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Abbruciati, Danilo, 324
Abetz, Heinrich Otto, 585n
Abs, Hermann Josef, 332, 347, 339–41, 656n
Abwehr (German military intelligence), 133–36, 586n, 587n
Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (ADSS), 553n, 566n, 568n
Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See (APSA), 183–84, 185, 187, 258, 263, 297, 364n, 371, 374–75, 416, 430, 431, 441, 452, 468, 473, 485, 489, 491, 505, 508–9, 510, 605n, 607n, 663n, 685n, 667n, 690n
Adrian VI, Pope, see Hadrian VI
Africa, 37, 68–69, 70–71, 96, 99, 131, 413, 418
Ağca, Mehmet Ali, 304–5, 356, 433, 645n, 648n, 684n
motive of, 305–06
Agenzia A, 242–43
Agostino Gemelli Hospital, 253, 266n, 304, 376, 634n
Alessandrini, Emilio, 287, 639n
Alexander, King of Yugoslavia, 87, 590n
Alexander III, Pope, 630n
Alexander VI, Pope, 9
Allen, John L., Jr., 401, 421, 422, 442, 494–95, 537n, 634n, 674n
Allen, Richard, 307
Allianz (German), 120, 123, 127, 579n
Wiener Allianz (Austrian) 124
Allied powers, 41, 42, 43, 78, 87, 90, 93, 96, 100, 102, 105–9, 112–18, 119, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130–33, 135–37, 138, 141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, 152, 159n, 164, 383, 385, 527n, 560n, 564n, 566n, 569n, 574n, 577n, 584n, 586n, 589n, 593n, 594n, 603n, 656n, 670n
blacklist maintained by, 115–116, 119, 156–57.
Holocaust publicly condemned by, 96
Italy bombed by, 95, 98, 99, 106
Italy invaded by, 98
Normandy invasion of, 105
North African invasion of, 131
postwar gold commission of, 389–90.
pressure on Pope Pius XII to condemn Nazi crimes, 90–91, 92–93, 96–97, 99, 104, 105–06, 107
as silent on Holocaust, 109
Ambrosiano, see Banco Ambrosiano
Ambrosoli, Giorgio, 228, 242, 290–91, 299, 300n, 309, 351, 640n, 643n
murder of, 291–92, 299–300, 351
Sindona investigation of, 290–91
American Bishops’ Conference, see United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
Americanism, 31
Condemned in Sacrorum Antistitum, 23n
Denounced in Graves de Communi, 541n
American Training Services (ATS), 284, 638n
Anatomy of the Vatican (Hoffman), 558n
Anderson, Carl, 442, 475–76, 479
Andreatta, Beniamino, 330–31
Andreotti, Giulio, 221, 241, 287, 303n, 366, 368, 377, 626n
Cardinal Francis Spellman foundation account and, 366–67, 440, 441
Angleton, James Jesus, 132–33, 135–37, 140, 147, 153, 585n–87n
agents in the Vatican and, 135
forged Vatican telegrams of, 135n
ANSA, 268n, 269, 293, 373, 477
of Catholic Church, 110, 341, 386, 393, 419, 537n
in Italy, 72, 73, 74–75, 84, 122
of Nazi Germany, 63–64, 66, 67, 72–73, 76–77, 84, 554n
of Pius XI, 67
Pius XII’s tacit support for, 84–85
Pius XI’s condemnation of, 73–74, 76
see also Holocaust
Antonelli, Cardinal Giacomo, 16–22, 24, 26–27, 540n
Apostolic Palace, 99, 185, 217, 253, 268n, 269, 280, 465, 498, 602n, 660n
APSA, see Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See
Ardeatine Caves, 100, 567n, 605n
Argentina, xi–xii, 116, 120, 126, 145–46, 222–23, 274, 331, 380, 390, 424, 428, 497, 499, 500–501, 565n, 617n
Nazi fugitives in, xi, 139, 145–146. 149, 150, 592n
Nazi gold moved to, 139, 384, 392
World War II archives of, xii, 390
Arinze, Cardinal Francis, 418, 423, 495
Aronwald, William, 210–11, 212–19, 617n, 618n
Arrow Cross, 84, 105, 108, 571n
Assicurazioni Generali, see Generali
ASSS, see Special Administration of the Holy See
Auschwitz concentration camp, xi, xii, 97, 98, 103–4, 105, 106, 108, 109, 131, 164, 340, 341, 342, 386, 390n, 563n, 564n, 571n
Auschwitz Protocols, 106, 164, 571n
Austria, 11, 13–14, 18, 22, 30, 32, 39, 41, 42, 43, 123, 125, 131, 139n, 146, 213, 384, 394, 540n, 560n
Austrian Liberation Committee, 146, 591n
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 41, 124, 134
Benedict XVI’s creation of, 451–52
Bertone and, 487
Brülhart as head of, 486, 487–90, 493, 503–4, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512–13
Moneyval reports on, 484–85, 487, 508–509
Authority of Financial Information, see Financial Intelligence Authority
autopsies, 270–271, 632n, 635n
in Calvi murder investigation, 6–7
Axis powers, 79, 88, 90–91, 96, 113, 116, 117, 123, 127, 130, 136, 573n, 574n, 583n, 584n, 585n
Bafisud (Banco Financiero Sudamericano), 238, 625n
Baggio, Cardinal Sebastiano, 251, 252, 257, 263
Bagnasco, Cardinal Angelo, 454, 495
Bahamas, 201–2, 204, 207, 228, 236, 238, 314, 344, 414, 613n
Bambino Gesù Hospital, 335n, 486
Banca Cattolica del Veneto, 156, 206–8, 238, 258, 260, 309, 616n
Ambrosiano’s acquisition of, 206–7
Calvi’s purchase of, 290
Vatican and sale of, 290
Banca Commerciale Italiana (BCI), 50, 58, 83, 113, 122, 127, 158, 195, 547n, 560n, 577n, 578n
Nogara as director of, 52, 57, 59, 116, 121, 134
Banca del Gottardo, 239, 312–13, 315, 317, 319, 344, 352, 613n, 616n, 625n, 650n, 659n
Banca della Svizzera Italiana, 116, 127, 575n
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL), 244, 288, 625n, 700n
Banca Privata Finanziaria (BPF), 171, 177, 196, 223, 600n, 602n, 615n, 622n
Banca Privata Italiana, 224, 228, 290, 292, 333, 607n, 639n
Banca Unione, 223, 227, 229, 231, 300, 350, 602n, 615n, 639n
Banco Ambrosiano, 2, 5, 195–97, 201–3, 205, 218n, 222, 225, 235–37, 238, 239, 240, 242–44, 260, 297, 303, 346, 349, 353–54, 356, 358, 362, 365n, 366, 371, 379, 389, 415, 426, 446, 448n, 509, 599n, 613n, 615n, 625n, 638n, 639n, 647n, 648n, 650n, 651n, 654n, 657n, 668n, 681n
Banco di Roma, see Bank of Rome
back-to-back loans of, 203, 237, 239, 273, 288, 296, 320, 327, 613n, 624n, 625n.
Banca Cattolica acquired by, 206–7
Bank of Italy investigation of, 286, 323, 325–26, 327, 331
Bank of Italy’s control over, 328–29, 333
Calvi and, see Calvi, Roberto
collapse of, 5, 333, 339, 342–45, 348, 352, 363, 653n, 658n, 659n
indemnity letter for Vatican Bank of, 319–20, 321, 327–28
Italy’s investigation of, 286–88, 300, 309, 330, 333
Vatican Bank and, 203, 236, 286, 288, 296, 300, 309, 312–14, 317, 318, 319, 321–28, 330–31, 332, 336, 338, 339, 344, 345, 348, 357, 363
Banco Ambrosiano Holding (BAH), 201, 202, 239, 244, 309, 333, 613n, 642n
Banco Andino, 288, 319, 320, 322, 323, 331, 639n, 642n
Banco di Santo Spirito, 58, 238
Banco Santander, 442, 443, 476, 479, 481
Bank for International Settlements (BIS), 130–32, 583n–84n, 585n
gold reserve laundering by, 130–31
Bank of Italy, 156, 224, 226, 228, 229, 238, 239, 242, 244, 288–91, 318, 332, 448, 449, 452, 488–89, 490, 503, 613n, 620n, 626n, 638n, 688n
Ambrosiano investigated by, 286, 323, 325–26, 327, 331
Ambrosiano taken over by, 328–29, 333
Marcinkus’s meeting with investigators from, 331
Vatican Bank and, 447–48
Vigilance Department of, 477
Bank of Rome, 58, 83, 114, 158, 226, 228, 229, 241, 322, 575n, 620n, 626n, 700n
1887 real estate crash and, 28, 29
Mussolini’s bailout of, 45–46
Vatican’s investment in, 28, 36–37, 40, 45, 53
Bank Suisse Italienne of Lugano, 119, 577n, 670n
Banque de Financement, 171, 231, 600n
Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas), 176, 375, 607n
Barbie, Klaus, 151
Barbieri, Alberto, 213–14
Barg, Alfred, 209–10, 211, 214, 218n
Barone, Mario, 226, 228, 241, 620n, 626n
Bastogi, 122, 212, 223, 578n, 620n
Belgium, 40, 92, 112, 131, 656n
Benedict XIV, Pope, 540n, 578n
Vix Pervenit encyclical of, 11, 535n
Benedict XV, Pope, 16n, 34, 39–44, 51, 79, 424, 543n, 544n, 554n, 557n, 558n
death of, 43–44
financial difficulties of, 40–41, 43
World War I and, 41–43
Benedict XVI, Pope, 108, 355, 372n, 402n, 406, 408n, 437, 438–39, 441, 442, 447, 448, 450–53, 454–57, 458–60, 461–65, 469, 470, 471, 474–75, 477, 478–80, 482, 485–86, 490, 491–93, 494–95, 497, 498, 500, 501, 503, 509, 510, 511, 665n, 678n, 681n, 682n, 683n, 684n, 687n, 689n, 697n
AIF created by, 451–52
anti-Islamic, remarks of perceived as, 432–33
anti-money-laundering law enacted by, 451, 510
Bertone and, 454, 455, 456, 460, 461, 469, 480
capitalism distrusted by, 439
Caritas in Veritate encyclical of, 439, 442
Curial reform ignored by, 428–29, 431
doctrinal orthodoxy of, 417–18, 419–20
as former Hitler Youth, 421–22
Gabriele pardoned by, 486
isolation of, 477
loyalty demanded by, 429
motu proprio of, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456
as out-of-touch with modern world, 428, 498
as poor administrator, 426–27, 431, 461, 470, 482
as Pope Emeritus, 493
public relations failures of, 432–36, 469
remoteness of, 432
sexual abuse scandal and, 433–34
as theology professor, 422
Vatican Bank and, 511
Vatileaks scandal and, 470
Viganò and, 458–59
on white finance, 438–39
in World War II, 422–23
Benelli, Cardinal Giovanni, 193, 208, 211, 215, 216, 249, 251, 256–57, 258, 259–61, 274–77, 280, 612n
in conflict with Marcinkus, 193, 248–249.
Bergoglio, Cardinal Jorge Mario, see Francis, Pope
Berlusconi, Silvio, 302, 375, 455, 495, 506, 651n, 662n
Bernardin, Joseph, 251–52, 332, 342
Berry, Jason, 372n, 398–99, 408n, 410, 678n
exposé of clerical sexual abuse crisis by, 398–399
Berti, Alberto Jaime, 375–76
Bertone, Cardinal Tarcisio, 379, 418, 433, 458, 468, 470, 471, 473, 474, 476, 477, 479, 482, 483, 493, 509, 511, 683n, 689n
AIF and, 487
Benedict XVI and, 454, 455, 456, 460, 469, 480
coup attempt against, 461–62, 465–66, 468; see also Vatileaks scandal
Francis’s replacement of, 507
Gotti Tedeschi and, 455
public relations missteps of, 435
Vatican Bank reform attempted by, 442
as Vatican secretary of state, 429, 430, 435, 441–42, 454, 455, 461, 470
Bigelow, Emerson, 139, 384–85, 588n
Blackfriars Bridge, London, 1–5, 329, 331, 336, 415, 509, 652n
Black Nobles, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 52, 59, 79, 83, 156, 159, 166, 183n, 202, 206, 261, 365, 540n, 589n
Bodio, Giovanni, 363, 374, 664n
Bologna, Italy, 220, 314n, 537n
Boniface VI, Pope, 633n
Boniface IX, Pope, 9
Bordoni, Carlo, 205, 226, 229, 233, 245, 615n, 643n
and Sindona’s arrest and trial, 289, 293, 298
Borelli, Francesco Saverio, 372–73
Bormann, Martin, 65n, 390n, 560n
“Bormann File, The” (Posner), xii, 390n
Boston, Mass., 400, 404, 407, 674n
Boyle, Paul, 280–82
Brezhnev, Leonid, 262, 306, 646n
British Foreign Office, 71, 72, 87, 89, 92, 145, 149, 590n
Trading with the Enemy Branch (TEB) of, 115, 126
Brülhart, René, 511, 696n, 699n
as AIF head, 486, 487–90, 493, 503–4, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512–13
background of, 486–87
credit card crisis and, 488–90
Buenos Aires, Argentina, xi, 146, 150, 222, 230, 288, 392, 494, 495, 497
Bulgaria, 116, 127, 128, 141, 305, 314n, 645n
Burzio, Giuseppe, 86, 97, 106, 562n, 571n
Bush, George H. W., 310n, 390n
Bush, George W., 408
Buzzonetti, Renato, 261, 266, 271, 272, 634n
Calcagno, Cardinal Domenico, 491, 509
Caloia, Angelo, 363, 377, 396–98, 406, 413, 414, 437–38, 443, 476, 663n, 666n, 667n, 669n, 685n
background of, 365
car accident of, 376
De Bonis effort to undermine and, 368
Enimont scandal and, 373
Gotti Tedeschi compared with, 443
and Italy’s investigation into Vatican Bank, 374
Nicora and, 441
power and influence lacked by, 367–68, 440, 441
reform of Vatican Bank and, 366, 376, 381–82, 396, 398, 413, 438, 440
resignation of, 441–42
transparency preached by, 366, 375, 379
as Vatican Bank chairman, 362, 365–75, 378–80, 381, 383, 392, 396–98, 413, 414, 430–31, 438, 441
white finance advocated by, 437, 441
Calvi, Carlo, 312–16, 317, 321, 322, 329, 333, 531n, 648n, 653n
Calvi, Clara, 3, 5, 202, 313, 318, 324, 339n, 616n, 620n, 640n, 653n
Calvi, Roberto, 8, 195–97, 205, 208, 212, 218n, 222, 225, 226, 235, 238, 246, 258, 260, 272n, 285, 286–91, 292, 295, 296, 300, 301, 310, 312–29, 332, 340, 343, 345, 351, 352, 353, 357, 358, 364, 365n, 370, 379, 381, 415, 427, 440, 469, 490, 509, 611n, 613n–16n, 615n, 620n, 622n, 624n, 625n, 626n–27n, 639n, 640n, 644n, 646n, 647n, 650n, 651n, 653n, 654n, 659n, 681n
as Ambrosiano head, 2, 5, 288–89, 318, 328, 331
Ambrosiano joined by, 196, 201–2
Ambrosiano shares sold by, 314
Argentine plans of, 222
and attempted murder of Rosone, 324
background of, 195
Banca Cattolica purchased by, 206–7, 290
Carboni and, 321
criminal investigation of, 286–88, 289, 300, 312
death of, 1–7, 329, 330, 332, 336, 338, 344, 371, 531n–33n, 652n, 653n
in flight to London, 326–27, 329, 338
Gelli and, 287, 301, 302, 303, 321
indemnity letter given to Marcinkus by, 319–20, 321, 327–28
letter to John Paul II from, 5, 326
Marcinkus and, 202–3, 207, 236, 237, 239–40, 244, 288, 292, 296, 309, 319–26, 358
Marcinkus’s letters of patronage given to, 319, 321, 323, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 339, 344, 348, 490
missing attaché case of, 4, 239, 324, 370–371
Opus Dei and, 325
paranoia of, 235
parliamentary investigation into, 330, 339
Pazienza hired by, 313, 320, 321, 353
share prices manipulated by, 287
shell companies and offshore banks of, 201–3, 204, 207, 236, 238–40, 242, 243, 286, 288, 312, 319, 320, 328, 333, 338–39, 344, 345, 352
Sindona and, 196–97, 201–2, 204–5, 206, 225, 235–36, 242, 244, 290, 291
trial of, 317–18
U.S. bank holdings of, 205
Vatican Bank’s partnerships with, 226, 236–37, 238–40, 242, 243–44, 312, 343, 440
Calvi Affair, The (Gurwin), 600n
Calvi family, 4, 5, 6, 7, 317, 326, 329, 330, 532n
Calvi murder investigation, 1–7, 415, 531n–33n, 652n, 653n
Canali, Cardinal Nicola, 155–56, 171–72
Canaris, Wilhelm, 135
Canesi, Carlo Alessandro, 196, 317
Canon Law, 48, 178, 252–53, 558n
capitalism, 698n
Catholic Church’s distrust of, 23, 30, 437, 439
Caprio, Giuseppe, 297, 360, 673n
Carboni, Flavio, 3, 4, 7, 309, 321, 324–27, 338, 370–71, 415, 532n, 650n–51n, 666n
Cardinal Francis Spellman Foundation, 366–68, 371, 373, 396, 440, 441, 664n
Carter, Jimmy, 240–41, 313, 417, 625n
Casaroli, Cardinal Agostino, 251, 297–98, 306n, 307, 313, 322, 332, 345, 357, 363, 366, 372, 604n, 628n, 651n, 663n
in negotiations with Italy, 346–47
Vatican’s finances overseen by, 327
Casa Santa Marta, 498, 505, 660n
Casey, William, 306–7, 308, 310
Castel Gandolfo, 73, 200, 246, 253, 454, 455, 559n, 597n
Castillo Lara, Cardinal Rosalio José, 371, 374–75, 377, 380, 381, 666n, 667n
Catholic Action, 55, 79, 152–53, 166, 195–96, 595n
Catholic Center Party, 42, 66, 67
Catholic Church:
Anti-Semitism of, 110, 386, 393, 537n
birth control policies of, 606n
capitalism distrusted by, 23, 30, 437, 439
doctrinal upheaval in, 247–48, 598n
funding of pensions in, 661n
interest-bearing loans condemned by, 11–12, 22–23
money as theme in history of, xiii
Nazi fugitives aided by, xi–xii, 384, 385
in Nazi Germany, 64, 65–66, 73–74
Papal bills paid by, 360n
sexual abuse in, see sexual abuse scandal
see also Vatican
Catholic Church, American, 71n, 152, 198, 282, 360n, 398, 405, 407, 408n
Conference of Catholic Bishops of, 43, 403, 409, 463
corruption in, 280–82
financial contribution to Vatican by, 194
Peter’s Pence contributions from, 47, 406, 417
sexual abuse scandal in, 398–411, 417, 470, 673n–75n, 677n–78n, 697n
Vatican loan requests to, 40–41, 43, 46–47, 55, 544n
see also specific dioceses
Catholic Church, German, 144
Catholic News Service, 432, 572n
Catholics:
modernist, 19, 24, 29, 31, 33–35, 39, 542
Catholic University of Milan, 402, 443
Cavallo, Luigi, 242–43
Celestine V, Pope, 627n
Centrale Finanziaria, La, 204, 206, 239, 328, 611n, 615n, 646n
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 119, 135n, 137, 166, 170n, 172–73, 179n, 204, 273n, 305, 381, 392, 394, 587n, 588n, 591n, 594n, 602n
covert aid to Vatican of, 151–52, 153, 308–09
National Foreign Assessment Center of, 279
ratlines and, 151
Central Powers, 40–42
Chamberlain, Neville, 75, 556n
Chase Manhattan Bank, 180, 232, 322, 648n
Chase National Bank, 177n, 583n
Cheli, Giovanni, 315, 316, 648n
Chelsea Cloisters, 3, 531n, 532n
Chicago Diocese, 283n, 332, 364n, 544n, 608n
Chiminello, Antonio, 374, 667n
Chiomenti, Pasquale, 345–46
Christian Democratic Party, 153, 155, 157, 166, 170, 172, 175, 183n, 224, 229, 287, 301, 314, 335, 345, 366, 367, 598n
Churchill, Winston, 90, 142, 151, 279, 569n
Cicognani, Cardinal Amleto, 106, 182, 184, 185
Cipriani, Paolo, 448, 475, 479, 482, 483, 490, 504, 506, 507, 700n
Money-laundering investigation into, 448, 506–7
Vatican Bank resignation of, 506
Circolo della Caccia, 199
Circuit Court of Appeals, U.S., 409n, 426, 445
Cisalpine Overseas Bank (Nassau), 201–3, 204, 207, 210, 235n, 236, 238, 239–40, 243, 288, 296, 309, 319, 322, 327, 344, 613n, 615n, 616n, 624n, 625n, 642n, 647n
Marcinkus as director of, 202, 238, 296, 320, 327, 642n, 646–647n, 650n
Civiletti, Benjamin, 284–85, 638n
Civiltà Cattolica, La (Catholic Civilization), 16, 18, 23, 74, 403, 499, 663n
role in spreading blood libel, 554n
Civiltà Cristiana (Christian Civilization), 269, 270, 272
Claridge’s Hotel, London, 208, 296n, 531n
Clement VII, Pope, 596n
Clement VIII, Pope, 537n
Cleveland Diocese, 673n–74n
Clinton, Bill, 384n, 389, 390, 408n
Cody, Cardinal John, 194, 198, 250–51, 252, 256, 258, 263, 272n, 275, 276, 280, 283n, 331, 606n, 611n, 629n
Paul VI’s investigation of, 250–52, 256, 263–64
Coffey, Joe, 209–11, 213–15, 617n, 618n
Colagiovanni, Emilio, 395, 396, 415
Colby, William, 153, 587n, 651n
Cold War, 132, 141, 155, 159n, 163, 172, 174, 248, 417
College of Cardinals, 80, 213, 256, 262, 277, 338, 417, 418, 429, 494, 599n, 604n, 657n
Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, 386, 388
Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism, see Moneyval
Compendium, see Banco Ambrosiano Holding (BAH)
Conciliazione, 48–49
Conclave of Cardinals, 25, 44, 162–63, 174, 247, 249, 254n, 255–59, 269, 270, 272–76, 282, 418–19, 421, 423–24, 456, 493, 494, 495, 541n, 543n, 596n, 602n, 627n, 628n, 629n–30n, 681n
Confalonieri, Cardinal Carlo, 262, 270
Conference of Catholic Bishops, U.S., 43, 403, 409, 463
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 355, 406, 411, 417, 429, 433, 456, 678n
Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (Propaganda Fide), 148, 184, 463, 683n
Connors, Canice, 403–4
Constantinople, Turkey, 50–51, 121, 134, 550n, 580n, 586n
Continental Illinois National Bank, 177, 206, 615n
Cooke, Cardinal Terence, 215, 275, 321
Cooney, John, 558n–59n
Coopers & Lybrand, 243, 296, 309, 314, 323, 325, 642n
Coppola, Francis Ford, 363, 622n
Cornwell, John, 64, 108, 199n, 235n, 240, 250, 266n, 272n, 273n, 289, 541n, 599n, 634n, 635n, 639n, 653n
Corriere della Sera, 227, 260, 271, 331, 353, 379, 475, 622n
Corrocher, Graziella Teresa, 326, 329
Corte Suprema di Cassazione, 356, 358
Counter Intelligence Corps, U.S. (CIC), 136, 139, 140, 145, 147, 150, 588n, 592n
Credito Artigiano S.p.A., 448, 449, 457
Credit Suisse, 52, 112, 156, 160, 177n, 179, 309, 512, 550n, 615n
Vatican cash exchanged for gold ingots from, 309
Crimi, Joseph Miceli, 298, 301
Croatia, 91, 92, 122, 124, 128, 139–40, 142, 144–46, 148–49, 150, 153n, 384–86, 387, 388–89, 390, 391, 427, 449n, 562n, 563n, 566n, 568n, 578n, 583n, 590n, 672n
Catholic Church in, 89–90, 105
gold looted from, 139–40, 384, 386, 391, 672n
John Paul II’s visit to, 390
role of Catholic clergy in, 89
Vatican and, 87–90, 387, 389, 391, 427
Curia:
anticommunism in, 181
formation of, 534n
“gay lobby” in, 462–65, 491–92
as Italian dominated, 283, 348, 604n
John Paul II reforms for, 347–48, 359, 360
Pius XI and, 54
spread of gossip and rumors within, 191, 311, 376, 628n, 634n
Cusani, Sergio, 376–77
Czechoslovakia, 71, 84, 112, 131, 184, 306, 560n
Nazi invasion of, 82
Soviet takeover of, 141
Dachau concentration camp, 75, 423, 592n
Dardozzi, Renato, 342, 361–62, 366, 367, 378, 379, 439, 467, 664n, 667n, 668n, 686n
da Ros, Giuseppe, 266, 267, 633n
Davies, Arthur Gordon, 5–6
Da Vinci Code, The (Brown), 418, 483
Death in Rome (Katz), 605n
de Benedetti, Carlo, 321–23, 328, 651n
De Bonis, Donato, 240n, 348, 357–58, 366–69, 373, 375–76, 378, 381, 396, 429, 439–41, 442n, 490, 657n, 664n, 667n
Castillo Lara and, 371
death of, 441
dubious accounts held by, 368
as link between commission of cardinals and Vatican Bank, 360, 361
Spellman foundation account and, 366–67, 371, 373
undermining Caloia by, 368
Vatican Bank influence of, 367–68, 371, 372, 375, 439, 440
Delfino, Francesco, 531n, 532n
Dell, Robert, 546n–47n
Della Chiesa, Cardinal Giacomo, see Benedict XV, Pope
De Pasquale, Francesco, 452, 486
de Strobel, Pellegrino, 187, 194, 197, 198, 228, 232, 240n, 296, 312, 317, 319, 320, 327, 328, 331, 333, 343, 344, 347, 352, 355, 356, 363, 366, 615n, 650n
arrest warrant issued for, 351–352
Deutsche Bank, 332, 339, 340, 362, 442, 476, 490, 512
Deutsche Bank Italia, 488–89
de Weck, Philippe, 332, 347, 362–63, 378, 663n, 668n
as vice president of Vatican Bank lay board, 363, 378
DiFonzo, Luigi, 300n, 603n, 643n
di Jorio, Cardinal Alberto, 118, 155, 158, 163, 167, 171, 172, 197, 198, 199, 343, 368–69, 560n
Dolan, Cardinal Timothy, 495, 496
Draganović, Krunoslav, 140, 145, 146, 148–49, 150, 151, 153n, 155, 163, 564n, 589n, 591n, 592n
admission to receipt of looted gold, 140
oversight of Croatian Ratline, 145–146
Dulles, Allen, 131–32, 138, 147, 151, 153, 583n, 585n
Dulles, John Foster, 132, 151, 558n, 584n
Dziwisz, Cardinal Stanislaw, 304, 306n, 368, 370, 397, 466
Eastern Europe, Soviet hegemony in, 141, 157
Eckstein, Alejandro von, xi–xii
Egan, Cardinal Edward, 191, 404
Eichmann, Adolf, 147–48
Eisele, Hans, 144
Eisenberger, Irving, 209, 616n
Eizenstat, Stuart, 387, 389, 390
Eizenstat Report (1997), 384n
Emigrant Savings Bank, 332, 346
Enimont scandal, 372–73, 377, 379, 380, 381, 448n, 450
Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI), 244, 288, 372, 373, 595n
Espresso, L’, 173n, 177, 183, 232, 242, 287, 321, 329, 470, 504–5, 531n
Italy’s invasion of, 68–69, 110, 554n
Europe:
postwar unemployment in, 155
European Economic Community, 170, 489
European Union, 443–45, 447–48, 449, 450, 451, 456–58, 467, 468, 473, 477, 481, 483, 485, 487, 489, 490, 508, 644n, 684n, 688n
Fasco, 171, 176, 205, 602n, 607n, 614n, 615n, 639n
Fatto Quotidiano, Il, 468, 469
Faulhaber, Cardinal Michael von, 64, 67, 144, 552n, 559n
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 108n, 115, 118–19, 211, 212, 214, 215–17, 260, 292–95, 314n, 395, 408n, 574n, 643n
Ambrosoli murder investigation of, 299–300
Marcinkus’s interview with, 284–85, 335, 336
Marcinkus anger over disclosure of memo from, 285
Sindona’s disappearance investigated by, 293, 295, 298
Vatican Bank investigation of, 284–85
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), 226, 229, 614n
Federal Reserve, U.S., 113, 224, 225, 226, 383, 614n
Felici, Cardinal Pericle, 257, 260–61, 271, 272, 274–77, 280, 635n
Fiduciary Investment Services A.G., 209, 616n
Filipović-Majstorović, Miroslav, 89
Finabank, 223, 228, 602n, 613n, 622n
Final Conclave, The (Martin), 257, 627n
Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 380, 450, 458, 467
Financial Intelligence Authority (AIF), 473, 476, 511, 689n, 701n
Financial Times, 416, 448–49, 488, 503
Fisher, Ivan, 351n, 601n, 623n
Flying Squad, Palermo, 291, 292
Foligni, Mario, 211, 214, 217, 218
Follieri, Raffaello, 408n
Fortune, 178, 223, 354, 362, 451–52, 661n, 698n
Foundations of National Socialism (Hudal), 102–3
France, 11, 14, 18, 20, 22, 28, 30, 32, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42–43, 57, 68, 69, 78, 79, 84, 85, 87, 98, 104n, 111, 112, 113, 151, 164, 247, 384, 387, 391, 394, 437, 540n, 554n, 560n, 561n, 571n, 585n, 589n
Francis, Pope, xiii, 7, 95n, 419, 423–24, 464, 571n, 660n, 667n, 697n, 698n, 701n
AIF board replaced by, 511–12
AIF strengthened by, 508
background of, 497
changing statements on doctrine by, 498–99, 500–501
charge of complicity in Argentine human rights abuses, 496–97
charisma of, 500
election of, 494–96
declining of Papal apartment, 497–498
modern technology mastered by, 498
money laundering condemned by, 508
personality of, 497
popular appeal of, 498, 499–500, 501–2, 503
public relations mastery of, 497–99
as social justice advocate, 497, 501
as traditionalist, 497, 500, 501
Vatican Bank reform and, 403, 504, 505, 508, 509–13
Franco, Antonio, 572n
Frankel, Marvin, 293, 294, 297, 298
Franklin National Bank, 204–6, 224–27, 229, 232, 233, 234–35, 240, 241, 245, 290, 298, 300, 614n, 615n, 622n, 640n, 643n
collapse of, 289
falsified bank records at, 289
financial problems of, 204–5
SEC investigation of, 226–27
Franssu, Jean-Baptiste de, 701n
as Vatican Bank president, 511–12
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 334, 336–37, 392, 394, 588n
Freemasons, Freemasonry, 2, 7, 16, 28, 35, 74, 178–79, 302–3, 333, 339, 540n, 642n, 644n
Italy’s outlawing of, 48
papal condemnation of, 178
secret lodges of, 2, 7, 83, 178, 222, 603n, 620n
see also Propaganda Due (P2)
French Revolution (1789), 11, 12
Freyberg, Ernst von, 493, 504, 506, 507, 508, 511, 700n
Friends of Israel, 67–68
Fummi, Giovanni, 57–58, 71, 112, 159
Gabriele, Paolo, 465–67, 478–79
arrest of, 478
background of, 465–466
Benedict XVI’s pardoning of, 486
as source of Vatileaks documents, 468, 469, 470, 474, 478–79, 485
trial of, 485–86
Gaddafi, Muammar, 221, 313, 350n
Galeazzi, Enrico, 104, 158, 179
Galeazzi-Lisi, Riccardo, 95, 161, 594n, 597n
Galli, Giancarlo, 373, 398, 606n, 685n
Gambino, John, 294–95
Gambino crime family, 294, 295
Gannett News Service, 280, 637n
Gänswein, Georg, 430, 433, 466, 467, 474, 475, 478, 480, 491, 492n, 498, 687n
Gantin, Cardinal Bernardin, 274, 658n
Gasparri, Cardinal Pietro, 35, 42, 44, 45, 544n, 559n
Gauthe, Gilbert, 398, 399, 404, 675n
Gelli, Licio, 212, 222, 230, 234, 235, 241–44, 272n, 291, 313, 314n, 377, 603n, 620n, 639n, 642n, 644n, 646n, 652n, 659n
Ambrosiano collapse and, 345n
Calvi and, 287, 301, 302, 303, 321
indictment against, 362
P2 Masonic lodge headed by, 178
prison escape of, 345
search warrant for Villa of, 301–2
Sindona and, 179
Gemelli Hospital, see Agostino Gemelli Hospital
Generali, 58, 120, 129, 158, 159n, 171, 181, 532n, 578n, 580n
Holocaust victims paid by, 394n
as profiting from Holocaust, 127–28
subsidiaries of, 126
U.S. blacklisting of, 124–25
Vatican’s stake in, 122, 124, 125
Volpi as head of, 122–25
Germany, Nazi, see Nazi Germany, Nazis
Germany, Weimar, 29n, 43, 51, 53, 572n
Germany, West, 144–47, 155, 159n, 209, 211, 227, 432, 472
Gestapo, 78, 124, 130, 131, 564n
Giani, Domenico, 468, 470, 475, 478
Giordano, Michele, 382–83
Gisevius, Hans Bernd, 131–32
global recession, 437–38
God Does Not Exist (Mussolini), 44
Gotti Tedeschi, Ettore, 457, 468, 487, 507n, 511, 686n, 687n
alleged mental instability of, 475, 482–83
Bertone and, 455
Caloia compared with, 443
character of, 443
dismissal of, 475–77, 479, 484, 490
money laundering investigation into, 448
as Opus Dei member, 443
search warrants executed on, 481–82
secret dossier of, 474–75, 480
statements to Italian prosecutors by, 481–82
transparency advocated by, 443, 450
as Vatican Bank head, 442, 443, 445, 446, 448, 449–50, 455, 456, 472–73, 474–75
Gowen, William, 139–40, 145, 150
Gran Italia, 313–14
Great Britain, 1–7, 11, 35, 41, 55. 56. 57, 68, 69, 70, 75, 78, 79, 85, 91, 92, 95, 98–99, 106, 107, 111, 113, 115–16, 119, 124, 125n, 126, 127, 130, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 145, 149, 151, 193, 388, 391, 540n, 553n, 554n, 560n, 569n, 573n, 577n, 583n, 589n
Great Depression, 53–61, 225, 549n
Greeley, Andrew, 250, 272n, 273, 276
Gregorian University, 189, 259, 403
Gregory X, Pope, 541n
Griesa, Thomas, 294, 297, 298, 299
Groër, Cardinal Hans Hermann, 372n, 434
Groupement Financier Luxembourgeois (Grolux S.A.), 57, 59, 112, 115, 550n, 573n, 575n
Guardia di Finanza, 287, 300, 468
Guardian, 357, 424, 440, 456, 574n–75n
Guerri, Cardinal Sergio, 297, 642n
Guilfoyle, Bishop George, 280–82
Guzzi, Rodolfo, 242, 243n, 293, 295, 626n
charge that Vatican was repository of looted gold of, 387
Hadrian VI, Pope, 114, 255, 277
Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 68, 70
Hambros Bank, 177, 223n, 607n, 615n, 620n
Hammer, Richard, 335, 337, 617n, 618n
Hebblethwaite, Peter, 172, 255n
Heir, Marvin, 339, 340, 341, 384, 385
Herranz Casado, Cardinal Julián, 402, 470
Herzl, Theodor, 67–68
Hitler, Adolf, xii, 10, 34n, 49, 65–67, 72, 73, 79, 85–86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107, 112, 119, 123, 132, 133, 135, 149, 164, 390n, 422, 435, 552n, 555n, 556n, 557n, 559n, 560n, 564n, 565n, 572n, 656n
anti-Catholic sentiment, 62
Final Solution and, 76, 90, 109, 570n
secular ideology of, 62
Sudetenland claims of, 71
Vatican’s endorsement of, 65
Hitler Youth, 421–22
Hoffman, Paul, 161n, 183, 558n, 598n, 610n
Höffner, Joseph, 321, 606n, 658n
Holocaust, xii, 76–77, 145, 164, 308, 395, 434, 435, 482, 496, 560n, 572n, 582n
Allies’ condemnation of, 95, 97
Allies’ silence about, 109
in Croatia, 88–90
insurance companies’ profits from, 127–28
John XXIII and, 164–65
Pius XII and, 86–87, 90–94, 95, 96–98, 101–10, 143, 165, 386
in Poland, 91, 96, 105, 125, 144
restitution claims and, 383–94, 398, 423, 426, 482
in Romania, 125–26
in Slovakia, 84–85
U.N. condemnation of, 96
Holy See, see Vatican
Holy Year Jubilee, 343, 348, 657n
Holy Years, 55, 343, 549n, 657n
Hornblow, Michael, 307, 331, 334–35, 413, 665n
Hudal, Alois, 102–3, 146–48, 150, 151, 155, 566n, 570n, 591n, 594n
Hume, Cardinal Basil, 257, 277
Hummes, Cardinal Claudio, 418, 423, 496
Hungary, 43, 84, 86, 128, 132n, 164, 306, 308, 423, 568n, 571n
Soviet takeover of, 141
Imperial Papacy, 53–54, 166, 498
Independent Commission of Experts, 390–91, 392, 584n
Index of Prohibited Books, 11, 34
as source of Vatican income, 9–11, 14–15
condemned by Martin Luther, 10–11
Industrial Reconstruction Institute (IRI), 58–59, 176n
Infallible? An Inquiry (Küng), 247
In God’s Name (Yallop), 272n–73n, 349, 635n, 639n
Innocent X, Pope, 536n
Institute for the Works of Religion (IOR), see Vatican Bank
Institutional Investor, 188, 233, 607n, 614n
insurance companies:
as profiting from Holocaust, 127–28
in World War II, 122–29
use of reinsurance to launder profits, 126–127
Inter-Allied Commission, 51, 53, 134
International Commission on Holocaust-Era Insurance Claims (ICHEIC), 392, 394n
International Eucharistic Conference, 555n
International Herald Tribune, 230, 598n
International Red Cross, 89, 589n
Interpol, 209–10, 293, 364, 600n
Interracial Justice as a Principle of Order (LaFarge), 73
IOR, see Vatican Bank
Iron Curtain, 151, 152, 279, 334
Islam, 37, 69, 304, 432, 433, 437, 539n, 684n
Israel, 104n, 249, 253, 391, 393, 648n
Italcementi, 157, 158, 159, 180, 604n, 658n
Italian East Africa, 70–71, 99
Italian-Ethiopian Wars, 69, 182
Italian nationalists:
Austria and, 13–14
France and, 14
Rome captured by, 20–21
Italian People’s Party, 44, 46, 49
Italmobiliare, 158–59, 347, 350, 658n
Italy:
Allied bombing of, 95, 99, 106
Allied invasion of, 98
Ambrosiano liquidation forced by, 344
Anti-Semitism in, 72, 73, 74–75, 84, 122
Arab oil boycotts and, 221
communism in, 142, 152–53, 169, 220, 241
construction industry in, 179–80
currency control laws in, 287, 312
deportation of Jews from, 104–5
“Economic Miracle” in, 170
election of 1948 in, 152–53, 155, 166
election of 1962 in, 172
Ethiopia invaded by, 68–69, 110, 554n
Finance Ministry of, 460
financial crisis in, 457
financial probes in, 340
Freemasonry outlawed in, 48
Foreign Ministry of, 347
global financial recession and, 437
Health Ministry of, 369
Left-wing movements in, 200, 220, 248–49
Libya invaded by, 37
Mafia-related violence in, 221, 292
money laundering law (2007) of, 448
Nazi occupation of, 99–100, 128–29
Neo-fascists in, 220
Papal States annexed by, 18–19, 21, 47
Parliament of, 330, 546n, 600n, 641n
political and social instability in, 156, 220–21, 235, 248
Sindona extradited to, 350, 351
Sindona’s extradition requested by, 231, 234–35, 240, 244–45, 257–58, 260, 262, 289, 300, 640n
socialists in, 36
terrorism in, 167, 200n, 248–49, 253, 279, 287, 292
Treasury Ministry of, 59, 182, 330, 331–32, 443, 653n
unification of, 17
Vatican Bank investigated by, 286, 344–45, 374–77
Vatican Bank investments in, 157–58, 160, 176, 179–80, 181–82
Vatican immunity to laws of, 357–58
Vatican investments of, 58–59, 70, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 185–86
Vatican relations with, 28, 29, 36, 41, 47, 68, 100, 114, 182, 342, 345–47, 348–49, 352–53, 354–55, 356–58, 377, 379, 382, 444n, 447–49
Izzi, Domingo, 379–80
Japan, 90, 189, 221, 359n, 566n, 576n
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 308, 646n
Jasenovac concentration camp, 89, 387
Jauch and Hübener, 126, 133, 585n, 586n
Jerusalem, 68, 104n, 192, 249, 419
Jesuits, 73–76, 264, 365n, 424, 495, 497, 537n, 552n, 607n
Jewish Agency for Palestine, 92, 93, 106
Jews, Judaism, 12, 14, 15–18, 65n, 66, 67–68, 72, 76–77, 79, 84–93, 97, 99, 100, 107–10, 122–23, 125–29, 135, 144–48, 164–65, 180n, 278n, 340, 341, 342, 423, 433, 435, 535n–36n, 542n, 548n, 552n–55n, 556n, 561n, 563n–68n, 570n–72n, 579n, 585n, 589n, 591n, 594n
capitalism linked to, 23
coerced conversion of, 66, 278n, 537n, 538n, 553n
Croatian massacres of, 89–90
deportation from Italy of, 101–5
expelled from Papal States, 51, 537n
Nazi attacks on, 63–64, 67, 74, 75, 76–77, 278n, 552n; see also Holocaust
Nazi seizure of property of, 340, 383–93
John XXIII, antipope, 163
John XXIII, Pope, 106, 170, 173, 258, 259, 262, 272n, 408, 420, 571n, 592n, 597n, 598n, 599n, 604n, 606n, 609n, 630n, 631n, 634n
background of, 164
birth control and, 606n
communism as seen by, 166
death of, 172
election of, 163
Holocaust and, 164–65
Marcinkus and, 191
popular enthusiasm for, 174–75
Second Vatican Council called by, 166–67, 171, 191–92
television and, 165
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 409, 678n
John Paul I, Pope, 206, 207–8, 258–74, 280, 311, 349, 630n–31n, 634n, 682n
background of, 259
death of, 265–72, 282, 283, 349, 632n, 633n, 635n, 645n
election of, 258
Marcinkus and, 262–63
John Paul II, Pope, 5, 144, 195, 275–77, 286, 295–96, 301, 305–10, 312, 314n, 321, 324–27, 331, 332, 338, 353, 362, 363, 365n, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372n, 379, 381, 382, 384–87, 394, 396, 400, 403, 405–6, 409, 410–11, 412, 415, 416–22, 424, 429, 430, 431n, 432, 433, 434, 441, 466, 474, 495, 497, 500, 502, 629n, 631n, 634n, 641n, 645n, 650n, 657n, 658n, 666n, 673n, 679n
Abs and, 339–41
anticommunism of, 279, 283, 305–6
anti-Semitism denounced by, 341, 393
assassination attempt on, 304–5, 312, 356–57
Castillo Lara and, 371
character of, 279
Croatia visited by, 390
Curial reforms of, 347–48, 359, 360
death of, 415
doctrinal orthodoxy of, 419
election of, 273–77
forced labor of, 341
Holy Year declared by, 343
Jews supported by, 278n
letter to Brezhnev written by, 306
Marcinkus and, 280, 282–84, 286, 308, 309, 321, 334, 335, 342, 354, 355, 360, 366
Opus Dei and, 365n
Pauline monks and, 282–83
Reagan and, 279, 305, 306, 307, 308
secular politics and, 279
sexual abuse scandal and, 400–401, 403, 405–6, 408–9, 410–11, 434
Vatican Bank and, 510–11
J. P. Morgan, 116n, 117, 448, 472, 479, 481, 554n, 573n
see also Morgan Bank
Justice Department, U.S., 240, 241, 284–85, 335, 336, 349, 351
counterfeit securities investigation of, 209–19, 220
Kaas, Ludwig, 94–95, 566n, 567n
Kappler, Herbert, 100, 102, 129, 570n
Kennedy, David, 205–6, 289, 615n, 639n
Kennedy, John F., 170n, 172, 200n
Kirchensteuer, 65, 111, 111n–12n, 359
Knights of Columbus, 43, 381, 442
Knights of Malta, 362–63, 376, 429, 644n, 649n
König, Cardinal Franz, 255, 257, 270–71, 275, 276, 306n
Krol, Cardinal John, 282–83, 306, 321, 360, 637n
Krupp, Bertha, 53
Ladbrokes, 257, 258, 273, 495, 630n
Laghi, Cardinal Pio, 306–7, 396, 405, 645n
Lai, Benny, 360, 554n, 662n, 673n
Lajolo, Cardinal Giovanni, 427, 460
Lang, Joseph, 673n–74n
Langrand-Dumonceau, André, 16, 23
Lateran Pacts (1929), 48–49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 75, 79, 83, 112, 114, 121, 149, 152, 155, 182, 183, 184, 349, 352, 353, 450, 547n, 559n, 575n, 592n
Latin America, 288, 309–10, 494, 497, 574n, 598n
Lausanne Immobilier, 57, 112, 126
Law, Cardinal Bernard, 400, 421n, 674n, 681n
Law of Papal Guarantees (1871), 24
Lead Us Not into Temptation (Berry), 399–400
League of Nations, 69, 70, 79, 554n
Ledl, Leopold, 210–14, 217, 218
Ledochowski, Wladimir, 74, 556n
Legion of Christ, 372n, 410, 433
Leiber, Robert, 93–94, 135, 150, 559n
Lena, Giulio, 370–71
Leo IV, Pope, 20
Leo XI, Pope, 633n
Leo XII, Pope, 541n
Leo XIII, Pope, 26, 29, 576n, 638n
Bank of Rome investment by, 28
capitalism distrusted by, 30
Catholics banned from political participation by, 30, 31
interest-bearing loan issued by, 27
real estate investments of, 28
Rerum Novarum encyclical of, 30
return of Papal States sought by, 30
social agenda of, 31
Syllabus reaffirmed by, 31
Leone, Giovanni, 221
Levy, Jonathan, 391–92, 394, 449n, 672n
Italian invasion of, 37
Liechtenstein, 57, 113, 119, 171, 236, 414, 486–87, 638n
Loftus, John, 132
Lombardi, Federico, 432, 433, 448–49, 452, 467–68, 469, 470, 483, 486, 490, 492–93, 497, 511, 684n
London, England, 1–7, 47, 257, 329, 336, 338, 531n, 532n, 556n
conference on Holocaust stolen assets in, 386–88, 392
Lorenzi, Diego, 265–66, 269, 271, 273n, 630n, 632n, 634n
Louisville, Ky., 408–9
Luciani, Cardinal Albino, see John Paul I, Pope
Lumen Christi, 379–80
Lustrissimi, Sebastiano, 315, 316
Luxembourg, 57, 112, 236, 370, 414, 572n
Lyttelton, Oliver, 90–91
Macchi, Pasquale, 174, 186, 198, 248–50, 252–54, 256, 369, 601n, 604n, 606n, 610n, 628n, 630n
McCormick, Vincent, 96–97
Maciel Degollado, Marcial, 410, 433–34, 678n
Mackenzie Limitada, 585n–86n
Madame Prosecutor (Del Ponte), 427n
Mafia, 171, 221, 275, 290, 291, 294, 301, 337, 345n, 351, 358, 363, 427, 469, 475, 480, 505, 600n, 601n, 613n, 660n, 666n
counterfeit securities ring of, 209–19
Marcinkus and, 377
priests as members of, 600n
Magee, John, 253, 263, 265–66, 267, 268, 269–70, 273n, 633n
Maglione, Cardinal Luigi, 85, 93, 97, 98n, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108n, 116, 164, 561n, 562n, 567n, 568n, 569n, 592n, 595n
Maillardoz, Henri de, 52, 57, 156–57, 160, 166, 167, 171, 176, 177, 179–80, 232, 300, 363, 550n, 605n, 664n