`INDEX`

Note: Page numbers in italic type indicate figures.

ACCA. See Armed Career Criminal Act
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 77
actus reus, 37, 86, 121, 264n88
affirmative action, 1
African Americans: and corporal punishment, 176, 178; mass incarceration of, 1, 135; as perpetrators and victims of crime, 61–62; police violence against, 113; and sexual violence, 135–137, 139; situational vs. characterological explanations for crimes of, 87; in sports, 35; stop-and-frisk policing of, 103; war on drugs and, 64; whites’ perception of criminality of, 61–63, 87; youth violence committed by, 161–162
aggravated assault, 71–74
Alabama, 177, 178, 186–188, 191, 193
Alito, Samuel, 173–174, 208–209, 211, 213, 214
American Academy of Pediatrics, 175
American Bar Association, 75, 224
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 77
American exceptionalism, 39–40, 222
American Law Institute (ALI), 53, 133, 222
American Legislative Exchange Council, 223
animals: violence associated with, 63, 94, 115–116; whites’ association of African Americans with, 63
Antifa, 60
anti-rape movement, 127–134, 139
anti-Semitism, 204–205
Arkansas, 69, 177, 178
armed and dangerous standard, 104, 105, 216, 218
Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA, 1984), 20–22, 75–84
assault, 71–74
authoritarianism, 28–29

“bad apples,” law-breaking police as, 94, 116–117, 234
Bail Reform Act (1984), 78
Baldwin, James, 109
Barrett, Lisa Feldman, 17
battered woman syndrome, 144–145
Beck, Glenn, 229
Beckles, Travis, 83
Bellin, Jeffrey, 217
benefit of clergy, 48
Bentham, Jeremy, 52
Bibas, Stephanos, 184–185
Bible, 175, 239
Biden, Joe, 249n37
Bittner, Egon, 265n8
Black, Donald, 229
Black Lives Matter movement, 31, 89, 93, 94, 112, 113–114, 250n41
blackmail, 203–204
Blackmun, Harry, 184
Black Panthers, 30
Blackstone, William, 45–47, 87, 126, 131; Commentaries on the Laws of England, 45–47
Boston, 56
Bourdieu, Pierre, 246n6
boxing, 23, 34
Boyd v. United States (1886), 100
Bozelko, Chandra, 189
Brandeis, Louis, 100, 201, 206
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), 201–202
Breyer, Stephen, 153–154, 208, 211
Brown, Ed, 97–98
Brown, H. Rap, 39
Brown, Jerry, 43, 44
Brown, John, 24
Brown, Michael, 4, 114
Brownmiller, Susan, 127–128; Against Our Will, 128, 135–137
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011), 207–211
Brown v. Mississippi (1936), 97–99, 101
bullying, 166
Bundy, Ammon, 228
burglary, 16, 71, 73–77, 80–84
Burton, Harold H., 206
Bush, George H. W., 64
Bush, George W., 186
Butler, Paul, 61, 103, 114
Buttigieg, Pete, 74

California, 42–43, 67–68, 69, 80, 164, 191, 193, 195, 207–208
California District Attorneys Association, 43
Capers, Bennett, 193
career criminals, 75–87
castle doctrine, 222
CCCA (Comprehensive Crime Control Act), 76–78
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), 202
character, violence attributed to, 8–9, 36–37, 43–45, 85–87, 233–234; in First Amendment law, 211–212; in juveniles, 155–156, 168–169, 172; in perpetrators of domestic abuse, 150; in perpetrators of sexual assault, 137–138; in police officers, 94, 116–122; in prisons, 182–183, 192; in Second Amendment law, 200, 211, 214–215, 233–234. See also situation, violence attributed to
character evidence, 86, 121, 138
Charlottesville, Virginia, demonstration, 31, 250n41
Chavez, Cesar, 60
Chavis, Kami, 103
Cheers (television show), 13–14, 23, 26
Chevigny, Paul, 113
child pornography, 69–70
Chitty, Joseph, 96
Christchurch Call, 198–199, 201
civil disobedience, 60
civilian oversight boards, 109, 110–111
civilizing process, 58
civil suits, for police violence, 105–106
Civil War, 32
Clarke, David, 27
class: of police officers, 95, 115–116, 121; police violence and, 95; violence through lens of, 26
Cleaver, Eldridge, Soul on Ice, 136
Clinton, Bill, 54, 65
Clinton, Hillary, 160
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 114, 176
Cobb, Jelani, 29
Cohen v. California (1971), 201–202
Collins, Randall, 18, 35, 38, 85
Colorado, 223
Columbine school shooting (1999), 165–166
Combs, Sean “P. Diddy,” 72
common law, 51, 95–96, 177, 213
community policing, 1–4, 111
Comprehensive Crime Control Act (CCCA, 1984), 76–78
concept of violence: complexity and diversity of, 5–6, 12, 15–22, 40, 43, 54, 69, 235–239; in criminal law, 3, 6–7, 41–45, 60, 69–75, 78–87, 120–122, 231–232, 236; in criminal procedure, 7, 9, 120–122, 232, 237; domestic violence and, 9–10, 124–125, 232; extensions of, 16–19; First Amendment and, 7, 11, 200, 211; in juvenile justice, 7, 10, 155, 173–174, 232–233, 238–239; legal system’s understanding and use of, 4–6, 14–15, 230–231, 235–239; mistakes based on, 12, 235–239; prison violence and, 7, 10–11, 181–183, 233; Second Amendment and, 7, 11, 200, 214; sexual violence and, 9–10, 123–125, 139, 232; stand-your-ground laws and, 221–226. See also violence
confessions. See interrogation and confessions
Connecticut, 69
Cook County Juvenile Court, 157
Corcoran State Prison, California, 195
corporal punishment: of children, 38, 156, 175–177, 232–233; of prisoners, 184, 233
Courtwright, David, 39–40
Cover, Robert, 15, 16, 19
crime: African Americans associated with, 61–63; codes and classifications of, 51–54; growth of, 55–56; reporting of, 56; soliciting or abetting, 204; vice equated with, 56, 58. See also nonviolent crime; urban crime; violent crime and criminals
criminal law: codes and classifications in, 51–54; conceptions of gun ownership as factor in, 215–220; concept of violence in, 3, 6–7, 41–45, 60, 69–75, 78–87, 120–122, 231–232, 236; criminal procedure compared to, concerning violence, 120–122; dilemma of, 237; stand-your-ground laws’ effect on, 223–227
criminal procedure: attention to violence in, 4, 89–107; concept of violence in, 7, 9, 120–122, 232, 237; criminal law compared to, concerning violence, 120–122; history of, 95–96. See also police violence
cruel and unusual punishment: death penalty as (for juveniles), 164, 171; death penalty as (for sexual violence), 126; juvenile sentences as, 164, 170–171; not applicable to corporal punishment of youths, 177; treatment of prisoners as, 181–182, 184–185, 191–192, 195, 200
culture, gun-centered, 40
cycle of violence theory of domestic violence, 143–145, 144

Danger Assessment (domestic violence), 150
Dante Alighieri, Inferno, 25
date rape, 133
Davis, Angela, 30–31, 137
deadly force, 33
death penalty: condemned for brutalizing society, 38; for juveniles, 153–154, 164, 171; mitigating the violence of, 184, 233
de Blasio, Bill, 44, 66, 215
Delaware, 69
deliberate indifference standard, 119–120, 182, 185, 188
Democratic Party, crime policies of, 64–65
Diallo, Amadou, 111
DiIulio, John, 159–161
disabilities, corporal punishment of children with, 178
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), 212–217
diversion programs, 44, 66, 91, 121, 137, 215
Domestic Abuse Intervention Project, 145
domestic terrorism, 228–229
domestic violence: attitudes toward, 124–125; characterological vs. situational explanations of, 150; and child custody, 179; concept of violence and, 9–10, 124–125, 232; criticisms of theories of, 145, 147–148; cultural role of, 140, 149; cycle of violence explanation of, 143–145; gender as factor in, 125; girls as perpetrators of, 169; incidence of, 141, 148; legal reforms concerning, 141–143; legal system challenges for accusations of, 140, 142; other types of violence linked to, 148–149; power and control wheel explanation of, 145–150; power / domination perspective on, 142–149; sexual violence compared to, 125–126; Supreme Court rulings on, 272n11; theories of, 143–148; as violence, 140–143, 148–151
Douglas, Mary, 6
Douglas, William, 205, 210
Dowd, John, 250n41
drug courts, 65–66
drug crime: penalties for, 24–25, 78; reform efforts related to, 65; SWAT teams and, 112; violent crime in relation to, 16, 64–68; war on drugs and, 64
due process standard, 194–195
Dukakis, Michael, 64
Duluth Model, 145–150
duty to retreat, 222–224
Dworkin, Andrea, 133–134, 138

Easterbrook, Frank, 182–183, 192
Eastwood, Clint: Dirty Harry movies, 110, 221; Unforgiven, 24
Ebner, Michael, 29
Eighth Amendment, 126, 177, 181, 184, 185, 188, 192, 200, 233
Elias, Norbert, 58
embezzlement, 25
Enlightenment, 58
Equal Justice Initiative, 62–63
Estrich, Susan, 131–133
exclusionary rule, 88–89, 97, 116
extortion, 203–204

fascism, 28–29, 206
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 41, 55–56, 72, 80, 83–84, 131
federalism, 75, 77
Feld, Barry, 153, 154
felonies: degrees of, 53; examples of, 48; historical treatment of, 47; infamous crimes nearly coextensive with, 48–49; in US law, 47; violent, 20–22, 43, 81–82; violent crime not coextensive with, 47–48, 53–54; and voting rights, 44
feminism: carceral, 134–135, 142; and domestic violence, 140–143, 145; racial tensions in, 137; second-wave, 127–128, 135, 140; and sexual violence, 124, 126–129, 131–135, 137–139
Field, David Dudley, and Field Code (1865), 52–53
Fifth Amendment, 48, 95, 100, 170
fighting words doctrine, 201, 202–203, 210
First Amendment: and characterological vs. situational explanations of violence, 211, 220–221, 233–234; concept of violence and, 7, 11, 200, 211; free speech protected by, 199–211, 234; gendered interpretations of, 227; gun ownership and, 220; Supreme Court rulings on, 201–211; violence in relation to, 17–18, 200–202, 206–211, 233
First Step Act (2018), 70
Florida, 72, 177, 223–224
Floyd, George, 4, 28, 89, 93
football, 23, 35
Ford, Gerald, 59, 77
Forman, James, Jr., 61
Fourteenth Amendment, 185
Fourth Amendment: antecedents of, 95; and search and seizure, 88–89, 96, 99–102, 116, 199; and use of force, 80, 105, 194, 199–200
Fox, James, 159–161
Francis, Pope, 235
Frankfurter, Felix, 206
Franks, Mary Anne, 37, 218, 227, 251n48
Fraser, George MacDonald, Flashman, 123–124
free speech, 17–18, 199–211, 220, 234

Gandhi, Mahatma, 32, 60
gangs, 163–164
Garcia, Eric, 215
Garner, Eric, 4, 114
Garrett, Brandon, 119, 270n58
gender: corporal punishment and, 178; domestic violence and, 125; First Amendment interpretations and, 227; prison rape and, 188–189; Second Amendment interpretations and, 227; sexual violence and, 125; violence through lens of, 25–26; and youth violence, 168–170
Georgia, 177, 178
Gerbner, George, 246n6
Gianforte, Greg, 29
Gilligan, James, 37–38, 59
girls, violent behavior of, 168–170
gladiator fights, 191, 195–196
Golding, William, Lord of the Flies, 152
good faith standard, 116, 185
Graham v. Florida (2010), 171–174
grand juries, 48
Gray, Freddie, 4
Griffin, Susan, 127, 138
gun laws, 198–199
gun ownership and gun rights: criminal law affected by conceptions of, 215–220; cultural role of, 40, 215–217, 225–229, 233; effects of, on societal violence, 40, 214–215, 220; free speech in relation to, 220; international summit on, 198–199; liberty ideology underlying conceptions of, 228; licensing regimes, 217; race as factor in, 218–219; Second Amendment’s protection of, 37, 199, 212–221, 233; self-defense as rationale for, 37, 212–214; stand-your-ground laws and, 11–12, 23, 199, 200, 221–227; Supreme Court rulings on, 37, 212–221, 234. See also Second Amendment

Haney, Craig, 189, 193
Hare, Nathan, 137
Harpers Ferry, Virginia, 24
Harris, Kamala, 42, 66, 163
Hawkins, Gordon, 33, 39, 40
homicide: circumstances as influence on grade of, 86–87; in prison, 186–187, 193; race as factor in legal outcomes of, 227; rates of, 57; stand-your-ground laws’ effect on, 227; UCR statistics on, 56. See also lethal violence; police killings
homosexuality, 93, 101
hooks, bell (Gloria Watkins), 149
Hoover, Herbert, 98
Horn, Joe, 225–229
Horton, Willie, 64
Huerta, Delores, 60
Hughes, William, 76–77, 79–81
Hull House, 157
hypocrisy, calling out of, 8, 30

Illinois, 152, 157–158, 193
immigrants: moral turpitude standard applied to, 49–51; situational vs. characterological explanations for crimes of, 87
incarceration. See mass incarceration
incitement doctrine, 201
Indiana, 74
Indian Penal Code (1837), 52–53
infamous crimes, 45, 46, 48–49
Ingraham, Laura, 29, 166
Ingraham v. Wright (1977), 177–178
injury, serious bodily, 72–73
interrogation and confessions, 90, 97–99, 110
Iowa, 176
Iowa Supreme Court, 50
Irons, Jerome, 161

Jackson, Robert H., 206, 211
jails, defined, 183
Jefferson, Thomas, 24, 228, 229
Jensen, Lowell, 76, 77
Johnson, Lyndon B., 59
Johnson, Marilynn, 115
Jones, Nikki, 38, 114
jungle metaphor, for urban environments, 63, 259n42
Justified (television show), 19, 23
just wars, 23
juvenile justice: concept of violence in, 7, 10, 155, 173–174, 232–233, 238–239; get-tough policies in, 153–155; history of, 152–154, 157–159; prosecution as adults as alternative to, 153–155, 158–159, 161–163, 174; race as factor in, 153, 155–156, 161–162; school shootings and, 165–168; Supreme Court rulings on, 153–154, 163, 164, 170–175, 180. See also violence against youth; youth violence

Kagan, Elena, 172–173
Kane, Thomas, 90, 110
Katz v. United States (1967), 100–102
Kavanaugh, Brett, 68–69
Kennedy, Anthony, 172
Kennedy, John F., 59
Kennedy, Robert, 59
Kent State shootings, 59–60
killing. See death penalty; homicide; lethal violence; police killings
King, Don, 88
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 59, 60
King, Rodney, 111
Kingsley v. Hendrickson (2015), 289n6
Klaas, Polly, 67–68
knock-and-announce principle, 96–97
Krasner, Larry, 215

Lacey, Nicola, 264n88
Lane, Roger, 56, 58
language, violence in relation to, 17–18, 210–211
Laster, Anthony, 161–162
Laub, John, 161
law, violence in relation to, 14–15, 19. See also criminal law
law-and-order approach, 64–65
lethal violence: grades of, 24; other violence distinguished from, 33; stand-your-ground laws and, 11; US rate of, 39. See also homicide; police killings
Lewis, David Levering, 87
liberty, as justification for domestic terrorism, 228–229
life imprisonment, 67
Light, Carolyn, 225–226
Livingston, Edward, 52
Llewellyn, Karl, 47
Louisiana, 69, 177, 178
lumping, 150–151
lynchings, 62–63

Macaulay, Thomas, 52–53
Mack, Julian, 158
MacKinnon, Catharine, 132–133
make-my-day laws. See stand-your-ground laws
Malcolm X, 59
Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, 228
mandatory sentences, 8, 42, 64, 66–68. See also Three Strikes laws
Manson, Charles, 59
Mapp, Dollree, 88, 100, 101, 104
Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 88–89, 92, 100, 101
Marcisco, Edward, Jr., 224
marital rape, 126
Martin, Trayvon, 225–227
Maryland, 193
mass incarceration: African Americans as subject of, 1, 135; consequences of, 1; drug crime as contributor to, 64; growth of, 1–3, 64; sentencing policies as contributor to, 68; violent crime as contributor to, 3
mass shootings, 198–199. See also school shootings
McCollum, Bill, 159–160
McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010), 212–217
McVeigh, Timothy, 229
men and masculinity: attitudes of, toward violence, 25–26; police violence associated with, 95; violence associated with, 25, 61, 166
Menke, Christoph, 14
mental health courts, 66
#MeToo movement, 130, 131, 133
military equipment and tactics, 3, 112–113
militia, in Second Amendment, 37, 199, 212–213
Miller v. Alabama (2012), 171–174
Millett, Kate, Sexual Politics, 128, 132
Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 99
misdemeanors, 47
Mississippi, 69, 177, 178, 188, 191
Mississippi Supreme Court, 222
Missouri, 164
Model Penal Code (1962), 52–54, 89, 133, 175, 222
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de, The Spirit of the Laws, 51–52
moral holidays, 196
moral turpitude, 49–51, 70
Morgan, Robin, 129
Morgenthau, Henry, 205
Muhammad, Khalil Gibran, 61–62, 87
Muir, William, 110
murder. See homicide; lethal violence
My Lai Massacre, 59

Nassar, Larry, 190
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 60
National Association of Criminal Defense Attorneys, 81
National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, 60
National Crime Victimization Survey, 130
National District Attorneys Association, 76, 77, 81
National Domestic Violence Hotline, 141
National Guard, 59–60
National Prison Rape Elimination Commission, 189
National Rifle Association (NRA), 17, 32, 40, 213–214, 220, 223, 234
Nazi Germany, 59, 206
neo-Nazis, 29, 31–32
New Hampshire, 69, 190
New Jersey, 73, 176, 190
New Left, 26, 30, 60
New Mexico, 177
Newsom, Gavin, 44
New York City, 56
New York City Police Commission, 108
New York Police Department (NYPD), 92, 103, 215, 216, 219
New York State, 193
New York Times (newspaper), 188
New Zealand, 198
nightstick rule, 92, 108
Nixon, Richard, 60, 64
nonviolence, 32, 60
nonviolent crime: growth of, 55; reformers’ attention to, 61; violent crime compared to, 41–45, 51–54, 55
NRA. See National Rifle Association
NYPD. See New York Police Department

Obama, Barack, 112, 131, 167, 176, 226
obscenity, 201, 207
Ogletree, Virgil, 88
Ohio Supreme Court, 222
Oklahoma, 69, 177, 193
Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing (1995), 229
Oliver, Wesley, 101, 108
Oregon, 154
Orwell, George, 34

Parkland, Florida, school shooting (2018), 168
parole considerations, 42–43
patriarchy, 9–10, 125, 127–129, 140
Pennsylvania, 193
Pinker, Steven, 15, 40, 58
police: “bad apple” metaphor for, 94, 116–117, 234; civilian oversight boards for, 109, 110–111; class status of, 95, 115–116, 121; culture of, 117; dangers faced by, 118; demographics of, 109, 110, 121; militarization of, 3, 112–113; purpose and methods of, 92, 265n8; qualified immunity of, 106, 116; tactics and training of, 118–120
police brutality, 89–92, 94, 109, 111, 114–118, 121–122. See also police violence
police departments: culture of, 117; legal liability of, 116–117; regulation of police violence by, 106–107; tactics and training practiced, 118–120
police killings, 4, 28, 31, 60, 93, 109, 112–114
police reform: apparent success of (late 1990s / early 2000s), 2, 111; collapse of, 2; overview of, 1–2; police violence as target of, 109; police violence condoned / encouraged as part of, 108
police violence: attention paid to, 3–4, 89–94, 91, 98–99, 103, 107–114, 122; “bad apple” rationale for, 94, 116–117, 234; characterological vs. situational explanations of, 116–122, 234; civil lawsuits for, 105–106; class as factor in, 95; continuum of, 106–107; domestic violence linked to, 149; effect of, on levels of citizen violence, 37–38, 94; gender and, 94–95; licit vs. illicit, 92–93, 108, 110, 114–115; military equipment and tactics as contributor to, 3, 112–113; police departments’ regulation of, 106–107; popular support for, 92–93, 108, 110; protests against, 4, 29, 31, 60, 89, 92–94, 106, 109, 113; race as factor in, 94, 101–103, 109, 112–114, 121; rules concerning, 4, 9, 89–107, 120–122, 232; scholarship on, 109–110; sexual orientation as factor in, 101–102; stop-and-frisk tactics and, 3–4, 103–105, 112, 114; Supreme Court rulings on, 33, 80, 92, 97–98, 101–102, 105–106, 116, 119, 232; tactics and training as check on, 118–120; terminology concerning, 94, 107, 114–116; use-of-force continuum, 106–107; youth as target of, 156–157. See also criminal procedure; police brutality; police killings; use of force by police
pornography, 69–70, 129
power and control wheel (Duluth Model), 145–150, 146
PREA. See Prison Rape Elimination Act
Presidential Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, 60
President’s Commission on Crime in the District of Columbia, 60
prisoners, in coronavirus pandemic, 44. See also mass incarceration
prison movies, 197
Prison Policy Initiative, 42
prison rape, 10–11, 182, 185–186, 188–190, 193, 195
Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA, 2003), 185–186, 189–190
prisons, defined, 183
prison violence: attitudes toward, 181–183, 188–191, 193–194, 197, 233; characterological vs. situational explanations of, 183, 192–193, 234; concept of violence and, 7, 10–11, 181–183, 233; homicides, 186–187, 193; legal treatment of, 182, 191–195; participation or acquiescence of staff in, 187–192, 194, 195; situational explanations of, 193; as spectacle, 195–197; Supreme Court rulings on, 184–185, 191–195; tolerated, 181, 186, 188–191, 193–197, 233; types and prevalence of, 186–191
privacy, 92, 96, 99–102
Prohibition, 98–99, 108, 110
property crime: rates of, 57; violent crime compared to, 16, 24–25, 41
proportionality, in punishment, 178, 222, 223
Proposition 57 (California), 42–44
protests: advocacy of violent responses to, 27–32, 60, 90; against police violence, 4, 31, 60, 89, 92–94, 106, 109, 113; antiwar, 59, 108–109; nonviolent, 60
provocation, 24
Purge, The (movie), 196, 220

qualified immunity, 106, 116
quiet violence, 18, 23

race: attitudes toward violence affected by, 27, 236–237; and gun ownership and rights, 218–219; in homicide cases, 227; and juvenile justice, 153, 155–156, 161–162; of perpetrators, 27; police violence and, 94, 101–103, 109, 112–114, 121; prison population by, 1; and sexual violence, 135–137, 139; sports and, 35; violent crime in relation to, 61–63, 236–237
rape. See prison rape; sexual violence and rape
rape culture, 10, 128, 129, 137, 149
Reagan, Ronald, 59, 64, 75
reasonableness standard: for corporal punishment, 177; for domestic violence defenses, 144–145; for police use of force, 105, 119–120, 270n58; for prison staff’s use of force, 185, 194–195, 289n6; for searches and seizures, 88, 96, 99–102, 215–218; for stop and frisk, 104
recidivism. See repeat offenders
Rector, Ricky Ray, 65
red flag laws, 219–220
Reno, Janet, 237
repeat offenders: as career criminals, 76; mandatory sentences for, 8, 66, 233; sentence enhancements for, 42–43, 66, 68–70, 82, 233; severity of sentences for, 41, 66, 75–76, 233; for sexual offenses, 70, 138–139; and violent crime, 76–77, 82–87
response to resistance, 107, 115, 122, 238
Rhode Island, 69
Rice, Tamir, 4
Ricoeur, Paul, 18
right to bear arms. See gun ownership and gun rights
riots, 27, 52–53, 59
Ristroph, Alice, 18, 19–20, 55
robbery, 75–77
Roberts, John, 172
Rochin, Anthony, 97
Rochin v. California (1952), 96–99, 101
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 204–205
Roosevelt, Theodore, 108
Roper v. Simmons (2005), 171–174
Roth, Randolph, 39, 40
Rudd, Mark, 60
Runkle, Gerald, 25, 26

Sanders, Bernie, 44
Scalia, Antonin, 21, 173, 207–208, 211–215
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 17
Schlanger, Margo, 195
school shootings, 165–168. See also mass shootings
search and seizure cases, 88–90, 96–97, 99–102, 116, 215–216
Second Amendment: and characterological vs. situational explanations of violence, 200, 214–215, 220–221, 233–234; concept of violence and, 7, 11, 200, 214; criminal law in relation to, 215–220; gendered interpretations of, 227; gun ownership protected by, 199, 212–221, 233; militia service as rationale for arms, 199, 212–213; self-defense as rationale for arms, 37, 212–214; Supreme Court rulings on, 37, 212–221, 234
second-wave feminism, 127–128, 135, 140
self-defense: as rationale for gun ownership, 37, 212–214, 223; stand-your-ground laws and, 23, 199, 221–227
sentence enhancements, 42–43, 66, 68–71, 73, 82, 84–85, 121, 134, 138, 164, 232
sentences: for drug crimes, 24–25; mandatory, 8, 42, 64, 66–68; reform of, 42; for violent crimes, 3, 8, 20, 24; of youths tried as adults, 162–163
Sentencing Reform Act (1984), 78, 82–84
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 112
Sered, Danielle, 55
serious bodily injury, 72–73
sexual harassment, 132–133
sexual preferences, and police violence, 94–95, 101–102
sexual violence and rape: anti-rape movement and, 127–134, 139; attitudes toward, 123–124, 126–130, 136; characterological vs. situational explanations of, 137–138; concept of violence and, 9–10, 123–125, 139, 232; cultural role of, 9–10, 125–130, 137–138; defining, 130–131; domestic violence compared to, 125–126; as felony, 126; gender as factor in, 125; legal reforms concerning, 129, 133; legal system challenges for accusations of, 126–127, 131, 139; power / domination perspective on, 125, 128, 132–134; race and, 135–137, 139; sexual aspect of, 124, 128, 132–134, 151; statistics on, 130–131; stop and frisk likened to, 103–104; Supreme Court rulings on, 126; in video games, 272n12; as violence, 70, 124, 126–135, 151; whites’ association of African Americans with, 62–63. See also prison rape
Shea, Matt, 228
Sheen, Charlie, 49–50
Shen, Francis X., 273n12
Silberman, Charles, 54, 58–59
Simmons, Christopher, 164, 171
Simon, Jonathan, 54–55, 68, 213
Simon-Kerr, Julia, 50
simple assault, 71–74
Simpson, O. J., 147
situation, violence attributed to, 36–37, 43–44, 85, 233–234; in juveniles, 155–56; in perpetrators of domestic abuse, 150; in perpetrators of sexual assault, 137–138; in police officers, 94, 117–122; in prisons, 183, 193; in Second Amendment law, 214, 220–221, 233–234. See also character, violence attributed to
Sixth Amendment, 95
Skolnick, Jerome, 16; Justice without Trial, 110
slander, 49, 50
solicitation of a crime, 204
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 60
Soviet Union, 59
Specter, Arlen, 75–77
split-second theory of policing, 119, 270n58
splitting, 150–151
sports, 23, 33–36, 181
stand-your-ground laws, 11–12, 23, 199, 200, 221–227
Stephen, James FitzJames, 52–53
Stevens, John Paul, 214, 215
Stone, Roger, 27
stop-and-frisk tactics, 3–4, 103–105, 112, 114, 215–219
Stoughton, Seth, 103–104, 119, 270n58
street crime, 77
structural violence, 18, 23
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 60
Stuntz, William, 4, 100
supermax prisons, 191
superpredators, 153–155, 159–162, 165, 236–237
SWAT teams, 112–113
symbolic violence, 17, 18, 246n6

Tasers, 105
Taylor, Breonna, 4
Tea Party, 227
Tennessee, 177, 178
Terminiello, Arthur, 204–206
Terminiello v. City of Chicago (1949), 204–206, 210, 211
Terry, John, 104
Terry v. Ohio (1967), 104, 215–218
Texas, 177, 191, 193, 225, 229
theocracy, 228
therapeutic courts, 66
“third degree,” 90–91, 93, 98–99, 108, 110
Thomas, Clarence, 192, 209
Three Strikes laws, 66–68, 70, 80, 85, 233–234. See also mandatory sentences
Till, Emmett, 136–137
tit-for-tat rationale, 8, 30–32, 89, 94, 183, 190
Toch, Hans, 110
torture, 98
totalitarianism, 59
tough-on-crime approach, 64, 141, 143
treason, 47
true-man rule, 222
true-threats doctrine, 201, 203–204, 220
Trump, Donald: boasts about imaginary violence between Biden and, 249n37; and domestic violence law, 143; effect of, on country’s conceptions of violence, 27–32, 60; encouragement of violence by, 28–32, 148–151; and militarization of police, 112; and school discipline, 168; supportive of gun rights, 218; supportive of police violence, 28, 30, 90, 93, 117, 218
21-foot rule, 119
Twitter, 28
Two and a Half Men (television show), 49

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), 41, 55–56, 72, 74
United Farm Workers, 60
Updike, John, 123
urban crime, 61, 63
US Code: title 18, references to “violent” crimes and “crimes of violence,” 241–243; title 18, section 16, 79, 82; title 28, section 16, 22; title 28, section 924(c), 22
US Congress, 20–21
US Department of Education, 167–168, 178
US Department of Justice, 42, 44, 65, 76, 80, 117, 130, 143, 186, 188, 189; Bureau of Justice Programs, 78
use of force by police: connotations of term, 115; department rules on, 106–107; as legitimate violence, 89, 114–115; reasonableness standard for, 105, 119–120, 270n58; Supreme Court rulings on, 33, 80, 92, 97–98, 101, 105, 116, 119. See also police violence
US Sentencing Commission, 78, 82–84
US Sentencing Guidelines, 78, 82–84
US Supreme Court: on corporal punishment, 177–178; on domestic violence, 272n11; on free speech, 201–211; on gun ownership, 37, 199, 212–221, 234; on interrogation and confessions, 99; on juvenile justice, 153–154, 163, 164, 170–175, 180; on prison violence, 184–185, 191–195; on rape, 126; on search and seizure cases, 88–90, 96–97, 99–102; on stop and frisk, 104–105; on use of force in law enforcement, 33, 80, 92, 97–98, 101–102, 105–106, 116, 119, 232; on violent crime, 20–22, 54, 68–69, 82–83, 231

Valentine, Lewis, 92
Vance, J. D., 26
vehicle theft, 56, 57
vengeance, 24, 110
veterans courts, 66
video games, rape in, 272n12
Vietnam War, 59
Vinson, Fred M., 205
violence: ambiguities associated with, 16–20; American experience of, 39–40; animal metaphors applied to, 63, 94, 115–116; attitudes toward perpetrators of, 27; characterological explanations of, 8–9, 36–37, 43–45, 62, 85–87, 94, 116–122, 164, 168–169, 172, 233–234; civilizational decline in, 58; class-based conceptions of, 26; commendable, 23, 200; complexity of, 40, 231–232; defining, 8, 13–22, 43, 69–75, 231–232; depictions of, protected by First Amendment, 206–209; deserved, 23–24, 26; deterrent effects of, 37, 40; domestic violence as window on, 148–151; effects of children’s exposure to, 208, 211; fears of, 2–3, 24, 33, 54, 59, 213, 223; gender-based conceptions of, 25–26, 61; geographic, 39–40; guns in relation to, 214–215; language in relation to, 17–18, 210–211; legitimacy of, 19–20, 23; natural inclinations for / against, 38; nature of, 8, 11, 36–40, 43, 85–87, 155, 211; New Left’s view of, 30–31; positive values attached to, 12, 23, 26; rape as, 126–135; salience of, compared to nonviolent crime, 154; self-limiting nature of, 37–39, 94; self-perpetuating nature of, 37–39, 94; significance of, 7, 22–33, 62, 231–232; situational explanations of, 36–37, 43–44, 85, 94, 117–122, 155–156, 183, 193, 214, 220–221, 233–234; societal instances of, 59; as spectacle, 195–197; spectrum of seriousness of, 10–11, 33; Trump’s effect on country’s conceptions of, 27–32, 60; Trump’s incitement / glorification of, 28–32, 90, 93; values as influence on one’s conception of, 36–37; vengeful, 24; wrongfulness of, 19–20, 23–24, 115. See also concept of violence; domestic violence; lethal violence; police violence; violent crime and criminals; youth violence
Violence Against Women Act (1994), 129, 141, 272n11
violence against youth, 10, 156, 175–180. See also juvenile justice; youth violence
violent crime and criminals: attitudes toward, 27, 41–45, 54–59, 61, 64–66, 68; burglary as, 71, 73–74, 80–84; career criminals as, 82–85; codes and classifications of, 51–54; crimes closely related to, 16; criminal law pertaining to, 3, 41–45, 69–75, 78–84; defining, 78–79, 81–84, 170; drug crime in relation to, 64–68; examples of, 43; felonies in relation to, 20–22, 43, 47–48, 53–54, 81–82; growth of, 55–59; history of attitudes toward, 45–47, 46, 51–54, 56; moral rationales for, 229; moral turpitude in relation to, 50–51; nonviolent crime compared to, 41–45, 51–54, 55; other categories of crime related to, 47–51; penalties for, 3, 8, 20, 24, 41–45, 66–68, 70; percentage of population serving time for, 3; as political issue, 64–65; property crime compared to, 16, 24–25, 41; race in relation to, 61–63, 236–237; rates of, 57, 230; repeat offenders and, 76–77, 82–87; salience of, compared to nonviolent crime, 41–45, 54–56, 58, 61, 63, 65, 79, 90, 213–214, 235–236; sexual offenses considered, 70; state variants in, 69–75; as street crime, 77; Supreme Court rulings on, 20–22, 54, 68–69, 82–83, 231; weapons linked to, 78, 83. See also violence
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994), 54, 65–67
Violent Crime Index, 169, 170
voting rights, 44

Walker, Lenore, 143–145
Wallander, Arthur, 92
Warner Brothers, 49–50
war on drugs, 64, 112
warrantless searches, 90, 91
Warren, Earl, 104
Washington (state), 67, 228
Watkins, Gloria (bell hooks), 149
Waxman, Seth, 153–154
weapons: deadly or dangerous, 71–72; possession of, as factor in violent crime designation, 78, 83. See also gun ownership and gun rights
Weather Underground, 60
Wechsler, Herbert, 52–53
Westley, William, 92–93, 101–102, 108
white supremacists, 31
Whitney v. California (1927), 201–202, 206
Wickersham Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, 98–99, 108
Williams, Raymond, 16, 17
Wilson, Pete, 161, 164
Winkler, Adam, 213
wiretapping, 100, 102
Wolff, Robert, 26
women, attitudes of, toward violence, 25–26
Wright, James, 177–178
Wyden, Ron, 75, 79–80
Wyoming, 71–74

youth violence: adult prosecution of, 153–155, 158–159, 161–163, 174; African Americans as perpetrators of, 161–162; attitudes toward, 10, 152–156, 159–161; characterological vs. situational explanations of, 155–156, 164, 168–169, 172, 234; girls as perpetrators of, 168–170; in groups, 163–164, 174; incidence of, 160, 165; police response to, 156–157; race as factor in, 155–156, 161–162; scholarship on, 159–160; school shootings and, 165–168; superpredator theory about, 153–155, 159–162, 165, 236–237; theories of, 153, 154, 171–175; violence against youth linked to, 157, 180. See also violence against youth

zero-tolerance policies, 153, 155, 166–168
Zimmerman, George, 225–227
Zimring, Franklin, 33, 39, 40, 74, 158, 161