Notes
PROLOGUE
1. William W. Wheildon, Siege and Evacuation of Boston and Charlestown, with a Brief Account of Pre-Revolutionary Public Buildings (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1876), 41.
2. Ibid., 42.
3. Ibid., 49–50.
4. Edward Rowe Snow, The Islands of Boston Harbor (Carlisle, Mass.: Commonwealth Editions, 1935, 1971, 2003), 62–64.
5. Wheildon, Siege and Evacuation, 50.
6. Ibid., 51.
7. Jayne E. Triber, A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998), 121.
8. Ibid., 112. For the appointment of Gridley and Burbeck to complete the works at Castle Island, see The Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, vol. 20, 1777–1778, chap. 989 (Boston: Wright and Potter, 1918), 381–382.
9. Snow, The Islands, 64.
10. Charles Ferris Gettemy, The True Story of Paul Revere: His Midnight Ride, His Arrest and Court-Martial, His Useful Public Services (Boston: Little, Brown, 1905), 3.
11. Susan Wilson, Boston Sites and Insights: An Essential Guide to Historic Landmarks In and Around Boston (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), 313.
12. Ibid.; Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Paul Revere’s Boston: 1735–1818 (Meriden, Conn.: Meriden Gravure, 1975), 141 n. 191.
13. Triber, A True Republican, 124. Several sources indicate that Revere was ordered to the repair and restoration work on Castle Island by George Washington himself. See, e.g., Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942), 317; Elbridge Henry Goss, The Life of Colonel Paul Revere, 2 vols. (Boston: Joseph George Cupples, 1891), 1:278. These sources also indicate that Revere employed a newly designed gun carriage that he specifically invented for the damaged cannon; but in November of 1776, Richard Gridley signed a certificate stating that the true inventor of the device was an Amherst doctor by the name of Preserved Clap. See New England Historic Genealogical Society, New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. 8 (London: Samuel G. Drake, 1859), 378.
14. Goss, The Life, 1:278.
15. Forbes, Paul Revere, 320.
16. Gettemy, The True Story, xiv.
17. Goss, The Life, 1:280, quoting letter from John Lamb to Paul Revere, April 5, 1777; Joel J. Miller, The Revolutionary Paul Revere (Nashville, Tenn.: Thomas Nelson, 2010), 218.
18. Forbes, Paul Revere, 319.
19. Gettemy, The True Story, xv.
20. Chester B. Kevitt, General Solomon Lovell and the Penobscot Expedition (Weymouth, Mass.: Weymouth Historical Commission, 1976), 1.
21. Roger F. Duncan, Coastal Maine: A Maritime History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 214–215; Navy Historical Center, The Penobscot Expedition Archaeological Project: Field Investigations 2000 and 2001, Final Report (Washington Navy Yard, D.C.: Navy Historical Center, 2003), 20.
22. George E. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition: Commodore Saltonstall and the Massachusetts Conspiracy of 1779 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 1; Castine Historical Society, The Penobscot Expedition 1779.
23. William D. Williamson, The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive (Hallowell, Maine: Galzier, Masters and Smith, 1839), 468–469.
24. Goss, The Life, 2:325–326.
25. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 45; Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 474.
26. Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 476.
27. “Complaint of T. J. Carnes,” in Joseph Williamson, “The Conduct of Paul Revere in the Penobscot Expedition” in Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, quarterly pt., no. 4 (Portland, Maine: Brown Thurston, October 1892), 381.
1. “THE PRIDE OF NEW ENGLAND”
1. Richard Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill (Boston: Little, Brown, 1903), 19, quoting the letter of a physician, November 8, 1774.
2. Ibid., 19.
3. Ibid., 21. I also rely on David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 10, and Miller, The Revolutionary, 6, for descriptions of colonial Boston.
4. For a detailed examination of Revere’s ancestry, see Patrick M. Leehey, “Reconstructing Paul Revere: An Overview of His Ancestry, Life, and Work,” in Paul Revere—Artisan, Businessman, and Patriot: The Man Behind the Myth, ed. Nina Zannieri, Patrick M. Leehey, et al. (Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association, 1988), 15–24.
5. Goss, The Life, 1:267, quoting the letter from John Rivoire to Paul Revere, January 12, 1775.
6. See Triber, A True Republican, 10–15, for a good discussion of class differences in colonial Boston.
7. Anne Duncan-Page, The Religious Culture of the Huguenots, 1660–1750 (Farnham, U.K.: Ashgate, 2006), 102.
8. Miller, The Revolutionary, 21.
9. Ibid., 23–25; Triber, A True Republican, 20.
10. William B. Weedon, Economic and Social History of New England 1620–1789 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899), 86.
11. Miller, The Revolutionary, 28.
12. Goss, The Life, 1:19–20.
13. Triber, A True Republican, 25; Gettemy, The True Story, 4.
14. Gilbert Nash, The Original Journal of General Solomon Lovell, Kept During the Penobscot Expedition, 1779: With a Sketch of His Life (Weymouth, Mass.: Weymouth Historical Society, 1881), 31–34; see also Miller, The Revolutionary, 268 n. 16.
15. See Forbes, Paul Revere, 485–490, for a detailed genealogical record of the Revere family.
16. A detailed account of Revere’s customers and business orders is found in Waste Book and Memoranda, Revere Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, vol. 1 (1761–83), roll 5.
17. Ibid. Also see Deborah A. Federhen, “From Artisan to Entrepreneur: Paul Revere’s Silver Shop Operation,” in Paul Revere—Artisan, Businessman, and Patriot: The Man Behind the Myth, ed. Nina Zannieri, Patrick M. Leehey, et al. (Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association, 1988), 91 n. 28.
18. Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, September 19, 1768, quoted in Gettemy, The True Story, 6.
19. Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, July 30, 1770, quoted in Gettemy, The True Story, 7–8.
20. See Edith J. Steblecki, “Fraternity, Philanthropy, and Revolution: Paul Revere and Freemasonry,” in Paul Revere—Artisan, Businessman, and Patriot: The Man Behind the Myth, ed. Nina Zannieri, Patrick M. Leehey, et al. (Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association, 1988), 117–147, for a detailed examination of Revere’s Masonic activities.
21. Triber, A True Republican, 30.
22. Steblecki, “Fraternity, Philanthropy, and Revolution,” 117.
23. Triber, A True Republican, 35.
24. Goss, The Life, 2:667.
25. For a detailed examination of the Navigation Acts, see Charles McLean Andrews, The American Nation: A History of Colonial Self-Government 1652–1689 (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1904) 3–22; see also Edmund S. Morgan, The Birth of the Republic, 1763–89 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 9–11.
26. Morgan, The Birth of the Republic, 10.
27. Josiah Quincy, Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Superior Court of Judicature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay Between 1761 and 1772 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1865), 395–540.
28. Triber, A True Republican, 32.
29. Albert Bushnell Hart and Edward Channing, eds., James Otis’s Speech on the Writs of Assistance, 1761, American History Leaflets Colonial and Constitutional, no. 33 (New York: Parker P. Simmons, 1906), 13.
30. Ibid., 17.
31. Ibid., 13.
32. Triber, A True Republican, 39.
33. John Ferling, A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 30–31.
34. Gordon S. Wood, The American Revolution: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2002), 27–28; George Elliott Howard, The American Nation: A History, vol. 8: Preliminaries of the Revolution, 1763–1775 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1906), 102–120.
35. Triber, A True Republican, 39.
36. Howard, The American Nation, 110.
37. Ibid., 112; Morgan, The Birth of the Republic, 18–19; Edmund S. Morgan, The Challenge of the American Revolution (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), 15.
38. William Tudor, The Life of James Otis of Massachusetts (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1823), 122.
39. John K. Alexander, Samuel Adams: America’s Revolutionary Politician (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 20; Howard, The American Nation, 110.
2. “MESSENGER OF THE REVOLUTION”
1. Miller, The Revolutionary, 71.
2. Wood, The American Revolution, 27.
3. Howard, The American Nation, 136.
4. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1967), 101.
5. Triber, A True Republican, 41.
6. Howard, The American Nation, 140.
7. Justin Winsor, ed., The Memorial History of Boston (Boston: Ticknor, 1881), 18 n. 2.
8. Ibid., 144.
9. Wood, The American Revolution, 28.
10. D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 306; Winsor, The Memorial History of Boston, 155.
11. Triber, A True Republican, 41.
12. Howard, The American Nation, 150; see also Merrill Jensen, The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968; Indianapolis: Hackett, 2004), 130.
13. Frank Moore, Songs and Ballads of the American Revolution (New York: D. Appleton, 1855), 20.
14. Howard, The American Nation, 151.
15. Miller, The Revolutionary, 78.
16. Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from 1749 to 1774 (London: John Murray, 1828), 124.
17. Miller, The Revolutionary, 74.
18. Triber, A True Republican, 47–48.
19. Gettemy, The True Story, 10; Goss, The Life, 31–33.
20. Triber, A True Republican, 49.
21. Ibid., 50.
22. Forbes, Paul Revere, 116.
23. Gettemy, The True Story, 12.
24. Howard, The American Nation, 172–173.
25. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, 29.
26. Benj. F. Stevens, “Some of the Old Inns and Taverns of Boston,” The Bostonian 2 (April–September 1895): 24.
27. Sometimes referred to as the “North End Caucus.”
28. Morgan, Birth of the Republic, 34.
29. Wood, The American Revolution, 32.
30. Ibid.
31. Ferling, A Leap in the Dark, 67.
32. Howard, The American Nation, 187.
33. Winsor, The Memorial History, 23; see also Ferling, A Leap in the Dark, 67–68.
34. Howard, The American Nation, 189.
35. Ibid., 190.
36. Ibid.
37. Edward D. Collins, Committees of Correspondence of the American Revolution (Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association, 1901; Government Printing Office, 1902), 245.
38. Triber, A True Republican, 64.
39. Ibid. Museum of Fine Arts, Paul Revere’s Boston, 118. The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston acquired the Liberty Bowl in 1949. At the time, it was referred to as America’s “‘third most cherished historical treasure’ after the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.” Ibid.
40. Forbes, Paul Revere, 134–135.
41. Ellen Chase, The Beginnings of the American Revolution, Based on Contemporary Letters Diaries and other Documents, vol. 1 (New York: Baker and Taylor, 1910), 99.
42. Harry Alonzo Cushing, ed., The Writings of Samuel Adams, vol. 2, 1770–1773 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1906), 242.
43. Howard, The American Nation, 195.
44. Winsor, The Memorial History, 23.
45. Howard, The American Nation, 196.
46. Ibid., 197.
47. Bailyn, The Ideological Origins, 114.
48. Gettemy, The True Story, 30–31.
49. Howard, The American Nation, 202.
50. Miller, The Revolutionary, 103.
51. Triber, A True Republican, 70–71.
52. Winsor, The Memorial History, 30, quoting Rev. S. Cooper to Governor Thomas Pownall, January 1, 1770.
53. Triber, A True Republican, 74, quoting Boston Gazette, February 26, 1770.
54. Ibid., 220 n. 4.
55. A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre in Boston (Boston: Town of Boston, 1770; John Doggett Jr., 1849), 6.
56. C. James Taylor, ed., Founding Families: Digital Editions of the Papers of the Winthrops and the Adamses (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2007). http://www.masshist.org/ff/.
57. Winsor, The Memorial History, 31.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., 32.
60. Ibid., 40–41.
61. Triber, A True Republican, 78.
62. Winsor, The Memorial History, 36.
63. Goss, The Life, 1:73–74.
64. Ibid., 71.
65. Gettemy, The True Story, 22.
66. Paul Leicester, “Some Pelham-Copley Letters,” Atlantic Monthly 71, no. 46 (April 1893), 500; Gettemy, The True Story, 23–24.
67. Patrick Leehey, research director of the Paul Revere House, states in a private e-mail to the author of January 13, 2014, “It has been suggested that Pelham and Revere planned to collaborate and something went wrong.”
68. Winsor, The Memorial History, 41.
69. Triber, A True Republican, 85, quoting Boston Gazette, March 11, 1771.
70. Boston Gazette, March 11, 1771.
71. Triber, A True Republican, 85.
72. Boston Gazette, March 11, 1771.
73. Wood, The American Revolution, 36.
74. Winsor, The Memorial History, 42, quoting Adams’s resolution of November 2, 1772, before the town meeting.
75. Forbes, Paul Revere, 185.
76. Winsor, The Memorial History, 44.
77. Miller, The Revolutionary, 162; Goss, The Life, app. C, 641.
78. Winsor, The Memorial History, 45.
79. Martha J. Lamb, ed., Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries 15, no. 1 (January 1886), 6.
80. Goss, The Life, 1:120.
81. Ibid.
82. Richard Frothingham, The Life and Times of Joseph Warren (Boston: Little, Brown, 1865), 275.
83. Ibid., 268–269.
84. Ibid., 269; Winsor, The Memorial History, 45.
85. Winsor, The Memorial History, 49.
86. Frothingham, The Life and Times, 278.
87. Samuel B. Griffith, The War for American Independence: From 1760 to the Surrender at Yorktown in 1781 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 86.
88. Frothingham, The Life and Times, 279.
89. Ibid., 280–281.
90. Forbes, Paul Revere, 197.
91. Ibid., 201.
92. Goss, The Life, 1:131.
93. Boston Committee of Correspondence to the New York Sons of Liberty, December 17, 1773; Goss, The Life, 1:131.
94. Lamb, Magazine of American History, 3.
95. Winsor, The Memorial History, 52 n. 2.
96. Ferling, A Leap in the Dark, 107.
97. Winsor, The Memorial History, 53, quoting Lord George Germain’s comments during debate.
98. Ibid., 52–53.
99. Gettemy, The True Story, 55.
100. Ibid., 56.
101. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 31.
102. Ibid., 36–41.
103. Winsor, The Memorial History, 56.
104. Lamb, Magazine of American History, 4.
105. Goss, The Life, 1:159–162.
106. Lamb, Magazine of American History, 4, quoting Paul Revere to John Lamb, September 4, 1774.
107. Revere to Belknap.
108. Winsor, The Memorial History, 66.
3. “LISTEN, MY CHILDREN . . .”
1. Triber, A True Republican, 102, quoting extract of a letter from Lord Dartmouth to General Gage, London, April 15, 1775, American Archives, 4.2.336.
2. William D. D. Gordon, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America (New York: Printed by Samuel Campbell for John Woods, 1801), 309.
3. Jonas Clarke, Opening of the War of the Revolution 19th of April 1775: A Brief Narrative of the Principal Transactions of that Day (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Historical Society, 1901), 1–2; Gettemy, The True Story, 104, quoting Jonas Clarke, A Sermon, Preached at Lexington, April 19, 1776. To Commemorate the Murder, Bloodshed, and Commencement of Hostilities, Between Great Britain and America, in That Town, by a Brigade of Troops of George III, under Command of Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, on the Nineteenth of April, 17, 1775. To Which Is Added a Brief Narrative of the Principal Transactions of That Day (Boston: Powars and Willis, 1776).
4. Forbes, Paul Revere, 247.
5. Museum of Fine Arts, Paul Revere’s Boston, 130.
6. See Nathaniel Philbrick, Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution (New York: Viking, 2013), 66–69.
7. Forbes, Paul Revere, 248.
8. Paul Revere to Jeremy Belknap, circa 1798, Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1st ser., vol. 5 (1798). Revere prepared three separate accounts of his activities of April 18 and 19, 1775, all of which are currently housed at the Massachusetts Historical Society in Boston. The first two accounts were composed of a draft and “fair copy” of a deposition probably given at the request of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. The congress had collected a series of sworn statements in an effort to prove that the English troops were first to fire at Lexington on April 19, 1775, and Revere’s deposition was one such statement (though he does not offer a clear opinion on which side fired first). The third and most detailed account of Revere’s activities is contained in a letter dated January 1, 1798, written to Jeremy Belknap, the corresponding secretary of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The letter contains some interesting notations in the hand of Revere, including a written request at the end of the document that he be named simply “A Son of Liberty of the year 1775,” apparently wishing to remain anonymous. Belknap seems to have ignored Revere’s request. See also Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 328–329.
9. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 93.
10. Ibid., 85.
11. Extract from Lord Dartmouth to General Gage, London, April 15, 1775, American Archives, 4.2.336.
12. Forbes, Paul Revere, 253.
13. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 95, quoting from Jeremy Belknap, Journal of My Tour to the Camp and the Observations I Made There (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1798), 77–86.
14. On the controversy surrounding the identity of Warren’s informant, see Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 387 n.14; also see Miller, The Revolutionary, 283 n. 12. Nathaniel Philbrick points out that Margaret Gage did not leave Boston until later that summer and that her husband soon joined her. Philbrick, Bunker Hill, 117.
15. Revere to Belknap.
16. Forbes, Paul Revere, 254.
17. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 388–389 n. 29, makes the case that Pulling assisted Newman in his trek to the top of the church steeple and with the lighting of the lanterns. Most other historians conclude that it was Newman alone with Pulling and, perhaps, Revere’s neighbor Thomas Barnard keeping watch. Fischer points to the physical difficulty of one person carrying both lanterns up the full flight of stairs, lighting them with flint sticks at the top, and displaying them from the window.
18. Forbes, Paul Revere, 55.
19. Goss, The Life, 1:190.
20. Ibid. A Revere descendent insists, “The story is authentic . . .” Patrick Leehey, research director of the Paul Revere House, suggests in an e-mail to the author of December 27, 2013, that Revere may have concocted the stories of the family dog and the girlfriend’s undergarments to amuse his grandchildren.
21. Revere to Belknap.
22. Ibid.
23. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 389 n. 38; Ferling, A Leap in the Dark, 129.
24. Forbes, Paul Revere, 257.
25. Revere to Belknap.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid. Paul Revere’s Deposition, Fair Copy, Circa 1775, Massachusetts Historical Society.
28. See Abner Cheney Goodell Jr., The Trial and Execution for Petit Treason of Mark and Phillis, Slaves of Capt. John Codman (Cambridge, Mass.: John Wilson and Son, 1883).
29. Revere to Belknap.
30. Paul Revere’s Deposition, Fair Copy.
31. Revere to Belknap.
32. Clark, A Brief Narrative, 1–2.
33. Affidavit of William Munroe, March 7, 1825, from Elias Phinney, History of the Battle at Lexington, on the Morning of the 19th April, 1775 (Boston: Phelps and Farnham, 1825), 33.
34. Ibid.
35. Phinney, History of the Battle, 17, emphasis added by Forbes, Paul Revere, 261.
36. The actual number of British troops was somewhere between 600 and 900 and was comprised not of a full brigade but of light infantry and grenadiers. See Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 313.
37. Clark, A Brief Narrative, 3.
38. Forbes, Paul Revere, 261.
39. Affidavit of William Munroe.
40. Ellen Chase, The Beginnings of the American Revolution, Based on Contemporary Letters, Diaries, and Other Documents, vol. 2 (New York: Baker and Taylor, 1910), 347.
41. Revere to Belknap.
42. Ibid.
43. Paul Revere’s Deposition, Draft, Circa 1775.
44. Ibid.
45. Henry W. Holland, William Dawes and His Ride with Paul Revere (Boston: John Wilson and Son, 1878), 37.
46. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 131–132.
47. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, 60.
48. All dialogue between Revere and his captors is derived from Paul Revere’s Deposition, Fair Copy, Circa 1775; Paul Revere’s Deposition, Draft, Circa 1775; and Revere to Belknap.
49. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, 44, quoting the letter of a British officer.
50. See Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 138–148.
51. Phinney, History of the Battle, 18.
52. Clark, A Brief Narrative, 4.
53. Elizabeth Clark to Lucy Ware Allen, April 19, 1841, Lexington Historical Society, Proceedings 4 (1905–1910), quoted in Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 176.
54. Forbes, Paul Revere, 265.
55. Paul Revere’s Deposition, Fair Copy, Circa 1775.
56. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, 61.
57. Revere to Belknap.
58. Forbes, Paul Revere, 266.
59. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, 61.
60. Paul Revere’s Deposition, Fair Copy, Circa 1775.
61. Clark, A Brief Narrative, 6.
62. Paul Revere’s Deposition, Fair Copy, Circa 1775.
63. Letter from Boston to a Gentleman in New York, April 19, 1775, in American Archives, 4.2.359.
64. Forbes, Paul Revere, 268.
4. SEEDS OF DISCONTENT
1. Forbes, Paul Revere, 274.
2. Revere to Belknap.
3. Goss, The Life, 1:263, quoting Paul Revere to Rachel Revere and Paul Revere Jr., May 2, 1775.
4. Gettemy, The True Story, 121.
5. Benson John Lossing, ed., Harpers Encyclopedia of United States History (Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1902), 464. Patrick Leehey, research director of the Paul Revere House, points out in an e-mail to the author of January 13, 2014, that while Revere is often credited with printing this “pasteboard currency” it is questionable whether he actually did so.
6. Forbes, Paul Revere, 289.
7. Goss, The Life, 1:280, quoting John Lamb to Paul Revere, April 5, 1777; Miller, The Revolutionary, 218.
8. Harry Alonzo Cushing, ed., The Writings of Samuel Adams, vol. 3, 1773–1777 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907), 394; Miller, The Revolutionary, 218.
9. Forbes, Paul Revere, 319.
10. On the process of selection of Continental officers and Revere’s bitter disappointment at being overlooked see Triber, A True Republican, 112–122. In The Diary of John Rowe: A Boston Merchant, 1764–1779, a Paper Read by Edward L. Pierce before the Massachusetts Historical Society on March 14, 1895 (Cambridge, Mass.: John Wilson and Son, 1895), Pierce makes the following personal observation: “The private dinners at which Rowe was host or guest bring before us the principal citizens of Boston at that time. One misses altogether, in the repeated list of names, Paul Revere, not then ranking with people of social consideration . . .” (p. 31).
11. Ibid.
12. Triber, A True Republican, 114.
13. See King v. Parker, et al, 9 Cushing 71 (1851).
14. Robert Freke Gould, A Library of Freemasonry (New York: John C. Yorston Publishing, 1906), 322. Triber, A True Republican, 90.
15. Ibid.
16. Goss, The Life, 1:268, quoting John Rivoire to Paul Revere, January 12, 1775.
17. Goss, The Life, 1:280, quoting John Lamb to Paul Revere, April 5, 1777.
18. Gettemy, The True Story, 152.
19. William Russell and James Kimball, Orderly Book of the Regiment of Artillery Raised for the Defence of the Town of Boston in 1776, Essex Institute Historical Collections, vol. 13 (Salem, Mass.: Salem Press, 1876), 243.
20. Ibid., 123.
21. Ibid., 240.
22. Forbes, Paul Revere, 334.
23. Russell and Kimball, Orderly Book, 13:245; Goss, The Life, 288.
24. Russell and Kimball, Orderly Book, 13:246.
25. Ibid., 248.
26. Goss, The Life, 1:291; Forbes, Paul Revere, 337.
27. Russell and Kimball, Orderly Book, 14:60.
28. Forbes, Paul Revere, 341.
29. General Heath to Paul Revere, March 1, 1778, in Massachusetts Archives, vol. 174, 410.
30. Paul Revere to Rachel Walker Revere, August 1778, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1873–1875 (Cambridge, Mass.: John Wilson and Son, 1875), 251.
31. Russell and Kimball, Orderly Book, 14:204.
32. Paul Revere to Rachel Walker Revere, August 1778.
33. Russell and Kimball, Orderly Book, 14:198–199.
34. Lt. Col. Paul Revere to Massachusetts Council, March 27, 1779, in Massachusetts Archives, vol. 175, 211.
35. Forbes, Paul Revere, 347.
36. Triber, A True Republican, 133–134.
37. “Defence of Col. Paul Revere,” in James Phinney Baxter, Documentary History of the State of Maine, The Baxter Manuscripts, vol. 17 (Portland, Maine: Lefavor-Tower, 1913), 216.
5. NEW IRELAND
1. George Augustus Wheeler, “William Hutchings’ Narrative of the Siege, and Other Reminiscences,” in History of Castine, Penobscot, and Brooksville, Maine (Bangor, Maine: Burr and Robinson, 1875), 327.
2. Ibid., 322.
3. Samuel Francis Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures of John Nutting Cambridge Loyalist and His Strange Connection with the Penobscot Expedition of 1779 (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge Historical Society, 1912), 75.
4. James S. Leamon, Revolution Downeast: The War for American Independence in Maine (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), 104–105.
5. Henry I. Shaw Jr., “Penobscot Assault—1779,” Military Affairs 17, no. 2 (Society for Military History, Summer 1953): 83.
6. Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures, 74.
7. Ibid. Brig.-Gen. Francis McLean to Sir Henry Clinton, March 6, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, vol. 1 (London: Mackie, 1904), 393.
8. Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures, 75.
9. Lord George Germain to Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, September 2, 1778, in Report on American Manuscripts, 284.
10. Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Brig.-General Francis McLean, February 11, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:381.
11. Ibid.
12. John Calef, “The Journal of the Siege of Penobscot,” Magazine of History with Notes and Queries, extra issue no. 11 (New York: William Abbatt, 1910): 12; Charles Bracelen Flood, Rise, and Fight Again: Perilous Times Along the Road to Independence (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1976), 157.
13. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 12; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 157.
14. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 12; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 157.
15. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 12.
16. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 157.
17. Henry Mowat, “A Relation of the Services in which Captain Henry Mowat of the Royal Navy Was Engaged in America, from 1759 to the End of the American War in 1783,” Magazine of History with Notes and Queries, extra issue no. 11 (New York: William Abbatt, 1910): 337.
18. George E. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition: Commodore Saltonstall and the Massachusetts Conspiracy of 1779 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 1; Castine Historical Society, The Penobscot Expedition 1779.
19. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 158.
20. For descriptions of Majabigwaduce, see Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 158–159; Mowat, A Relation, 337; and Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 9.
21. Mowat, A Relation, 337.
22. Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures, 75.
23. Mowat, A Relation, 337; Brig.-General Francis McLean to Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, June 26, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:458.
24. Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures, 79.
25. Mowat, A Relation, 337.
26. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 158; Percy Groves, History of the 91st Princess Louise’s Argyllshire Highlanders (Edinburgh and London: W. and A. K. Johnston, 1894), 3; Brig.-General Francis McLean to Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, May 28, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:440.
27. Brig.-General Francis McLean to Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, March 6, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:393.
28. Brig.-Gen. Francis McLean to Sir Henry Clinton, June 26, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:460.
29. Samuel Adams Drake, Nooks and Corners of the New England Coast (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1875), 68.
30. Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd ser., vol. 1 (Portland: Maine Historical Society, 1890), 73.
31. Ibid., for a description of Mowat’s exploits in Falmouth, Maine; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 156; Kevitt, General Solomon Lovell, 173; Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 6. On February 24, 1898, Dr. Charles E. Banks read a notification of the 1798 death of Henry Mowat before the Maine Historical Society. Banks noted that the words “universally lamented” appeared on Mowat’s gravestone. Banks then added, “I assume the members will agree with me that the words ‘except by the people of Falmouth, Maine’ were inadvertently omitted, for I believe it will be generally agreed that they had no special reason to grieve over the news of his death . . . I presume that it will be a satisfaction to some to be assured that this gentleman is safely underground, with a heavy stone on top of him.” Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, 2d ser., vol. 9, (Portland: Maine Historical Society, 1898), 308–309.
32. Brig.-Gen. Francis McLean to Captain Andrew Barkley, June 25, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:456.
33. Mowat, A Relation, 360.
34. Brig.-Gen. Francis McLean to Sir Henry Clinton, June 26, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:458.
35. Mowat, A Relation, 362–363.
36. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 7.
37. Brig.-Gen. Francis McLean to Sir Henry Clinton, June 26, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:460.
38. Captain H. Mowat to General Sir Henry Clinton, June 27, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:462.
39. Brig.-Gen. Francis McLean to Sir Henry Clinton, June 26, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:458.
40. Ibid.
41. “Proclamation of June 15, 1779,” Magazine of History with Notes and Queries, extra issue no. 11 (New York: William Abbatt, 1910): 322–323.
42. Ibid., 324.
43. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 161.
44. “Proclamation of June 15, 1779,” Magazine of History, 324.
45. In the Letter from David Perham, Giving Colonel Brewer’s Account of the Expedition against Penobscot, in 1779 (Wheeler, History of Castine, 328–329), Brewer recalled some years after the fact that the landing had “struck the inhabitants with terror—especially the women and children.”
46. Ibid., 329.
47. Wheeler, History of Castine, 40.
48. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 9.
49. Leamon, Revolution Downeast, 106–107.
50. Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 375.
51. John Murray to the Massachusetts Council, June 18, 1779, in James Phinney Baxter, Documentary History of the State of Maine: The Baxter Manuscripts, vol. 16 (Portland, Maine: Lefavor-Tower, 1910), 290.
52. Ibid., 292 (emphasis added).
53. William Hutchings’ Narrative, 323.
6. CAPTIVATE, KILL, OR DESTROY
1. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 167.
2. Paul Revere to Rachel Walker Revere, August 1778, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1873–1875 (Cambridge, Mass.: John Wilson and Son, 1875), 252.
3. Letter of Chas. Cushing, Brigr, June 19, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:295–296.
4. Committee Opinion, June 24, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:305.
5. Ibid.
6. Council Letter, June 25, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:308.
7. James Thacher, A Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783 (Boston: Cottons and Barnard, 1827), 166. See also Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 23–24.
8. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 24.
9. Gardner Weld Allen, “State Navies and Privateers in the Revolution,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 46 (Cambridge, Mass.: John Wilson and Son, Oct. 1912–June 1913), 184.
10. Letter from the Council Chamber, June 30, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:316; Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 29.
11. Letter from the Council Chamber, June 30, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:317–318.
12. Letter from Navy Board Eastern Department, June 30, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:316.
13. John Tracey to the Massachusetts Council and House of Representatives, June 23, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:308–309.
14. Order of Council, June 30, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:316–317.
15. Thomas Cushing to the Massachusetts Council, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:376.
16. Order of Council, July 2, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:319–320.
17. Charles Oscar Paullin, The Navy of the American Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1906), 349–350.
18. Ibid., 349.
19. Nash, The Original Journal, 57.
20. Ibid., 52.
21. “Journal of the Committee Who Built the Ships Providence and Warren for the United States in 1776,” Magazine of History with Notes and Queries 8, no. 5 (New York: William Abbatt, 1908): 249.
22. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 23.
23. Resolution of the Massachusetts Council, July 3, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:323.
24. Warrant of the Massachusetts Council, in Kevitt, General Solomon Lovell, 68.
25. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 25.
26. Statement of Ajdt. Genl. Hill Sworn, September 29, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:263. See also Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 25.
27. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 7th ser., vol. 4 (1894), 324.
28. The visual of Captain Saltonstall sauntering the deck of the Warren angry about privateers is derived from Bernard Cornwell, The Fort: A Novel of the Revolutionary War (New York: Harper, 2010), 20–22. Though a fictional account, Cornwell makes the accurate point that privateering was adverse to the captain’s current interests as a Continental Naval officer.
29. William James Morgan, Captains to the Northward: The New England Captains in the Continental Navy (Barre, Mass.: Barre Gazette, 1959), 25; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 163.
30. Louis Arthur Norton, Captains Contentious: The Dysfunctional Sons of the Brine (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2009), 73.
31. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 163.
32. Massachusetts Council to Dudley Saltonstall, July 1779, in Kevitt, General Solomon Lovell, 67.
33. Orders to Brigadier General Lovell from the Council Chamber, July 2, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, vol. 16, 321.
34. For biographical information, see Kevitt, General Solomon Lovell, 151–165; and Nash, The Original Journal, 24–51.
35. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 163; Kevitt, General Solomon Lovell, 153.
36. Account of Thomas Philbrook, in Benjamin Cowell, Spirit of ’76 in Rhode Island: Or Sketches of the Efforts of the Government and People in the War of the Revolution (Boston: A. J. Wright, 1850), 317.
37. Orders to Brigadier General Lovell from the Council Chamber, July 2, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, vol. 16, 321; Orders to Dudley Saltonstall Esq. from Navy Board Eastern Department, July 13, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, vol. 16, 355.
38. William Frost, Esq. to War Office, July 7, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, vol. 16, 330.
39. Defence of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, vol. 17, 216.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., 216–217.
42. Seth Loring to William Heath, July 7, 1779, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 7th ser., vol. 4 (1894).
7. THE PENOBSCOT EXPEDITION
1. Brig.-General Francis McLean to Sir Henry Clinton, June 26, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 1:460.
2. Letter of James McCobb, Esq., June 30, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:317.
3. William Vernon and J. Warren to Jeremiah Powell, July 7, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:329.
4. Navy Board to Marine Committee of the Continental Congress, July 14, 1779, in United States Navy Board Eastern District, Letter Book, quoted in Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 165; Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 24.
5. Baxter, Documentary History, 16:365.
6. Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 470.
7. Orders to Lieut. Col. Paul Revere from the Council Chamber, July 8, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:391; Orders to Brigadeer Lovell from the Council Chamber, July 12, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:353–354.
8. For descriptions of Fort George, see Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures, 79, and Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 469.
9. Nash, The Original Journal, 55.
10. Ibid., 96.
11. Statement of Ajdt. Genl. Hill Sworn, September 29, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:263.
12. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 7th ser., vol. 4 (1894), 324.
13. Account of Thomas Philbrook, in Cowell, Spirit of ’76, 316.
14. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 320.
15. For biographical information about Peleg Wadsworth, see Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 471; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 167–168; William Richard Cutter, New England Families Genealogical and Memorial, vol. 2 (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing, 1913), 735.
16. Wheeler, “William Hutchings’ Narrative,” 324.
17. Council Chamber to Brig. General Lovell, July 23, 1779; in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:393.
18. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 17.
19. Deposition of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:201; Goss, The Life, 2:364.
20. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 173.
21. Letter from David Perham, Giving Colonel Brewer’s Account of the Expedition against Penobscot, in 1779, in Wheeler, History of Castine, 329.
22. Testimony of Capt. Philip Brown, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:287.
23. Orders of General Lovell, July 24, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:394.
24. Testimony of Capt. Philip Brown, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:288.
25. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 18.
26. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 320.
27. Letter from David Perham, Giving Colonel Brewer’s Account of the Expedition against Penobscot, in 1779, in Wheeler, History of Castine, 330–331.
28. Ibid.
29. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 176.
30. Nash, The Original Journal, 98.
31. Statement of Gilbert W. Speakman, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:321; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 177.
32. Testimony of Thomas Wait Foster, Baxter, Documentary History, 17:433.
33. Ibid.
34. Petition, July 27, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:400.
35. Minutes of Council of War Held on the Warren, July 27, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:401.
36. Peleg Wadsworth to William D. Williamson, January 1, 1828, in Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd ser., vol. 10 (Portland: Maine Historical Society, 1899), 70.
37. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 321.
38. Peleg Wadsworth to William D. Williamson, January 1, 1828, in Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, 2d ser., vol. 10, (Portland: Maine Historical Society, 1899), 73.
39. Nathan Goold, “Colonel Jonathan Mitchell’s Cumberland County Regiment, Majabigwaduce Expedition, 1779,” read before the Maine Historical Society, October 27, 1898, in Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, 2d ser., vol. 10 (Portland: Maine Historical Society 1899), 145 n. 1; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 182.
40. Goold, “Colonel Jonathan Mitchell’s Cumberland County Regiment,” 62.
41. Deposition of Col. Paul Revere, Baxter, in Documentary History, 17:202.
42. James Carrick Moore, The Life of Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore, K.B., vol. 1 (London: John Murray, 1833), 22.
43. Deposition of Col. Paul Revere, Baxter, in Documentary History, 17:203.
44. Letter from David Perham, Giving Colonel Brewer’s Account of the Expedition against Penobscot, in 1779, in Wheeler, History of Castine, 332.
45. Wheeler, “William Hutchings’ Narrative,” 323.
46. Account of Thomas Philbrook, in Cowell, Spirit of ’76, 319.
47. Nash, The Original Journal, 99.
48. For example, Peleg Wadsworth set the number at one hundred; Peleg Wadsworth to William D. Williamson, January 1, 1828, in Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd ser., vol. 10 (Portland: Maine Historical Society, 1899), 73. Thomas Philbrook states that forty were killed and twenty wounded in Cowell, Spirit of ’76, 318; while Paul Revere states that “we lost about 35 killed and wounded.” Gardner W. Allen, A Naval History of the American Revolution (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1913), 426. General Lovell set the loss at fourteen killed and twenty wounded; Nash, The Original Journal, 99.
49. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 321.
50. Allen, A Naval History, 423.
8. “WHAT’S BECOME OF COLONEL REVERE?”
1. Testimony of Thomas Wait Foster, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:433; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 190.
2. Testimony of Thomas Wait Foster, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:433.
3. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 47.
4. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 20.
5. George Augustus Wheeler, “Calef’s Journal of the Siege,” in History of Castine, Penobscot, and Brookville, Maine: Including the Ancient Settlement of Pentagöet (Bangor, Maine: Burr and Robinson, 1875), 295.
6. “Journal Found on Board the Hunter, Continental Ship, of Eighteen Guns,” in The Historical Magazine, and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History and Biography of America, vol. 8 (New York: John G. Shea, February 1864), 52.
7. S. Lovell B G to Commodore Saltonstall, August 6, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:429.
8. Testimony of Capt. Carnes, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:282.
9. Henry Whittemore, The Heroes of the American Revolution and Their Descendants (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Heroes of the Revolution, 1897; supp. to sect. 1, 1898), 31.
10. Testimony of Capt. Carnes, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:282; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 186.
11. Mr. Thomas Jenner Carnes’s Declaration, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, April 8, 1782.
12. Testimony of Capt. Carnes, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:282.
13. Daily Orders of July 28, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:402.
14. William Todd to Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, April 8, 1782.
15. Testimony of Capt. Carnes, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:282.
16. Statement of Major Todd, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:301.
17. Statement of Gilbert W. Speakman, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:322.
18. S. Lovell Br. Gen. to Hon. J. Powell, July 28, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:403.
19. Proclamation of Solomon Lovell, Esq., in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:404–407.
20. Statement of Capt. Williams, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:226.
21. Minutes of Council of War, July 29, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:409.
22. Daily Orders of July 30, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:410–411.
23. Ibid., 411.
24. Statement of Gilbert W. Speakman, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:323–324.
25. Ibid., 322.
26. Wheeler, “William Hutchings’ Narrative,” 323.
27. Letter of General McLean to Lord George Germain, August 26, 1779, in John E. Cayford, The Penobscot Expedition Being an Account of the Largest American Naval Engagement of the Revolutionary War (Orrington, Maine: C and H Publishing, 1976), 74.
28. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 22.
29. Ibid; Nash, The Original Journal, 67; Letter of General McLean to Lord George Germain, August 26, 1779, in Cayford, The Penobscot Expedition, 74.
30. Testimony of Capt. Carnes, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:283.
31. Ibid.
32. Moore, The Life of Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore, 1:25.
33. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 173.
34. Testimony of Capt. Philip Brown, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:288.
35. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 193–194.
36. Sergeant Lawrence’s Journal, in Wheeler, History of Castine, 316.
37. Paul Revere to William Heath, 322.
38. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 197.
39. S. Lovell, Br. Gen. to Hon. Jeremiah Powell, President of the Council, August 1, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:417.
40. The Washington Historical Quarterly 2 (Seattle: Washington University State Historical Society, October 1907 to July 1908), 105.
41. Gen. Washington to the President of Council, August 3, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:424.
42. Nash, The Original Journal, 101.
43. Statement of Gilbert W. Speakman, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:321–322.
44. Defence of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:222.
45. Questions Asked by the Committee to General Wadsworth, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:279.
46. William Todd to Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, April 8, 1782.
47. General Lovell to Commodore Saltonstall, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:427.
48. Statement of Capt. Williams, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:227.
49. Ibid., 230.
50. Proceedings of a Council of War, August 6, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:431.
51. Ibid.
52. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 322. For the content of the council of war see Proceedings of a Council of War Held on Board the Brig Hazard off Magabagaduce, August 7, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:432–434.
53. Shaw, Penobscot Assault, 93, quoting Sergeant Lawrence’s Journal.
54. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 22.
55. Account of Thomas Philbrook, in Cowell, Spirit of ’76, 319.
56. Council Chamber to General Gates, August 8, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:436.
57. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 204.
58. Account of Thomas Philbrook, in Cowell, Spirit of ’76, 319.
59. Nash, The Original Journal, 70.
60. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 68.
61. At a Council of War held on board the Warren off Magabagaduce, August 10, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:445–446.
62. Samuel Adams to Hon. Jeremiah Powell, Pres., August 10, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:446.
63. Jeremiah Powell to Brig. Gen. Solo Lovell, August 11, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:448.
64. Nash, The Original Journal, 103.
65. Deposition of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:205.
66. Nash, The Original Journal, 104.
67. Proceedings of a Council of War held at Head Quarters Magabagaduce, August 11, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:453.
68. Navy Board Eastern Department to Commodore Saltonstall, August 12, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:455.
69. Henry Jackson to Hon. Jere. Powell, August 11, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:449; see also Thacher, A Military Journal, 167.
70. Thacher, A Military Journal, 168.
9. “THIS TERRIBLE DAY”
1. “Journal Found on Board the Hunter, Continental Ship, of Eighteen Guns,” Historical Magazine, and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History and Biography of America, vol. 8 (New York: John G. Shea, February 1864), 54.
2. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 323.
3. “A True Relation of the Facts Concerning the Penobscot Expedition,” in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:259.
4. Daily Orders, Head Quarters Majabigwaduce, August 12, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:453.
5. Capt. Hallet’s Statement, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:234.
6. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 29.
7. Saltonstall to Lovell, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:461.
8. General Lovell to the Council, August 13, 1779, in Kevitt, General Solomon Lovell, 108.
9. Nash, The Original Journal, 105.
10. John Campbell, Lives of the British Admirals: Containing an Accurate Naval History from the Earliest Periods, vol. 5 (London: C. J. Barrington, Strand, and J. Harris, 1817), 497.
11. Sir George Collier to General Sir Henry Clinton, August 24, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, vol. 2 (Dublin: John Falconer, 1906), 18.
12. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 196.
13. Sir George Collier to General Sir Henry Clinton, August 19, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, vol. 2, 12.
14. Brig. Gen. Francis McLean to Sir Henry Clinton, August 23, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, vol. 2, 16.
15. Minutes of a Council of War, August 14, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:470; Captain Hallet’s Statement, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:234.
16. Statement of John Cathcart, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:245.
17. Deposition of Titus Salter, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:214.
18. General Lovell to the Council, September 3, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:77.
19. Statement of Gilbert W. Speakman, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:322.
20. Ibid.
21. Sir George Collier to General Sir Henry Clinton, August 19, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 2:12.
22. Statement of Major Todd, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:297.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.; see also Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 221.
25. Sir George Collier to General Sir Henry Clinton, August 19, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 2:12.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., 13.
28. Testimony of Lieut. George Little, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:238.
29. Deposition of Titus Salter, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:214.
30. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 223.
31. Testimony of Joshua Davis, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:314.
32. General Lovell to the Council, September 3, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:77.
33. Deposition of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:206.
34. Peleg Wadsworth Brig. General to the President of the Council, August 19, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:29.
35. For a description of Wadsworth’s movements, see Statement of General Wadsworth, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:274–275; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 225–227; Testimony of Waterman Thomas, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:308.
36. Peleg Wadsworth to William D. Williamson, in Collections and Proceedings, 10:71.
37. Statement of General Wadsworth, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:276.
38. Ibid., 275.
39. See Ibid., 275–276, for Wadsworth’s account of the exchange between him and Revere.
40. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 88; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 228.
41. Deposition of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:207.
42. Deposition of Capt. Cushing, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:210.
43. Peleg Wadsworth to William D. Williamson, January 1, 1828, in Collections and Proceedings, 10:70.
44. Nash, The Original Journal, 105.
45. Deposition of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:207.
46. Testimony of Lieut. George Little, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:238; Testimony of Waterman Thomas, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:309.
47. Deposition of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:207.
48. Testimony of Waterman Thomas, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:309.
49. For accounts of the perils, rescue, and chase of the Samuel, see Testimony of Lieut. George Little, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:238–240; Testimony of Waterman Thomas, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:309–310; and Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 232–233.
50. Testimony of Lieut. George Little, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:240.
51. For accounts of the confrontation between George Little and Saltonstall, see Testimony of Lieut. George Little, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:240–241; Testimony of Waterman Thomas, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:310; and Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 234.
52. Testimony of Lieut. George Little, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:241.
53. Statement of Major Todd, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:297; see also Testimony of Waterman Thomas, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:311.
54. Deposition of Col. Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:207.
55. Statement of Capt. Williams, in Baxter, Documentary History,17:228.
56. Testimony of Capt. Philip Brown, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:288; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 238.
57. Ibid., 236.
58. Testimony of Waterman Thomas, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:311.
59. Testimony of Capt. Philip Brown, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:291.
60. Ibid.
61. Statement of John Cathcart, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:246.
10. OUTRAGE AND ALLEGATIONS
1. Brig. Gen. Francis McLean to Sir Henry Clinton, August 23, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 2:16.
2. Account of Thomas Philbrook, in Cowell, Spirit of ’76, 320.
3. Paul Revere to Rachel Walker Revere, August 1778, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1873–1875 (Cambridge, Mass.: John Wilson and Son, 1875), 252.
4. Peleg Wadsworth Brig. General to the President of the Council, August 19, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:30.
5. Ibid.
6. Statement of General Wadsworth, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:277.
7. Report of J. H. Allen, September 10, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:106.
8. Letter from General Lovell, August 28, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:61–63.
9. Ibid., 62.
10. General Lovell to the Council, September 3, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:78.
11. Account of Thomas Philbrook, in Cowell, Spirit of ’76, 320–321.
12. Statement of Lieut. Phillips, Baxter, in Documentary History, 17:344.
13. Sergeant Lawrence’s Journal, in Wheeler, History of Castine, 320.
14. Calef, “The Journal of the Siege,” 31.
15. Sir George Collier to General Sir Henry Clinton, August 24, 1779, in Report on American Manuscripts, 2:18–19.
16. “Proclamation of August 23, 1779,” Scots Magazine 41 (Edinburgh: A. Murray and J. Cochran, September 1779), 497.
17. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 100–101.
18. Ibid., 104.
19. Petition of Inhabitants of Lincoln, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:335.
20. Ibid., 334.
21. Ibid., 335.
22. John Murray to the Honorable Jeremiah Powell, August 21, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:44.
23. Flood writes, “That was to be the last order he was allowed to give to American soldiers in a field operation.” Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 241.
24. Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 102.
25. John Murray to the Hon. Jeremiah Powell, August 21, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:43.
26. Committee of Georgetown to Massachusetts Council, August 26, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:50.
27. Defence of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:217.
28. Gettemy, The True Story, xxvii.
29. President of Council to Brig. General Lovell, August 19, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:33–34.
30. Order to Brigadier General Lovell, August 19, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:33.
31. A Proclamation of the Massachusetts Council, August 19, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:25–26.
32. Powell to Jay, September 2, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:72.
33. Peleg Wadsworth Br. Gl. to the President of the Council, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:28.
34. Ibid., 28–29.
35. H. Jackson to Honorable Jeremiah Powell, Esq., August 22, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:46.
36. Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 476.
37. Abigail Adams to James Lovell, December 13, 1779, in Founding Families: Digital Editions of the Papers of the Winthrops and the Adamses, ed. C. James Taylor (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2007). http://www.masshist.org/ff/.
38. Goss, The Life, 2:328; Massachusetts Archives, vol. 145, 201.
39. Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 476.
40. State of Massachusetts Bay to His Excellency John Jay, September 21, 1997, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:158.
41. Committee of Safety for Falmouth to Honorable Jeremiah Powell, August 30, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:67.
42. Penobscot Indians to Committee, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:119.
43. Council to Colonel Thomas Crafts, August 26, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:51.
44. Defence of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:217.
45. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 325.
46. Ibid.; Triber, A True Republican, 138.
47. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 325.
48. Ibid.
49. Major John Rice to Gen. Horatio Gates, September 2, 1779, in Gates Papers, New York Historical Society, quoted in Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 245.
50. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 324.
51. Gen. Lovell to Massachusetts Council, August 28, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:61.
52. General Lovell to the Council, September 4, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:86.
53. Gen. Lovell to Massachusetts Council, August 29, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:65.
54. Ibid.
55. Israel Keith to William Heath, September 26, 1779, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 7th ser., vol. 4 (1894), 318. Keith wrote, “Nothing is more natural than for an old soldier to despise men in civil life who have never smelled powder and whom he looks upon as cowards.”
56. Powell to Jay, September 2, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:71.
57. Ibid., 72.
58. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 325.
59. Whittemore, The Heroes of the American Revolution, supp. to sect. 1, 31.
60. See chapter 8.
61. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
62. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 324.
63. Paul Revere to Council, Massachusetts Archives, vol. 201, 272; Gettemy, The True Story, 199.
64. Complaint of T. J. Carnes, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:87–88; Complaint of T. J. Carnes, in Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, quar. pt., no. 4, 381.
65. Order of Council, September 6, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:86–87.
11. “GREAT AND UNIVERSAL UNEASINESS”
1. Independent Chronicle, September 9, 1779, 3; Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 246.
2. Resolutions in House in re Penobscot Expedition, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:99–100.
3. Israel Keith to William Heath, September 26, 1779, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 7th ser., vol. 4 (1894), 318.
4. John Vance Cheney, “Revolutionary Letters: Third Paper: Major-General Artemas Ward and Others,” Scribner’s Monthly 11, no. 5 (March 1876): 712.
5. Israel Keith to William Heath, 318.
6. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
7. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 326.
8. Resolve of Council, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:166–167.
9. Cheney, “Revolutionary Letters,” 716.
10. See Buker, The Penobscot Expedition, 114–135.
11. See The Court Martial in re Capt. Saltonstall, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:155–156, for the procedural history of the case against Saltonstall.
12. Nash, The Original Journal, 82.
13. Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 478.
14. Abram English Brown, Faneuil Hall and Faneuil Hall Market (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1900), 139.
15. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 4–5.
16. See Herbert L. Osgood, The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1904), 187, for the use of depositions in legal proceedings and the sparse use of lawyers.
17. Orders to Brigadier General Lovell from the Council Chamber, July 2, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 16:320–321.
18. For the full content of Lovell’s testimony, see General Lovell’s Defence, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:185–187, 190–192.
19. Ibid., 186.
20. Ibid., 187.
21. Ibid., 186.
22. Ibid., 191.
23. Examination of Nathan Brown, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:188–189.
24. For the full content of Carnes’s testimony, see The Examination of Captain John Carnes Commander of the Ship Hector, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:189–190.
25. Deposition of Titus Salter, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:215.
26. Statement of Capt. Williams, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:230.
27. Capt. Hallet’s Statement, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:235.
28. Ibid., 236.
29. Testimony of Lieut. George Little, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:243.
30. Statement of John Cathcart, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:246.
31. Testimony of Joshua Davis, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:316.
32. Mr. Thomas Jenner Carnes’s Declaration, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, April 8, 1782.
33. Deposition of Ph. Marett, Ship Sky Rocket, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:208.
34. Deposition of J Whipple, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:271.
35. Statement of Andrew McIntyer, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:305–306.
36. Ibid., 305.
37. Deposition of Capt. Cushing, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:211.
38. Deposition of Capt. Cushing, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:210–211.
39. Ibid.
40. Statement of Capt. Williams, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:230.
41. Ibid.
42. Statement of General Wadsworth, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:272.
43. Ibid., 273.
44. Ibid., 275.
45. Ibid., 275–276.
46. Ibid., 275.
47. Ibid., 278.
48. Ibid., for Revere’s exchange with Wadsworth.
49. Ibid., 279, for Carnes’ exchange with Wadsworth.
50. Ibid.
51. Testimony of James Brown, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:280.
52. Ibid., 281.
53. Ibid.
54. Testimony of Capt. Carnes, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:282.
55. Ibid., 283.
56. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 326.
57. Testimony of Capt. Carnes, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:283.
58. Statement of Major Todd, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:300.
59. Ibid., 295.
60. Ibid., 298.
61. Ibid., 301.
62. Statement of Gilbert W. Speakman, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:321.
63. Ibid., 321–323, for Speakman’s allegations.
64. See Questions to General Lovell by Col. Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:319–321.
65. See Answers by General Lovell, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:339.
66. See Questions Asked by the Committee, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:340.
12. “DEARER TO ME THAN LIFE”
1. Petition of Samuel Burgess, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:350.
2. Representation of the Board of War, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:351–352.
3. For reference to all quotes, see Defence of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:215–224.
4. Ibid., 215.
5. Complaint of T. J. Carnes, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:88; Complaint of T. J. Carnes, in Collections and Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, quar. pt., no. 4, 381.
6. See Questions Asked by the Committee, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:340; Letter from Gen. Lovell, August 29, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:65.
13. JUDGMENT
1. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, A History of the American Revolution (Columbus, Ohio: Isaac N. Whiting, 1824), 140–147.
2. Samuel Eliot Morison, A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts (Wright and Potter, 1917), 19.
3. See Memorial to the General Court from the Town of Pittsfield, May 29, 1776, quoted in Morison, A History, 14.
4. Reverend William Gordon, the chaplain of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, attacked the 1778 Constitution in a series of articles that appeared in the Independent Chronicle and which resulted in Reverend Gordon’s dismissal from the General Court. “The Constitution, gentlemen,” he wrote, “is submitted to your consideration—but how? In the lump—take or reject the whole—no alteration is proposed. Neither is it preceded or accompanied with a declaration of rights.” Cornelius Dalton, Leading the Way: A History of the Massachusetts General Court 1629–1980 (Boston: Office of the Massachusetts Secretary of State, 1984), 51. Twenty-seven-year-old lawyer Theophilus Parson, in his pamphlet the Essex Result, eloquently set out the “true principles of government” as based on the political philosophies of John Locke and argued for the inclusion of certain natural and inalienable rights that must be set forth in a Bill of Rights. See Morison, A History, 16.
5. Morison, A History, 16.
6. Dalton, Leading the Way, 56.
7. Morison, A History, 19.
8. Ibid., 20.
9. Ibid.
10. For the entire report, see The Acts and Resolves of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, 1779–1780, vol. 21, chap. 459 (Boston: Wright and Potter, 1922), 216–217; see also Report of Committee on Expedition, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:358–360.
11. William D. Williamson writes, “Upon this report the General Court adjudged, “that Commodore Saltonstall be incompetent ever after, to hold a commission in the service of the State . . .” Williamson, The History of the State of Maine, 478.
14. MONUMENT OF DISGRACE
1. The Acts and Resolves of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, 1779–1780, vol. 21, chap. 459 (Boston: Wright and Potter, 1922), 218.
2. Paul Revere to William Heath, October 24, 1779, 326.
3. Petition of Col. Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:375.
4. Order of Committee of General Court, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:396.
5. For the full text of Revere’s diary, see Deposition of Col. Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:201–207.
6. Bernard Cornwell states in his “Historical Note” to The Fort, “I have no proof that this ‘diary’ was manufactured for the inquiry, but it seems very likely.” Cornwell, The Fort, 463.
7. Notice of General Court to Col. Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:431.
8. Questions Asked at Investigation, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:431.
9. See Testimony of Thomas Wait Foster, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:433, for all dialogue.
10. To His Excellency John Jay, September 21, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:158–159.
11. Letter Transmitting Resolution of Congress, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:445.
12. Report of Committee in re Col. Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:447–448.
13. Morison, A History, 20.
14. Ibid.; see also The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1836 (Boston: Charles Bowen, 1835).
15. Report of Committee, January 4, 1780, in James Phinney Baxter, Documentary History of the State of Maine: The Baxter Manuscripts, vol. 18 (Portland, Maine: Lefavor-Tower, 1914), 50.
16. See Gettemy, The True Story, 210.
17. Ibid.
18. Petition of Col Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:67–68.
19. Ibid., 68.
20. Ibid., 68.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Order of Council, January 21, 1780, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:85.
15. THE COURT-MARTIAL OF PAUL REVERE
1. George Washington to Joseph Reed, December 16, 1779, in William S. Baker, Itinerary of General Washington from June 15, 1775 to December 23, 1783 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1892), 169.
2. Charles Burr Todd, The Real Benedict Arnold (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1903), 196.
3. Representation of Council to the U.S. Congress Relative to Losses by Penobscot Expedition, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:91.
4. Ibid., 89–91.
5. Ibid., 91.
6. Paul Revere to the Council and General Court, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:135.
7. Order dated March 16, 1780, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:135.
8. Resolve of Council in the Case of Col. Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:140.
9. “The Militia Act: Together with the Rules and Regulations for the Militia,” chap. 10, sect. 14 of An Act for Forming and Regulating the Militia within the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay, in New England, in Province Laws of 1776 (Boston: J. Gill, 1776); see also Frederick Grant Jr., “The Court-Martial of Paul Revere,” Boston Bar Journal 21, no. 5 (May 1977): 8–9.
10. Order for Court Martial in Case of Col. Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:210.
11. Oliver Ayer Roberts, History of The Military Company of the Massachusetts Now Called the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts: 1637–1888 (Boston: Alfred Mudge and Son, 1897), 85.
12. Triber, A True Republican, 40, 67.
13. Ibid., 95.
14. Edward Proctor’s Application, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:218.
15. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
16. Forbes, Paul Revere, 364.
17. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
18. C. James Taylor, ed., Founding Families: Digital Editions of the Papers of the Winthrops and the Adamses (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2007). http://www.masshist.org/ff/.
19. Letter from Honorable James Lovell, Esq., April 17, 1780, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:220–221.
20. Abigail Adams to John Adams, February 26, 1780, in Taylor, Founding Families.
21. Paul Revere to Mathias Rivoire, October 6, 1781, in Gettemy, The True Story, 219.
22. Triber, A True Republican, 141.
23. Gettemy, The True Story, 237.
24. Petition of Paul Revere, in James Phinney Baxter, Documentary History of the State of Maine: The Baxter Manuscripts, vol. 19 (Portland, Maine: Lefavor-Tower, 1914), 97–98.
25. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
26. Goss, The Life, 2:387.
27. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
28. Jared Sparks, The Library of American Biography, vol. 13 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1847), 356–360.
29. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Paul Revere to Mathias Rivoire, October 6, 1781, in Gettemy, The True Story, 220.
33. Paul Revere to John Rivoire, July 1, 1782, in Gettemy, The True Story, 227–228.
34. Proceedings of Court Martial in Case of Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 19:428.
35. Frank A. Gardner, “Colonel Theophilus Cotton’s Regiment,” Massachusetts Magazine 3, no. 2 (April 1910): 105.
36. Proceedings of Court Martial in Case of Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 19:428.
37. Ibid., 428–429.
38. Ibid., 429.
39. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
40. Messieurs Printers, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 18, 1782.
41. Proceedings of Court Martial in Case of Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 19:429.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Messieurs Printers, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 18, 1782.
45. Proceedings of Court Martial in Case of Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 19:429.
46. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
47. Proceedings of Court Martial in Case of Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 19:429.
48. Isaac N. Arnold, The Life of Benedict Arnold: His Patriotism and His Treason (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1880), 257.
49. Joshua Thomas to Governor, in Baxter, Documentary History, 19:427–428.
50. Proceedings of Court Martial in Case of Paul Revere, in Baxter, Documentary History, 19:430.
51. Ibid.
EPILOGUE
1. Messieurs Printers, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 18, 1782.
2. Ibid.
3. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, March 25, 1782.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Mr. Gill, Continental Journal and Weekly Advertiser, April 4, 1782; “Mr. Thomas Jenner Carnes’s Declaration,” Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, April 8, 1782.
7. See, for example, his dispute with Thomas Fosdick, in Goss, The Life, 2:667.
8. Mr. Gill, Continental Journal and Weekly Advertiser, April 4, 1782; “Mr. Thomas Jenner Carnes’s Declaration,” Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, April 8, 1782.
9. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, April 8, 1782.
10. Mr. Gill, Continental Journal and Weekly Advertiser, April 11, 1782.
11. Ibid.
12. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, April 15, 1782.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Mr. Gill, Continental Journal and Weekly Advertiser, April 18, 1782.
16. Messieurs Edes, Boston Gazette and the Country Journal, April 15, 1782.
17. Report of William Lithgow Junior, October 15, 1779, in Baxter, Documentary History, 17:387.
18. James Lovell Enclosing Letter of George Washington to Massachusetts Council, April 21, 1780, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:228.
19. See A Proclamation, in Baxter, Documentary History, 18:222–224.
20. Horace Andrew Wadsworth, Two Hundred and Fifty Years of the Wadsworth Family in America (Lawrence, Mass.: Eagle Steam, 1883), 44–45.
21. Ibid., 45.
22. Flood, Rise, and Fight Again, 250.
23. Wadsworth, Two Hundred and Fifty Years, 49.
24. Simon Goodell Griffin, The History of Keene, New Hampshire (Keene, N.H.: Sentinel, 1904), 294.
25. Ibid., 546.
26. Advertisement, Boston Evening-Post and the General Advertiser, June 14, 1783.
27. Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, Register of Members (Springfield, Mass.: F. A. Bassette, 1916), 118.
28. Nash, The Original Journal, 89–90.
29. Kevitt, General Solomon Lovell, 21.
30. Forbes, Paul Revere, 360.
31. Gettemy, The True Story, 244; Leehey, Reconstructing Paul Revere, 30.
32. Gettemy, The True Story, 241–242; Peter Harvey, Reminiscences and Anecdotes of Daniel Webster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1878), 382.
33. Fisher Ames to Paul Revere, April 26, 1789, quoted in Goss, The Life, 2:460.
34. Leehey, Reconstructing Paul Revere, 31.
35. Ibid.; Gettemy, The True Story, 244.
36. Leehey, Reconstructing Paul Revere, 31.
37. Steblecki, Fraternity, Philanthropy, and Revolution, 132–135.
38. Federhen, From Artisan to Entrepreneur, 84.
39. Deaths, New-England Galaxy, May 15, 1818.
40. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 331–332.
41. Ibid., 331.
42. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Tales of a Wayside Inn (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863), 20.