: Treatises, Pattern Books, and Catalogs in American Architecture, 1738–1950: A History and Guide (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000).
75. See, for High Lights of History, the Milwaukee Journal, 24 May 1927, 28. I have also seen this feature in the Philadelphia North American in 1925 and the Philadelphia Daily News in 1929.
76. “Today in History” and “Daily Birthday Party,” Milwaukee Journal, 31 January 1911, 8. The Journal was not the only Milwaukee paper running historical features; Hearst’s Sentinel ran a weeklong contest in 1926 that asked readers to piece together the faces of famous U.S. historical figures, from John C. Calhoun to Horace Greeley. Milwaukee Sentinel, 14 February 1926, sec. 4, 4–5.
77. The National Education Association committees merely made recommendations all through this era. See Edward A. Krug, The Shaping of the American High School (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 54, 353–58. The U.S. South seems like it would be least receptive to these standardized versions of U.S. history. While I have not looked in every Southern paper, my searches of digitized archives of Charlotte and New Orleans papers turned up no trace of these syndicated features.
78. “Workisms,” Milwaukee Journal, 4 February 1911, 6.
79. Truly dedicated members of Milwaukee’s labor movement could turn instead to the Milwaukee Leader, the socialist daily newspaper. Other much shorter labor columns appeared in the city’s mainstream papers at various times; see “In the Labor World,” Evening Wisconsin, 12 June 1909, 7; and “Labor News,” Wisconsin News, 2 February 1921. Mainstream daily papers in other cities devoted similarly sporadic attention to workers’ interests. The New York World published a column called “Here and There in the Labor World” in 1885 and reprinted clippings from other publications in 1925 columns called “Voice of Union Labor and the Radical Press.” In 1905, the Chicago Tribune briefly published a “Worker’s Magazine” on Sundays, but it was geared more to success in the workplace than to labor activism. The only syndicated material for workers appeared earlier, during the heyday of the Populist movement. The American Press Association offered a syndicated biweekly column titled “The Farmer’s Movement” as well as a biweekly “Labor Page.” American Press Association, Hand-book.
80. Susan J. Douglas, Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination (New York: Times Books, 1999), 102–3.
81. Robert Sklar, Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies (New York: Vintage Books, 1975), chaps. 6 and 8, and Herbert Blumer, Movies and Conduct (New York: Macmillan Company, 1933).
82. Circulation statistics from N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual.
83. American Press Association, Hand-book.
84. Knoche, “The German Immigrant Press in Milwaukee.” Many German-language papers subscribed to the New York Associated Press; Carl Wittke, The German-Language Press in America (Knoxville: University of Kentucky Press, 1957), 212.
85. Peter C. Merrill, German-American Urban Culture: Writers and Theaters in Early Milwaukee, Studies of the Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 2000), 73.
86. See cartoon titled “Wurst wider Wurst,” Milwaukee Germania Abendpost, 3 October 1912, 6.
87. On nineteenth-century translated fiction, see Merrill, German-American Urban Culture, 73.
88. These agencies could be either those that also served the English-language press or the American Association of Foreign-Language Presses, an agency that contracted with seven hundred papers nationwide in twenty-nine languages. Wittke, The German-Language Press in America, 227; and Robert Ezra Park, The Immigrant Press and Its Control (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1922), 376–77. Ford ad, Milwaukee Herold, 15 January 1922, 12; Baker’s ad in Milwaukee Germania, 1 September 1891, 7; Stetson hat ad, Milwaukee Herold 20 January 1922, 9. Department store ads were ubiquitous; good examples are in Milwaukee Germania und Sonntags-Post, 5 October 1901.
89. Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 218.
90. Wittke, The German-Language Press in America, 197, 201, 213; Peter Conolly-Smith, Translating America: An Immigrant Press Visualizes American Popular Culture, 1890–1918 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004), 61–62.
91. Park, The Immigrant Press and Its Control, 87.
92. For a study of such immigrant institutions, see Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), chap. 3.
93. Wittke, The German-Language Press in America, 244.
94. Ibid., 271.
95. The Journal won a Pulitzer Prize for this reporting in 1919. On this episode between the Journal and the Germania-Herold, see Will C. Conrad, Kathleen F. Wilson, and Dale Wilson, The Milwaukee Journal: The First Eighty Years (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), 87–90; and Robert W. Wells, The Milwaukee Journal: An Informal Chronicle of Its First Hundred Years (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Journal, 1981), 102.
96. Wittke, The German-Language Press in America, 265–66.
97. The statistics for 1918 are from N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual and from Editor & Publisher; 1930 statistics are from Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930. The mergers themselves did not hurt German-language circulation in the city; in the 1920s, the Herold carried roughly the same collective circulation as the separate papers had in the 1910s.
98. For “Bab’s Babble,” see Wisconsin Weekly Advocate, 21 May 1898, 7; for stories on the Philippines and Puerto Rico, see “Rich Island Group: The Oriental Colony Which Is Lost to Spain,” 14 May 1898, 8; and “Porto Rico, Our Future Possession,” 28 May 1898, 8, respectively.
99. For statistics on the growth of the black press in this period, see Melissa Mae Elliott, “News in the Negro Press” (MA thesis, University of Chicago, 1931), 32–33.
100. George W. Gore Jr., Negro Journalism: An Essay on the History and Present Conditions of the Negro Press (Greencastle, IN: Journalism Press, 1922), 15.
101. Ibid., 18.
102. Will Irwin, “Newspapers and Canned Thought,” Collier’s Weekly, 21 June 1924, 14.
103. Ad for the Minneapolis Journal in Editor & Publisher, 15 January 1920, sec. 2, xxiv.
104. “BURGLARS SLAY MILWAUKEE GIRL—CLUBBED IN FIGHT TO SAVE JEWELS,” Wisconsin News, 2 February 1921, 1.
105. To disguise his involvement, Hearst enlisted a local judge to front the purchase. See article in Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 June 1924, and letter from 5 June 1924 in August C. Backus papers, Wisconsin Historical Society. Hearst used this tactic in many cities; see Koenigsberg, King News, 349–50, who says the strategy was useful in retaining advertisers who did not want to buy space twice a day from the same publisher.
106. For “Every Day in Milwaukee,” see Milwaukee Sentinel, 11 February 1926; for “The Inquisitive Reporter,” see the Wisconsin News, 2 February 1921, 2, and 5 February 1921, 2.
107. “How I Earned Pin Money,” Wisconsin News, 2 February 1921, 12; and “What Are Your Day Dreams,” Wisconsin News, 5 February 1921, 11.
108. “How Much Do You Know?” Wisconsin News, 2 February 1921, 14; and “Popular Dog Contest,” Milwaukee Sentinel, 11 February 1926, 2.
109. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 215, 217.
110. According to Will Irwin, these singly owned morning and evening papers accounted for 15 percent of national circulation. Irwin, “Newspapers and Canned Thought,” 14. Information on 1930 chains comes from Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 138–39.
111. F. W. Woolworth Company Building 3rd and Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee Historic Photos, Milwaukee Public Library, http://content.mpl.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/HstoricPho/id/3625/rec/1, accessed 5 June 2014.
112. Interior view of two men behind counter of A&P grocery, Milwaukee Historic Photos, Milwaukee Public Library, http://content.mpl.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/HstoricPho/id/4344/rec/3, accessed 5 June 2014.
113. Miranda H. Ferrara and Jay Pederson, eds., International Directory of Company Histories, vol. 65 (Detroit: St. James Press, 2005).
114. Larry Widen, Milwaukee Movie Theaters (Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2010), 26, 46, and Entertainment in Early Milwaukee, 98.
115. E. W. Scripps ran his chain of newspapers on a similar economic model to that of Hearst. Hearst tended to dominate in bigger U.S. cities, while Scripps targeted midsize cities in the West and Midwest. See Gerald J. Baldasty, E. W. Scripps and the Business of News (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999); and Edward E. Adams and Gerald J. Baldasty, “Syndicated Service Dependence and a Lack of Commitment to Localism: Scripps Newspapers and Market Subordination,” Journalism and Mass Communications Quarterly 78, no. 3 (Autumn 2001): 519–32.
116. Conrad, Wilson, and Wilson, The Milwaukee Journal: The First Eighty Years, 116.
117. This was only one of several such magazines available for purchase in this era. Other magazines available included the Associated Sunday Magazine and Hearst’s American Weekly. William R. Scott, Scientific Circulation Management (New York: Ronald Press, 1915), 209. Paul Block Inc.’s Illustrated Sunday Magazine claimed more than five million readers and 1,300,000 in circulation in 1914; it had offices in New York, Chicago, Boston, and Detroit. See advertisement in Milwaukee Sentinel, 20 December 1914, magazine, 13.
118. Staff information is hard to come by, but one account told of the Philadelphia Inquirer’s Sunday staff, which shrank from forty to sixty in the early 1900s to only a handful by 1934. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 404, 599.
119. See Churchill in the Wisconsin News, 2 February 1921, 13, and “Queen’s Counsel” in the Milwaukee Sentinel, 11 February 1926, 5.
120. See Jack Dempsey’s article in Milwaukee Sentinel, 14 February 1926, sec. 3, 4; and Ed Thorpe, “Famous Football Stars’ Playing Secrets,” Wisconsin News, 6 October 1925, 16.
121. Sir Oliver Lodge, “When Did the World Begin and How Will it End?” Milwaukee Sentinel, 14 February 1926, sec. 4, 2, and Milwaukee Sentinel, 5 April 1930, features section, 1.
122. Milwaukee Sentinel, 20 December 1914, magazine, 5.
123. Milwaukee Journal, 15 April 1923, “roto-art” section.
124. “Does Spell Guard Tomb of Ancients?” and George T. Bye, “Guianas Lure Stone Hunters,” Milwaukee Journal, 15 April 1923, pt. 5, 6 and 7.
125. See Milwaukee Journal, 22 May 1927, sec. 8; “Germany’s Intellectual Leaders on Way to the Poorhouse,” Milwaukee Journal, 15 April 1923, pt. 6, 2; and “Wilson Discussed Chance of War with Japan,” Milwaukee Sentinel, 14 February 1926, sec. 4, 1.
126. On these other kinds of exposure to foreign lands and peoples, see Hoganson, Consumers’ Imperium, chap. 4; Alison Griffiths, Wondrous Difference: Cinema, Anthropology, and Turn-of-the-Century Visual Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001); and Catharine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins, Reading National Geographic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
127. Boughner, Women in Journalism, 312–13.
128. Rogers, The American Newspaper, 162–63.
129. Koenigsberg, King News, 394.
130. Ethel M. Colson Brazelton, Writing and Editing for Women, 176.
131. Bleyer, How to Write Special Feature Articles: A Bird’s-Eye View of the Widening Opportunities for Women in Newspaper, Magazine and Other Writing Work (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1927), 39.
132. Just Humans was distributed by the McClure syndicate; When a Feller Needs a Friend was distributed by the New York Tribune. Briggs also drew up typical daily joys and sorrows in his regular cartoons Someone’s Always Taking the Joy Out of Life and Ain’t It a Grand and Glorious Feeling?
133. For a Dorothy Dix column, see Milwaukee Sentinel, 2 April 1930, 11; for Kathleen Norris, see Milwaukee Sentinel, 5 April 1930, 4D; for “A Right Thought to Start the Day Right,” see Milwaukee Sentinel, 11 February 1926, 7. Hearst’s competitor, E. W. Scripps, distributed similar editorials such as “Don’t Apologize for Yourself,” or “Laugh and the World Laughs with You” through his Newspaper Enterprise Association syndicate. Baldasty, E. W. Scripps and the Business of Newspapers, 140.
134. Angelo Patri’s feature included no copyright but was syndicated; it also appeared in the Milwaukee Sentinel in 1930 and the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin in the 1920s.
135. Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, 30 January 1926, 188–89.
136. Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 14–15; and Kane, Dear Dorothy Dix, 11. A few features found an audience abroad as early as the turn of the century; W. T. Stead reported that “Mr. Dooley” and the humorist Sam Slick were being printed in British newspapers by 1900. William T. Stead, The Americanization of the World, (New York: Horace Markley, 1901), 286.
137. Information about exported and international comics comes from Maurice Horn, ed., World Encyclopedia of Comics (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1976), 15–20.
138. On the minstrelsy roots of comic-strip and animated characters, see Nicholas Sammond, Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation (Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press, 2015).
139. H. F. Harrington, Chats on Feature Writing, by Members of the Blue Pencil Club of Professional Writers (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1925), 560.
140. Irwin, “Newspapers and Canned Thought,” 14.
141. Ibid.
142. Robert Cortes Holliday and Alexander Van Rensselaer, The Business of Writing: A Practical Guide for Writers (New York: George H. Duran, 1922), 246.
143. Koenigsberg, King News, 365.
144. Circulation statistics come from N.W. Ayer & Son’s Newspaper Annual and Directory (New York: 1918, 1919, 1920, 1922), and from Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, 30 January 1926, 152, and International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 114.
145. Editorial, Milwaukee Sentinel, 16 August 1922, 6; and “Our Nosy Reporter,” Milwaukee Journal, 15 April 1923, pt. 2, 6.
146. Adams and Baldasty, “Syndicated Service Dependence and a Lack of Commitment to Localism,” 519.
147. Ibid., 522.
148. J. J. Delany, “On the Bowling Firing Line,” Milwaukee Sentinel, 20 December 1914, pt. 3, 4.
149. Don C. Seitz, Training for the Newspaper Trade (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1916), 160.
150. Boughner, Women in Journalism, 82–83.
151. These columnists (and instructions on how to write to them) appear in the Milwaukee Sentinel, 2 April 1930, 11; Evening Wisconsin, 25 October 1917, 9; and the Milwaukee Journal, 5 September 1915, Peach Sunday Sheet, 2.
152. Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, 30 January 1926, 164–65. The Milwaukee Free Press ran such a semilocal children’s page, where children were invited to write a story about an image published each week. Milwaukee Free Press, 28 March 1915, women’s section.
153. For Nancy Lee, see “On the Screen,” Milwaukee Journal, 22 May 1927, sec. 7, 4.
154. For examples of these sports columns: “From Tee to Green, with Billy Sixty,” Milwaukee Journal, 24 May 1927, 24; “Following through with Downer,” Milwaukee Journal, 28 December 1919, 2, and Milwaukee Sentinel, 11 February 1926, 9; Chet Slam-Em [pseud.], “Biffs and Bangs,” Milwaukee Sentinel (evening edition), 15 December 1914, 11.
155. For Betty Ann’s column, see Milwaukee Journal, 11 April 1923, 12, and 15 April 1923, 8.
156. For examples of Brownie’s motor columns, see Milwaukee Journal, 5 September 1915, Peach Sunday Sheet, 3; 22 May 1927, sec. 4, 1; and 24 May 1927, 21.
157. 1924 Milwaukee Journal brochure, 3, Milwaukee Historical Society.
158. The Sentinel and the Wisconsin News, by comparison, subscribed to three wire services each in the 1920s. Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 114.
159. 1924 Milwaukee Journal brochure, 32, Milwaukee Historical Society.
160. The Journal claimed to be the only U.S. paper with an international exchange staff (ibid.).
161. 1924 Milwaukee Journal brochure, 3, 29, Milwaukee Historical Society.
162. For special coverage of national and global topics, see Milwaukee Journal, 9 January 1927, feature section.
163. The Journal recruited Creager from another locally oriented paper, the Kansas City Star, and hoped that his local emphasis would win readers away from the more generic Hearst papers. Wells, The Milwaukee Journal: An Informal Chronicle, 153.
164. Information on Hoben taken from scrapbooks in the Lindsay Hoben papers, Wisconsin Historical Society. A few similar local takes on international events had run in earlier decades; in these cases, Milwaukee papers turned to recently returned residents as easy sources for international events. See “Wisconsin Man Likes Porto Rico,” Milwaukee Daily Journal, 21 November 1899, 1, and “Wisconsin Man Writes of a Day at Lourdes,” Milwaukee Sentinel, 30 December 1906, special features section, 1.
165. Rotogravure section Milwaukee Journal, 15 April 1923. Though the heyday of Milwaukee illustrators was actually the 1910s, local cartoons still appeared sporadically in the 1920s.
166. A list of the Journal’s special booklets appears on the inside of the back cover of James W. Barton, That Body of Yours (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Journal, 1930), Milwaukee Historical Society. Author names appear in Matt Clohisy, Wisconsin Wild Flowers, 2nd ed. (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Journal, 1927).
167. For photo contest, see Milwaukee Journal, 15 April 1923, rotogravure section, 3. On Wisconsin art exhibits, see 1928 brochure, The Milwaukee Journal’s Gallery of Wisconsin Art: Twentieth Exhibit, October 15, 1928 to January 10, 1929, Milwaukee Historical Society.
168. Milwaukee Journal, 15 April 1923, Roto-Art section, page 1.
169. Cockerill, “The Newspaper of the Future,” 221.
170. Ibid., 221.
171. Both columns appeared in the Portland Oregonian in the 1880s; I thank Harry H. Stein for these references.
172. Letter from James E. Doyle in Collier’s Weekly, 18 November 1911, 6.
173. Letter from Edward Broderick in Collier’s Weekly, 18 November 1911, 6.
174. Letter from E. A. Treadwell in the New York World, 27 October 1889, 21.
175. Conolly-Smith, Translating America, 84.
176. Park, The Immigrant Press and Its Control, 375.
177. Editor &Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 218.
178. Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, 116n10.
179. The Press and the News-Bee were Scripps papers; the Star was part of the Shaffer Group. Baldasty, E. W. Scripps and the Business of Newspapers, and Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 138–39.
180. Letter from Egmont H. Arens in Collier’s Weekly, 30 September 1911, 34.
181. Ibid., 34.
1. William S. Gray and Ruth Monroe, The Reading Interests and Habits of Adults: A Preliminary Report (New York: Macmillan, 1929), 262, as cited in Carl F. Kaestle and Helen Damon-Moore, Literacy in the United States: Readers and Reading since 1880 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 181. Gray and Monroe cite statistics from the 1920s putting newspaper readership at 95 percent, magazine readership at 75 percent, and book readership at 50 percent. Alfred Lee put the percentage of families buying Sunday papers in 1930 at 88 percent. Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America: The Evolution of a Social Instrument (New York: Macmillan, 1937), 368. The 1927 Chicago Tribune cited statistics from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, which stated that 95.7 percent of U.S. families bought newspapers, 46 percent bought magazines, and 15.4 percent bought books. Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927: Data on Markets, Merchandising, Advertising, with Special Reference to the Chicago Territory and Chicago Newspaper Advertising (Chicago: Chicago Tribune, 1927), 36–38.
2. Rhey Boyd Parsons, “A Study of Adult Reading” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1923), 45, 65, 74, as cited in Kaestle and Damon-Moore, Literacy in the United States, 188, 193.
3. Parsons found that 98 percent of Chicago men and 93 percent of Chicago women read newspapers (ibid., 195).
4. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 323.
5. Robert Ezra Park, “Newspaper Circulation in the Chicago Region and Its Relation to the Organization of the Regional Community Pattern,” unpublished typescript, Robert Ezra Park Papers, University of Chicago Special Collections. These numbers are based on census figures. This article also includes a map of the falling numbers of newspapers.
6. I draw information about chain newspapers in 1930 from Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 138–39.
7. Michael Stamm, Sound Business: Newspapers, Radio, and the Politics of New Media (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 193.
8. Thorin Tritter, “Paper Profits in Public Service: Money Making in the New York Newspaper Industry, 1830–1930” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2000), 270.
9. A picture of the Tribune tower with the circulation in lights appeared in The Trib (internal newsletter for Chicago Tribune employees), November 1928, 4.
10. The Chicago Tribune was the most enthusiastic vertical integrator in the 1920s newspaper scene; on its many components, see Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1979), 471, and Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia of the World’s Greatest Newspaper (Chicago: Tribune Company, 1928).
11. See Tritter, “Paper Profits in Public Service,” 264–66.
12. The American Newspaper Publishers’ Association and the American Society of Newspaper Editors each lobbied for newspapers’ interests, alongside dozens of state and regional press associations. The Audit Bureau of Circulations, financed by papers themselves, tracked circulation statistics. Trade magazines in operation in 1930 included Editor & Publisher, Printers’ Ink, the Author & Journalist, National Printer Journalist, and several journals issued by journalism schools, such as the Columbia Journalist and the Iowa Journalist.
13. The Chicago Tribune’s newsletter, The Trib, began publishing in 1919; the Chicago Daily News’s letter, The C.D.N. Circle, started up in 1927; and the Sun’s newsletter, The Sun Rays, began in 1926.
14. For a detailed description of the kinds of jobs held by women at newspapers in the 1920s, see Chicago Tribune, Women of the World’s Greatest Newspaper (Chicago: Public Service Office of the Chicago Tribune, 1927), Frances Peck Grover (Mae Tinee) Papers, 1895–1940, Col. McCormick Research Center, Wheaton, IL.
15. This transition is already noticeable in a 1918 newsboys’ newsletter put out by the Milwaukee Journal. The letter addressed newsboys’ parents, as well as the boys themselves, and offered prizes such as baseball bats for good sales records. Milwaukee Journal, Newsy News for Journal Newsies, vol. 3, no. 4 (April 1918), Milwaukee Historical Society.
16. For a detailed account of movies from the 1920s through the 1970s that feature journalist characters, see Alex Barris, Stop the Presses! The Newspaperman in American Film (South Brunswick, NJ: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1976). For a broader survey of journalist characters in popular culture, see Matthew C. Erlich and Joe Saltzman, Heroes and Scoundrels: The Image of the Journalist in Popular Culture (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015).
17. On the plotlines and common themes in movies about newspaper reporters, see Barris, Stop the Presses!; Thomas C. Leonard, News for All: America’s Coming-of-Age with the Press (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 210–16, and Loren Ghiglione, The American Journalist: The Paradox of the Press (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1990), pt. 2.
18. Jeff Rovin, The Encyclopedia of Superheroes (New York: Facts on File, 1985).
19. I draw this list of services from Chicago Tribune, Book of Facts, 1927, 41; Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia, 610–11; Robert W. Wells, The Milwaukee Journal: An Informal Chronicle of Its First Hundred Years (Milwaukee: Milwaukee Journal, 1981), 165; “Automotive Topics,” Milwaukee Journal, 28 December 1919, pt. 4, 3; and “‘Story of a Newspaper’—a Conducted Tour through the Chicago Daily News Plant,” undated script, Victor Freemont Lawson Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago.
20. Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia, 783.
21. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 357. For a listing of cooking schools willing to collaborate with newspapers see Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 252.
22. Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1930, 25 January 1930, 218.
23. Editor & Publisher, 30 January 1926, v. Also on merchandising services, see Truman DeWeese, Keeping a Dollar at Work: Fifty “Talks” on Newspaper Advertising Written for the N.Y. Evening Post (New York: New York Evening Post, 1915), 215; and Jason Rogers, Newspaper Building: Application of Efficiency to Editing, to Mechanical Production, to Circulation and Advertising (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1918), 238–39.
24. The Milwaukee Journal, for example, gave away grocery bags worth $3 to women who answered a merchandising survey. Editor & Publisher, 6 February 1926, 45. Many newspapers used consumer research statistics to market their audiences to advertisers; see, for instance, the Philadelphia Record advertisement in Editor & Publisher, International Yearbook Number for 1926, January 30, 1926, 85.
25. Genevieve Jackson Boughner, Women in Journalism: A Guide to the Opportunities and a Manual of the Technique of Women’s Work for Newspapers and Magazines (New York: D. Appleton, 1926), 233.
26. Bernard Berelson, “What ‘Missing the Newspaper’ Means,” in Communications Research, 1948–1949, ed. Paul Felix Lazarsfeld and Frank Stanton (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949), 118.
27. Tritter, “Paper Profits in Public Service,” 270; and Hy B. Turner, When Giants Ruled: The Story of Park Row, New York’s Great Newspaper Street (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 208.
28. “‘Story of a Newspaper’—a Conducted Tour,” 3.
29. For example, see the New York World, 22 March 1921, 11, and the Chicago Tribune, 18 April 1924, 8.
30. See postcards from the Chicago Daily News’s foreign offices in Berlin and London, MMS Field Enterprises, Newberry Library, Chicago; “The World’s Aid to Tourists,” New York World, 22 March 1921, 11; and images in Chicago Tribune, Pictured Encyclopedia, 263–67.
31. Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, 368.
32. Edwin Emery and Michael Emery, The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978), 399.
33. Stamm, Sound Business, 10.
34. Wendt, Chicago Tribune, 472. Among the first newspaper companies to enter the radio business were the Chicago Tribune, the Hearst chain, and the Scripps-Howard chain. On the history of newspaper-owned radio stations, see Stamm, Sound Business.
35. Stamm, Sound Business, 195.
36. Ibid., 186, 195. On early competition between newspapers and television, see James L. Baughman, “Wounded but Not Slain: The Orderly Retreat of the American Newspaper,” in A History of the Book in America, vol. 5, The Enduring Book: Print Culture in Postwar America, ed. David Paul Nord, Joan Shelley Rubin, and Michael Schudson (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 122, 127.
37. On Americans’ radio habits, see Susan J. Douglas, Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination (New York: Times Books, 1999).
38. One sociologist found in the 1930s and 1940s that many people who first heard news on the radio had the desire to then read about that topic. Stamm, Sound Business, 4.
39. Berelson, “What ‘Missing the Newspaper’ Means,” 120. For more on the endurance of the newspaper through the radio era, see Baughman, “Wounded but Not Slain,” 119.
40. Stamm, Sound Business, 4. This ratio began to fall in the 1960s and 1970s; see Emery and Emery, The Press and America, 436.
41. Berelson, “What ‘Missing the Newspaper’ Means,” 121.
42. Ibid., 125.
43. Ibid., 122, 125.
44. Columbia University’s School of Journalism has issued reports on the state of journalism that include suggestions for how news platforms can stay financially afloat. See Chris Anderson, Emily Bell, and Clay Shirky, “Post Industrial Journalism: Adapting to the Present,” 3 December 2014, http://towcenter.org/research/post-industrial-journalism-adapting-to-the-present-2/; and Bill Grueskin, Ava Seave, and Lucas Graves, “The Story So Far: What We Know about the Business of Digital Journalism,” 3 December 2014, http://towcenter.org/research/the-story-so-far-what-we-know-about-the-business-of-digital-journalism/.
45. Prominent “Internet utopians” include Jim VandeHei, editor of Politico; Michael Wolff, founder of news aggregator newser.com; Biz Stone, cofounder of Twitter; Jay Rosen, editor of Pressthink blog; and Dan Gillmor, founder of Center for Citizen Media. For a book that waxes optimistic about Internet information, see Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations (New York: Penguin, 2009). Books by “Internet dystopians” include Evgeny Morozov, The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011); and Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You (New York: Penguin, 2011). For a structured debate between these two viewpoints, see Intelligence Squared, “Good Riddance to Mainstream Media” Tuesday, 27 October 2009, http://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/good-riddance-mainstream-media.
46. On the Internet’s ability to tailor news and information to users’ habits and interests, see Pariser, The Filter Bubble; and Clive Thompson, “If You Liked This, You’re Sure to Like That,” New York Times Magazine, 23 November 2008.