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acetaminophen (paracetamol), 27, 120, 125, 127–28
acupuncture, 237, 319
acute illness, acute injury, 21, 28, 46, 78, 80–81, 83, 343
adaptation, 169, 179
adaptogens, 306, 343
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 214, 225, 343
adipocytes, 246–47, 254–60, 343
adipokines, 247, 304, 318, 343
adipose tissue, 246–49, 251. See also fats
adrenaline, 169–70, 225, 343
advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), 242, 343
adverse drug reactions (ADRs), 25–28, 123, 125, 127, 185, 265, 273, 343
aerobic metabolism, 214
agammaglobulinemia, 163
aging. See biological aging
albumin, 190, 308, 343
alcohol, 120, 127, 269, 300, 302
allergies, 71, 153, 253
see also food allergies, food sensitivities
allopathic medicine, 53
allostasis, allostatic load, 169–71, 187, 226, 249, 269, 270–71, 283, 285, 306, 323–24, 343
see also stress
Alzheimer’s disease, 13, 63–66, 94, 108, 130–31, 221, 222, 223, 299, 323, 343
amino acids, 157, 190, 217, 308–9, 343
amylase, 103, 343
amylopectin, 310, 343
amylose, 310, 343
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig’s disease), 131, 221
analgesics, 125
Andrographis paniculata, 143, 157
anemia, 104, 191, 344
animals, vitamin C produced in, 158
ankylosing spondylitis, 155, 344
antacid drugs, 104, 185
antecedents, 93, 94
antibiotics, 2, 4, 8, 22–23, 344
antibodies, 152–53, 155–56
antidepressant drugs, 54, 185
antihypertensive drugs, 15–16, 27
anti-inflammatory drugs, 27, 85
antioxidants, 216–17, 220, 221, 231, 315, 344
anxiety, 102, 115
ApoE4 gene, 63–64, 65–66, 222, 344
artery walls, injury to, 195–96, 197
arthritis, 3, 16–17, 27, 91–92, 181–82, 221, 242, 309, 344
see also autoimmune arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis
artificial sweeteners, 206, 300
ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 128, 157–59, 164, 216, 217, 231, 282, 302, 314
Ashwagandha, 306, 344
aspirin, 173
assessment, 92–96
assimilation and elimination, 87, 94, 101–18, 105, 135, 144, 304
brain and, 107–9, 111–14
Four R Program for, 115–18, 296
process of, 102–4
self-assessment questionnaire for, 101, 296–98
asthma, 3, 71, 253, 322, 344
atherosclerosis, 196, 198, 309–10
attention deficit disorders, 3, 71, 344
autism, autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), 3, 7, 50, 55, 57–63, 71, 344
autoimmune arthritis, 71
autoimmune diseases, 3, 113, 146–48, 150, 151–52, 155–56, 163–64, 301–2, 324, 344
Avandia, 25, 26
Ayurvedic medicine, 43n, 236–37, 265, 344
bacteria, 23, 88, 153, 267
intestinal (see enteric microflora)
mitochondria as, 47–48
bacteriological revolution, 2, 4, 9, 96, 267, 321
Baker, Sidney MacDonald, 60, 61–62, 115, 136
Baseline Seven-Day Eating Plan, 327–42
B cells, 153, 157, 163, 344
Beal, Flint, 222
beige fat, 255, 256
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 306, 344
beriberi, 259, 281
berries, 157, 178, 183, 197, 198, 217, 255
Bettelheim, Bruno, 59
bile, 103, 193, 297
bioenergetics. See energy
bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT), 306, 345
biological aging, 29–31, 34–35, 179, 212, 282, 317–18, 345
metabolism and, 214, 215–19, 226, 229–30
oxidative stress and, 215, 226, 229–30, 231
biomarkers, 34–38, 93–94, 172, 187, 204, 224, 295, 345
bisphenol-A (BPA), 132–34, 139, 249, 252, 286, 345
Blackburn, Elizabeth, 280, 281
Bland, Justin, 6–7
bloodstream
cellular transport and, 190
cholesterol levels in, 192, 195, 196, 200–201, 283, 295, 312
glucose levels in, 35, 65, 107, 108, 204, 241, 257, 260, 282, 295, 310, 311, 312
blue zones, 75, 96–97, 183, 225–26, 227
Blum, Susan, 361
body
electromagnetic field of, 238–39
as network of organ systems, 4–5, 13, 85, 295, 322
body mass index (BMI), 316, 345
bone density, bone loss, 3, 80, 107, 258, 260, 345
see also osteoporosis
Boswellia serrata (frankincense), 176, 345
botanical medicines, 23, 87, 96, 177, 207, 208
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 243–45, 345
brain, brain function, 88, 313
assimilation and elimination process and, 107–9, 111–14
caustic oxidant damage to, 221–22
LDL and, 193
lead and, 141
stress and, 169
BRCA mutation, 32, 345
breast cancer, 32, 139, 163, 246
Bredesen, Dale, 64–65, 66
broccoli, 138, 139, 300
brown fat, 254–60
brussels sprouts, 96, 138, 300
cabbage, 138
cadmium, 141, 286
caffeine, 119, 124–25, 300
calcium, 159, 161, 255, 256, 257, 279, 295, 319
calorie fallacy, obesity and, 248–51, 260, 318
calorie restriction (CR), 227–29, 345
calories, empty, 267–68
canary-in-the-mineshaft syndrome, 123–24, 143–44
cancer, 32, 34n, 37, 50, 55, 139, 153, 159, 163, 246, 280, 281, 299, 322, 345
caustic oxidants and, 221
kinases and, 179–80
carbohydrates, 103, 231, 309, 310–11, 345
cellular transport of, 190, 191, 202–8, 308
cardiovascular disease (CVD), 89, 94, 96, 257–58, 280, 299, 309, 312, 323
cardiovascular fitness, 283
Carson, Rachel, 129–30, 131–32, 252
catalase, 216, 345
cauliflower, 96, 138
celiac disease, 94, 151, 155, 345
dementia and, 112–13, 151
cell phones, 239–40, 272, 286
cells, 88, 95
membrane of, 177
nutrition of (see cellular transport)
receptors on, 88, 92, 166, 174, 177, 238, 242
cellular communications, 88–89, 94, 165–87
diet and, 184, 305–6
hormones in, 166, 167, 168–71, 203–4, 304–5
imbalances in, 95, 168–71, 179, 184, 186, 304–6
inflammation and, 171–75, 187
phytonutrients and, 175–78, 180–82, 305
resistance in, 166–67, 169–70, 242
self-assessment questionnaire for, 165, 303–7
stress and, 168–71, 179, 186, 187, 271, 304, 306
cellular function, deterioration of, 67–68
cellular transport, 89, 94, 189–209
of carbohydrates, 190, 191, 202–8
diet and, 190, 191, 278, 308–12
environment and, 190, 191
of fats (see fat transport)
hormones in, 190, 278
lifestyle and, 190, 191
of proteins, 190, 191, 308
self-assessment questionnaire for, 189, 307–12
cell wall synthesis, 23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 19, 57–58, 249
central obesity, 204, 246–47, 318
Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 163
chelation, 142, 345
Cheney, Paul, 223–24, 225
childhood health disorders
increased rate of, 70–71, 253
obesity, 71, 133, 253
toxic exposure and, 141, 144
see also specific diseases
chimpanzee genome, 50, 55
Chinese medicine. See traditional Chinese medicine
chiropractic, 237, 238, 319
chocolate, 120, 300
cholecystokinin, 106, 107, 346
cholesterol, 93–94, 185, 192, 346
blood levels of, 192, 195, 196, 200–201, 283, 295, 312
diet and, 197–200
essential functions of, 192–93
imbalance in, 193–94, 197, 199–200
statins and, 194–200
stress and, 193–94
see also HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol; VLDL cholesterol
chromosomes, 45, 280, 346
chromosome 6, 154–55
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 3, 223–26, 232, 285, 346
chronic illnesses, 2–4, 19, 346
antecedents of, 93, 94
complex symptom profiles of, 3, 24, 76–77, 80, 81, 94, 167, 187
cost of, 19, 21–22, 81, 322
genes and (see gene-environment interaction)
genomics revolution and, 32–41, 235, 263, 266, 267, 321, 326
as global health crisis, 8, 9, 13, 18–21, 30, 321, 324
mediators and, 93, 94, 166
chronic illnesses (cont.)
multiple causes of, 3, 24, 264
palliation of, 77, 80
pharmaceutical industry and, 23–25
pharmaceuticals and, 33, 39–40, 80, 94, 95, 185–86
self-management of, 22, 39, 40–41 (see also personalized health-management program)
standard medical model and, 21–22, 32, 46, 77
as worsening over time, 3, 25
chyme, 103, 346
cinnamon, 255, 311
circulatory system, 85, 89, 141, 182, 346
citrus, 116, 279
cocaine, 131
cod liver oil, 199, 209
coenzyme Q10, 95, 196, 209, 224, 225, 231, 314, 346
commensal enteric bacteria, 103–4
community, health and, 75, 96–97, 225–26
compression of morbidity, 30, 346
congenital IgA deficiency, 163
conjugases, 126, 127, 131, 139, 142, 216, 346
constipation, 104, 112
Corey, Robert, 233, 244
cortisol, 193, 249, 305
Cotton, Henry, 111–12
COX-1, COX-2 (cyclooxygenase), 173, 175–76, 182, 185, 346
Craft, Suzanne, 65, 222
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 244, 346
Crick, Francis, 49
cross-training, 218–19, 220, 231
cruciferous vegetables, 95–96, 138–39, 140, 290, 300, 305
curcumin, 140, 143, 176, 227, 302, 314
cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2), 173, 175–76, 182, 185, 346
Cymbalta, 91–92
cysteine, 128, 142, 217
Cytochrome P450 system (CYP450), 121–22, 124–25, 126, 127, 131, 139, 142, 161, 346
cytokines, 172, 174, 304, 346
daidzein, 305, 347
dairy products, 61, 279, 297
DALY (disability-adjusted life year), 20
Darwin, Charles, 44, 326
Davis, Devra, 134n, 239
Defeat Autism Now (DAN), 60, 61–62
defense process, 88, 94, 144, 145–64, 153, 249, 304, 324
imbalance in, 290, 301
self-assessment questionnaire for, 145–46, 300–303
see also immune system
DeLuca, Hector, 161, 162
dementia, 3, 26, 51, 85, 191, 232, 243, 246, 268, 280, 347
celiac disease and, 112–13, 151
cost of, 322–23
depression, 3, 16, 20, 27, 51, 54, 91–92, 193, 291, 347
detoxification, 87–88, 94, 118, 119–44, 216, 250, 254, 276, 304, 324, 347
diet and, 120, 138–44, 299–300
environment and, 120–23, 136–40, 144, 299
genetic heritage and, 120, 124–25, 144
imbalances in, 95, 122, 135, 290, 311
obesity and, 249
process of, 126–29, 128
program for, 135–44
self-assessment questionnaire for, 119, 298–300
of toxic minerals, 140–43, 144
diabetes, type 1, 203, 347
diabetes, type 2, 3, 13, 71, 94, 191, 195, 209, 255, 268, 280, 299, 312, 323, 347
BPA and, 133
diet and lifestyle and, 203, 243
as global epidemic, 20, 251, 322
insulin resistance and, 203–4, 232, 242, 283, 309
medical foods for, 96
metabolic syndrome and, 203–7
obesity and, 246, 250–51
Pima Indians and, 83–84, 205
statins and, 85
testing for, 35, 37, 241
diabetes, “type 3,” 65
diagnosis, 347
diet, 67, 93, 259, 280
calorie-restricted, 227–29
cellular communications and, 184, 305–6
cellular transport and, 190, 191, 278, 308–12
cholesterol and, 197–200
detoxification and, 120, 138–44, 299–300
diabetes and, 203, 243
energy and, 315–16
genetic expression and, 6, 37–38, 57–73, 83–84, 140, 160, 187, 199, 277–78, 321
glycemic load and, 205–6, 257, 259, 260, 268, 310
immune system and, 150, 156–63, 302–3
Mediterranean-style, 205, 257, 268–69, 280–81, 298, 309, 315, 323, 353
metabolic syndrome and, 205–7
overconsumptive undernutrition in, 267–68
in personalized health-management program, 95–96, 149, 266–69, 278–80, 327–42
plant-based, 75, 220, 223, 226
structure and, 235, 253, 256, 257, 260, 318–19
vegetarian, 183, 279
see also environment
digestive enzyme supplements, 116, 297, 298
digestive system, 101–18, 148, 182, 347
immune and nervous systems linked to, 102, 104, 113, 118
diindolylmethane (DIM), 305, 306, 347
dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), 143, 347
disease, 8
as delusion, 13, 36–37
diversity, 178–79
DNA, 49
caustic oxidant damage to, 221, 224
mitochondrial, 45, 46–47, 214–15, 353
noncoding, 54–56, 352, 354
docasahexaenoic acid (DHA), 199, 282, 347
Don’t Eat Your Heart Out Cookbook (Piscatella), 310
Down syndrome, 347
downtime, health and, 225–26
drug abuse, 269, 317–18
drugs, prescription. See pharmaceuticals
duodenal ulcer, 3, 347
duodenum, 103
dysbiosis, 110, 112, 347
Echinacea purpurea, 157, 302
ecosystems, diversity in, 178–79
eczema, 115, 253
eggs, 116, 143, 279
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 199, 282, 347
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 224
electrocardiogram (EKG), 34–35, 238, 347
electroencephalogram (EEG), 238
electromagnetic fields, 238–40, 260
electromagnetic pollution, 239–40
elimination. See assimilation and elimination
Eliot, Robert S., 271, 284
Endo, Akira, 194–95
endocrine disruptors, 133–34
endocrine system, 85, 91–92, 106, 118, 299, 347
endosymbiotic theory, 47–48, 347
endothelial dysfunction (ED), 348
endotoxemia, 114–15, 324, 348
endotoxins, 134–35, 143–44
energy (bioenergetics), 89, 103, 202, 211–32, 248, 276, 304, 344–45
calorie restriction and, 227–29
chronic fatigue syndrome and, 223–26, 232
mitochondria as producers of, 213–15, 213, 232, 251, 254, 313
self-assessment questionnaire for, 211, 312–16
enteric microflora, 103–4, 106, 110, 111, 118, 134–35, 268, 297, 324, 348
enteric nervous system, 106–7, 111
environment, 67, 93, 251
autism and, 59–63
cellular transport and, 190, 191
chronic illness and, 33
detoxification and, 120–23, 136–40, 299
genetic expression and (see gene-environment interaction)
health and, 129–30
organ reserve and, 30–31
personalized modification of, 72–73, 96, 266–67, 272, 285–87
see also diet; lifestyle
enzymes
as antioxidants, 216–17
digestive, 116, 297, 298
epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 160, 227, 314
epigenome, epigenetics, 66–73, 235, 287, 326, 348
inheritable changes to, 71–72, 252–53
see also gene-environment interaction; genetic expression
Epstein-Barr virus, 348
erectile dysfunction, 15–16, 196–97
erythromelalgia, 146–48, 163, 348
esophageal reflux, 104
essential fatty acids, 297, 348
estrogen, 26, 138–39, 193, 249, 257
imbalance of, 148, 171, 187, 305
evolution, 44–45, 47–48, 55, 186, 324, 326
excretion, 87, 103, 121, 126, 143, 193
exercise, 9, 96, 311, 313
aerobic vs. anaerobic, 218–19, 220, 231, 259, 270, 283
excessive, 221, 270
genetic expression and, 238
heart disease and, 200, 201
metabolism and, 217–19, 226, 255–56, 315–16
in personalized health-management program, 96, 269–70, 282–83
structure and, 235, 255–56, 259, 260, 319
exotoxins, 143–44
family health history, 277–78
fatigue, 15–16, 112–13
fats, 103, 114, 190, 228, 231, 279, 298, 324, 348
angry, 247–48, 251, 255, 283, 318–19, 324
brown, 254–60
digestion of, 193, 297
saturated and trans, 148, 222, 223, 268, 278, 297
see also adipocytes; adipose tissue
fat transport, 190, 191–201, 308, 323
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), 208
fiber, dietary, 104, 268, 279, 300, 305, 311
fibromyalgia, 3, 348
fight-or-flight response, 168–69, 179
fish, 75, 143, 198, 278, 300, 305, 309
fish oil, 116, 198–99, 255, 292
see also omega-3 fatty acids
5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 51, 54, 62–63
FKBP5 gene, 285
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH), 214, 348
flavonoids, 198, 273, 348
Fleming, Alexander, 194
folic acid, 51, 54, 62–63, 157, 159, 281, 290, 314
food allergies, food sensitivities, 116, 148, 268, 287, 348
autism and, 61–62
personalized health-care management and, 278–79, 290
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 26, 52, 96, 185, 208
food and nutrition, 103, 104, 105
deficiencies of, 118, 159
and detoxification effectiveness, 126–27
fried, 279, 297
heat and, 242–43, 279
as information, 245, 246, 318, 319
medical, 96
organic, 181, 183, 272, 278, 300
processed, 182–84, 187, 228, 253, 268, 272, 278, 279
see also diet
Food and Nutrition Board, 157, 159
Four R Program, 115–18, 135, 296, 297–98
Framingham Heart Study, 192
free radicals, 215–16, 222, 229, 348
Fries, James, 29–31
fructans, 104, 348
function, structure and, 105, 156, 231, 233–34, 234, 235, 236, 240–46, 251, 252–54, 255, 258, 260, 317
functional medicine, 4–6, 43, 84, 115, 265–66, 266, 348–49
assessment in, 92–96
cellular communication and, 186
gene-environment interaction as focus of, 96, 163–64, 264, 322
as paradigm shift, 4, 56, 82, 96–97, 326
physiological core and, 90
resources for, 361–64
as systems-based, 13, 85–86, 99, 257, 263, 322
see also personalized health-management program
Functional Medicine Clinical Research Center, 94–96, 257, 275, 289
Funk, Casimir, 159–60
Gaia hypothesis, 47, 349
Gajdusek, Carleton, 244–45
Galland, Leo, 115, 367
gallstones, 297
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, GGTP), 94, 250, 316, 349
garlic, 143, 157, 302, 311
Garrod, Archibald Edward, 44, 45
gastric reflux, 3, 349
gastrins, 106, 349
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 297
gastrointestinal inhibitory peptide, 107
Gaucher’s disease, 45, 349
gene-environment interaction, 5, 6, 8, 31–34, 36–38, 48, 56, 66–67, 181, 187, 256, 258, 263–64, 278, 321
autoimmune disease and, 151–52, 155–56, 163–64
diabetes and, 203
diet and lifestyle and, 6, 57–73, 83–84, 140, 151, 277–78
as focus of functional medicine, 96, 163–64, 264, 322
metabolism and, 53, 83–84
mitochondrial function and, 214–15, 217
structure and, 235, 318–19
system imbalances and, 85, 163–64, 175, 264
general adaptation syndrome (GAS), 169–71, 349
genes, 5, 349
heritability of, 31–33, 45, 72
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 286–87, 349
genetic determinism, 31–33, 43, 45–46, 48, 50, 63–66, 150, 264, 326, 349
genetic expression, 5, 50, 267, 285, 304–5, 317–18, 326, 349
calorie restriction and, 228–29
diet and, 6, 37–38, 57–73, 83–84, 140, 160, 187, 199, 277–78, 321
intercellular signal transduction and, 174–75
lifestyle and, 6, 36–38, 57–73, 187, 277–78, 321
manipulative therapy and, 237–38
phytonutrients and, 175–78, 180–81, 184, 186, 226–27, 229, 323
structure and, 235, 318–19
uniqueness of, 6, 36–37, 56, 86, 122, 147, 148, 151, 187, 190, 265, 324
see also epigenome, epigenetics
genetic heritage, 95, 120, 124–25, 144, 147, 277–78, 291–92
genetic potential, 6, 29, 86, 97, 208, 264, 321
genetic testing, 291–92
genistein, 140, 305, 349
genome, 50, 124, 221, 322, 324, 349
mapping of, 48, 49–50, 72
genomics, 5, 13, 349
as revolutionary approach to chronic illnesses, 32–41, 235, 263, 266, 267, 321, 326
genotype, 5, 56, 72, 349
germ theory, 2, 5, 6, 349
ghrelin, 106, 107, 350
ginger, 176, 350
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLR-1), 107, 108–9, 350
glucose, 190, 202, 241, 350
blood levels of, 35, 65, 107, 108, 204, 241, 257, 260, 268, 282, 295, 310, 311, 312
glucose test, 350
glucose transport, 202, 204, 209, 308, 309, 311, 323
metabolic syndrome and, 203–7, 309, 311
phytonutrients and, 206–8, 209
glucosinolates, 138–39, 140, 350
glucuronidation, 139, 350
glutathione, 127, 128, 216–17, 250, 290, 316
gluten, 61, 62, 112–14, 116, 148, 151, 279, 302, 350
glycation, 241–46
glycemic load, 205–6, 257, 260, 268, 310, 350
glycotoxins, 242–43, 260, 279, 350
goats, vitamin C produced in, 158
gout, 3, 77, 94, 95, 350
grains, 33, 61, 112, 116, 136, 140, 148, 217, 279, 297, 308, 310
grapes, 140, 143, 227, 255, 300, 314
green tea, 140, 143, 160, 227, 255, 300, 314
Guarneri, Mimi, 361
handedness, 245–46
Harman, Denham, 215–16, 222, 229
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 155, 350
Hays, Bethany, 361
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, 94, 190, 192, 193, 195, 198, 200, 201, 204, 206, 283, 309, 350
headaches, 15–16, 115, 219, 297
health, 8, 34, 263
community and, 75, 96–97, 225–26
downtime and, 225–26
environment and, 129–30
illness vs. wellness in, 264–65
management of (see personalized health-management program)
health-care system, 71
basis of (see standard medical model)
health insurance, 16
health self-assessment questionnaires, 10–12, 99, 277, 292–96
for assimilation and elimination, 101, 296–98
for cellular communications, 165, 303–7
for cellular transport, 189, 307–12
for defense process, 145–46, 300–303
for detoxification, 119, 298–300
for energy, 211, 312–16
for structure, 233, 316–19
health span, 13, 75, 96–97, 225–26, 350
Healthy Aging Longitudinal in Europe study (HALE), 269
heart attacks, 9, 50, 80, 83, 85
heart disease, 3, 9, 13, 26, 34–35, 51, 80, 93–94, 161, 191, 195, 209, 242, 257, 268, 313, 322
caustic oxidants and, 221
exercise and, 200, 201
fat transport and, 191–201
increased incidence of, 20
NSAIDs and, 173
obesity and, 246
risk factors for, 192, 195, 222
Helicobacter pylori, 297, 350
hematocrit, 308, 350
hemoglobin, 240
hemoglobin A1c (glycohemoglobin), 37, 94, 241, 242, 295, 309, 311, 350
herbicides, 179, 183, 286
high blood pressure, 3, 15–17, 27, 77, 94, 95, 204, 283, 299, 350–51
high-fructose corn sweeteners, 255, 298, 351
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), 37, 94, 171–72, 173, 187, 309, 351
Hippocrates, 43n, 263
Holick, Michael, 161–62, 257
Holliday, Robin, 69–70
Holman, Halsted, 40–41
homeostasis, 168, 169, 170
homocysteine, 37, 94, 351
hops, 140, 143, 176, 181, 207, 227, 255, 300, 311
hormesis, 226–27, 229, 252, 285–86
hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 26, 351
hormones, 106, 111, 249, 351
in cellular communication, 166, 167, 168–71, 187, 203–4, 304–5
in cellular transport, 190, 278
steroid, 193, 304
Houston, Mark, 383n
Human Genome Project, 48, 49–50, 52, 53, 69, 72, 351
humulones, isohumulones, 140, 143, 176, 181, 207, 227, 255, 351
hydroxyapatite, 235–36, 256
hygiene, 44, 272
Hyman, Mark, xiii, 361, 368
hypochlorite, 220, 351
hypoxia, 220–21
ibuprofen, 27, 173
Ikaria, 75–76, 96–97, 183, 225, 228
illness, symptoms vs. causes of, 6
immune surveillance, 153–54
immune system, 36, 88, 91–92, 135, 145–64, 220, 301–3, 304, 351
balance in, 148, 149, 154–55, 156–63, 297, 301–2
diet and, 150, 156–63, 302–3
nervous and gastrointestinal systems linked to, 102, 104, 113, 118
stress and, 150, 324–25
toxic exposure and, 130, 141, 144, 299
immune system, gastrointestinal, 104–7, 247, 152
autism and, 60–61
immunity
cell-mediated, 152, 301
humoral, 152–53, 301
innate, 110–11, 351
immunization, 2, 4
indigestion, 296–97
indole-3 carbinol (I3C), 95, 305, 306, 351
infection, 88, 301
infectious diseases, 1–2, 4, 20, 21, 22–23, 80–81, 83, 164, 240, 267, 321
inflammation, 94, 164, 172n, 236, 247, 259, 260, 268, 301, 302, 304, 306, 316, 318, 323, 351
AGEs and, 242
of artery walls, 195–96, 197
cellular communication and, 171–75, 187
chronic, 37, 172
diet and, 148, 257–58
glycotoxins and, 242–43
inflammatory bowel disease, 3, 96, 117, 351
Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential, 6–8
insulin, 107, 108, 187, 190, 202, 205, 209, 257, 268, 282, 290, 304, 311, 352
insulin resistance, 202–4, 222, 232, 242, 255, 259, 283, 305, 309, 311, 312, 316, 323, 352
intercellular signal transduction, 174–75
interleukin 1, 172, 184
interleukin 6, 172
intermediates, 126, 139
iron, 104, 128, 157, 254, 279, 300
irritable bowel syndrome, 104
ischemic heart disease, 20, 352
islets of Langerhans, 202, 203, 352
isohumulones, humulones, 140, 143, 176, 181, 207, 227, 255, 351
Jacobs, David, 249–50, 252
James, Jill, 62, 63
Jirtle, Randy, 69–70, 375n
joint pain, 199, 274
Jones, David, 115, 366
kale, 95, 96
kidney disease, 3, 27, 80, 96, 173, 243, 246, 299, 309, 322
kidneys, 104, 140, 182
kinases, kinase network, 174–75, 176, 177–82, 184, 352
Koch, Robert, 1–2, 44
Kupffer cells, 113, 352
kuru, 244–45
lactic acid, 219, 352
Landsteiner, Karl, 155–56
L-arginine, 157
L cells, 108, 352
LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, 190, 192, 193–98, 200, 201, 206, 352
oxidation of, 195–96, 197, 198–99, 201
lead, 141, 286
leaky gut syndrome, 114–15
Lee, Duk-Hee, 249–50, 252
leg cramps, nocturnal, 77, 94
legumes, 95, 268, 300, 308, 311
L-glutamine, 116
Libby, Peter, 171–72
life expectancy, life span, 2, 70–71, 228, 352
in blue zones, 75, 96–97, 225–26
increase in, 13, 18, 28, 30
lifestyle, 33, 67, 93
cellular communication and, 184
cellular transport and, 190, 191
dementia and, 322–23
detoxification and, 120
diabetes and, 203
diet and, 253
genetic expression and, 6, 36–38, 57–73, 187, 277–78, 321
heart attacks and, 9
immune system and, 150, 164
organ reserve and, 30–31
personalized health-management program and, 96, 186, 266–67, 269–71
sedentary, 254
structure and, 318–19
see also environment
ligaments, 89–90
Lipitor, 195
Lipman, Frank, 361
lipoic acid, 95, 224, 225, 231, 314, 352
lipoproteins, 65, 190, 192, 201
see also HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol; VLDL cholesterol
Lister, Joseph, 1–2
liver, 113, 121, 126, 185, 190, 192, 195
acetaminophen and, 127–28
liver diseases, 3, 27
lungs, 104
lupus. See systemic lupus erythematosus
Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), 352
lymphatic (glandular) system, 89, 152, 201, 352
lymphatic transport, 200–201, 209
macular degeneration, age-related (AMD), 3, 312, 352
mad cow disease, 243–45
magnesium, 217, 300
Maillard reaction, 242, 352–53
major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 154–55
manipulative therapy, 201, 209, 237–38, 319
Margulis, Lynn, 47–48
marijuana use, 130–31
massage, 201, 237, 319
Matson, Wayne, 221–22
McEwen, Bruce, 168n, 169
Mechnikov, Ilya I., 109–11, 115n
mediators, 93, 94, 166, 184, 278
medical foods, 96, 206–8, 273
medical schools, acute illness as focus of, 21
Medicare, 16, 18
medicine, integration of Western and Eastern, 265–66, 326
Mediterranean diet, 205, 257, 268–69, 280–81, 298, 309, 315, 323, 353
Mendel, Gregor, 44
menopause, 16, 25–26, 304–5, 353
mercury, 141, 142–43, 286
metabolic diseases, increased incidence of, 20, 322
metabolic syndrome, 203–7, 309, 311, 312, 353
metabolism, 213–14, 231, 299
biological aging and, 214, 215–19, 226, 229–30, 231
by-products of, 121, 144
exercise and, 217–19, 226, 255–56, 315–16
gene-environment interaction and, 53, 83–84
oxygen in, 215–16
pharmaceuticals and, 23–24, 26–27
metallothioneins, 142, 143, 353
methylcobalamine (B12), 62–63, 69, 104, 279, 281, 290, 314
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), 51, 54, 353
Meydani, Simin, 160, 163
microvilli, 105, 353
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, 284–85, 290, 305, 306
minerals, 191, 231, 353
toxic, 140–43, 144
Minich, Deanna, 178n, 323, 361, 381n, 384n, 394n
mitochondria, 89, 315–16, 353
calorie restriction and, 227–29
caustic oxidants produced by, 221–23, 224, 229–30, 250, 315
electromagnetic fields and, 238
endosymbiotic theory of, 47–48
energy produced by, 213–31, 213, 232, 251, 254, 313 (see also metabolism)
genetic imperfections in, 225
phytonutrients and, 226–27, 229, 231
POPs and, 249, 251, 311
mitochondrial biogenesis, 217–18
mitochondrial DNA, 45, 46–47, 214–15, 313, 353
mitochondrial resuscitation, 225, 232, 313–14
molecular diseases, 233–34, 240
“Molecular Medicine” (Pauling), 233–34
molecular toxicology, 131–32
Monro, Jean, 137–38
mood swings, 26, 106, 170, 171, 193, 297, 305, 313
morbidity, compression of, 30, 346
MPTP, 130–31, 353
mucopolysaccharides, 162–63, 353
mucosal barrier, 114–15, 116
multiple sclerosis (MS), 114, 150, 353–54
muscle, 258–59, 313, 319
mushrooms, 160, 162–63, 302
N-acetyl carnitine, 225, 314
N-acetylcysteine, 95, 225, 231, 290, 300, 314, 354
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 249–50
native structure, 245–46
natural selection, 44–45, 326, 354
nervous system, 85, 88, 354
caustic oxidants and, 221–22
gastrointestinal and immune systems linked to, 102, 104, 113, 118, 149 (see also enteric nervous system)
toxic exposure and, 130, 141, 144, 299
neurodegenerative diseases, 221–22, 243–45, 299
neurological disorders, 3, 114
neurosteroids, 193, 209
neurotransmitters, 27, 106, 166, 304, 354
Newton, Roger, 195
niacin (vitamin B3), 198, 217, 281, 314
nicotinamide dinucleotide (NADH), 214, 354
Nightingale, Florence, 44
noncoding DNA, 54–56, 352, 354
nonionizing radiation, 239, 286
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 125, 173–76, 181, 182, 185, 354
nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB), 174, 175
nutraceuticals, 96, 273, 354
nutrigenomics, 51–52, 184, 354
nutrition. See food and nutrition
nutritional deficiency diseases, 118, 159
nutritional supplements, 95, 116, 164, 257, 268, 273, 300, 302
in baseline diet, 280–82
SKRMs in, 183–84
Nutrition and Physical Degeneration (Price), 253
obesity, 268, 354
calorie fallacy of, 248–51, 260, 318
central, 204, 246–47, 318
childhood, 71, 133, 253
diabetes and, 246, 250–51
as global epidemic, 56
POPs and, 250–51, 252–53, 260
as structural problem, 246–48, 318
obesogens, 251, 252–56, 354
obstructive pulmonary disorder, 3, 354
olive oil, 75, 198, 227, 255, 309, 323
omega-3 fatty acids, 116, 157, 160, 198–99, 209, 227, 231, 255, 268, 278, 281–82, 302, 303, 309
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 44, 326
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 35
organic foods, 181, 183, 272, 278, 300
organ reserve, 29, 354
diminishment of, 29–31, 179
measurement of, 34–35, 281–82
organ systems, 78–80
body as network of, 4–5, 13, 85, 91, 295, 322
interconnectedness of, 91–92, 102, 170, 256, 295, 322
see also physiological core
Ornish, Dean, 33–34, 38, 281, 309
Orphan Drug Act (1988), 208
orthomolecular medicine, 53, 258, 306, 354
osteoarthritis. See arthritis
osteocalcin, 257, 354
osteopathy, 237, 319
osteoporosis, 3, 16–17, 159, 191, 257–58, 268, 355
osteoprotegerin, 257, 355
oxidation, 219–20
biological aging and, 215, 226, 229–30, 231
of LDL, 195–96, 197, 198–99, 201
mitochondria and, 215–19, 221–23, 224, 229, 250, 315
oxidative stress, 65, 355
oxygen, corrosive property of, 215–16, 220–23
Oz, Mehmet, 361, 367, 383n
pain, 18, 19, 23, 27, 85, 89, 91, 92, 106, 112, 115, 146, 149, 170, 172, 173–74, 182, 186, 196, 199, 219, 236, 238, 247, 274, 297, 313, 315
Pall, Martin, 224–25
palliation, 77, 80
pancreas, 202, 203, 205, 257, 297
pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), 116, 290
paradigm shifts, 2, 355
functional medicine as, 4, 56, 82, 96–97, 326
paraquat, 130–31, 355
parasitic enteric bacteria, 103–4
Parkinson’s disease, 130–31, 221, 299, 355
Pasteur, Louis, 1–2, 111
Pauling, Linus, 53, 155–59, 240, 306
structure-function model of, 105, 156, 231, 233–34, 235, 240, 244, 258
peanuts, 116, 140, 227, 255, 279
pedometer, 282, 325
pellagra, 259, 281
penicillin, 8–9, 194–95
Penicillium citrinum, 194–95
peppers, 255, 302
periodontal disease, 302, 355
Perlmutter, David, 114, 361, 377
persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 249, 250–51, 260, 286, 311, 355
see also bisphenol-A (BPA)
personalized health-management program, 6, 7–8, 10, 32, 39, 40–41, 86, 146–47, 261–326
assessment in, 92–96
for assimilation and elimination, 101, 296–98
baseline of, 275–88
Baseline Seven-Day Eating Plan for, 327–42
for cellular communications, 165, 303–7
for cellular transport, 189, 307–12
for defense process, 145–46, 300–303
for detoxification, 119, 298–300
diet in, 95–96, 149, 186, 266–69, 278–80, 290, 327–42
for energy, 211, 312–16
environmental modification and, 72–73, 96, 266–67, 272, 285–87
exercise in, 96, 269–70, 282–83
family health history and, 277–78
individualization of, 289–319
lifestyle and, 96, 186, 266–67, 269–71
stress management in, 271, 283–85, 290
for structure, 233, 316–19
twelve-week time frame for, 274
see also functional medicine
Personalized Lifestyle Medicine Institute, 10
pesticides, 129–30, 179, 183
phagocytes, 110–11, 355
pharmaceutical industry, 2, 22
chronic illnesses and, 23–24
standard medical model and, 82
pharmaceuticals, 6, 16–17, 355
adverse reactions to (see adverse drug reactions)
chronic illness and, 33, 39–40, 80, 94, 95, 185–86, 265
guidelines for use of, 27–28
in personalized health-management program, 96, 273–74
short-term vs. long-term use of, 26, 28, 185–86, 265
pharmacogenomics, 125, 131
phenotype, 5, 56, 72, 355
see also genetic expression
phenylketonuria (PKU), 45, 57, 72, 96, 355
physicians, 21–22, 82
physiological core
imbalances in, 86–87, 93–94, 99, 264, 278, 291–96, 317
seven processes of, 87–90, 90, 96, 99
see also organ systems
phytochemicals (phytonutrients), 96, 140, 164, 184, 255, 257, 259, 268, 273, 290, 300, 302, 311, 356
antioxidant, 217, 220
cellular communication and, 175–78, 180–82, 186, 305
cholesterol and, 198–99
food processing and, 182–84
genetic expression and, 175–78, 180–81, 184, 186, 226–27, 229, 323
glucose transport and, 206–8, 209
mitochondria and, 226–27, 229, 231
see also botanical medicines
phytosterols, 197–98, 207, 356
Pima Indians, diabetes among, 83–84, 205
Piscatella, Joseph, 309, 392n
Pizzorno, Joseph, 115, 367
plaque, 33–34, 191–92, 356
pollution, 129–30, 302
polypharmacy, 24–25, 40, 356
pomegranates, 140, 157, 300
postmenopause, 16, 257–58, 356
postpartum sepsis, 1, 8–9
post-translational modifications, 241, 244
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 276, 285
potassium citrate, 140, 356
poultry, 143, 300, 305
prebiotics, 116, 290, 298, 356
prions, 244–45, 356
probiotics, 104, 116, 279, 282, 290, 298, 356
processed foods, 182–84, 187, 228, 253, 268, 272, 278, 279
progesterone, 26, 305
promoter regions, 55, 56, 356
see also noncoding DNA
prostate cancer, 34n, 37, 246, 281, 346
prostate issues, 77, 94, 95
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 37, 295, 356
protein, 103, 217, 231, 356
animal, 95, 229, 268, 305
cellular transport of, 190, 191, 308
dietary insufficiency of, 308–9, 312
glycation of, 241–46
structure of, 233–34, 240–45
vegetable, 95, 268, 290
Prusiner, Stanley, 244–45
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), 91–92, 356
radiation, 239, 286
Rea, William, 135–36
receptors, 88, 92, 166, 174, 177, 238, 242
Recipient One, 8–9
recommended dietary allowance (RDA), 52, 356
for vitamin C, 158–59, 164
for vitamin D, 161, 164
reproductive system, 357
resilience, 93, 179, 181, 276, 283
resistance, 166–67, 169–70
see also insulin resistance
respiratory system, 357
resveratrol, 140, 227, 314, 357
rheumatoid arthritis, 13, 80, 96, 146, 150, 155, 257, 258, 357
Rhodiola rosa (golden root), 306
riboflavin (vitamin B2), 217, 314
rice, 197, 268, 287, 290, 310–11
rickets, 159, 160, 162, 281
Rigden, Scott, 224, 366, 367, 385n
Rimland, Bernard, 59, 62–63
Roses, Allen, 39–40
rubor, calor, dolor mnemonic, 247
salmon, 198, 311
sarcopenia, 258–59, 357
saturated fats, 148, 222, 223, 268, 278, 297
schizophrenia, 58, 357
scrapie, 245, 357
scurvy, 259, 281
selective kinase response modulators (SKRMs), 177–78, 180–84, 207, 323, 357
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 107, 357
selenium, 128, 217, 231, 314
self-managed medicine, 22, 39, 40–41
Selye, Hans, 71, 168, 169
serotonin, 106–7, 185, 357
shellfish, 116, 279
sickle-cell anemia, 45, 53, 57, 72, 240, 357
Silent Spring (Carson), 129, 252
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 51–52, 54, 124, 184, 357
skeleton, 89–90, 256–60, 319
sleep disorders, 77, 94, 314
smell, 107–8
smoking, 223, 269
somatostatins, 106, 357
soy, 116, 140, 197, 207, 279, 305, 311
spices, 268, 300, 302, 303, 311
see also specific spices
standard medical model
acute illness and, 46, 78, 80–81, 83
chronic illness and, 21–22, 32, 46, 77
germ theory and, 5, 6, 9, 78
organ-centric approach of, 78–79, 80–81
pharmaceutical industry and, 82
statins, 85, 185, 194–200, 209, 358
steroid hormones, 193, 304
stomach acids, 103, 104
Stone, Irwin, 157–58
stool, 104, 116, 297
stress, 269, 270–71, 278, 323–24, 358
cellular communication and, 168–71, 179, 186, 187, 271, 304, 306
cholesterol imbalance and, 193–94
immune system and, 150, 324–25
management of, 271, 283–85, 290
mitochondrial health and, 225, 226
see also allostasis, allostatic load
Stress of Life, The (Selye), 168
stroke, 20, 80, 85, 93–94, 191, 246, 358
structure, 89–90, 233–60
diet and, 235, 253, 256, 257, 260, 318–19
exercise and, 235, 255–56, 259, 260, 319
function and, 105, 156, 231, 233–34, 234, 235, 236, 240–46, 251, 252–54, 255, 258, 260, 317
genetic expression and, 235, 318–19
obesity and, 246–48, 318
self-assessment questionnaire for, 233, 316–19
sugar, 114, 148, 206, 223, 229, 253, 278, 297, 298, 300, 305, 324
see also glucose
sulforaphane, 139, 358
superoxide dismutase (SOD), 216, 217, 358
symbiotic enteric bacteria, 103–4, 110
symptoms, 6, 23
of chronic illnesses, 3, 24, 76–77, 80, 81, 94
synthetic ingredients, 272, 300
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 137, 146, 150, 155, 358
systems biology, 13, 85–86, 99, 263, 322, 358
taste, 107–9
Tay-Sachs disease, 45, 358
T cells, 152–53, 157, 163, 220, 358
telomerase, 280, 281, 358
telomeres, 280–81, 358
tendons, 89–90
testosterone, 171, 187, 193, 259, 306
thiamine (vitamin B1), 160, 217, 314
thyroid, 169, 358
tinnitus, 77, 94, 358
tocopherols, 217, 314
tocotrienols, 160, 217, 358
total-load effect, 135, 144, 148
toxins, 120–21
fat-soluble, 126, 299
unusual susceptibility to, as warning sign, 123–24, 143–44
traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 43n, 197, 236–37, 265, 358
“Tragedy of the Commons, The” (Hardin), 272
trans fats, 148, 268
transglutaminase, 94, 358
triglycerides, 198, 204, 206, 295, 309, 311, 312, 359
Tripp, Matthew, 176–77
tumor necrosis factor alpha, 172
turmeric, 140, 143, 176, 227, 300, 302, 314, 359
20-Day Rejuvenation Diet Program (Bland), 299–300
ulcers, 3, 27, 173
umami, 108, 359
uric acid, 295, 309, 359
uterine cancer, 37
vegetable protein, 95, 268, 290
vegetables
cruciferous, 95–96, 138–39, 140, 290, 300, 305
see also specific vegetables
vegetarian diet, 183, 279
Vioxx, 25, 26
Virchow, Rudolf, 191–92, 196
viruses, 88, 153
vision, 3, 253, 312
Vitamin C and the Common Cold (Pauling), 157
vitamins, 181, 231, 359
A, 157, 190, 193, 198–99, 209, 302, 303
B1 (thiamine), 160, 217, 314
B2 (riboflavin), 217, 314
B3 (niacin), 198, 217, 281, 314
B5 (pantothenic acid), 116, 290
B6 (pyridoxine), 62–63, 69, 314
B9 (see folic acid)
B12 (methylcobalamine), 62–63, 69, 104, 279, 281, 290, 314
B-complex, 116, 128, 157, 217, 290, 300
C (ascorbic acid), 128, 157–59, 164, 216, 217, 231, 282, 302, 303, 314
cellular transport of, 190, 191
D, 159, 160–62, 164, 190, 193, 198–99, 209, 257, 282, 302, 303, 319
E, 157, 160, 190, 193, 216, 217, 224, 231, 314
K, 190, 193
multi-, 281–82
VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, 190, 192, 198, 200, 359
walking, 76, 205–6, 282–83, 311
Waring, Rosemary, 130, 131
waste products, 103, 104
water, 122, 272, 290
watercress, 140, 227, 300
Watson, James, 49, 58
weight loss, 255, 318
white blood cells, 113, 152–54, 220
white flour, 183, 206, 253, 268
Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), 26, 359
World Health Organization (WHO), 239, 263, 275, 322
xenobiotics, 120–21, 124, 135, 302, 323, 359
see also toxins
yogurt, 110, 116, 255, 279
zinc, 116, 143, 157, 224, 290, 300, 302, 303, 314