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CHAPTER 1: THE DISEASE DELUSION AND THE CHRONIC-ILLNESS CONUNDRUM
19 Today, almost half of adult Americans: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. The Power of Prevention. Chronic Disease . . . The Public Health Challenge of the 21st Century. Atlanta, GA, 2009.
19 Among Medicare beneficiaries: Thorpe KE, Howard DH. The rise in spending among Medicare beneficiaries: the role of chronic disease prevalence and changes in treatment intensity. Health Aff (Millwood). 2006;25(5):w378–88. (Epub 2006 Aug 22.)
19 A 2011 study by the: Bloom DE, Cafiero ET, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, et al. The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2011.
19 Actually, a study published: Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naqhavi M, Flaxman AD, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2197–223.
20 Diabetes, meanwhile, has become a: Pradeepa R, Prabhakaran D, Mohan V. Emerging economies and diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14 Suppl 1:S59–67.
25 And Avandia, the anti-diabetic: Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(24):2457–71.
26 The study found that for many women: Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321–33.
26 The study found that for many women: Shumaker SA, Legault C, Rapp SR, Thel L, Wallace RB, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289(20):2651–62.
29 In a watershed 1980 paper: Fries JF. Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity. N Engl J Med. 1980;303(3):130–35.
30 The results of the study confirmed: Vita AJ, Terry RB, Hubert HB, Fries JF. Aging, health risks, and cumulative disability. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(15):1035–41.
32 Before 1940, the incidence of breast cancer: King MC, Marks JH, Mandell JB; New York Breast Cancer Study Group. Breast and ovarian cancer risks due to inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):643–46.
33 Using the sophisticated diagnostic tool: Gould KL, Ornish D, Scherwitz L, Brown S, Edens RP, et al. Changes in myocardial perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term, intense risk factor modification. JAMA. 1995;275(11):894–901.
34 The Ornish group’s conclusion: Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, Brown SE, Gould KL, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1998;280(23):2001–2007.
39 No wonder one of the: Conner, Steve, “Glaxo Chief: Our Drugs Do Not Work on Most Patients.” The Independent 8 Dec 2003. http://independent.uk.co. Web. 2013 Apr. 26.
40 Holman articulated and advocated: Holman H, Lorig K. Patient self-management: a key to effectiveness and efficiency in care of chronic disease. Public Health Rep. 2004;119(3):239–43.
CHAPTER 2: THE BIOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGH THAT IS CHANGING EVERYTHING
44 Florence Nightingale, dispatched to the Crimean War: Keith JM. Florence Nightingale: statistician and consultant epidemiologist. Int Nurs Rev. 1988 Sept–Oct;35(5):147–50.
47 Half a century later, in the mid-1960s: Sagan L. On the origin of mitosing cells. J Theor Biol. 1967 Mar;14(3):255–74.
47 In this view, evolution is: Lovelock JE, Margulis L. Homeostatic tendencies of the earth’s atmosphere. Orig Life. 1974 Jan-Apr;5(1):93–103.
50 As the deciphering went on, we learned: Varki A, Altheide TK. Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: searching for needles in a haystack. Genome Res. 2005 Dec;15(12):1746–58.
51 People who carry the variant SNPs of the MTHFR gene: Trimmer EE. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: biochemical characterization and medical significance. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(14):2574–93.
51 People who carry the variant SNPs of the MTHFR gene: Klerk M, Verhoef P, Clarke R, Blom HJ, Kok FJ, et al. MTHFR 677CT polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2002 Oct 23–30;288(16):2023–31.
51 People who carry the variant SNPs of the MTHFR gene: Gorgone G, Ursini F, Altamura C, Bressi F, Tombini M, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia, intima-media thickness and C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism: a correlation study in patients with cognitive impairment. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Sep;206(1):309–13.
52 Back in 1950, renowned biochemist Dr. Roger Williams: Williams RJ, Beerstecher E, Jr, Berry LJ. The concept of genetotrophic disease. Lancet. 1950 Feb 18;1(6599):287–89.
53 It was in this 1949 paper that Pauling first: Pauling L, Itano HA, et al. Sickle cell anemia, a molecular disease. Science. 1949 Apr 29;109(2835):443.
53 Pauling advanced this concept further in 1968: Pauling L. Orthomolecular psychiatry. Varying the concentrations of substances normally present in the human body may control mental disease. Science. 1968 Apr 19;160(3825):265–71.
53 Among people with the MTHR SNP: Morris DW, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ. Folate and unipolar depression. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Apr;14(3):277–85.
53 Among people with the MTHR SNP: Taylor MJ, Camey S, Geddes J, Goodwin G. Folate for depressive disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD003390.
57 In the case of the sickle-cell trait: Perrine SP. Fetal globin stimulant therapies in the beta-hemoglobinopathies: principles and current potential. Pediatric Ann. 2008 May;37(5):339–46.
57 It is now known that both: Alexander D. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and phenylketonuria. Pediatrics. 2003 Dec;112(6 pt 2):1514–15.
57 The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now report: Blumberg SJ, Bramlett MD, Kogan MD, Schieve LA, Jones JR, Lu MC. Changes in prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder in school-aged US children: 2007 to 2011–2012. National Health Statistics Reports. 2013 Mar 20;65:1–12. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr065.pdf.
58 The CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics: Centers for Disease Control. 2007. Autism A.L.A.R.M. Guidelines. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/hcp-recommendations.html. Accessed 15 Jul 2013.
58 Already, this extensive genetic screening: Baudoin SJ, Gaudias J, Gerharz S, Hatstatt L, Zhou K, et al. Shared synaptic pathophysiology in syndromic and nonsyndromic rodent models of autism. Science. 2012 Oct 5;338(6103):128–32.
59 He wrote the classic: Rimland, Bernard. Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964.
60 The paper, in the February 28 issue: Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 1998 Feb 28;351(9103):637–41.
61 The inquiry prompted a retraction: Horton R. A statement by the editors of The Lancet. Lancet. 2004 Mar 6;363(9411):820–21.
61 Among these are gluten-containing grains: Lau NM, Green PH, Taylor AK, Hellberg D, Ajamian M, et al. Markers of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity in children with autism. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 18;8(6):e66155. Print 2013.
61 Among these are gluten-containing grains: Kaminski S, Cielinska A, Kostyra E. Polymorphism of bovine beta-casein and its potential effect on human health. J Appl Genet. 2007;48(3):189–98.
62 It is also the conclusion articulated: Tuchman RF. Deconstructing autism spectrum disorders: clinical perspective. Rev Neurol. 2013 Feb 22; 56 Suppl 1;S3–S12.
62 For example, her team has identified: Frye RE, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV, James SJ, Rossignol DA. Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Mar;18(3):369–81.
62 It is historically noteworthy: Rimland B. Controversies in the treatment of autistic children: vitamin and drug therapy. J Child Neurol. 1988;3 Suppl:S68–S72.
63 Herbert is a remarkably talented researcher: Herbert, Martha, and Karen Weintraub. The Autism Revolution: Whole-Body Strategies for Making Life All It Can Be. New York: Ballantine Books, 2012.
63 People who have this gene: Kotze MJ, van Rensburg SJ. Pathology supported genetic testing and treatment of cardiovascular disease in middle age for prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2012 Sep;27(3):255–66.
64 Simply put, a person with the ApoE4 gene: Hanson AJ, Bayer-Carter JL, Green PS, Montine TJ, Wilkinson CW, et al. Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype and diet on apolipoprotein E lipidation and amyloid peptides: randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2013 Jun 17:1–9.
64 Simply put, a person with the ApoE4 gene: Head D, Bugg JM, Goate AM, Fagan AM, Mintun MA, et al. Exercise engagement as a moderator of the effects of APOE genotype on amyloid deposition. Arch Neurol. 2012 May;69(5):636–43.
65 Specifically, people whose diets encourage poor control: Cholerton B, Baker LD, Craft S. Insulin resistance and pathological brain ageing. Diabet Med. 2011 Dec;28(12):1463–75.
65 “Our results suggest,” Craft wrote: Bayer-Carter JL, Green PS, Montine TJ, VanFossen B, Baker LD, et al. Diet intervention and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2011 Jun;68(6):743–52.
69 In 1975, Holliday and Pugh had found: Holliday R, Pugh JE. DNA modification mechanisms and gene activity during development. Science. 1975 Jan 24;187(4173):226–32.
69 Jirtle and Waterland published their findings: Waterland RA, Jirtle RL. Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Aug;23(15):5293–5300.
70 The first evidence of this alarming trend: Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, Layden J, Carnes BA, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1138–45.
71 Drs. Szyf and Meaney have taken our understanding: Szfy M, McGowan P, Meaney MJ. The social environment and the epigenome. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2008 Jan;49(1):46–60.
71 More and more, we are seeing that nutrition: Skinner MK, Manikkam M, Guerrero-Bosagna C. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of environmental factors in disease etiology. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Apr;21(4):214–22.
CHAPTER 3: THE FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE REVOLUTION
75 That is because it is one of those pockets of healthy longevity: Buettner, Dan. The Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer from the People Who’ve Lived the Longest. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2008.
83 A once-powerful Native American tribe: Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, Bennett PH. Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: incidence, risk factors and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1990 Feb;6(1):1–27.
84 That’s what I mean when I describe Pima genes: Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Williams RC. Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: genetic and evolutionary considerations. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1983 Sep;62(1):107–114.
CHAPTER 4: ASSIMILATION AND ELIMINATION
104 One antidote is probiotics: Behnsen J, Derihu E, Sassone-Corsi M, Raffatellu M. Probiotics: properties, examples, and specific applications. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013 Mar 1;3(3):a010074.
104 Since adequate stomach acid secretion: Greene W. Drug interactions involving cimetidine—mechanisms, documentation, implications. Q Rev Drug Metab Drug Interact. 1984;5(1):25–51.
106 In fact, some of the toxic microflora: Kim KB, Kim JM, Cho SH, Oh HS, Choi NJ, Oh DH. Toxin gene profiles and toxin production ability of Bacillus cereus isolated from clinical and food samples. J Food Sci. 2011 Jan-Feb;76(1):T25–T29.
106 In fact, some of the toxic microflora: Sun X, Savidge T, Feng H. The enterotoxicity of Clostridium difficile toxins. Toxins (Basel). 2010 Jul;2(7):1848–80.
106 Dubbed “the second brain”: Gershon, Michael. The Second Brain: The Scientific Basis of Gut Instinct and a Groundbreaking New Understanding of Nervous Disorders of the Stomach and Intestines. New York: Harper, 1998.
107 It may calm the brain: Manocha M, Khan WI. Serotonin and GI disorders: an update on clinical and experimental studies. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2012 Apr 26;3:e13.
107 The answer is yes: Rizzoli R, Cooper C, Reginster JY, Abrahamsen B, Adachi JD, et al. Antidepressant medications and osteoporosis. Bone. 2012;51(3):606–13.
108 At one point, he and his research team focused: Huque T, Brand JG, Rabinowitz JL, Metabolism of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate in the taste organ of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1992 Aug;102(4):833–9.
108 At one point, he and his research team focused: Nomura T, Kurihara K. Similarity of ion dependence of odorant responses between lipid bilayer and olfactory system. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989 Oct 17;1005(3):260–4.
108 Later research went even further: Schiffman SS. Taste and smell losses in normal aging and disease. JAMA. 1997 Oct 22–29;278(16):1357–62.
109 And indeed, certain foods that contain: Dotson CD, Zhang L, Xu H, Shin YK, Viques S, et al. Bitter taste receptors influence glucose homeostasis. PLoS One. 2008;3(12):e3974.
112 So as Andrew Scull relates: Scull, Andrew. Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.
113 We now see a cause-and-effect relationship: Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Grünewald RA, Woodroofe N, Boscolo S, et al. Gluten sensitivity: from gut to brain. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Mar;9(3):318–30.
114 A number of clinical studies: Rodrigo L, Hernández-Lahoz C, Fuentes D, Alvarez N, López-Vázquez A, González S. Prevalence of celiac disease in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2011 Mar 7;11:31.
114 A number of clinical studies: Batur-Caglayan HZ, Irkec C, Yildirim-Capraz I, Atalay-Akyurek N, Dumlu S. A case of multiple sclerosis and celiac disease. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2013;2013:576921.
114 A good friend and colleague: Perlmutter, David, and Kristin Loberg. Grain Brain: The Surprising Truth About Wheat, Carbs, and Sugar—Your Brain’s Silent Killers. New York: Little, Brown, 2013.
114 Research gastroenterologists call it: Pendyala S, Walker JM, Holt PR. A high-fat diet is associated with endotoxemia that originates from the gut. Gastroenterology. 2012 May;142(5):1100–1101.
114 Research gastroenterologists call it: Moreira AP, Texeira TF, Ferreira AB, Peluzio Mdo C, Alfenas Rde C. Influence of a high-fat diet on gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and metabolic endotoxaemia. Br J Nutr. 2012 Sep;108(5):801–9.
CHAPTER 5: DETOXIFICATION
125 It’s scary enough to contemplate: Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA. 1998 Apr 15;279(15):1200–1205.
127 In the United States, acetaminophen: Armstrong TM, Davies MS, Kitching G, Waring WS. Comparative drug dose and drug combinations in patients that present to hospital due to self-poisoning. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012 Nov;111(5):356–60.
127 but while consuming alcohol: Hawton K, Simkin S, Gunnell D, Sutton L, Bennewith O, Turnbull P, Kapur N. A multicentre study of coproxamol poisoning suicides based on coroners’ records in England. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;59(2):207–12.
127 but while consuming alcohol: Schiødt FV, Rochling FA, Casey DL, Lee WM. Acetaminophen toxicity in an urban county hospital. N Engl J Med. 1997 Oct 16;337(16):1112–17.
129 Such a book for me was Silent Spring: Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, Riverside Press, 1962.
130 Their work demonstrated also: Heafield MT, Fearn S, Steventon GB, Waring RH, Williams AC, Sturman SG. Plasma cysteine and sulphate levels in patients with motor neurone, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 1990 Mar 2;110(1–2):216–20.
130 Paraquat, it was learned: Landrigan PJ, Powell KE, James LM, Taylor PR. Paraquat and marijuana: epidemiological risk assessment. Am J Pub Health. 1983 Jul;73(7):784–88.
131 Such a conclusion is in keeping: Todd G, Noyes C, Flavel SC, Della Vedova CB, Spyropoulos P, et al. Illicit stimulant use is associated with abnormal substania nigra morphology in humans. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56438.
133 In 2008, a paper in the prestigious: Lang IA, Galloway TS, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, et al. Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. JAMA. 2008 Sep 17;300(11):1303–10.
133 Four years later, a subsequent research paper: Melzer D, Osbourne NJ, Henley WE, Cipelli R, Young A, et al. Urinary bisphenol A concentration and risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women. Circulation. 2012 Mar 27;125(12):1482–90.
133 If that weren’t enough: Trasande L, Attina TM, Blustein J. Association between urinary bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2012 Sep;308(11):1113–21.
138 She knew about the Spanish cooking oil: Fournier E, Efthymiou ML, Lecoursier A. Spanish adulterated oil matter. An important discovery by Spanish toxicologists: the toxicity of anilides of unsaturated fatty acids. Toxicol Eur Res. 1982 Mar;4(2):107–112.
138 Specifically, these “cross-bearing” plants: Staack R, Kingston S, Walliq MA, Jeffery EH. A comparison of the individual and collective effects of four glucosinolate breakdown products from brussels sprouts on induction of detoxification enzymes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998 Mar;149(1):17–23.
138 A Rockefeller University professor: Talang NT, Katdare M, Bradlow HL, Osborne MP, Fishman J. Inhibition of proliferation and modulation of estradiol metabolism: novel mechanisms for breast cancer prevention by the phytochemical indole-3-carbinol. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997 Nov;216(2):246–52.
139 Talalay attributes the protective power: Zhang Y, Kensler TW, Cho CG, Posner GH, Talalay P. Anticarcinogenic activities of sulforaphane and structurally related synthetic norbornyl isothiocyanates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994 Apr 12;91(8):3147–50.
141 Needleman had just published: Needleman HL, Gunnoe C, Leviton A, Reed R, Peresie H, et al. Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. N Engl J Med. 1979 Mar 29;300(13):689–95.
CHAPTER 6: DEFENSE
151 Yes, says Dr. Fasano: Catassi C, Fasano A. Celiac disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov;24(6):687–91.
156 Now that it has been reported: American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association and National Coalition of Autoimmune Patient Groups. The Cost Burden of Autoimmune Disease: The Latest Front in the War on Healthcare Spending. Eastpointe, MI, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2013 from: http://www.aarda.org/pdf/cbad.pdf.
157 To begin with, I must confess: Pauling, Linus. Vitamin C and the Common Cold. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1970.
158 Stone proclaimed the vitamin C intake: Stone I. Homo sapiens ascorbicus, a biochemically corrected robust human mutant. Med Hypotheses. 1979 Jun;5(6):711–21.
158 If the person is ill, however: Levine M, Padayatt SJ, Espey MG. Vitamin C: a concentration-function approach yields pharmacology and therapeutic discoveries. Adv Nutr. 2011 Mar;2(2):78–88.
159 Yet, as Dr. Robert Heaney: Heaney RP. Long-latency deficiency disease: insights from calcium and vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Nov;78(5):912–19.
159 For example, although these illnesses: Heaney RP. Functional indices of vitamin D status and ramifications of vitamin D deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80 (6 Suppl):1706S–09S.
159 For example, although these illnesses: Ifergan I, Assaraf YG. Molecular mechanisms of adaptation to folate deficiency. Vitam Horm. 2008;79:99–143.
160 Dr. Meydani’s group has demonstrated: Pae M, Meydani SN, Wu D. The role of nutrition in enhancing immunity in aging. Aging Dis. 2012 Feb;3(1):91–129.
160 A study of women: Mahalingam D, Radhakrishnan AK, Amom Z, Ibrahim N, Nesaretnam K. Effects of supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction on immune response to tetanus toxoid immunization in normal healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jan;65(1):63–69.
160 Similar results were achieved: Han SN, Meydani SN. Vitamin E and infectious diseases in the aged. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 Aug;58(3):697–705.
162 According to Holick: Grant WB, Holick MF. Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optinal health: a review. Altern Med Rev. 2005 Jun;10(2):94–111.
162 Holick also points out: Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Optimize dietary intake of vitamin D: an epigenetic perspective. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012 Nov;15(6):567–79.
162 His particular expertise in the field of: Stamets, Paul. Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 2005.
163 The National Institutes of Health: Miller S, Stagl J, Wallerstedt DB, Ryan M, Mansky PJ. Botanicals used in complementary and alternative medicine treatment of cancer: clinical science and future perspectives. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Sep;17(9):1353–64.
163 The National Institutes of Health: Abrams DI, Couey P, Shade SB, Kelly ME, Kamanu-Elias N, Stamets P. Antihyperlipidemic effects of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushrooms) in HIV-infected individuals taking antiretroviral therapy. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011 Aug 10;11:60.
163 For good reason: studies have shown: Grube BJ, Eng ET, Kao YC, Kwon A, Chen S. White button mushroom phytochemicals inhibit aromatase activity and breast cancer cell proliferation. J Nutr. 2001 Dec;131(12):3288–93.
163 For good reason: studies have shown: Jeong SC, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong YT, Song CH, Pang G. Macrophage immunomodulating and antitumor activities of polysaccharides isolated from Agaricus bisporus white button mushrooms. J Med Food. 2012 Jan;15(1):58–65.
163 And Dr. Meydani’s group at Tufts: Wu D, Pae M, Ren Z, Guo Z, Smith D, Meydani SN. Dietary supplementation with white button mushroom enhances natural killer cell activity in C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6):1472–77.
CHAPTER 7: CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS
168 It’s pretty pervasive in daily speech: Selye, Hans. The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.
169 The term refers to that process by which: McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Sep 27;153(18):2093–2101.
171 Women feel the loss of estrogen: Alexander JL, Dennerstein L, Woods NF, McEwen BS, Halbreich U, et al. Role of stressful life events and menopausal stage in wellbeing and health. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007 Nov;7(11 Suppl):S93–S113.
171 Women feel the loss of estrogen: Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptom interference with work and relationships during the menopausal transition and early menopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause. 2011 Jun;18(6):654–61.
171 Some scientists—notably physicians Paul Ridker: Danik JS, Paré G, Chasman DI, Zee RY, Kwiatkowski DJ, et al. Novel loci, including those related to Crohn disease, psoriasis, and inflammation, identified in a genome-wide association study of fibrinogen in 17,686 women: the Women’s Genome Health Study. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009 Apr;2(2):134–41.
171 Some scientists—notably physicians Paul Ridker: Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002 Mar 5;105(9):1135–43.
172 The level of hs-CRP in the blood: Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk: from concept to clinical practice to clinical benefit. Am Heart J. 2004 Jul;148(1 Suppl):S19–S26.
172 Levels of this blood biomarker above: Onat A, Can G, Herqenc G. Serum C-reactive protein is an independent risk factor predicting cardiometabolic risk. Metabolism. 2008 Feb;57(2):207–14.
172 Once the cytokines are released: Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Sep;32(9):2045–51.
173 Since more than 100,000 people per year: Singh G. Recent considerations in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy. Am J Med. 1998 Jul 27;105(1B):31S–38S.
177 As scientists do, we of course gave a name: Desai A, Konda VR, Hall A, Bland J, Tripp M. Comparison of anti-inflammatory activity of two selective kinase response modulators (SKRMs), rho-iso-alpha acids (RIAA) and tetrahydro-iso-alpha acids (THIAA), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. FASEB. 2007;21:702.5.
178 And the many publications from scientists: Konda VR, Desai A, Darland G, Bland JS, Tripp ML. Rho iso-alpha acids from hops inhibit the GSK-3/NF-kappaB pathway and reduce inflammatory markers associated with bone and cartilage degradation. J Inflamm (Lond). 2009 Aug 27;6:26.
178 And the many publications from scientists: Babish JG, Pacioretty LM, Bland JS, Minich DM, Hu J, Tripp ML. Antidiabetic screening of commercial botanical products in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and db/db mice. J Med Food. 2010 Jun;13(3):535–47.
178 And the many publications from scientists: Desai A, Darland G, Bland JS, Tripp ML, Konda VR. META060 attenuates TNF--activated inflammation, endothelial-monocyte interactions, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, and inhibits NF-B and AP-1 in THP-1 monocytes. Atherosclerosis. 2012 Jul;223(1):130–36.
181 From 2005 through 2012, a series: Desai A, Konda VR, Darland G, Austin M, Prabhu KS, et al. META060 inhibits multiple kinases in the NF-kappaB pathway and suppresses LPS-mediated inflammation in vivo and ex vivo. Inflamm Res. 2009 May;58(5):229–34.
181 From 2005 through 2012, a series: Holick MF, Lamb JJ, Lerman RH, Konda VR, Darland G, et al. Hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 favorably impact biomarkers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women in a 14-week trial. J Bone Miner Metab. 2010 May;28(3):342–50.
182 In the study participants with osteoarthritis: Hall AJ, Babish JG, Darland GK, Carroll BJ, Konda VR, et al. Safety, efficacy and anti-inflammatory activity of rho iso-alpha-acids from hops. Phytochemistry. 2008 May;69(7):1534–47.
184 Dr. Kenneth Kornman and his colleagues: Kornman K, Rogus J, Roh-Schmidt H, Krempin D, Davies AJ, et al. Interleukin-1 genotype-selective inhibition of inflammatory mediators by a botanical: a nutrigenetics proof of concept. Nutrition. 2007 Nov–Dec;23(11–12):844–52.
CHAPTER 8: CELLULAR TRANSPORT
192 Much has been learned, and among the results: Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Friedman GD, Glennon WE, McNamara PM. Risk factors in coronary heart disease. An evaluation of several serum lipids as predictors of coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med. 1964 Nov;61:888–99.
193 Studies show a correlation between: Huang TL, Wu SC, Chiang YS, Chen JF. Correlation between serum lipid, lipoprotein concentrations and anxious state or major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2003 May 30;118(2):147–53.
193 Studies show a correlation between: Olié E, Picot MC, Guillaume S, Abbar M, Courtet P. Measurement of total serum cholesterol in the evaluation of suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2011 Sep;133(1–2):234–38.
194 Studies on competitive athletes confirm: Sqouraki E, Tsopanakis A, Kioussis A, Tsopanakis C. Acute effects of short duration maximal endurance exercise on lipid, phospholipid and lipoprotein levels. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004 Dec;44(4):444–50.
195 From this unlikely discovery: Li, Jie Jack. Triumph of the Heart: The Story of Statins. New York: Oxford University Press USA, 2009.
195 Yes, medical studies confirm that people: Gutierrez J, Ramirez G, Rundek T, Sacco RL. Statin therapy in the prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events: a sex-based meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Jun 25;172(12):909–19.
195 In women, who suffer a different type: Mercuro G, Deidda M, Bina A, Manconi E, Rosano GM. Gender-specific aspects in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(11):1082–90.
196 Statins may also produce adverse side effects: Parker BA, Gregory SM, Lorson L, Polk D, White CM, Thompson PD. A randomized trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with statin myopathy: rationale and study design. J Clin Lipidol. 2013 May–Jun;7(3):187–93.
197 Trials at the Center for Human Nutrition: Heber D, Yip I, Ashley JM, Elashoff DA, Elashoff RM, Go VL. Cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice dietary supplement. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Feb;69(2):231–36.
197 Trials at the Center for Human Nutrition: Li P, Yang Y, Liu M. Xuezhikang, extract of red yeast rice, inhibited tissue factor and hypercoagulable state through suppressing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;58(3):307–18.
198 Well-known cholesterol researcher Daniel Steinberg, who tracked: Steinberg D. The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an update. J Lipid Res. 2009 Apr;50 Suppl:S376–S81.
198 It is also recognized that vitamin B3: Hochholzer W, Berg DD, Giugliano RP. The facts behind niacin. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2011 Oct;5(5):227–40.
198 It is also recognized that vitamin B3: Goldberg AC. Clinical trial experience with extended-release niacin (Niaspan): dose escalation study. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Dec 17;82(12A):35U–38U.
198 Elevated levels of very-low-density lipoprotein: Ooi EM, Ng TW, Watts GF, Barrett PH. Dietary fatty acids and lipoprotein metabolism: new insights and updates. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013 Jun;24(3):192–97.
198 There is an interesting addendum to this: Reboul E, Borel P. Proteins involved in uptake, intracellular transport and basalateral secretion of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids by mammalian enterocytes. Prog Lipid Res. 2011 Oct;50(4):388–402.
198 What emerges from this added knowledge: Carrero JJ, Fonolla J, Marti JL, Jiménez J, Boza JJ, López-Huertas E. Intake of fish oil, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins B-6 and E for 1 year decreases plasma C-reactive protein and reduces coronary heart disease risk factors in male patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program. J Nutr. 2007 Feb;137(2):384–90.
198 What emerges from this added knowledge: Houston MC, Fazio S, Chilton FH, Wise DE, Jones KB, et al. Nonpharmacologic treatment for dyslipidemia. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Sep–Oct;52(2):61–94.
201 A body at rest is a body: Oz MC, Roberts CS, Lemole GM. Role of lymphostasis in accelerated atherosclerosis in transplanted hearts. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Aug 1;60(4):430.
203 In 1949, Dr. Harold Himsworth: Himsworth HP. The syndrome of diabetes mellitus and its causes. Lancet. 1949 Mar 19;1(6551):465–73.
204 In 1968, Drs. John Farquhar and Gerald Reaven: Reaven G, Miller R. Study of the relationship between glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose load in man. Diabetes. 1968 Sep;17(9):560–69.
204 In 1968, Drs. John Farquhar and Gerald Reaven: Stern MP, Farquhar JW, Silvers A, Reaven GM. Insulin delivery rate into plasma in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest. 1968 Sep;47(9):1947–57.
204 All of these characteristics: Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988 Dec;37(12):1595–1607.
205 By 2011, a study reported: Mozumdar A, Liquori G. Persistent increase of prevalence of metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults: NHANES III to NHANES 1999–2006. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan;34(1):216–19.
205 The Mediterranean-style diet, as you probably know: Esposito K, Ciotola M, Giugliano D. Mediterranean diet and the metabolic syndrome. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Oct;51(10):1268–74.
207 We believe this was the first clinical trial: Lerman RH, Minich DM, Darland G, Lamb JJ, Schiltz B, et al. Enhancement of a modified Mediterranean-style, low glycemic load diet with specific phytochemicals improves cardiometabolic risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia in a randomized trial. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Nov 4;5:29.
207 Babish’s tests confirmed: Babish JG, Pacioretty LM, Bland JS, Minich DM, Hu J, Tripp ML. Antidiabetic screening of commercial botanical products in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and db/db mice. J Med Food. 2010 Jun;13(3):535–47.
CHAPTER 9: ENERGY
216 Dr. Harman suggested that aging: Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. 1956 Jul;11(3):298–300.
218 What we have now learned is: Daussin FN, Zoll J, Dufour SP, Ponsot E, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, et al. Effect of interval versus continuous training on cardiorespiratory and mitochondrial functions: relationship to aerobic performance improvements in sedentary subjects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 Jul;295(1):R264–72.
219 Did you know that a common form of headache: D’Andrea G, Leon A. Pathogenesis of migraine: from neurotransmitters to neuromodulators and beyond. Neurol Sci. 2010 Jun;31 Suppl 1:S1–S7.
221 In a number of extreme adventure racing: Kim YJ, Kim CH, Shin KA, Kim AC, Lee YH, et al. Cardiac markers of EIH athletes in ultramarathon. Int J Sports Med. 2012 Mar;33(3):171–76.
221 We’ve also learned, through the extraordinary work: Ames BN. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases. Science. 1983 Sep 23;221 (4617):1256–64.
222 They found that the brain cells: Lin MT, Beal MF. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature. 2006 Oct 19;443(7113):787–95.
222 Further exploration of the ApoE4 gene: Miyata M, Smith JD. Apolipoprotein E allele-specific antioxidant activity and effects on cytotoxicity by oxidative insults and beta-amyloid peptides. Nat Genet. 1996 Sep;14(1):55–61.
222 Further exploration of the ApoE4 gene: Jolivalt C, Leininger-Muller B, Bertrand P, Herber R, Christen Y, Siest G. Differential oxidation of apolipoprotein E isoforms and interaction with phospholipids. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):129–40.
222 Ongoing research confirms these conclusions: Hanson AJ, Bayer-Carter JL, Green PS, Montine TJ, Wilkinson CW, et al. Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype and diet on apolipoprotein E lipidation and amyloid peptides: randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2013 Aug 1;70(8):972–80.
222 Remember the work directed by: Cholerton B, Baker LD, Craft S. Insulin, cognition, and dementia. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Nov 5;719(1–3):170–79.
223 Too potent by far: Additional research has found: Jansson ET. Alzheimer disease is substantially preventable in the United States—review of risk factors, therapy, and the prospects for an expert software system. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(5):960–67.
224 At the end of the twelve weeks, the biomarkers: Rigden S, Barrager E, Bland J. Evaluation of the effect of a modified entero-hepatic resuscitation program in chronic fatigue syndrome patients. J Advancement Med. 1998;11(4):247–62.
225 Pall culled all the research he could find: Pall ML. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalitis. Br J Gen Pract. 2002 Sep;52(482):763–64.
226 Instead of the effect of the treatment increasing: Calabrese EJ, Iavicoli I, Calabrese V. Hormesis: its impact on medicine and health. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2013 Feb;32(2):120–52.
226 Instead of the effect of the treatment increasing: Cornelius C, Perrotta R, Graziano A, Calabrese EJ, Calabrese V. Stress responses, vitagenes and hormesis as critical determinants in aging and longevity: mitochondria as “chi.” Immun Ageing. 2013 Apr 25;10(1):15.
226 When it comes to mitochondrial protection: Mattson MP. Dietary factors, hormesis and health. Ageing Res Rev. 2008 Jan;7(1):43–48.
227 In this case, however: Nicolson GL, Ellithorpe R. Lipid replacement and antioxidant nutritional therapy for restoring mitochondrial function and reducing fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome and other fatiguing illnesses. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 2006;13(1):57–68.
228 That calorie restriction could be a way to preserve health: McCay CM. Effect of restricted feeding upon aging and chronic diseases in rats and dogs. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1947 May;37(5):521–28.
228 The conclusion was again evident: Yamada Y, Colman RJ, Kemnitz JW, Baum ST, Anderson RM, et al. Long-term calorie restriction decreases metabolic cost of movement and prevents decrease of physical activity during aging in the rhesus monkeys. Exp Gerontol. 2013 Aug 13. (Epub ahead of print.)
228 The genetic expression of the calorie-restricted group: Anderson RM, Weindruch R. Metabolic reprogramming, caloric restriction and aging. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Mar;21(3):134–41.
229 An added point of interest to the calorie restriction effect: Burzynski SR. Aging gene silencing or gene activation? Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(1):201–8.
CHAPTER 10: STRUCTURE
233 In 1951, the proceedings of the august National Academy of Sciences: Pauling L, Corey RB. Atomic coordinates and structure factors for two helical configurations of polypeptide chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1951 May;37(5):235–40.
233 In 1951, the proceedings of the august National Academy of Sciences: Pauling L, Corey RB. The structure of synthetic polypeptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1951 May;37(5):241–50.
233 In 1951, the proceedings of the august National Academy of Sciences: Pauling L, Corey RB. The pleated sheet, a new layer configuration of polypeptide chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1951 May;37(5):251–56.
233 In 1951, the proceedings of the august National Academy of Sciences: Pauling L, Corey RB. The structure of feather rachis keratin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1951 May;37(5):256–61.
233 In 1951, the proceedings of the august National Academy of Sciences: Pauling L, Corey RB. The structure of hair, muscle, and related problems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1951 May;37(5):261–71.
233 In 1951, the proceedings of the august National Academy of Sciences: Pauling L, Corey RB. The structure of fibrous proteins of the collagen-gelatin group. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1951 May;37(5):272–81.
233 In 1951, the proceedings of the august National Academy of Sciences: Pauling L, Corey RB. The polypeptide-chain configuration in hemoglobin and other globular proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1951 May;37(5):282–85.
237 It is regulating cell behavior: Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Wu J, Badger GJ, Yandow JA, et al. Evidence of connective tissue involvement in acupuncture. FASEB J. 2002 Jun;16(8):872–74.
237 It is regulating cell behavior: Ahn AC, Park M, Shaw JR, McManus CA, Kaptchuk TJ, Langevin HM. Electrical impedance of acupuncture meridians: the relevance of subcutaneous collagenous bands. PLoS One. 2010 Jul 30;5(7):e11907.
238 After all, as Becker pointed out in the book: Becker, Robert O., and Gary Selden. The Body Electric. CPA Books, Inc., 1985.
239 Dr. Davis is not the only expert to contend: Gandhi OP, Morgan LL, de Salles AA, Han YY, Herberman RB, Davis DL. Exposure limits: the underestimation of absorbed cell phone radiation, especially in children. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012 Mar;31(1):34–51.
239 Dr. Davis is not the only expert to contend: Davis DL, Kesari S, Soskolne CL, Miller AB, Stein Y. Swedish review strengthens grounds for concluding that radiation from cellular and cordless phones is a probable human carcinogen. Pathophysiology. 2013 Apr;20(2):123–29.
239 The World Health Organization has also issued a caution: Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, et al. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Jul;12(7):624–46.
240 The two men showed that the sickle-cell disease: Pauling L, Itano HA, et al. Sickle cell anemia, a molecular disease. Science. 1949 Apr 29;109(2835):443.
243 In humans, the evaluations note higher: Cai W, Ramdas M, Zhu L, Chen X, Striker GE, Vlassara H. Oral advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) promote insulin resistance and diabetes by depleting the antioxidant defenses AGE receptor-1 and sirtuin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012 Sep 25;109(39):15888–93.
243 In humans, the evaluations note higher: Münch G, Schinzel R, Loske C, Wong A, Durany N, et al. Alzheimer’s disease—synergistic effects of glucose deficit, oxidative stress and advanced glycation endproducts. J Neural Transm. 1998;105(4–5):439–61.
244 As Prusiner demonstrated, the prions: Prusiner SB. Molecular biology of prion diseases. Science. 1991 Jun 14;252 (5012):1515–22.
244 Gajdusek traced the origin: Gajdusek DC, Zigas V. Degenerative disease of the central nervous system in New Guinea; the endemic occurrence of kuru in the native population. N Engl J Med. 1957 Nov 14; 257(20):974–78.
249 Higher levels of the estrogen hormone: Williams GP. The role of oestrogen in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer and prostate disease. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2010 Jul;19(4):256–71.
250 This suggested that the POPs: Lee DH, Lee IK, Jin SH, Steffes M, Jacobs DR, Jr. Association between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and insulin resistance among nondiabetic adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Diabetes Care. 2007 Mar;30(3):622–28.
251 The two extended their studies to other countries: Park SK, Son HK, Lee SK, Kang JH, Chang YS, et al. Relationship between serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic adults. J Prev Med. Public Health. 2010 Jan;43(1):1–8.
251 The two extended their studies to other countries: Son HK, Kim SA, Kang JH, Chung YS, Park SK, et al. Strong associations between low-dose organochlorine pesticides and type 2 diabetes in Korea. Environ Int. 2010 Jul;36(5):410–14.
251 The connection between POPs and obesity: Kelishadi R, Poursafa P, Jamshidi F. Role of environmental chemicals in obesity: a systematic review of the current evidence. J Environ Public Health. 2013;2013:896789. Epub 2013 Jun 5.
252 In 2012, a landmark paper published in JAMA: Trasande L, Attina TM, Blustein J. Association between urinary bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2012 Sep 19;308(11):1113–21.
252 In the same year, a study in China: Wang HX, Zhou Y, Tang CX, Wu JG, Chen Y, Jiang QW. Association between bisphenol A exposure and body mass index in Chinese school children: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health. 2012 Oct 19;11:79.
253 One of the most fascinating perspectives: Price, Weston. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, 2003.
254 Until recently it was thought: Giralt M, Villarroya F. White, brown, beige/brite: different adipose cells for different functions? Endocrinology. 2013 Jun 19. (Epub ahead of print.)
255 In other words, activating beige adipocytes: Spiegelman BM. Banting Lecture 2012: Regulation of adipogenesis: toward new therapeutics for metabolic disease. Diabetes. 2013 Jun;62(6):1774–82.
256 So you will not be surprised to learn: Rahman S, Lu Y, Czernik PJ, Rosen CJ, Enerback S, Lecka-Czernik B. Inducible brown adipose tissue, or beige fat, is anabolic for the skeleton. Endocrinology. 2013 Aug;154(8):2687–701.
257 The results showed two things: Holick MF, Lamb JJ, Lerman RH, Konda VR, Darland G, et al. Hop rho-iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 favorably impact biomarkers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women in a 14-week trial. J Bone Miner Metab. 2010 May;28(3):342–50.
CHAPTER 11: A NEW APPROACH TO YOUR HEALTH
263 “Health,” said the coordinating health authority: Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of the 61 states (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.
269 The results, published in 2004: Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, Perrin AE, Moreiras-Varela O, et al. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1433–39.
271 The best advice I’ve heard on the subject: Eliot, Robert S. Is It Worth Dying For? How to Make Stress Work for You—Not Against You. New York: Bantam, 1985.
272 There is no technical solution to this: Hardin G. The tragedy of the commons. The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality. Science. 1968 Dec 13;162(3859):1243–48.
CHAPTER 12: DEVELOPING YOUR BASELINE PROGRAM
276 Our researchers were aware: Tannenbaum BM, Tannenbaum GS, Anisman H. Impact of life-long macronutrient choice on neuroendocrine and cognitive functioning in aged mice: differential effects in stressor-reactive and stressor-resilient mouse strains. Brain Res. 2003 Sep 26;985(2):187–97.
280 We now know that lifestyle, diet, and environment: Needham BL, Adler N, Gregorich S, Rehkopf D, Lin J, et al. Socioeconomic status, health behavior, and leukocyte telomere length in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002. Soc Sci Med. 2013 May;85:1–8.
280 We now know that lifestyle, diet, and environment: Paul L. Diet, nutrition and telomere length. J Nutr Biochem. 2011 Oct;22(10):895–901.
281 Yet another study, this one tracking 5,862 women: Sun Q, Shi L, Prescott J, Chiuve SE, Hu FB, et al. Healthy lifestyle and leukocyte telomere length in U.S. women. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e38374.
281 Studies by Dean Ornish and Nobel laureate Elizabeth Blackburn: Ornish D, Lin J, Daubenmier J, Weidner G, Epel E, Kemp C, et al. Increased telomerase activity and comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2008 Nov;9(11):1048–57.
281 The study also found that the greater the compliance: Ornish D, Lin J, Chan JM, Epel E, Kemp C, et al. Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Oct;14(11):1112–20.
281 We also know that vitamins B3 (niacin): Kirkland JB. Niacin requirements for genomic stability. Mutat Res. 2012 May 1;733(1–2):14–20.
281 Michael Fenech, a senior scientist in nutrition: Fenech M. Folate (vitamin B9) and vitamin B12 and their function in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genome integrity. Mutat Res. 2012 May 1;733(1–2):21–33.
281 Michael Fenech, a senior scientist in nutrition: Bull C, Fenech M. Genome-health nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: nutritional requirements or nutriomes for chromosomal stability and telomere maintenance at the individual level. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008 May;67(2):146–56.
281 The telomeres were 5 percent longer: Xu Q, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Cawthorn RM, Sandler DP, Chen H. Multivitamin use and telomere length in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;89(6):1857–63.
281 Longer telomeres were also noted in women: Cassidy A, De Vivo I, Liu Y, Han J, Prescott J, et al. Associations between diet, lifestyle factors, and telomere length in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;91(5):1273–80.
282 Your goal is gradually to get to a point: Choi BC, Pak AW, Choi JC, Choi EC. Daily step goal of 10,000 steps: a literature review. Clin Invest Med. 2007;30(3):E146–151.
283 Studies on university students: Tully MA, Cupples ME. UNISTEP (university students exercise and physical activity) study: a pilot study of the effects of accumulating 10,000 steps on health and fitness among university students. J Phys Act Health. 2011 Jul;8(5):663–67.
283 achieving the target resulted in: Morgan AL, Tobar DA, Snyder L. Walking toward a new me: the impact of prescribed walking 10,000 steps/day on physical and psychological well-being. J Phys Act Health. 2010 May;7(3):299–307.
283 achieving the target resulted in: Soroush A, Der Ananian C, Ainsworth BE, Belyea M, Poortvliet E, et al. Effects of a 6-month walking study on blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness in U.S. and Swedish adults: ASUKI step study. Asian J Sports Med. 2013 Jun;4(2):114–24.
283 achieving the target resulted in: Yates T, Haffner SM, Schulte PJ, Thomas L, Huffman KM, et al. Association between change in daily ambulatory activity and cardiovascular events in people with impaired glucose tolerance (NAVIGATOR trial): a cohort analysis. Lancet. 2013 Dec 19. pii: S0140-6736(13)62061-9.
283 achieving the target resulted in: Cocate PG, de Oliveira A, Hermsdorff H, Alfenas RD, Amorim PR, et al. Benefits and relationship of steps walked per day to cardiometabolic risk factor in Brazilian middle-aged men. J Sci Med Sport. 2013 Jun 13. pii:S1440–2440(13)00104–7.
283 Here’s even more proof: Knudsen SH, Hansen LS, Pedersen M, Dejgaard T, Hansen J, et al. Changes in insulin sensitivity precede changes in body composition during 14 days of step reduction combined with overfeeding in healthy young men. J Appl Physiol. 2012 Jul;113(1):7–15.
285 One study found that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: White PD, Goldsmith KA, Johnson AL, Potts L, Walwyn R, et al. Comparison of adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise therapy, and specialist medical care for chronic fatigue syndrome (PACE): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2011 March 5;377(9768):823–36.
285 Another showed that mindfulness-based cognitive: Donta ST, Clauw DJ, Engel CC Jr, Guarino P, Peduzzi P, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy and aerobic exercise for Gulf War veterans’ illnesses: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Mar 19;289(11):1396–1404.
285 A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based: Collip D, Geschwind N, Peeters F, Myin-Germeys I, van Os J, Wichers M. Putting a hold on the downward spiral of paranoia in the social world: a randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in individuals with a history of depression. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 27;8(6):e66747.
285 The therapy increased the expression of FKBP5: Levy-Gigi E, Szabó C, Kelemen O, Kéri S. Association among clinical response, hippocampal volume, and FKBP5 gene expression in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder receiving cognitive behavioral therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jul 12. (Epub ahead of print.)
285 They also demonstrate how mindfulness-based: Bothelius K, Kyhle K, Espie CA, Broman JE. Manual-guided cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia delivered by ordinary primary care personnel in general medical practice: a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. J Sleep Res. 2013 Jul 16. (Epub ahead of print.)
285 They also demonstrate how mindfulness-based: Schlögelhofer M, Willinger U, Wiesegger G, Eder H, Priesch M, et al. Clinical study results from a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural guided self-help in patients with partially remitted depressive disorder. Psychol Psychother. 2013 May 17. (Epub ahead of print.)
286 Studies analyzing the composition of proteins: Herman RA, Price WD. Unintended compositional changes in genetically modified (GM) crops: 20 years of research. J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Feb 25. (Epub ahead of print.)
286 Studies analyzing the composition of proteins: Gong CY, Wang T. Proteomic evaluation of genetically modified crops: current status and challenges. Front Plant Sci. 2013;4:41.
287 Another question is whether GMO varieties: Ramesh SV. Non-coding RNAs in crop genetic modification: considerations and predictable environmental risk assessments (ERA). Mol Biotechnol. 2013 Feb 5. (Epub ahead of print.)
287 Another question is whether GMO varieties: Lupi R, Denery-Papini S, Rogniaux H, Lafiandra D, Rizzi C, et al. How much does transgenesis affect wheat allergenicity? Assessment in two GM lines over-expressing endogenous genes. J Proteomics. 2013 Mar 27;80:281–91.
287 The duration of their exposure to GMO products: Arjó G, Capell T, Matias-Guiu X, Zhu C, Christou P, Piñol C. Mice fed on a diet enriched with genetically engineered multivitamin corn show no sub-acute toxic effects and no sub-chronic toxicity. Plant Biotechnol J. 2012 Dec;10(9):1026–34.
287 The duration of their exposure to GMO products: Zhu Y, He X, Luo Y, Zou S, Zhou X, et al. A 90-day feeding study of glyphosate-tolerant maize with the G2-aroA gene in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Jan;51:280–87.
287 A number of animal studies by prominent researchers: Tang X, Han F, Zhao K, Xu Y, Wu X. A 90-day dietary toxicity study of genetically modified rice T1C-1 expressing Cry1C protein in Sprague Dawley rats. PLoS One. 2012;7(12). (Epub 2012 Dec 27.)
287 A number of animal studies by prominent researchers: Yuan Y, Xu W, He X, Liu H, Cao S, et al. Effects of genetically modified T2A-1 rice on the GI health of rats after 90-day supplement. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1962.
287 And allergy testing of the GMO potato: Tu HM, Godfrey LW, Sun SS. Expression of the Brazil nut methionine-rich protein and mutants with increased methionine in transgenic potato. Plant Mol Biol. 1998 Jul;37(5):829–38.
287 And allergy testing of the GMO potato: Lehrer SB, Reese G. Recombinant proteins in newly developed foods: identification of allergenic activity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1997 May-Jul;113(1–3):122–24.
287 And allergy testing of the GMO potato: Devos Y, Aguilera J, Diveki Z, Gomes A, Liu Y, et al. EFSA’s scientific activities and achievements on the risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) during its first decade of existence: looking back and ahead. Transgenic Res. 2013 Aug 21.
CHAPTER 13: PERSONALIZING YOUR HEALTH-CARE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
305 The diet focused on lean protein: Hasper I, Ventskovskiy BM, Rettenberger R, Heger PW, Riley DS, Kaszkin-Bettag M. Long-term efficacy and safety of the special extract ERr 731 of Rheum rhaponticum in perimenopausal women with menopausal symptoms. Menopause. 2009 Jan–Feb;16(1):117–31.
305 The outcomes for the women in the study: Lukaczer D, Liska DJ, Lerman RH, Darland G, Schiltz B, et al. Effect of low glycemic index diet with soy protein and phytosterols on CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women. Nutrition. 2006 Feb;22(2):104–13.
306 The phytonutrient beta-sitosterol proved effective: Klippel KF, Hiltl DM, Schipp B. A multicentric, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol (phytosterol) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. German BPH-Phyto Study group. Br J Urol. 1997 Sep;80(3):427–32.
308 But then along came Frances Moore Lappé: Lappé, Frances Moore. Diet for a Small Planet. New York: Ballantine Books, 1971.
309 I met Joe in 1983 shortly after he had published: Piscatella, Joseph. Don’t Eat Your Heart Out Cookbook. New York: Workman, 1983.
311 One at the George Washington School of Medicine: Dipietro L, Gribok A, Stevens MS, Hamm LF, Rumpler W. Three 15-min bouts of moderate postmeal walking significantly improves 24-h glycemic control in older people at risk for impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 2013 Jun 11. (Epub ahead of print.)
311 Even what Dr. Levine: McCrady-Spitzer SK, Levine JA. Nonexercise activity thermogenesis: a way forward to treat the worldwide obesity epidemic. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012 Sep–Oct;8(5):501–6.
312 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause: National Eye Institute Statistics and Data. http://www.nei.nih.gov/eyedata/pbd_tables.asp. Accessed 15 December 2013.
318 Moreover, studies have shown how and why: Yan H, Tang L, Chen T, Kral JG, Jiang L, et al. Defining and predicting complete remission of type 2 diabetes: a short-term efficacy study of open gastric bypass. Obes Facts. 2013;6(2):176–84.
318 Moreover, studies have shown how and why: Cohen RV, Pinheiro JC, Schiavon CA, Salles JE, Wajchenberg BL, Cummings DE. Effects of gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes and only mild obesity. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jul;35(7):1420–28.
318 Moreover, studies have shown how and why: Ghiassi S, Morton J, Bellatorre N, Eisenberg D. Short-term medication cost savings for treating hypertension and diabetes after gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012 May–Jun;8(3):269–74.
CHAPTER 14: YOUR HEALTH-CARE REVOLUTION
322 Again, not a moment too soon: The World Health Organization 2011 Summit: Bloom DE, Cafiero ET, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, et al. The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2011.
322 In the United States as of 2012: Hurd MD, Martorell P, Delavande A, Mullen KJ, Langa KM. Monetary costs of dementia in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 4;368(14):1326–34.
322 In the United States as of 2012: Thies W, Bleiler L; Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimers Dement. 2013 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. 2013 Mar;9(2):208–45.
322 At the famous Karolinska Institutet in Sweden: Lövdén M, Xu W, Wang HX. Lifestyle change and the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia: what is the evidence? Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013 May;26(3):239–43.
323 A study at the Mayo Clinic concluded: Vemuri P, Lesnick TG, Przybelski SA, Knopman DS, Roberts RO, et al. Effect of lifestyle activities on Alzheimer disease biomarkers and cognition. Ann Neurol. 2012 Nov;72(5):730–38.
323 But numerous studies have indicated: Féart C, Samieri C, Allés B, Barberger-Gateau P. Potential benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on cognitive health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013 Feb;72(1):140–52.
323 But numerous studies have indicated: Vassallo N, Scerri C. Mediterranean diet and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Curr Aging Soc. 2012 Sep 27. (Epub ahead of print.)
323 But numerous studies have indicated: Allés B, Samieri C, Féart C, Jutland MA, Laurin D, Barberger-Gateau P. Dietary patterns: a novel approach to examine the link between nutrition and cognitive function in older individuals. Nutr Res Rev. 2012 Dec;25(2):207–22.
323 But numerous studies have indicated: Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Stern Y, Gu Y, He J, et al. Mediterranean diet and magnetic resonance imaging–assessed cerebrovascular disease. Ann Neurol. 2011 Feb;69(2):257–68.
323 A 2013 study in the New England Journal of Medicine: Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 4;368(14):1279–90.
323 Some of my own research: Minich DM, Bland JS. Dietary management of the metabolic syndrome beyond macronutrients. Nutr Rev. 2008 Aug;66(8):429–44.