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Abbasid Dynasty 209
active population 7, 54–9; occupational distribution 60–75
adolescents 54, 56, 127–8
age: distribution (population) 54–7, 123; marriage trends 124–6
agriculture 185–6, 188, 276; and economic trends 198, 200, 203; fixed capital 80–5, 86; grain reserves 8, 9, 42–3, 100–3; and income distribution 7, 8, 9; labor 54, 62–3, 73–5; land resources 91–3; livestock 81–4, 86, 102–3, 105, 110; organization/manors 94; productivity 100–3, 105, 108; sharecropping 7, 54, 94; technology 74, 138–40
Alberghetti, Sigismondo 156, 249
Alburquerque, Alfonso de 212
Alsace, Count Philippe d’ 43
Alvarez, Duke of Alva 265
Ambrogio di Negro 32
Ambrose, Bishop of Milan 117
Amsterdam 253–4
Anglicus, Robertus 151
animism 153, 154
apprenticeships 77–8
Arab Empire 189, 209, 210, 211
armaments see weapons/weaponry
Arte della Lana 195
Arte di Calimala 192, 195
Artevelde, Jacob van 202
artisans 8, 54, 74–7, 79, 84, 86, 95, 202, 230
Ashton, T.S. 272
associationism 79
Atkinson, G. 231
Atlantic Europe (expansion) 212
Bacon, Francis 230
Badoer, Ambassador 238
Baltic trade 250–1, 253, 255
Banco de’ Bardi 200
banco della piazza di Rialto 182
Banco di San Giorgio 38, 214, 216–17
Baner, Johan G. 21
Bank of Amsterdam 234
Bank of Hamburg 21, 234
bankruptcies 199, 200, 234, 240
banks/bankers 21, 38, 181–2, 200, 202, 208, 214, 216–17, 234
Barbarossa, Frederic 121
barns 81
Barrow, John 112
barter, 21, 168–9
Basadonna, Ambassador 242
Baumgartner company 208
Bayazed I, Sultan 211
Bayning, Paul 265
Beche, Abraham De 158
Beche, Hubert De 158
beggars 10, 11, 12–13, 16, 129
Beloch, K.J. 67
Benaglio, M.A. 130
Benzi, Ugo 99, 127
Benzoni, Fra Gerolama 222
Beranger, Raymond, Count of Barcelona 20
Berry, Mary 30
Bessarion, Cardinal Johannes 210, 211
Besta, Fabio 44
Beuil, Count of 20
Bianca of Castilla 127
bills of exchange 163
birth control 126
birth rates 4–5, 54, 126–7, 284
Black Death 46, 123, 130–1, 185
blacksmiths 139
blast-furnace sites 264
Blégny, Nicolas de 224
Blois, Countess of 148
Boinebrooke, Johannes 189, 203
Bologna commune 43, 74–5, 84
Bonardo, Giovan Maria 228–9
Bontekoe, Comelis 224
book-keeping techniques 163–4
Braudel, Fernand 84, 200–1
Bremen, Bishop of 185
Browne, John 105–6, 269
Burkard, Bishop of Worms 36
Byzantine Empire 120, 189, 209, 210
Cantico delle Creature 202
capital 53, 79, 108–9; fixed 80–91 passim, 95; nonreproducible 91–3; working 80, 84, 88–91, 85
capitalism 253
Capitano del Popolo 113
Capua, Lionardo di 224
Carletti, Francesco 219–20
Carolingian Renaissance 189
Carolingian system (coinage) 173–4
Carus-Wilson, Eleanora 140
Cassiodorus 189
cast-iron ordnance 269–70
Castellane, Baron of 148
catastrophic mortality 5, 127, 128–36
Caterina de Medici 39
Catesby, John (expenditure) 29
Catherine II, Empress 276
Catholicism 6, 54, 76, 213
Cedema, A. 276
celibacy 4, 124
census data 3, 13, 64, 65, 71
Central Bank 160, 182
Certaldo, Paolo da 34, 122
Champagne fairs 190–1, 202
charcoal 232–3, 268, 269–70
charity 8, 12, 13, 16–19, 22, 129
Charlemagne 36, 83, 165, 174
Charles I, King of England 265
Charles II, King of England 223–4, 266
Charles VII, King of France 172, 207
Charles VIII, King of France 140, 207
Charles IX, King of France 39
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 21, 208, 242
Chaucer, Geoffrey 225, 278
children: employment of 59, 76–8; foundlings 56–8; infant mortality 126–8, 285
chocolate consumption 222–3, 224
choice, productivity and 97
Chrétien de Troyes 21–2
Christianity 184, 211; see also Church
Christina, Queen of Sweden 275
Church 6, 22, 54, 91, 184, 211, 230; demand of 37, 45–9; ecclesiastical population 66–7, 68; monasteries 46–9, 73; Reformation 18, 46–8, 75, 76
Cieza de Leon, Pedro de 222
cities 189, 247; birth/death rates 4, 284; ecclesiastical population 66–7, 68; population 4, 54, 56, 273–4, 282–3; poverty in 12, 13, 16; rise of 118–22
city walls (construction) 42, 188
Clark, Colin 60
Clark, G.N. 154
Clement II, Pope 48–9
Cleveland, John 271
clocks 145, 150–2, 156, 158, 210
clothing expenditure 24, 25–6, 28–9
coal industry 70–2
cocoa consumption 222–3, 224
coffee consumption 223, 224
coins: currencies and 165–87; hoarding of 33–6
Colbert, Jean Baptiste 92, 158, 233, 254, 256, 257, 270
Coleman, D.C. 259
Columella, Lucius 277
commenda 161–2, 164
commerce-raiding 265
Commercial Revolution 226
Commines, Philippe de 140
communes 38, 79, 92, 112; of Bologna 43, 74–5, 84; of Florence, 42–3, 51, 203; of Geneva 48; of Genoa 17, 51; of Perugia 44; urban revolution 117–22
Comnenus, Isaac, Duke of Antioch 21
Como 244–5, 246
Comollo, Dionigi 156
compagnia 162–3, 248
Conquistadores 213
consumer spending 22–31
consumption function 31; see also incomes and consumption
Conti, E. 49
contralto di commenda 161–2, 164
Corpus Juris 148
Coryat, Thomas 71, 72, 73
Coster, Laurens 156
costs of working capital 89–90
craftsmen 8, 43, 54, 74–5, 76–7, 79, 95, 156–9, 204–5, 230, 275
Cratzer, Nicholas 268
credit 199, 200; and enterprise 160–4
Crescenzi, Pietro 276
Cronaca (Chronicle) 119
Cronica (Pitti) 19
crop rotation 138, 139–40
Crusades/Crusaders 143, 174, 184, 211
cultural receptiveness (England) 267
Cunningham, W. 267
currencies (and coinage) 165–81
Cydone, Demetrius 210
Dallington, Robert 73, 112
Danish peninsula 187
Danse Macabre 202
Dante 99, 145, 196–7, 206, 247
Dark Ages 21, 102, 117, 118, 137, 140, 151, 189
Dati, Goro di Stagio 19
Datini, Francesco di Marco 16
de Berkeley, Thomas (expenditure) 29
de Chobham, Thomas 71
De Geer, Louis 99, 253
de Keyser, Thomas 254
de la Roncière 205
De Morbis Artificium Diatriba 113
de Zeeuw, I.W. 256–7
Deane, Phyllis 272–3
Defoe, Daniel 255
Delcher, R. 223
demand: analysis (type of) 3; of the Church 45–9; effective (needs and wants) 5–7; foreign 49–52; income distribution 7–22; population 3–5; private 22–37; public 37–45; types 22
demographic data 3–4, 123, 130--6
demographic pressures 130–6
“deposits” 181–2
Desiderio, Abbot 99
devaluation 171–3, 262
diet 5–6, 22–5, 27
Dion, Roger 256
discount rate (bonds) 216–17
disinvestment 90–1, 244, 247
domestic service/servants 30, 63–5
Dondi, Govanni De’ 151
dowries 19
Drake, Francis 265
Drang nach Osten 158, 184–5
Dron, Filippo 16–17
drugs/medicine 220–1, 222
Duncan, Dr Daniel 224
Dutch East India Company 96, 220–1, 226, 248, 253
Dyer, Christopher 73, 206
East India Company 164, 220, 223–4, 226, 248
Eastland Company 164
ecclesiastical populations 66–7, 68
economic developments (Europe) 209–10
economic power, changing balance (Europe): decline of Italy 241–9; decline of Spain 237–41; economic trends (1500–1700) 234–7; rise of England 257–73; rise of northern Netherlands 249–59
economic trends: (1300–1500) 198–208; (1500–1700) 234–7
Edict of Nantes 157
education 41–2, 58, 76–8
effective demand 5–7
Eleanor of Castile 270
Elizabeth I 44, 248
energy: crisis 231–3, 269–71; supply 93, 268–9
England: agricultural productivity 100–1, 103; capital, 86, 87–8; economic trends (1300–1500) 202–6; foreign trade 50–1; Hundred Years’ War 109–10, 132–3, 172, 202, 207; income distribution 10–13; naval shipyards 86; population 56–7, 281; rise (as economic power) 259–75
English Lost Villages 203
Enlightenment 229
Ennen, Edith 118
enterprise: and credit 160–4; monetary trends 165–82
entrepreneurial activity 98
epidemics 154; see also plagues
epizootic diseases 83
Eresby, Lord of 64–5
Esplechin armistice 200
Este, Cardinal Ippolito d’ 71
Ethelbert of Kent 165
Europe: AD 156 (map) 14–15; cities 4, 13, 64–8, 280–2; developed/underdeveloped 209–11; economic power (changing balance) 234–75; economic trends (1300–1500) 198–208; economic trends (1500–1700) 234–7; expansion 211–27; Great Expansion (1000–1300) 183–98; origins of Industrial Revolution 276–9; population 3–5, 123–36, 282–3; Scientific Revolution 227–31; technology 137–59; urban revolution 117–22; see also individual countries
Eustachi, Pasino degli 35
Evelyn, John 113
expansionism 211–27
exports 50–2, 260–1; re-exports 272–3; see also economic power, changing balance (Europe); foreign trade
factors of production: capital 79–91; inputs (classes of) 53–4; labor 54–79; natural resources 91–3; organization 94–6
factory system 59, 86–7, 95, 96
fairs 21–2, 71, 190–1, 202
famine 16, 17, 20, 23, 36, 128–30, 132, 198, 222
Fanucci, Giambattista 11
Far East trade 217, 219–21
feasts 25, 40–1
Feinstein, C.H. 98
Feltre, Father Bernardino de 160
Ferdinand I 92
Ferdinand of Aragon 207
Ferrara, Ricobaldo da 197, 206
fertility rates 4–5, 54, 119, 123–4, 125–7, 128, 132, 134
feudalism 79, 119–22
Fiochetto, G.F. 26
Fisher, F.J. 262, 263
fixed capital 80–91 passim, 95
Flamma, Galvano, 197, 206
Flemish textile industry 192–3, 201
Florence 8, 9, 47, 157, 188, 242–3; commune 42–3, 51, 203; economic trends 199–206; education 76–7; expansionism 188, 190–3, 195–6; families with servants 65–6
Fluyt 147, 257–8
Folognino of Verona 28
food 220; diet 5–6, 22–5, 27; reserves 42–3, 89, 90; see also crop rotation; famine; grain reserves
foreign demand 49–52
foreign trade 49–52, 164; European expansion 211–27; see also economic power, changing balance (Europe)
forests 92–3, 112, 232, 233, 268–9
Foscarini, Ambassador 252
foundlings 56–8
France 11–12, 280; agricultural productivity lOO, 101; economic trends, 235–6; Hundred Years’ War 109–10, 132–3, 172, 202, 207
Francis I 21, 38, 165
Frank, J.P. 59
Fromanteel, John 156
Fugger company 164, 208, 261
Fumifugium (pamphlet) 113
furnaces 264
Galen 6, 276, 277
Galileo 227, 230, 231
gambling 19
Garcia d’Orta 221
Gascon, R. 16
Gee, Joshua II, 264
Geneva commune 48
Genoa 244, 245, 246, 248; commune 17, 51
Gentilini (gun founder) 265
George III 272
Germany: agricultural productivity 101; city population 280; economic trends 234–5; expansionism 184–6, 208; Hanseatic League 14–15, 163–4, 186, 188, 203, 234, 250–1, 259
gifts (and charity) 16–19
gilders (health hazards) 113–14
Giodarno, Father (da Pisa) 145
Giotto 99
Glaber, Raoul 36
glass-workers (health hazards) 114
Gloucestershire (occupational
distribution) 64–5
Goddard, John 157
gold 213–14, 218–19, 234, 238–40
Goldthwaite, R.A. 205
Goubert, M. 135
Gould, J.D. 262
government debt (Spain) 240–1
grain reserves 8, 9, 42–3; productivity 100–3
“Grand Tour” 267
Graunt, John 132, 133–4, 228, 275
great expansion (1000–1300) 183–98
Grierson, P. 21
Gross National Product (size) 50
Grosse Ravensburger-handelsgesellschaft
company 208
Grotius, Hugo 99, 254
Grousset 211
Gualdo, Count Priorato 244
Guibert, Abbot of Nogent 121
Guicciardini, Francesco II, 237, 241
Guicciardini, Ludovico 251–2
guilds 77–9, 156, 238, 243, 247, 275
Gutenberg, Johann 106, 148, 150
Halley, Edmund 124, 228
Hals, Frans 254
Hamilton, E.J. 213
Hanseatic League 14–15, 163–4, 186, 188, 203, 234, 250–1, 259
Harrison, William 269
health (occupational) 75–6, 113–14
health expenditure 41
Helvetian Confederation 193–4
Henry III 17
Henry V 44
Henry VII SO
Henry VIII 13, 46, 47, 262, 268
Hernandes, Francisco 220
Hicks, Sir John 80
Hilton 31–2
Hippocrates 276, 277
hoarding activities 33–7, 160
Hoffer, Eric 268
Hohenlohe, Kraft von 21
Hope, Ronald 265
Hopkins, S.V. 206
horseshoes 138–9
household expenditure 29–30
housing (and rent) 24, 26–7
Howes, Edmund 269, 270–1
Hudson, G.F. 212
Hugh Capet, King of France 170
Huguenots 266
Hundred Years’ War 109–10, 132–3, 172, 202, 207
Huygens, Christiaan 99, 156, 227, 254, 256
hygiene 197–8
Imhof family 28, 261
imports 50–2; see also economic power, changing balance (Europe); foreign trade
income: of Church 45–9; distribution 7–22; purchasing power 7, 190, 240, 272; transfers 16–22; see also poverty; wealth
incomes and consumption: great expansion (1000–1300) 183–98; rrends(1300–1500) 198–208 Industrial Revolution: emergence of modern age 209–33; origins/complications 276–9
industry: factory system 59, 86–7, 95, 96; mass production 259; technology in 140–54; see also manufacturing sector; services
infant mortality rate 126–8, 285
“ink money” 181–2
input (factors of production) 53–4, 96, 97
interest (and rents) 7
interest rates 89, 186, 199, 214, 216–17
international trade: European expansion 211–27; foreign demand 49–52; see also economic power, changing balance (Europe)
investment 160–2, 182, 199; and disinvestment 90–1, 244, 247; and private demand 32–7; public 42, 43
iron industry 271–2
Isabella of Castile 207
Israel, J.I. 200, 251
Italy: agricultural productivity 100–3, 105; as economic power (decline) 234, 237, 241–9; economic trends 199–206, 207–8; expansionism 188–98; population 54, 56–8, 248–9, 280; professionals in cities 69; Renaissance (map) 104
James I 44, 222
Jevons, W.S. 277
John II (the Bountiful) 172
Johnson, Samuel 274
joint stock companies 160, 164
Kedar, B.Z. 162
King, Gregory 10, 13, 32, 86, 87, 228
Kohler, H. 18
labor 53, 108–9, 253; active population 7, 54–60, 69; children 59, 76–8; education and training 76–8; guilds 77–8, 79, 156, 238, 243, 247, 275; occupational distribution 60–75; slavery 137, 154, 225–6; skilled 74–5, 156–7; unemployment 13, 16, 241; women 59–60, 61; working conditions 75–6, 113–14; see also artisans; craftsmen; peasants; wages
Lafaurie, Jean 172
land expansionism 183–98
land resources 91–3
Lane, Frederic C. 145
Lane, Ralph 222
lawyers 69–70
Ledesma, Antonio Colmenero de 223
Lee, Edmund 144
Leeuwenhoek, Anton van 99, 227
Leicester, Earl and Countess of 64
Leonardo Da Vinci 152, 225
Letwin, William 228
Levant Company 164
Lilley, Samuel 138
Lisov, Elizabetta Ludmilla de 223
Liutprando of Cremona 209
livestock 81–4, 86, 102–3, 105, 110
living conditions 197–8, 204–5, 206
Lombe, John 154–5
Lombe, Sir Thomas 86
London 273–5, 283
Lost Villages (English) 203
Louis IX 26, 170, 171
Louis XI 87
Low Countries (city population) 281
Ludwig, Emperor (of Bavaria) 200
Lupo, Francesco 26
luxury investments 91
Luzzatto, G. 239
Lyon 8, 9
Machiavelli, Niccolo 276
Maitani, L. 198
maize cultivation 222
Makrizi, Ahmed AI- 210
Malassis, Louis 63
Malthus, Thomas 91
manorial system 94
manufacturing sector 60–3, 73, 84, 86; economic trends and 203–4; organization 95–6; productivity 105–7; technology 140–54
Mare Clausum/Mare Liberum 275
Margherita of Anjou 127
markets 21
Marradon, B. 222
marriage patterns/trends 124–6, 134
Martini, Francesco di Giorgio 152
Masi, Bartolomeo 30
mass production 259
Matthews, R.O.C. 98
Mauro di Carignano, Giovanni 162
Medici family 39, 260
medicine/drugs 220–1, 222
medieval productivity levels 100–7
Mercado, Tomás de 238
merchant navy (England) 274
merchants 53–4, 79, 95, 261–2
Merton College 81
Methuen Treaty 52
Meuse, Jean d’Outre 202
Michael, Tsar of Russia 222
Michael VII, Emperor 21
migration 119, 156–9, 185, 266–7
Milan 44, 57–8, 196–7, 242, 245–6; Duke of 35, 158, 203; Public Health Board 26–7
military sector: expenditure 42–5, 91, 262; livestock use 82–3; see also weapons/weaponry
mills 86–7, 93, 140–3, 257; see also water mills; windmills
miners (health hazards) 113
mining sector 86, 92, 95–6, 270–1
Mocenigo, Alvise 272
modern age (emergence of): energy crisis 231–2; European development 209–11; European expansion 211–27; Scientific Revolution 227–31
Mols, Father 135
Monardes, Nicolas 221
monasteries 46–9, 73, 80–1
monetary trends/money 165–82
money-changers 181, 182
Mongol Empire 211, 223
Montaigne, Michel de 71, 127
Monti di Petà 160
mortality rates 4–5, 26, 54, 119, 284; infant mortality 126–8, 285; plague epidemics 123–4, 126–36; see also catastrophic mortality; normal mortality
Moryson, Fynes72, 124, 125, 248
Müller, Reinhold C. 182
Muscovy Company 164
Muslims 6, 211
Mussis, Giovanni de 206
Myddelton, Sir Thomas 265
Nantes, Edict of 157
Naples (public expenditure) 45
natural resources 53, 91–3
Navagero, Bemardo 42
Navigation Acts 265–6
navigation techniques 144–5, 148, 150 212, 225–6
needs, demand and 5–6
negative production 108–14
Netherlands (rise as economic power) 249–59
Newton, Isaac 227, 275
Nicot, Jean 222
nonreproducible capital 91–3
normal mortality 5, 127–8, 132, 135
northern Netherlands (rise as economic power) 249–59
Northern United Provinces 250, 252–3, 257
notaries 69–70
Nuñtez de Castro, Alfonso 239
Nuovo Teatro di Machine et Edificii (Zonca) 154–5
Oakeshott, Michael 155
occupational diseases 75–6, 113--14
occupational distribution of population 60–75
Odescalchi family 28, 32
Offa, King of Mercia 165
Ogödäi (Mongol chief) 211
Ommayad Dynasty 209
Order of Saint John of Jerusalem 110
Order of the Teutonic Knights 185
Oresme, Nicola 172
organization (factors of production) 94–6
Orleans, Bishop of 36
Orseolo, Pietro II (Doge of Venice) 189
Orta, Garcia da 221
Ortelius, A. 256
Ospedale degli Innocenti 57
Ospedale della Misericordia 57
Ospedale della Pietlà 56, 57
Otto of Frisingen 121
output (factor of production) 53, 97–114
Pacioli, Father Luca 160
Padua, Mayor of 128
Paleologus, Constantine 210
Paolo di Messere Pace da Certaldo 34
Paracelsus 276
Paradiso (Dante) 196–7
Pareto, Vilfredo 10
partnerships 161–4
Pavis (grain reserves) 8–9
Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) 239
peasants 8, 16, 23, 26–7, 202, 234
Peasants’ Revolt 202, 234
Pedro I 46
Pepys, Samuel 35–6, 275
Párigord College 60
Perugia (public expenditure) 44
Peter the Great 276
Petty, Sir William 82, 132, 228, 275
Phelps Brown, E.H. 206
Philip II Augustus, King of France 170
Philip IV, King of France 92, 171
Philip VI, King of France 172
Philip II, King of Spain 220, 240
Philippe d’Alsace, Count of Flanders 43
physicians 69–70
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni 17
Pietro, Giovan 96
Pirenne, Henri 188, 278
Pitti, Buonaccorso 19
Pius II, Pope 211
Pius V, Pope 73
plagues 25–7, 31, 43, 90; Black Death 46, 123, 130–1, 185; and economic trends 202–5; famine after 17, 128–30, 132, 198; and population trends 123–36, 248–9
Plato 230
plow (development) 138, 139
plunder (and theft) 20–1, 34, 265
pollution 110–13
Polo, Marco 150, 165, 210, 247
Pombal, Marquis of 52
Poor Laws 13
population: active see active population; age distribution 54–7, 123; of cities 4, 54, 56, 273–5, 282–3; and demand 3–5; density 130–1, 133; migration 119, 156–9, 185, 266–7; occupational distribution 60–75; preindustrial characteristics (Sweden) 284; trends 123–36, 248–9; world (estimates) 228–9; see also birth rates; fertility rates; mortality rates
Porisni, G. 49
Portugal 203, 207–8
portus theory 118, 122
positive production 107–8
Postan, M.M. 91
potato cultivation 222
potters (health hazards) 114
poverty 7–8, 10–13, 27, 31, 91, 127; transfer payments 16–22
Price Revolution 214, 247
primary sector 60, 62, 63; see also agriculture; mining sector
print technology 106, 148–9, 150–1
Priuli, Antonio 17
private demand 22–37
privateering 265
production: determinants 97–9; factors see factors of production; factory system 59, 86–7, 95, 96; mass 259; negative 108–14; positive 107–8; and productivity 97–114
production (incomes and consumption): great expansion (1000–1300) 183–98; rrends(1300–1500) 198–208
productivity 7, 58–9; and choice 97; medieval/Renaissance levels 100–7
productivity and production: choice and productivity 97; determinants of production 97–9; medieval/Renaissance levels 100–7; negative production 108–14; positive production 107–8
professionals 69–70
profits 7
prostitution 71–3
Protestants 48, 54, 76, 230
proto-industrialization 247
public debt 38–9
public demand 37–45
purchasing power 7, 190, 240, 272
putting-out system 60
Raleigh, Sir WaIter 222, 254
Ramazzini, Dr Bernardino 30, III, 113–14, 128
Ramsey, Colonel A. 21
ransoms 21
recession 91
Reformation 18, 46–8, 75; 76
refugees (immigrant labor) 266–7
Relazione di Spagna (Guicciardini) 237–8
religions see Church
religious investments 91
Renaissance 230, 278; productivity levels 100–7; urban development 117–22
rent 7, 24, 26–7
Revue numismatique 33–4
Ricardo, David 91, 249
Riccardi family 32
Richelieu, Cardinal Armand, Duc de 129, 236
Ricobaldo da Ferrara 197, 206
Riva, Bonvesin della 196
robbery (and theft) 20–1, 34, 265
Robert of Anjou 200
Roman Catholicism 6, 54, 76, 213
Rome (prostitution) 72, 73
Rondinelli, F. 26
Roumieu, Paul 157
Royal Charles, The (ship) 35
Royal Society of London 230
rurallabor 73–5
Russia 217, 283
St John’s Hospital (Cambridge) 29
Saints (cult of) 153, 154
Salimbene, Father (of Parma) 119
Sanuto, Marino 129
Sapori, A. 163
Savary de Brulons, J. 234–5
savings 31–7, 91, 160–2, 164, 182, 186
Savoy, Duke of 13
Sayous, André 163
Schertlin, Sebastian 20
Schumpeter, Joseph 98
Schwarz, Mattäus 164
Scientific Revolution 152, 227–31
Scuola di San Rocco 18
secondary sector see manufacturing sector
Segni, Abbot 130
Seignelay, Marquis de 233, 270
“seigniorage” 165, 170–1
services: demand for 22–31; domestic service 30, 63–5; tertiary sector 60–3, 73, 84, 95–6
Sforza, Galeazzo Maria 175
sharecropping 7, 54, 94
shareholders 163
shipbuilding 86, 95–6, 145–8, 150, 212, 225, 232, 257–8, 270
Sigfersson, Anders 158
Sigismund, Archduke (of Tyrol) 175
Signes, Guillaume de 20
Signorie (establishment of) 241
silk industry 244, 245, 246
silver 218–20, 234, 238–40; deposits (in Americas) 213, 215–17; outputs 174–5, 176–8
skilled labor 74–5, 156–7
slavery 137, 154, 225–6
social class, marriage and 124–5
Société du Bazacle 160
sociocultural factors 278; and needs 5–7
Sombart, Wemer 253
Spain 10–11, 213, 215; city population 281; as economic power (decline) 234–5, 235–9; wars 39, 239–41, 252
Spanish Armada 265, 268
Spanish Company 164
spectacles 145, 150
spinning wheel 145, 149
Spinola, Porchetto 162
Standish, Arthur 269
statistical approach (origins) 228–9
statistics of employment 78
steam engine 231
stock exchange 160, 253
stocks and inventories 88–91
Stow, John 266, 267
sugar consumption 225
sulphur workers (health hazards) 114
sumptuary laws 262
Sung Dynasty 209
Sweden: land ownership 47–8; population structure 54–7, 283; preindustrial population characteristics 286
Switzerland: city populations 283; Helvetian Conference 193–4
Sydenham, Thomas 113
Tadino, A. 16
Talbot, Sir Gilbert (expenditure) 29
T’ang Dynasty 209
tanners (health hazards) 114
Tartaglia, Niccolò 230
Taula de Barcelona, 182
taxation 16, 20, 22, 39–40, 245, 247; and monetary trends 165, 170–1
tea consumption 223–4
technology 74, 98, 106; developolents (1000–1700) 137–54; Scientific Revolution 152, 227–31; spread/diffusion of 154–9
Téméraire, Charles le 87
tertiary sector see services
Teutonic Knights 185
textiles industry 86, 192–3, 201; silk cloth 244, 245, 246; woollens production 105, 242–4, 246, 260–3, 268
theft 20–1, 34, 265
Theodoric, Bishop of Bitonto 145, 189
Thirty Years’ War 20–1, 110, 133, 236
Tiepolo, Paolo 73
timber crisis 231–2, 233
Titlow, J.Z. 100
tobacco consumption 222
towns (development) 119, 120, 122
Tractaat (Bontekoe) 224
trade 235; enterprise and credit 160–4; fairs and markets 21–2, 71, 190–1, 202; and monetary trends 165–82; see also economic power, changing balance (Europe); foreign trade
training (and education) 76–8
transport (livestock use) 82, 84
Tripps (industrialists) 99
tropical products 272–3
Turkish Empire 211–12, 231
Turko-Persian War 244
Tuscany: Grand Duke of 48, 73;
population 3, 67, 285
Uffid dell’ Abbondanza 42
underdevelopment (Europe) 209–11
unemployment 13, 16, 241
Unger, R.W. 254
University of Leyden 254
University of Modena 113
University of Padua 113
urban revolution (communes) 117–22
urban societies 73–5, 78–9
urbanization 185–6; and epidemics 133, 134–5
Urseau, Nicholas 268
Van Bath, Slicher 100
Van de Velde, William 254
Van Ellemeet, Cornelis de Jonge 30, 32
Van Linschoten, J.H. 219
Van Schoonbeke, Gilbert 96
Vasa, Gustav 47
Vauban, S. La Preste de 9–10, 11
Vendramin, Ambassador 239
Venice 57–8, 242–3, 244, 246; apprenticeships, 77–8
Ventura, Giovannino di 113
Vereinigde Ostindische Compagnie 248
Verona, Father Girolamo da 43
VilIani, Giovanni 16, 76, 195, 200
Villani, Matteo 204–5
Villermé, L.R. 75–6
Violet, T. 267
Visconti, Filippo Maria (Duke of Milan) 35, 158, 203
Visconti, Gian Galeazzo 203
Waddington, C.H. 279
wages 7–8, 30, 54, 79, 203–6, 247, 257
Wahlstatt, Battle of (1241) 211
Walker, P.G. 151–2
Walloons 156, 253, 266
Walter of Henley 139
Wang Hong 211
wants, effective demand and 6–7
war 252, 261–2; catastrophic mortality 128–9, 132–3; debt/costs 199–200; as negative production 108–11; plunder 20–1, 34; Spanish succession 39, 239–41; see also Hundred Years’ War; Thirty Years’ War
water mills 80–1, 137, 138, 140–3, 154–5, 210
Watts, Sir John 265
wealth 7–8, 9–11; consumption by wealthy 27–31; hoarding 33–7; savings 31–7; transfer payments 16–22
weapons/weaponry 87, 145, 148, 150 233, 268, 269–70
weekly markets 21
Welserscompany 259
Weston, Richard 140
wet nurses 5–6, 60
White, Lynn 138, 148, 211
William 1109
Wilson, Charles 13, 253
windmills 80–1, 143–4, 150, 256–7
Witsen, Nicolaes 156, 159, 257
women’s employment 59–60, 61
woollen industry 105, 242–4, 246, 260–2, 268
working capital 80, 84, 88–91, 95
working conditions 75–6, 113–14
workshops 60, 95, 96
world population (estimates) 228–9
Wrigley, E.A. 126
Wüstungen 203
Yüan Dynasty 223
Zinsser, Hans 129
Zonca, Vittorio 154–5