1.1 Varun Sivaram, Gireesh Shrimali, and Dan Reicher, “Reach for the Sun: How India’s Audacious Solar Ambitions Could Make or Break Its Climate Commitments,” Stanford Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance, December 8, 2015, https://law.stanford.edu/reach-for-the-sun-how-indias-audacious-solar-ambitions-could-make-or-break-its-climate-commitments.
2.1 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), “Best Research-Cell Efficiencies,” 2017, http://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/images/efficiency_chart.jpg.
2.6 Eric Wesoff and Stephen Lacey, “Solar Costs Are Hitting Jaw-Dropping Lows in Every Region of the World,” Greentech Media, June 27, 2017, https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-costs-are-hitting-jaw-dropping-lows-in-every-region-of-the-world.
2.7 Benjamin Attia, Manan Parikh, and Tom Heggarty, “Global Solar Demand Monitor: Q2 2017,” Greentech Media, July, 2017, https://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/global-solar-demand-monitor-q2-2017.
2.8 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), “New Energy Outlook 2017,” June 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/company/new-energy-outlook.
3.1 “Energy Technology Perspectives 2017—Catalysing Energy Technology Transformations,” International Energy Agency (IEA), June 6, 2017, http://www.iea.org/etp.
3.2 Figure reprinted with permission from Varun Sivaram and Shayle Kann, “Solar Power Needs a More Ambitious Cost Target,” Nature Energy 1, no. 4 (April 7, 2016): doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.36. Data from: Richard Schmalensee et al., “The Future of Solar Energy,” working paper, MIT Energy Initiative, 2015, https://energy.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/MITEI-The-Future-of-Solar-Energy.pdf; Lion Hirth, “Market Value of Solar Power: Is Photovoltaics Cost Competitive?” Institution of Engineering and Technology Renewable Power Generation 9, no. 1 (2014): 37-45, doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2014.0101; and Andrew Mill and Ryan Wiser, “Changes in the Economic Value of Variable Generation at High Penetration Levels: A Pilot Case Study of California,” Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 2012, LBNL-5445E, https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-5445e.pdf.
3.3 Panel (a) adapted from J. P. Hansen, P. A. Narbel, and D. L. Aksnes, “Limits to Growth in the Renewable Energy Sector,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 70 (2016): doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.257; Panel (b) generated from data in BP, “BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017,” June 2017, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf.
3.5 Figure reprinted with permission from Varun Sivaram and Shayle Kann, “Solar Power Needs a More Ambitious Cost Target,” Nature Energy 1, no. 4 (April 7, 2016): doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.36. Data from GTM Research, “PV Cost Database 2016,” 2016, https://www.greentechmedia.com/research/publications/category/solar.
4.2 Varun Sivaram, “Solar’s Paradoxical 2015 in Three Charts,” Energy, Security, and Climate Blog, Council on Foreign Relations, January 14, 2016, https://www.cfr.org/blog/solar-powers-paradoxical-2015-three-charts.
4.4 Ethan Zindler and Ken Locklin, “Mapping the Gap: The Road from Paris,” Bloomberg New Energy Finance, January 27, 2016, https://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/mapping-the-gap-the-road-from-paris.
5.3 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), Lighting Global, and Global Off-Grid Lighting Association, “Off-Grid Market Trends Report 2016,” February 2016, http://www.energynet.co.uk/webfm_send/1690.
5.4 Figure reprinted from International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2014, November 12, 2014, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/weo2014. Figure originally published in Mentis et al., “A GIS-Based Approach for Electrification Planning—A Case Study on Nigeria,” Energy for Sustainable Development, no. 29 (2015): 142–150. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2015.09.007.
6.2 Varun Sivaram, Samuel Stranks, and Henry J. Snaith, “Perovskite Solar Cells Could Beat the Efficiency of Silicon,” Scientific American, July 2015, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/perovskite-solar-cells-could-beat-the-efficiency-of-silicon.
6.3 Steve Albrecht and Bernd Rech, “Perovskite Solar Cells: On Top of Commercial Photovoltaics,” Nature Energy, no. 2 (2017), https://www.nature.com/articles/nenergy2016196.
6.4 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, “The SunShot Initiative’s 2030 Goal: 3₵ per Kilowatt Hour for Solar Electricity,” December 2016, https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/12/f34/SunShot%202030%20Fact%20Sheet-12_16.pdf.
7.2 “Solar Fuels and Artificial Photosynthesis: Science and Innovation to Change Our Future Energy Options,” Royal Society of Chemistry, June 2012, http://www.rsc.org/globalassets/04-campaigning-outreach/policy/research-policy/global-challenges/solar-fuels-2012.pdf.
7.4 “On the Path to Sunshot,” U.S. Department of Energy, 2016, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65688.pdf.
8.1 Clark Gellings, “Let’s Build a Global Power Grid,” IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News, July 28, 2015, http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/lets-build-a-global-power-grid.
9.2 Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Electricity Storage Technologies Can Be Used for Energy Management and Power Quality,” December 14, 2011, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4310.
9.3 Jesse D. Jenkins and Samuel Thernstrom, “Deep Decarbonization of The Electric Power Sector: Insights From Recent Literature,” Energy Innovation Reform Project (EIRP), March 2017, http://innovationreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/EIRP-Deep-Decarb-Lit-Review-Jenkins-Thernstrom-March-2017.pdf.
9.4 Jesse Jenkins, Nestor Sepulveda, Patrick Brown, Shayle Kann, and Varun Sivaram, “Effect of Solar and Storage Costs on Economically Optimal Solar PV Penetration,” Working Paper, 2018.
10.1 Mission Innovation, “Baseline and Doubling Plans,” http://mission-innovation.net/our-work/baseline-and-doubling-plans.
10.2 Richard Schmalensee et al., “The Future of Solar Energy,” MIT Energy Initiative, 2015, https://energy.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/MITEI-The-Future-of-Solar-Energy.pdf.
10.3 Benjamin Gaddy, Varun Sivaram, Timothy Jones, and Libby Wayman, “Venture Capital and Cleantech: The Wrong Model for Energy Innovation,” Energy Policy 102 (2017): 385–395, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.035.
