Malachy O’Morgair, Saint, 94n
Manic, 236, 244, 313, 624n, 647n–48n, 653n
Mani Pulite (Clean Hands) investigation, 367, 372, 375, 376
Mannoia, Francesco Marino, 377, 601n
Marcellus II, Pope, 633n
Marcinkus, Paul Casimir, 3, 118n, 189–95, 197–203, 204, 206–7, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214–19, 220, 222, 223, 225–26, 228, 235n, 236–37, 238–40, 241, 243n, 244, 246, 249–50, 252, 257–58, 260, 261, 262–63, 264, 270, 272n, 273n, 286, 288–91, 292, 295, 296–97, 306, 308–11, 313, 315–24, 330–37, 338–39, 341, 343–48, 349–58, 360, 362, 363–64, 365, 366, 368, 369–70, 373n, 396, 397, 398, 430, 437, 440, 442n, 449, 463, 490, 512, 513, 604n, 606n–7n, 608n–16n, 618n, 624n–29n, 637n–40n, 642n, 644n, 646n–48n, 650n, 653n–55n, 658n, 659n, 662n, 663n, 700n
Ambrosiano settlement opposed by, 348
appointment to Vatican Bank of, 194
background of, 189–90, 608n, 636n
and Banca Cattolica deal, 207
Bank of Italy investigators’ meeting with, 331
Cisalpine and, 202, 238, 296, 320, 327
as conduit between U.S. and Vatican, 308
counterfeit securities investigation and, 213, 214–15, 217–19, 220
criminal investigation into, 347
death of, 364n
expectation of appointment to cardinal of, 310–311, 342
FBI interview with, 284–85, 335, 336
financial inexperience of, 194–95, 198, 355, 610n
Hammer’s book and, 335–37
Italian arrest warrant for, 352–53, 449, 451
John Paul I and, 262–63
John Paul II and, 280, 282–84, 286, 308, 309, 321, 334, 335, 342, 354, 355, 360, 366
John XXIII and, 191
Latin American experience of, 310
letters of patronage given to Calvi by, 319, 321, 323, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 339, 344, 348
Mafia and, 377
as material witness in the Ambrosiano collapse, 333
opposition to, 280, 284, 309, 330, 331–32
Papal trips organized and attended by, 280, 283, 609n
Paul VI and, 192–93, 197–201, 207, 219, 231, 249–50
Pazienza and, 297–98, 309, 313, 315
personality of, 190–91, 355–56
physical appearance of, 189, 200, 217
Philadelphia corruption case handled by, 282–83
resignation of, 363–64, 365, 366, 370
in return to U.S., 364
Roberto Calvi and, 202–3, 207, 236, 237, 239–40, 244, 288, 292, 296, 309, 319–26, 358, 490
Roberto Calvi’s indemnity letter to, 319–20, 321, 327–28
as rumored Freemason, 302–3
rumored resignation of, 332
rumored sex parties of, 345n
self-imposed exile of, 353
Sindona and, 189, 194–95, 199, 222, 223, 225–26, 228, 231, 232, 233, 262–63, 289, 297, 299, 490
Solidarity funded by, 308–9
as U.S. source in Vatican, 334–35
as Vatican Bank head, 197–201, 249–50, 257, 258, 260, 261, 286, 325, 339, 342, 347, 354, 360, 369–70, 377, 440
as Vatican City chief administrator, 310–11, 325
Vatican financial policies set by, 610n
Marie-Benoît, Père, 98, 104n, 568n
Marigonda, Vittoria, 199, 217, 612n
Marinelli, Luigi, 463–64, 691n
Martin, Malachi, 249, 257, 606n, 627n
Martini, Cardinal Carlo Maria, 419, 423, 663n, 681n
Masons, see Freemasons, Freemasonry
Mediocredito Lombardo, 361, 363, 374
Melbourne, University of, 413–14
Mengele (Posner), xii
Mennini, Luigi, 156, 166, 167, 171, 177, 180, 181, 184, 185, 187, 203, 228, 232, 236, 296, 312, 317, 319, 343, 344, 364n, 602n, 611n, 627n, 650n, 700n
as real power behind the Vatican Bank, 199, 355–356
Calvi and, 197, 320, 325, 327–28
criminal investigation of, 300–301, 333, 347, 352, 355–56, 363, 366
resignation of, 363
men of confidence, 159, 167, 171, 188
Merry del Val, Cardinal, 36, 40, 49, 65n
Mexico, 127, 180, 280, 283, 414n, 626n
MI5 (British intelligence), 136, 391, 531n
MI6 (British secret service), 153n, 654n
Milan, Italy, 168–71, 200n, 286–87, 312, 361, 363, 480
modernists, Catholic, 19, 24, 29, 31, 33–35, 39, 542n
Monetary Convention, 443, 445, 447, 448, 451
Moneychangers, The (Raw), 659n
Moneyval, 450, 456–58, 460, 467, 472–73, 483, 484–85, 487, 489, 504, 508–510, 688n, 690n, 695n, 700n
Vatican Bank reports of, 484–85, 487, 508–9
Montecatini Company, 158, 161, 550n
Montini, Cardinal Giovanni Battista, see Paul VI, Pope
Morgan Bank, 47–48, 71, 82, 112, 115, 159, 547n
see also J. P. Morgan
Morgenthau, Henry, 117, 583n–84n
Moro, Aldo, 173n, 175, 182–83, 248, 273n, 287, 627n
Morpurgo, Giuseppe Lazzaro, 122–23, 578n–79n
Mortara, Edgardo, 17–18, 537n–38n
Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander, 206, 231
Mundelein, George, 47, 549n, 610n
Munich Re, 123, 124, 126, 580n
Murphy, Peter, 191, 335n, 353, 355–56, 364, 370, 463, 655n, 660n
Mussolini, Benito (Il Duce), 0, 44–45, 52–55, 56, 58–61, 62, 63, 65n, 70–71, 79, 82, 83, 85, 87, 93, 96, 109, 110, 111, 113, 575n, 577n, 578n, 583n, 590n, 603n, 616n
anti-Catholicism of, 44–45
anticommunism of, 60
anti-Semitism of, 73, 74–75, 122, 556n
in Bank of Rome bailout, 45–46
Ethiopia invaded by, 68–69
as head of Nazi puppet government, 128–29
Nazi rescue of, 100
Pius XI and, 45–46, 47–49, 54–55, 73
Vatican Bank and, 119
Vatican’s partnership with, 60–61
Myth of the Twentieth Century (Rosenberg), 65n
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 11, 98n
Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 14, 17, 18, 20
National Archives, 132, 135n, 385, 573n, 581n, 585n, 591n
National Catholic Reporter, 76, 399, 401, 403n, 421, 442, 494, 537n, 634n, 666n, 674n
National Fascist Party, Italian, 44, 49, 52, 99, 128, 560n
National Socialism, see Nazi Germany, Nazis
Navarro-Valls, Joaquín, 303n, 385, 388, 389, 391, 396, 427
Nazi fugitives:
Catholic Church’s aid to, xi–xii, 143, 150–51, 384, 385
Pius XII’s silence about, 143
in South America, xi–xii, 384, 386
Vatican gold used in aid of, 145, 384, 386
Nazi Germany, Nazis, xi–xii, 69, 78–79, 84, 87, 89, 91–93, 95–97, 101–5, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 120, 125, 127, 131–37, 138, 141, 143–45, 147, 148–51, 153n, 154, 164, 176, 189, 195, 308, 339–41, 342, 383–88, 397, 421–23, 426, 445–46, 449n, 482, 493n, 544n, 552n, 553n, 556n, 560n, 561n, 562n, 563n, 564n, 565n, 566n, 567n, 568n, 569n, 570n, 571n, 572n, 579n, 582n, 584n, 586n, 587n, 588n, 589n, 594n, 603n, 656n
anti-Catholic measures in, 72
anti-Semitism in, 63–64, 66, 67, 72–73, 74, 75, 76–77, 84, 278, 554n; see also Holocaust
assisting insurers in avoiding paying victims claims, 127, 579n
book burnings in, 63
Catholic Church in, 64, 65–66, 73–74
Czechoslovakia invaded by, 82
gold looted by, 130–31, 384, 388, 389, 391, 392, 393
northern Italy occupied by, 99–100, 128–29
Pius XII and, see Holocaust, Pius XII and
Reichskonkordat violated by, 72, 109
in Soviet nonaggression pact, 85
Sudetenland claims of, 71
Vatican and, 62–68, 72, 75, 76–77, 80, 82, 88, 90–91, 110, 551n
see also Gestapo; SS (Schutzstaffel)
Nazi hunters, xi, xii, 143, 147, 339
Netherlands, 57, 112, 131, 564n
New York, N.Y., 71, 115, 116n, 117, 165, 209, 215, 223, 224–25, 241, 292–94, 299–300, 315–16, 373, 383, 404, 641n
New York Times, xii, 161n, 178, 183, 187, 204, 221, 228, 231, 232, 246, 257, 289, 342, 349, 354, 364, 367, 390n, 400, 434, 452–53, 464n, 488, 505, 546n, 558n, 598n, 602n, 610n, 650n, 674n, 689n
Nicaragua, 288, 309–10, 319, 353, 626n
Nichita Roncalli: Controvita di un papa (Bellegrandi), 173n
Nicholas V Tower, 118, 199, 217, 343, 483, 612n, 664n
Nicora, Cardinal Attilio, 431, 441, 452, 468, 473, 485, 489, 491, 510, 663n
Nikodim, Metropolitan, 261–62
Nixon, Richard, 193, 200, 205, 206, 221, 223, 240, 289, 618n, 623n
Nogara (Abwehr spy), 133, 134–35, 586n
Nogara, Bernardino, 54, 90, 101, 115, 120–22, 124–29, 155–61, 166, 167, 168, 170, 176, 179–80, 182, 185, 202, 232, 300, 359, 362, 398, 512, 547n–48n, 554n, 560n, 569n, 573n, 575n, 577n–78n, 580n, 581n, 586n, 587n, 595n, 598n, 605n, 607n, 638n, 664n
appointed head of ASSS, 52
arbitrage strategy of, 57
background of, 50–51
as BCI director, 52, 57, 59, 116, 121, 134
Black Nobles’ conflict with, 52
cardinals’ investigations of, 83–84, 111
death of, 166
fighting Allies over blacklisting of Sudameris, 156–157
foreign bank investments of, 57–58
gold as safehaven investment, 112, 130
Great Depression and, 53, 55–61
holding companies established by, 57, 110, 112, 116, 119, 124, 126, 550n, 551n
IRI and, 58–59
and Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 69, 70
Italian investments of, 58–59, 157–58
Paul VI and, 159–60
as possible Nazi spy, 132–37
postwar economy and, 155
postwar investment strategy of, 157–58, 160, 179
real estate investments of, 57, 111, 112, 124
retirement of, 160
and role in raising gold for Rome’s Jews, 100–101
rumored Jewishness of, 51
stake in Fondiaria and, 125
U.S. investments of, 71
use of IOR for aggressive money transfers, 118–19
Vatican Bank created by, 117–18, 128
Vatican finances transformed by, 160
Vatican gold reserves moved to U.S. by, 57, 112, 113, 130
visit to United States, 71
Volpi and, 120–22, 124, 126, 129, 130
World War II and, 111–12
Normandy invasion, 105
Nostra Aetate (In Our Time), 180n
Nuzzi, Gianluigi, 439–41, 465, 467–68, 469, 470, 473–74, 475, 478, 485, 492, 693n
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 118–19, 131, 132, 134–36, 138, 142, 584n, 585n, 587n, 588n
Nazi fugitives and, 135, 147, 151, 592n
Olympics (Rome, 1960), 167, 186
O’Malley, Cardinal Sean, 495, 501
Operation Fraulein, 210–19, 617n
Operation Safehaven, 128, 141, 581n
Opus Dei, 325, 339n, 365, 375, 443, 464n, 470, 482, 487, 511, 610n, 652n
rumored secret deal with Calvi and, 325
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 444, 445, 447, 452, 456, 457, 472, 473, 482, 484, 487, 510
Orsenigo, Cesare, 66–67, 82, 91
Ortolani, Umberto, 235, 238, 302, 532n, 644n, 658n
Osborne, D’Arcy Godolphin, 73, 81, 90, 99, 104, 106, 107, 110, 149, 556n, 565n, 566n, 570n, 573n
Osservatore Romano, L’,16–17, 49, 79, 354, 437, 443, 448, 537n, 540n, 607n, 612n
Ottoman Empire, 51, 124, 134, 550n
Pacelli, Carlo, 104, 156, 570n, 574n, 594n, 595n
Pacelli, Ernesto, 40, 50, 83, 125
as Bank of Rome president, 29, 36
economic and political reforms urged by, 30
Pius X’s break with, 37–38
Vatican finances overseen by, 35
as Vatican financial advisor, 29–30, 36–37, 546n
Pacelli, Eugenio, see Pius XII, Pope
Pacelli, Francesco, 48, 59, 79, 546n–47n
Pacelli, Giulio, 158, 159, 160, 185, 595n
Pacelli, Marcantonio, 158, 159, 160, 575n, 595n, 596n
Padalino, Giulio, 286, 288, 638n
Pagano, Bishop Sergio, 128, 589n
Palace of the Chancellery, 14, 536n
Palazzini, Cardinal Pietro, 321, 324–25
Palestinian Liberation Organization, 221, 313
Panciroli, Romeo, 268, 269, 270, 654n
Papacy:
elections of, 32
infallibility of, 19
Papal Court, 10, 17, 28–29, 32, 44, 537n
Papal States, 12, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 30, 33, 42, 45, 48, 153, 178
Italy’s annexation of, 18–19, 21, 47
Paraguay, xi–xii
Paribas, see Banque de Paris et des Pays–Bas
Parolin, Cardinal Pietro, 507–9
Partito Popolare Italiano (Italian People’s Party), 44, 46, 49
Pascalina Lehnert, Sister, 83, 143, 160, 161, 165, 554n, 558n, 559n, 564n, 566n, 589n, 594n, 596n–97n
Pius XII’s relationship with, 80–81, 632n
Paul II, Pope, 9
Paul IV, Pope, 110
Paul VI, Pope, 34, 90, 95, 99, 107, 108n, 140, 142–43, 148, 149–50, 153, 159–60, 165, 168, 169–70, 173–74, 175–77, 180–81, 183–84, 192, 208, 217, 221, 224, 233–34, 255–59, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266n, 267, 271–74, 279, 283, 290, 310, 350, 365n, 369, 534n, 540n, 567n, 589n, 592n, 596n, 599n, 602n, 610n, 611n, 627n–32n, 633n, 639n, 657n
anticommunism of, 169
as archbishop of Milan, 160, 169–70
autopsy policy of, 635n
birth control policy of, 606n
declining health of, 246–47
election of, 174
fear of postwar Russian invasion, 142
Hudal and, 150
Humanae Vitae encyclical of, 185, 259
indecisiveness of, 174, 187, 249
Jesuits and, 264
knowledge of Holocaust, 90
leftward shift of, 180–81
Marcinkus and, 192–93, 197–201, 207, 219, 231, 249–50
Moro kidnapping and, 248
Nixon’s meeting with, 200
Nogara and, 159–60
Pauline Policy of, 187
physical ailments of, 246
Populorum Progressio encyclical of, 181
possible resignation of, 246–47, 249–50
rumored homosexuality of, 173n
Second Vatican Council and, 175, 180–81
silence about ratline, 143–144.
Sindona and, 169–70, 175, 185–86, 187, 196, 199, 290
Spada and, 175
Spellman and, 173–74
U.S. visited by, 193
Vatican bank budget cut by, 232
Pavelić, Ante, 91, 139, 140, 145–46, 390, 392, 562n, 563n, 578n, 589n, 590n
Pazienza, Francesco, 313–17, 327n, 608n, 628n, 637n, 642n, 644n, 648n
Calvi’s hiring of, 313, 320, 321, 353
Marcinkus and, 297–98, 309, 313, 315
Pecci, Vincenzo Gioacchino, see Leo XIII, Pope
Pell, Cardinal George, 424, 510, 512
Perón, Juan, 116, 120, 146, 150, 151, 222, 230, 565n
Petaci, Francesco Saverio, 141
Petaci, Clara, 141
at center of Pius XI murder conspiracy, 75n
Petaci, Marcello, 141
Peter, Saint, 274, 413, 416, 491, 538n
archaeological dig for remains of, 94–95
Peter’s Pence, 21–22, 26, 27, 28, 35, 40, 42, 55, 111, 175, 233, 261, 354, 359, 360–61, 378, 500, 538n, 631n
American Catholics’ contributions for, 47, 406, 417
global recession’s effect on, 437
Phayer, Michael, 125n, 566n, 568n
Philadelphia Diocese, 637n
corruption in, 280–82
Vatican Bank’s reimbursement of, 282–83
Pierre Hotel, New York, 223, 231, 241, 620n, 623n
Pioppo, Piero, 430, 454, 455, 504
Pius IV, Pope, 51
Pius VI, Pope, 11
Pius VIII, Pope, 635n
Pius IX, Pope, 27, 30, 31, 49, 79, 152, 277, 278n, 536n, 539n, 540n, 598n
Anti-modernism of, 19, 24–25, 29
Antonelli and, 18–19
capitalism distrusted by, 23
Catholics banned from political participation by, 24–25
Coen kidnapping and, 18
death of, 25
encyclical of, 19
Italian nationalism and, 13–14, 18
Mortara kidnapping and, 17–18, 537n–38n
and nationalist capture of Rome, 20–21
Peter’s Pence revived by, 21–22
Quanta Cura encyclical of, 19
Syllabus of Errors of, 19, 29, 31, 538n
Vatican bequest of, 26
Pius X, Pope, 55, 67–68, 537n, 546n, 576n
Anti-modernism of, 33–35, 39, 542n
ban on Catholic political participation lifted by, 36
in break with Ernesto Pacelli, 37–38
church-building programs by, 36
Curia reform attempted by, 33, 541n
death of, 39
election of, 32
foreign relations of, 35
humility of, 32–33
Lamentabili Sane encyclical of, 34
populist touch of, 33
Pius XI, Pope, 58, 64, 66–76, 80, 82, 84, 110, 114, 141, 164, 547n, 552n, 557n, 558n, 560n, 571n, 576n, 687n
anticommunism of, 60, 62, 551n, 556n
anti-Semitism of, 67
anti-Semitism condemned by, 73–74
avoiding Hitler during Rome visit by, 73
Casti Connubii encyclical of, 64
decision to negotiate Lateran Pacts, 47–48
deteriorating health of, 74, 75
disbanding Friends of Israel by, 67–68
Divini Redemptoris encyclical of, 556n
election of, 44
Ethiopian invasion and, 69–70
Humani Generis Unitas encyclical of, 74, 75–77, 82
Imperial Papacy of, 53–54
Mit brenndender Sorge encyclical of, 72, 555n
Mussolini and, 45–46, 47–49, 73
Non Abbiamo Bisogno encyclical of, 54–55
Quadragesimo Anno encyclical of, 548n–49n, 556n
Vatican audit ordered by, 44, 46
Vatican City building boom commenced by, 53–54
Vatican museums expanded by, 54
Pius XII, Pope, 29n, 48, 59, 60, 64–66, 71n, 74, 75n, 99, 112n, 114–15, 118, 119, 125, 129, 132, 135, 145, 148–54, 155–63, 166, 167, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175, 184, 185, 191, 273, 279, 308, 362, 378, 388, 394, 418, 424, 429, 496, 508, 540n, 547n, 552n–54n, 559n–68n, 570n–72n, 574n, 575n, 576n, 589n, 590n, 591n, 593n, 594N, 595n–97n, 605n, 630n, 638n, 641n, 678n
anticommunism of, 79, 84, 85, 88, 107, 141, 142, 151, 153–54, 305, 551n
anti-Semitism of, 84–85, 110, 536n, 555n
background of, 79–80
birth control and, 606n
clemency for Nazi criminals urged by, 144, 589n, 590n
concerns about timidity of, 81, 92
death of, 162
demand for unconditional Nazi surrender opposed by, 107
Divino Afflante Spiritu encyclical of, 570n
Draganović and, 149
efforts to spare Rome from Allied bombing by, 98–99, 104,
foreign relations of, 84
German sympathies of, 62, 72, 76–77, 78–79, 82, 88, 90, 108–9, 111
gossip about personal life of, 81, 173, 558–559n
Holocaust and, 86–87, 90–94, 95, 96–98, 101–10, 141, 143, 165, 386
Hudal and, 150
invocation of Papal infallibility, 595n
and Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 69–70
micromanagement of, 81, 82, 84, 108, 114–115, 596n
Munificentissimus Deus encyclical of, 595n
Mystic Corporis Christi encyclical of, 570n
and Nazi roundup of Rome’s Jews, 100–104
Pavelić and, 87–89, 90, 91, 98n
poor health of, 79–80, 161–62, 596n
protection of Catholics as first priority of, 109–10
racism of, 106–7
in refusal to apologize for wartime inaction, 144
Sacra Virginitas encyclical of, 596n
and search for St. Peter’s body, 94–95
as silent about Church’s aid to Nazi fugitives, 143
Soviets feared by, 142
Spellman’s relationship with, 81, 558n
visions of, 162
Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War (Phayer), 125n
Pizzi, Antonio, 351–52, 358, 658n
Poland, 90, 92, 112, 120, 124, 146, 148, 275, 277, 279, 282, 308, 310n, 333, 340, 342, 391, 397, 435, 560n, 561n, 568n, 645n, 646n
anticommunism in, 305, 306, 307
Catholic Church in, 86
cardinals spreading blood libel in, 86, 561n
division of, 278
forced labor in, 341
General Government of, 125
Holocaust in, 91, 95, 96, 105, 125, 144
Pro-democracy movement in, 371
Pollard, John, 417, 544n, 548n, 554n, 616n
Pontifical Biblical Institute, 35, 249
Pontifical Commission of Assistance, 140, 143, 149–50, 592n
Pontifical Institute of Oriental Studies, 149, 563n
Pontificio Santa Maria dell’Anima, 103, 146
Popular Democratic Front, 153, 594n
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 305n, 313
Porco, Daniel, 600n–601n
Portugal, 35, 119, 125n, 136, 393
Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See, 184, 185, 188, 213, 233, 360, 378, 382, 397, 431, 455n, 607n, 667n
Preysing, Konrad von, 91, 97, 566n
“Problem of Sexual Molestation by Roman Catholic Clergy, The” (Doyle, Mouton & Peterson), 404–5
Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals (“blacklist”), 115–16, 119, 574n
Promontory Financial Group, 507, 509
Propaganda Due (P2), 178–79, 200n, 212, 222, 230, 235, 241, 242, 243, 244, 272n, 287, 288, 292, 301–3, 312, 313, 318, 330, 333, 338, 339, 340, 345, 351, 362, 373, 377, 603n, 615n, 620n, 638n, 652n
Protestants, Protestantism, 11, 23, 48, 75, 94, 148n, 247, 539n, 572n
Radowal, 290, 613n, 616n, 624n
ratlines, 145–46, 148, 150, 151, 384
Ratti, Cardinal Achille, see Pius XI, Pope
Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph Aloisius, see Benedict XVI, Pope
Rauff, Walter, 147
Raw, Charles, 599n, 603n, 616n, 659n
Reagan, Ronald, 310n, 334, 349, 646n
John Paul II and, 279, 305, 306, 307, 308
Red Brigades, 200n, 248, 279, 287, 292
Reggiane, 69–70
Regia Azienda Monopolio Banane (Royal Banana Monopoly Business), 70–71
Reichsbank, 119, 131, 132, 385, 582n, 671n
Reichskonkordat, 65–67, 72, 80, 552n, 553n, 572n
Reme, Reinhard Karl Wilhelm, 132–35, 136, 585n–86n
Render Unto Rome (Berry), 372n
Repubblica, La, 321, 357, 480, 492, 634n
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 86, 103
Ricca, Battista Mario Salvatore, 504–5
Rice, Condoleezza, 408–9
Rich Church, Poor Church (Martin), 606n
Riunione Adriatica di Sicurtà (RAS), 58, 122, 124, 126, 128, 129n, 158, 181, 579n, 658n
Rizzo, Vincent, 209–10, 211, 212, 218
Volpi and Nogara doing business in, 122, 125–126, 127
Holocaust in, 125–26
Soviet takeover of, 141
Rome, Italy, 7, 9, 11, 343, 349, 569n
Allied liberation of, 107
anti-Vatican rioting in, 14
Italian nationalists capture of, 20–21
Nazi deportation of Jews from, 101–4
Nazi occupation of, 100–104
Pius XII as Defensor Civitatis of, 107
Rommel, Erwin, 95–96
Roncalli, Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe, see John XXIII, Pope
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 71n, 92, 98, 99, 106, 113, 114, 115, 116n, 142, 559n, 573n
Rosone, Roberto, 196, 317, 321, 323, 324, 327–29, 331
Roth, Arthur, 204–5, 225, 614n
Rothschild family, 12, 15, 16, 17, 29, 37, 44, 130, 535n, 544n, 578n
Antonelli’s sidelining of, 16
Catholic resentment of, 12
loans to Vatican by, 44
Rotta, Angelo, 108
effort to save Hungarian Jews by, 105
Ruini, Cardinal Camillo, 420, 423
Rumor, Mariano, 221
Russia, 35, 39, 41, 43, 60, 88, 90, 92, 96, 107, 110, 112n, 120, 141–42, 144–45, 305, 387, 391, 560n, 565n, 573n, 579n, 589n
see also Soviet Union
Russian Orthodox Church, 41, 43, 261, 632n
St. Christina’s Church, Chicago, 189, 608n
St. Hedwig’s Cathedral, Berlin, 66–67, 75
St. John Lateran Basilica, 248, 262
St. Martha Hospice, 660n
St. Peter’s Banker (DiFonzo), 603n
St. Peter’s Basilica, 7, 10, 14, 18, 19–21, 33, 43, 46, 94–95, 100, 248, 277, 412, 418, 421, 434, 471, 490, 497–98, 534n, 567n, 586n, 597n, 634n
St. Peter’s Square, 140, 163, 200, 262, 269–70, 304, 386, 427, 459, 498, 700n
St. Raphael Society, 147–48
Samuels, Shimon, 385–86
Sandinista National Liberation Front, 288, 309, 353
San Girolamo degli Illirici, College of, 139, 140, 145, 149, 592n
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura Basilica, Rome, 99, 104
San Raffaele Hospital, 455, 468
San Serafino Foundation, 376
Sarto, Cardinal Giuseppe, see Pius X, Pope
Scarano, Nunzio, 505–6, 507, 699n, 700n
Scattolini, Virgilio, 540n, 586n, 605n
Schellenberg, Walther, 133–34, 556n, 586n, 587n, 589n
Scherer, Cardinal Odilo, 495, 509
Schmitz, Ronaldo Hermann, 442, 476, 479, 490
Schönborn, Cardinal Christoph von, 423, 434
Schwend, Friedrich, 138, 587n, 588n
looted money to Vatican by, 138
Scola, Cardinal Angelo, 418, 424, 455n, 495–96
SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 133, 585n, 586n
Sebastiani, Cardinal Sergio, 416, 431
Second Vatican Council, 166–67, 171–72, 175, 180–81, 187, 191–92, 247, 255, 274, 597n, 598n
Secret Service, U.S., 200, 360n
Securities and Exchange Commission, U.S. (SEC), 205, 220, 225, 226–27, 229, 282, 607n
Vatican Bank and, 208–9
Serbs, Serbia, 89, 140, 142, 563n, 568n
Serrano, Manuel Soto, 442, 476
Sex in the Confessional, 256
Sextus IV, Pope, 9
sexual abuse scandal, 372n, 398–411, 501, 673n–75n, 677n–78n, 697n, 698n
Benedict XVI and, 433–34
diocesan bankruptcies from, 407–408, 417, 677n
efforts by United Nations rebuffed for, 427, 501
financial ramifications of, 406–9, 416–17, 470
litigation naming Pope over, 408–409
John Paul II and, 434
Seymour, Whitney North, Jr., 215, 618n
SGI/Immobiliare (Società Generale Immobiliare), 157, 158, 160–61, 170, 179–80, 186, 187, 226, 227, 228, 229, 241, 263, 607n, 610n–11n
Shaddick, Peter, 234–35
Sicily, 13, 98, 99, 168, 171, 275, 298, 642n
Siegenthaler, Pierre, 202, 327
Signoracci, Arnaldo, 268, 271, 272n, 634n, 635n
Signoracci, Ernesto, 268, 271, 272n, 634n, 635n
Signoracci, Renato, 268n, 634n
Sindona, Michele, 173n, 175–88, 189, 194–95, 194–97, 200–202, 207, 209, 212, 217, 224–36, 237, 240, 241–45, 246, 249, 257–58, 260, 262–63, 272n, 283, 285, 288–95, 296–300, 301, 302, 309, 310, 315, 320, 321, 324, 331, 333, 340, 342, 352, 357, 360, 381, 440, 599n–607n, 610n–11n, 613n–16n, 620n–27n, 638n, 639n, 653n, 660n
Ambrosoli’s investigation of, 290–91
Ambrosoli’s murder and, 292, 299
Argentine plans of, 222–23
background of, 168–69
and Banca Privata collapse, 333
Calvi and, 196–97, 201–2, 204–5, 206, 225, 235–36, 242, 244, 290, 291
downfall of, 223–35
faked kidnapping of, 292–95, 298, 641n, 642n, 643n
financial empire of, 176–78, 204–6, 225, 228, 234
as freemason, 339
Gelli and, 179
international flight of, 229–30
Italian criminal indictment of, 229
Italian trial of, 350–51
Italy’s extradition request for, 231, 234–35, 240, 244–45, 257–58, 260, 262, 289, 300, 640n
lecture tour of, 232–33
Marcinkus and, 189, 194, 199, 222, 223, 225–26, 228, 231, 232, 233, 262–63, 289, 297, 299, 490
mental health of, 294n
parliamentary investigation into, 339
Paul VI and, 169–70, 175, 185–86, 187, 196, 199, 290
praise for his business acumen, 177–178
purchases Franklin National, 204–205
raising money for Church by 170, 224
in return to U.S., 231
rumors of Mafia association, 171, 600–601n
Spada and, 170–71
suicide attempt of, 299
tax avoidance strategies of, 183–84, 185–86
U.S. arrest and trial of, 241, 289–90, 293, 295, 297–99, 640n, 641n, 643n
U.S. bank holdings of, 204–5, 223, 224–25, 227–28, 229
Vatican Bank and, 170, 171, 172, 177, 180, 196, 225, 227, 228, 231–32, 233–34, 258, 260, 290, 291, 301, 351, 440
Sindona, Nino, 230–31, 299, 299–300, 622n, 643n
Siri, Cardinal Giuseppe, 148, 163, 165, 166, 167, 173, 180, 255, 258, 273–76, 597n
Sistine Chapel, 9, 30, 256n, 335n, 359n, 421, 422, 495, 629n
Sixtus IV, Pope, 536n
Slovakia, 84–87, 124, 561n, 568n
Holocaust in, 97–98
Smith, William French, 335–36, 349
SNIA Viscosa, 158, 160, 170, 180, 595n, 600n
Sobibor concentration camp, 105, 146
Società Finanziaria Telefonica (STET), 158, 176n, 332, 347, 366
Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX), 598n, 685n
Sodano, Cardinal Angelo, 374n, 376–77, 379, 401, 408–11, 419, 424, 429–30, 434, 454, 666n, 669n, 678n, 683n
interference in sex abuse
Solidarity, 306–8, 309, 310n, 333, 381, 511, 646n
Somoza, Anastasio, 288, 309, 598n, 626n
South America, 384
Nazi fugitives in, xi–xii, 384, 386
Sovereign Immunities Act, 409n, 445
Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 371, 493
Soviet Union, 59n, 60, 105, 132, 141–42, 151, 157, 172, 181, 278, 304–6, 307, 308, 310n, 537n, 559n, 564n, 573n, 578n, 589n, 645n
Eastern Europe controlled by, 142
in German nonaggression pact, 85
Pius XII’s fears about, 142
see also Cold War; Russia
Spada, Massimo, 156, 158, 166, 167, 169, 170–71, 165, 176, 177, 181, 185, 187, 197, 206, 232, 333, 360, 548n, 554n, 557n, 577n, 599n, 604n, 643n, 657n
Spain, 32, 125n, 136, 141, 248, 437
Special Administration of the Holy See (ASSS), 52, 83, 111, 157, 160, 162, 167, 172, 182–84, 194, 548n, 605n, 607n
Caneli as head of, 155–56
holding companies used to hide transactions by, 57
tax exemptions of, 182
Spellman, Francis, 81, 108n, 114, 151, 153, 158, 165, 166, 167, 181, 198, 250, 558n–59n, 589n, 594, 598n, 610n
death of, 193
fundraising abilities of, 193–94
on John XXIII, 165
Paul VI and, 173–74
Pius XII’s relationship with, 81
rumored homosexuality of, 558–559n
Vatican and, 152, 162–63, 172–73
Spellman Foundation, see Cardinal Francis Spellman Foundation
SS (Schutzstaffel), 91, 100, 104, 129, 131, 133, 144, 146, 148n, 576n, 603n
Stalin, Joseph, 62, 85, 88, 141–42
Stampa, Ingrid, 433, 436, 460, 465
Stampa, La, 331, 460, 479, 480, 635n
Stangl, Franz, 146–47
State Department, U.S., 114, 129n, 151, 240, 334, 384, 391, 408, 426, 428, 430, 435, 472, 574n, 588n, 593n, 619n, 659n
Steinberg, Elan, 387, 389, 393, 394n, 669n
Stephen II, Pope, 633n
Stepinac, Alojzije, 87, 91–92, 98, 144, 384–85, 390, 562n, 564n, 568n, 589n
Stevens, Franzo Grande, 373–74, 379, 482
Sua Santità: Le carte segrete di Benedetto XVI (His Holiness: The Scret Papers of Benedict XVI; Nuzzi), 473–74
Sudameris, 57, 116, 127, 156, 575n
Sulfina, Michele, 129
Sullivan and Cromwell, 131–32, 584n
Sunday Times (London), 421, 422
Suprafin S.p.A., 206, 343, 615n
Supreme Court, U.S., 307, 409n, 682n
Survivors Network of Those Abused by Priests (SNAP), 399, 403
Swiss Guards, 14, 100, 226, 464, 597n
Switzerland, 42, 57, 86, 106, 112, 113, 119, 124, 129, 131, 132n, 135, 139, 141, 200, 223, 229, 236, 238, 297, 318, 338, 370, 392, 394, 414, 489, 583n, 588n
class action lawsuit against banks in, 383–84, 389
stolen Jewish assets in, 383–84
World War II archives released by, 390–91
Szoka, Cardinal Casimir, 378, 397, 673n
Tacchi Venturi, Pietro, 45, 47–48, 75, 99, 463, 545n, 546n
Tamarro, Richard, 211, 213–18, 617n
Tardini, Cardinal Domenico, 52, 81, 87, 88, 93, 95, 108n, 142, 143, 149–50, 157, 163, 164n, 569n, 592n, 595n
Taylor, Myron, 71n, 92, 93, 97, 115, 116n, 142, 152, 565n, 569n, 588n, 593n
terrorism, 167, 200n, 248–49, 253, 279, 287, 292
Tescaroli, Luca, 468–69
Tettamanzi, Cardinal Dionigi, 412, 418, 423, 455
Thatcher, Margaret, 279, 305, 417
Theodore II, Pope, 633n
Thief in the Night, A (Cornwell), 273n
Time, 159, 177, 187, 198, 499, 578n, 603n
Tisserant, Cardinal Eugène, 75, 85, 154, 165, 212, 213, 597n, 617n
Tito, Josip Broz, 140, 142, 146n, 148–49
Tittmann, Harold, 97, 114–15, 565n
Tondini, Amleto, 168–69
Tosches, Nick, 182n, 243n, 320, 601n, 603n, 613n, 642n
Trading with the Enemy Act, 573n, 574n
Treasury Department, U.S., 71, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119, 124–25, 127, 132n, 157, 210, 384, 457, 576n, 585n
Treblinka concentration camp, 105, 146
Tripartite Gold Commission, 386, 389
Truman, Harry, 151, 152, 279, 593n
Turkey, 37, 42n, 50–51, 113, 127, 164, 304, 305, 433, 684n
Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), 52, 57, 119, 232, 235n, 243, 300, 332, 338, 347, 362, 615n, 668n, 670n
United Nations, 69, 96, 315, 316, 427, 467, 644n, 648n
Committee on the Rights of the Child of (CRC), 501
Congress on Economic and Social Issues of, 414
Food and Agriculture Organization of, 68n
Monetary and Financial Conference of, 585n
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 68n
War Crimes Prosecutor at the Hague of, 427
United States, 56, 70, 71, 76, 82, 95, 106, 107, 117, 119, 120–21, 126–27, 129n, 131, 135–37, 139–41, 143, 145, 147, 150–52, 157, 159n, 180, 181, 189, 190, 194, 208–9, 218, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230–31, 232, 234–35, 236, 240, 241, 247, 250, 280, 285, 290, 305, 307–8, 334–35, 351, 352, 359n, 360n, 363–64, 385, 387, 390, 400–409, 414, 416, 426, 437, 470, 554n, 571n, 574n, 576n, 577n, 581n, 583n, 589n, 615n, 646n
Catholic Church in, see Catholic Church, American
financial blacklists of, 113, 115, 116, 124–25
housing bubble (2006) in, 437
Marcinkus as Vatican source to, 334–35
Paul VI’s visit to, 193
press in, 208
Sindona’s investments in, 204–5
Vatican gold reserves transferred to, 57, 112, 113, 130
Vatican relations with, 306–8, 310n, 349
Vatican view as puritanical, 401
in Vietnam War, 200, 264, 587n
in World War I, 42
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 378, 397, 568n, 591n
United Trading Corporation, 235n, 240, 243, 288, 313, 319, 343, 624n–25n, 627n, 639n
Marcinkus investments into, 239–240, 624–625n
Untouchables, The (Gli Intoccabili), 467–69
Urban VI, Pope, 596n
Urban VII, Pope, 633n
Ustaša, 87–88, 90, 390, 562n, 563n, 564n, 566n, 587n, 588n, 590n, 591n, 592n
gold looted by, 384, 391, 672n
as war criminals, 139–41, 143, 145–46, 148–50, 392
Vagnozzi, Cardinal Egidio, 184–85, 188, 213, 233–34, 605n–7n, 624n
Vatican:
Abwehr agents in, 133–34
AIF and, 451–52
Ambrosiano bailout and, 288
Ambrosiano collapse and, 339, 342, 344, 346
American Church loan requests by, 40–41, 43, 46–47, 55, 544n
Antonelli’s financial reform of, 16–17
Bank of Rome investment of, 36–37, 40, 45, 53
Biblical Commission of, 34–35
Bigelow memo and, 384–85
budget deficit of, 234, 342–43, 359–60, 437
bureaucracy of, 370
Casaroli as overseer of finances of, 327
Central Powers’ connections to, 41–42
CIA covert aid to, 153
Cipriani’s resignation from, 506
crisis management of, 340, 480
Croatia and, 87–90, 387, 389, 391, 427
debt of, 26–27
declaring of cash required on entrance into, 456–57
dioceses’ finances as independent from, 406–7
divestment of Italian company holdings by, 187–88
downplaying wealth of, 188, 233–234
effect of political and social upheaval on finances of, 11, 15
effect of World War I on finances of, 40, 43
1887 real estate crash and, 28–29
Ernesto Pacelli as financial advisor to, 29, 35, 125
euro and, 443–44, 451, 456, 457
European Union and, 443–45, 447, 451, 458
exempted from U.S. financial blacklists, 113, 115
finances of, 261, 295–96, 321, 327, 334, 354, 378, 459, 607n, 612n
financial ramification of sex abuse scandal for, 406–9
foreign bank investments of, 57–58, 116–17
Generali stake of, 122, 124, 125
gold reserves transferred to U.S. by, 57, 112, 113, 130
Great Depression and, 55–61
Hitler validated by, 65
Holocaust restitution claims and, 284–94, 398, 423, 426, 482
Holy Year revenue for, 343, 348
indulgences sold by, 9–11, 14–15
interest-bearing loans issued by, 27
Italian fascists endorsed by, 49
Italian investments of, 58–59, 70, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 185–86
Italy’s relations with, 28, 29, 36, 41, 47, 68, 100, 114, 182, 342, 345–49, 352–53, 354–55, 356–58, 377, 382, 444n, 447–49
Lateran Pacts as financial windfall for, 48–49, 50, 52, 121, 349
leaks in, see Vatileaks scandal
and London conference on stolen Holocaust assets, 386–88
Monetary Convention signed by, 443–44, 445, 447, 448, 451
money laundering by, 472
money laundering laws and, 445, 447, 451, 452
Mussolini’s partnership with, 60–61
Nazi fugitives aided by, 150–51
Nazi Germany and, 62–68, 72, 75, 76–77, 80, 82, 88, 90–91, 110, 551n
nepotism and corruption in, 10–11, 356n, 458
Nogara’s diversification of assets of, 53, 57–58, 111–12
OECD’s white list and, 444, 445, 447, 448, 456, 457
OSS agents in, 135
overlapping financial bureaucracies of, 184–85
Philadelphia Diocese audit of, 280–82
Pius XI’s bequest to, 26
press and, 183, 340, 385, 452, 605n
public relations of, 341, 448–49, 478, 479, 480
real estate investments of, 183–84, 598n
in refusal to allow author access to the Secret Archives, 128
in refusal to release World War II archives, 391, 392, 393
regional banks opened by, 30
Rothschilds and, 12–13, 15, 44
sale of Banca Cattolica and, 290
Secret Archives of, xiii, 76, 98, 104n, 112n, 120, 128, 256, 260, 386–90, 393, 553n, 560n, 577n, 635n
Sindona’s U.S. trial and, 297, 298–99
Solidarity and, 308–9
sovereignty of, 113, 358, 368, 449, 453, 457, 458
Soviet resistance movement and, 306–7
Spellman and, 152, 162–63, 172–73
taxes and fees levied by, 8, 9, 15, 16
top ranking cutout country, 414–415
U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child ratified by, 501
U.S. investments of, 71
U.S. relations with, 306–8, 310n, 349
Viganò’s reform efforts and, 467–68, 469
wealth of, 233–34
see also Catholic Church
Vatican Asset Management, 512
Vatican Bank, 669n, 670n, 672n, 682n, 686n, 687n–88n, 696n, 700n
Allen Dulles and, 131–32
Ambrosiano and, 203, 286, 288, 297, 300, 309, 312–14, 317, 318–19, 322, 323, 325, 330–31, 332, 338, 348, 357, 363
Ambrosiano collapse and, 343, 348, 352
Ambrosiano creditor banks repaid by, 346, 348, 353–54, 357, 366, 379
Ambrosiano shares owned by, 236–37, 328, 336
Ambrosiano’s indemnity letter for, 319–20, 321, 327–28
anticommunism and, 279
and Banca Cattolica deal, 207
Banca Unione investments of, 350
bank accounts for wealthy Italians in, 182n, 370, 374
Bank of Italy and, 447–48
Benedict XVI and, 511
Bertone’s attempted reform of, 442
Caloia as chairman of, 362, 365–72, 378–80, 381, 383, 392, 396–98, 413, 414, 430–31, 438
Caloia’s attempted reform of, 366, 376, 381–82, 398, 413, 438, 440
Calvi’s partnerships with, 226, 236–37, 238–40, 242, 243–44, 312, 320, 338–39, 343, 344, 345, 352, 440
cash reserves of, 416
class action lawsuit against, 391–92, 394, 445–46, 449n
commission of cardinals’ monitoring of, 359, 360
confidentiality at, 376
counterfeit securities ring and, 212–13
Credit Suisse gold in exchange for cash from, 309
criminal investigation of, 338
De Bonis’s influence at, 367–68, 371, 372, 375, 439, 440
di Jorio as overseer of, 163, 167
Enimont scandal and, 373, 377, 379, 380, 381, 450
EU money-laundering standards and, 467, 468, 473, 481, 483, 484, 508
European Union and, 444, 445, 450, 451
fake Vatican Bank foundation accounts at, 366–69, 374
FBI investigation of, 284–85
files routinely destroyed by, 118, 120
financial consulting firms hired by, 509
financial fraud indictments of, 414–15
Francis’s reform of, 503, 504, 505, 509–13
Franssu as president of, 511–12
Freyberg as president of, 493, 504
global financial recession and, 438
Gotti Tedeschi as head of, 442, 443, 445, 446, 448, 449–50, 455, 456, 472–73, 474–75
illegal profits made by, 208–9
as independent from Prefecture, 184
internal documents released by, 344
investment function stripped from, 512
Italian election slush fund of, 153
Italian investigation into, 286, 344–45, 374–77
Italian investments of, 157–58, 160, 171, 176, 177, 179–80, 181–82, 187–88
John Paul II and, 510–11
letters of patronage given to Calvi by, 319, 321, 323, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 339, 344, 348
loans made by, 325, 326, 327, 347, 350, 379–80
looted Croatian gold deposited in, 140, 387, 391
Lumen Christi account in, 379–80
Marcinkus as head of, 197–201, 249–50, 257, 258, 260, 261, 286, 325, 339, 342, 347, 354–56, 369–70, 377, 440
Marcinkus’s appointment to, 194–95
Mennini as responsible for day–to–day operations of, 355–56
money laundering by, 182n–83n, 375–77, 382, 414, 442n, 468, 480, 505–7
money laundering investigation into, 449, 453
Moneyval reviews of, 450, 457, 484–85, 487, 508–9
Nazi cash and gold deposited in, 138, 139, 384, 388, 392, 423, 426, 449n, 482
Philadelphia Diocese reimbursed by, 282–83
Pioppo as chief cleric of, 430
political bribes paid by, 440
postwar economy and, 155
profits of, 378
real estate holdings of, 416
Reichsbank and, 119
Revisuisse auditors of, 378
as safe haven for capital, 118
SEC and, 208–9
secrecy of, 444
as separate department, 378
Sindona and, 170, 171, 172, 177, 196, 225, 227, 228, 231–32, 233, 258, 260, 290, 298–99, 301, 351, 440
stock portfolio of, 416
internal documents stolen from, 439, 440
supervisory panel of laymen at, 362–63, 442
systemic problems of, 343–44
as tax haven, 439
Vatican City, 33, 48, 100, 104, 108, 114, 117, 149, 152, 184, 187, 191, 192, 234, 309, 335n, 345n, 348, 363, 449, 451, 456, 458, 459, 485, 512–13, 558n, 565n, 578n, 632n, 658n, 665n, 667n
budget of, 232, 234, 342–343, 353
credit card crisis in, 488–90
disrepair of, 46
Lateran Pacts and, 48
Marcinkus as chief administrator of, 310–11
Pius X’s expansion of, 35–36
Pius XI’s rebuilding of, 53–54
prison of, 548n
size, 48
Vatican Connection, The (Hammer), 335, 337, 617n
Vatican Empire, The (Lo Bello), 612n
Vatican Exposed, The (Williams), 600n
Vaticano S.p.A. (Nuzzi), 439–40
Vatican Radio, 256, 267, 488, 504, 568n
Vatileaks scandal, 467–71, 472, 473–74, 475, 478–79, 480, 483, 491, 492
Gabriele trial in, 485–86
inept Vatican response to, 469
Vetco Offshore Industries, 208–9
Via col vento in Vaticano (Gone with the Wind in the Vatican; Marinelli), 463
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 70, 99, 200n
Viganò, Carlo Maria, 451, 455n, 469, 474, 577n
reform efforts of, 467–68
Villot, Cardinal Jean-Marie, 249, 251, 253, 254, 255–56, 258, 264–73, 276, 633n, 634n
Vincenza Taffarel, Sister, 265, 267, 269, 270, 273n, 632n, 633n
Volpi di Misurata, Giuseppe, 50–51, 56, 90, 127–28, 158, 159, 547n, 577n–81n, 583n, 620n
aristocratic lifestyle, 578n
arrest by SS of, 129
competing with Germans for wartime business, 124
death of, 129
as Generali’s head, 122–25, 127
as Italy’s Finance Minister, 121
as Libya Governor, 121
Nogara and, 120–22, 124, 126, 128–129, 130
view of World War II Vatican-Italian business relationship, 126
Wagner, Gustav, 146–47
Wagon-Lits, 121–22
Walesa, Lech, 306, 308, 310n, 646n
Wall Street, 53, 54, 58, 131, 160, 512
Wall Street Journal, 181, 204, 205, 218n, 219, 319, 442, 483
Walters, Vernon, 306–7, 310, 646n
Weber, Anton, 147–48
Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 100, 102, 103
“Why the Vatican Kept Silent on Nazi Attrocities: The Failure to Act” (Posner), xii
Wiesenthal Center, 339–40, 341, 384, 385–86, 390
WikiLeaks, 408, 426, 428, 576n
Williamson, Richard, 435, 685n
Wilson, William A., 307, 334–37, 655n, 659n
Marcinkus intervention of, 335–37, 349–50
Wiseguy (Pileggi), 299
Wojtyla, Karol Józef, see John Paul II, Pope
World Jewish Congress, 383, 385, 387, 389, 393, 589n, 669n
World War I, 23n, 39–43, 45, 51, 53, 55n, 63, 83, 85, 112, 113, 123, 124, 134, 164, 259, 424, 572n, 573n
Vatican finances affected by, 40, 43
World War II, xi–xiii, 76, 85–110, 111–19, 120, 134, 137, 138–39, 141, 145n, 148, 160, 164, 168, 176, 180, 221, 248, 278, 279, 307, 312, 340, 359, 373n, 385, 390, 424, 457, 540n, 552n, 553n, 561n, 566n, 572n, 576n, 581n, 586n, 589n, 600n, 605n, 616n, 620n, 671n
Benedict XVI in, 422–23
Generali and, 124
gold looted during, 130–31, 384, 387, 388, 389, 391, 392, 393
insurance companies during, 122–29
onset of, 85–86
see also Holocaust
Wyszyński, Cardinal Stefan, 275, 276, 282, 296
Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial, 104n, 393, 572n
Yallop, David, 272n–73n, 349, 635n, 639n
Yugoslavia, 87, 124, 139n, 140, 142, 143, 146n, 149, 564n, 587n
Zembrzuski, Michael, 281–82
Zitropo Holding S.A., 244, 322, 614n, 615n, 625n, 640n
and IOR loan, 625n
liquidation of, 322