NOTE The full bibliographical details, when not cited here, are to be found in the Bibliography.
1. Belitzky, Goren-Inbar and Werker, ‘A Middle Pleistocene Wooden Plank with Man-made Polish’, p. 351.
2. Letter from Prof. Goren-Inbar, 8 October 1996.
3. Belitzky, Goren-Inbar and Werker, ‘A Middle Pleistocene Wooden Plank’, p. 352.
1. There are a number of differing dates for the Cambrian Explosion: ‘nearly 530 million years ago’, according to Drs Erwin, Valentine and Jablonski, ‘The Origin of Animal Body Plans’, p. 126; Prof. Levinton in ‘The Big Bang of Animal Evolution’, p. 52, puts it at ‘roughly 570 million years’ before the present.
2. Semaw et al., ‘2.5-million-year-old Stone Tools from Gona, Ethiopia’, pp. 333–6
3. The Times, 24 December 1851, p. 5, citing as a source the Springfield Republican.
4. Whitney, The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California.
5. Skertchly, ‘On the Occurrence of Stone Mortars in the Ancient (Pliocene?) River Gravels of Butte County, California’, pp. 332–7.
6. Becker, ‘Antiquities from under Tuolumne Table Mountain in California’, pp. 189–200.
7. Holmes, ‘Review of the Evidence Relating to Auriferous Gravel Man in California’. See summary in Corliss, Ancient Man: A Handbook of Puzzling Artifacts, pp. 670–72.
8. See Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 270–93.
9. Whitney, The Auriferous Gravels, p. 264. Whitney personally inspected some of these objects.
10. Ibid., p. 265.
11. Ibid., p. 266.
12. pp. 274–5.
13. Ibid., p. 266.
14. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 376–7.
15. Becker, ‘Antiquities from under Tuolumne Table Mountain’, p. 194.
16. Holmes, ‘The Evidence Relating to Auriferous Gravel Man’, p. 453.
17. Becker, ‘Antiquities from under Tuolumne Table Mountain’, p. 192. See also Holmes, ‘The Evidence Relating to Auriferous Gravel Man’, pp. 450–53.
18. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 378.
19. Becker, ‘Antiquities from under Tuolumne Table Mountain’, p. 192.
20. Whitney, The Auriferous Gravels, p. 274.
21. Ibid., pp. 275–8. Objects were found in the Californian counties of Amadour, El Dorado, Placer, Nevada, Butte, Siskiyou and Trinity. For dating see Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 386–7.
22. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 392.
23. Morrisonville Times, 11 June 1891, p. 1.
24. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 805.
25. Ibid., p. 806.
26. Morrisonville Times, 11 June 1891, p. 1.
27. The Times, 22 June 1844, p. 8, quoting the Kelso Chronicle.
28. Brewster, ‘Queries and Statements Concerning a Nail Found Embedded in a Block of Sandstone’, II, p. 51.
29. Nature, 35, 11 November 1886, p. 36. It weighed 1 pound 11 ounces and was covered with a thin layer of oxide. It was as hard as steel and had a specific gravity of 7.75. Some of the specialists who examined it considered that it had been artificially produced, others that it was a meteorite.
30. Allan and Delair, When the Earth Nearly Died, p. 336.
31. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 454. The original report was published in the Geologist, December 1862.
32. Hürzeler, ‘The Significance of Oreopithecus in the Genealogy of Man’, p. 169; Science, 128, 5 September 1958, p. 523
33. Burroughs, ‘Human-like Footprints, 250 Million Years Old’, p. 46. See also Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archeology, pp. 454–8. Found at the O. Finnell Farm, Rockcastle County, near the town of Berea, Kentucky.
34. Burroughs, ‘Human-like Footprints’, p. 46.
35. Ibid., pp. 46–7.
36. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 456.
37. Burroughs, ‘Human-like Footprints’, p. 47.
38. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 457.
39. Thulborn, Dinosaur Tracks, pp. 229–31. See also Corliss, Science Frontiers: Some Anomalies and Curiosities of Nature, pp. 44–45.
40. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 458.
41. See the survey in Corliss, Ancient Man, pp. 636–51.
42. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 807.
43. Ibid., p. 808.
44. Deseret News, 13 June 1968, p. 14A. See also Corliss, Unknown Earth: A Handbook of Geological Enigmas, p. 642; Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 810–13.
45. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 812.
1. Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, p. 75.
2. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, p. 1.
3. Gould, The Panda’s Thumb, p. 149. Although this essay was originally written in 1977, his first challenge was in 1972. (See n. 31, below.)
4. Schindel, ‘The Gaps in the Fossil Record’, p. 282.
5. Darwin, The Origin of Species, p. 293.
6. Ibid., p. 206.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 439.
9. Gould, The Panda’s Thumb, p. 150.
10. An interview by Luther D. Sunderland reported in Mebane, Darwin’s Creation-Myth, p. 18.
11. Stanley, The New Evolutionary Timetable, p. 95.
12. Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection, p. 44.
13. Levinton, ‘The Big Bang of Animal Evolution’, p. 52. See also Erwin, Valentine and Jablonski, ‘The Origin of Animal Body Plans’, p. 126: ‘All of the basic architectures of animals were apparently established by the close of the Cambrian explosion…’
14. Levinton, ‘The Big Bang of Animal Evolution’, p. 52.
15. Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection, p. 39.
16. Formerly called Eohippus.
17. Denton, Evolution, pp. 182–3. See also Eldredge, Reinventing Darwin: The Great Evolutionary Debate, pp. 129–31, and Milton, The Facts of Life, pp. 122–7.
18. See Milton, The Facts of Life, p. 124.
19. Gould, The Panda’s Thumb, p. 151.
20. Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection, p. 50.
21. Phraseology with thanks to Jacobs, Quest for the African Dinosaurs: Ancient Roots of the Modern World, p. 242.
22. Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection, p. 40.
23. Ibid., p. 41.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., p. 14.
26. Leith, The Descent of Darwin, p. 78.
27. Stahl, Vertebrate History: Problems in Evolution, p. 349
28. Gould, The Panda’s Thumb, p. 157.
29. Darwin, Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, II, p. 273.
30. Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection, p. 18.
31. Gould and Eldredge, ‘Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism’, in Models in Paleobiology, pp. 82–115. Gould and Eldredge write (p. 96): ‘Many breaks in the fossil record are real; they express the way in which evolution occurs, not the fragments of an imperfect record.’
32. Denton, Evolution, p. 310.
33. Ibid. The possibility is one chance in ten to the power of 100; there are estimated to be ten to the power of seventy atoms in the observable universe.
34. Hoyle, Nature, 12 November 1981, p. 105.
35. Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection, p. 291.
36. Ibid., p. 157.
37. See Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science, pp. 16–18.
38. Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection, p. 294.
1. Welfare and Fairley, Arthur C. Clarke’s Mysterious World, p. 106.
2. Kaharl, Water Baby: The Story of Alvin, p. 91.
3. Soule, Wide Ocean, p. 171.
4. See Bille, Rumors of Existence, pp. 21–2; Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors: Do Giant ‘Extinct’ Creatures Still Exist?, p. 123.
5. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, pp. 122–3.
6. Ellis, Monsters of the Sea, pp. 343–4, quoting D. J. Stead, Sharks and Rays of Australian Seas, Sydney, 1963.
7. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, p. 123.
8. Ibid., p. 123. See also Linklater, The Voyage of the Challenger, p. 244
9. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, p. 119.
10. Ibid., p. 120.
11. Ibid., p. 121.
12. Secretariat, P.O. Box 43070, Tucson, Arizona 85733, United States.
13. Heuvelmans, In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents, pp. 473–7
14. LeBlond and Sibert, Observations of Large Unidentified Marine Animals in British Columbia and Adjacent Waters, pp. 5–6.
15. Ibid., p. 63.
16. Ibid., p. 31.
17. Ibid., p. 32.
18. LeBlond and Bousfield, Cadborosaurus: Survivor from the Deep, p. 2.
19. Ibid., p. 29.
20. Ibid., p. 40.
21. Ibid., p. 31.
22. Ibid., pp. 94–118.
23. Ibid., pp. 119–20.
24. Ibid., p. 57.
25. Ibid., pp. 51–5.
26. Ibid., p. 57.
27. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, p. 81.
28. Ibid., pp. 81–2.
29. Ibid., p. 82.
30. Ibid., pp. 82–3.
31. Ibid., p. 84.
32. Ibid., p. 102. Doubts have since emerged over this video. Suspicions have been raised that it might have been a hoax. See Fortean Times, 102, September 1997, p. 29.
33. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, pp. 100–102.
34. Ibid., p. 83.
35. Ibid., p. 84.
36. Shuker (ibid., p. 92) reports that fossils of the plesiosaur group, the later elasmosaur, have been found in a rock formation in California which also contains fossils from the Palaeocene period (55–64 million years ago). Unfortunately there has not yet been a proven link between the two types of fossil.
37. See his discussion, ibid., pp. 91–8.
38. Ibid., p. 95.
39. Vartanyan, Garutt and Sher, ‘Holocene Dwarf Mammoths from Wrangel Island in the Siberian Arctic’, pp. 337–40. See also Lister, ‘Mammoths in Miniature’, pp. 288–9.
40. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, p. 81.
41. Ibid., pp. 108–9.
42. Bille, Rumors of Existence, pp. 39–40.
43. New York Times, 12 November 1995.
44. For a review of all creatures discovered this century, large and small, see Shuker, The Lost Ark.
1. For the story of the expeditions see Mackal, A Living Dinosaur?: In Search of Mokele-Mbembe.
2. Kingdon, Island Africa, pp. 10–16.
3. Proyart, Histoire de Loango, Kakongo, et autres royaumes d’Afrique, pp. 38–9.
4. Ley, The Lungfish and the Unicorn, pp. 122–3.
5. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors: Do Giant ‘Extinct’ Creatures Still Exist?, p. 1.9.
6. Heuvelmans, On the Track of Unknown Animals, p. 462.
7. Ibid., pp. 434–41.
8. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, p. 19.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., pp. 19–20.
11. Mackal, A Living Dinosaur?, pp. 19–20.
12. Ibid., pp. 21–2.
13. Ibid., p. 23.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., pp. 24–5.
16. Ibid., pp. 81–2.
17. Ibid., pp. 77–8.
18. Ibid., p. 82.
19. Ibid., pp. 59, 62, 75–6.
20. Ibid., pp. 179–80.
21. O’Hanlon, Congo Journey, p. 323.
22. Mackal, A Living Dinosaur?, p. 84.
23. Ibid., p. 139.
24. Ibid., pp. 235–6.
25. Ibid., pp. 257–9
26. See, for example, Emery, Archaic Egypt, p. 45 and plate 3(a).
27. Lorblanchet and Sieveking, ‘The Monsters of Pergouset’, p. 40. It is illustrated on p. 47. The same room also contains inscribed signs – groups of curved parallel lines as well as a zigzag design with six angles on the left, seven on the right. What these signs record, if anything, is unknown. See pp. 43 and 50.
28. Breuil, Quatre cents siècles d’art pariétal, p. 390, fig. 512.
29. Melland, In Witch-bound Africa, p. 238.
30. Price, Extra-special Correspondent, p. 178.
31. Lt Col. A. C. Simonds, ‘Pieces of War’, typescript memoir dated 1 July 1985, covering the years 1931–74.
32. The original article was reproduced in Fortean Times, 105, December 1997, p. 37.
33. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, p. 57.
34. Ibid., pp. 54–5.
35. Ibid., p. 56.
36. Lawson, ‘Pterosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of West Texas: Discovery of the Largest Flying Creature’, p. 947.
37. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, p. 59.
38. Ibid.
1. Johanson and Edey, Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind, p. 22.
2. For many years it was considered that no Homo erectus remains had been found in Europe. In March 1994 much of the upper portion of a hominid skull was found in Italy. Dated to about 900,000 years ago, it was called ‘Ceprano Man’ and has been assigned to the species of erectus despite a number of slight morphological distinctions. See Gore, ‘The First Europeans’, p. 101.
3. See, for example, the chart published in Leakey and Walker, ‘Early Hominid Fossils from Africa’, p. 62. See also Lewin, Bones of Contention, p. 17.
4. See the comments on Australopithecus as apes in Leakey and Lewin, Origins Reconsidered, for example, pp. 158, 194 and 196.
5. Ibid., p. 120.
6. Lewin, Bones of Contention, p. 137.
7. Leakey and Walker, ‘Early Hominid Fossils from Africa’ p. 62. They named the species Australopithecus anamensis.
8. White et al., ‘Australopithecus ramidus, a New Species of Early Hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia’, p. 306. In 1995 this species was renamed Ardipithecus ramidus.
9. Johanson and Edey, Lucy, p. 309.
10. For an extended discussion of this feature and its implications see Morgan, The Scars of Evolution, pp. 124–40.
11. Ibid., p. 126.
12. Ibid., pp. 45–6.
13. Ibid., p. 140.
14. Ibid., pp. 88–91.
15. Ibid., p. 111.
16. Ibid., p. 47.
17. Ibid., pp. 175–9.
18. Ibid., pp. 176–8.
19. Ibid., pp. 51–5, quoting work of geologist Paul Mohr.
20. Ibid., p. 51.
21. La Lumiere, ‘Evolution of Human Bipedalism: A Hypothesis about Where It Happened’, pp. 103–7.
22. Morgan, The Scars of Evolution, p. 178.
23. Quoted in More, ‘New Skull Turns Up in Northeast Africa’, p. 32.
24. See Tuttle, ‘Evolution of Hominid Bipedalism and Prehensile Capabilities’, p. 92, where he writes that the bone and muscle structure of the creatures such as Lucy ‘are quite compatible with the idea that… [they] were derived rather recently from arboreal bipeds. Indeed, they too may have engaged in notable tree climbing.’
See also the chart in Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 730–31, for the list of features which ‘Lucy’ shared with apes, chimpanzees, gibbons and orangutans. It appears virtually certain that these were her relatives rather than man, who seems to have existed already in modern form at that date.
25. Leakey, ‘Skull 1470’, p. 828.
26. Leakey, ‘Footprints in the Ashes of Time’, pp. 446–57. See also Leakey, ‘Tracks and Tools’, pp. 95–102.
27. See a summary of statements supporting this in Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 742–7.
28. Tuttle, ‘Evolution of Hominid Bipedalism’, p. 91.
29. Ibid.
30. Gore, ‘The First Steps’, p. 80.
31. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 717, quoting Zuckerman, 1973.
32. Quoted in Gore, ‘The First Steps’, p. 85. Prof. Wood has now moved to George Washington University, Washington.
1. Oxnard, The Order of Man, p. 317.
2. A show hosted by Walter Cronkite in 1981; see Lewin, Bones of Contention, pp. 13–18.
3. White et al., ‘Australopithecus ramidus, a New Species of Early Hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia’, p. 306.
4. Gore, ‘The First Steps’, p. 80.
5. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 733–4.
6. For example, see Taylor et al., ‘Clovis and Folsom Age Estimates: Stratigraphic Context and Radiocarbon Calibration’, p. 517.
7. Lee, ‘Sheguiandah in Retrospect’, p. 28.
8. During the last Ice Age an ice sheet almost two miles thick covered the area. The last warm period when humans could have lived on the site was around 65,000 BC; prior to that another warm period occurred around 125,000 BC.
9. Sanford, ‘Sheguiandah Reviewed’, p. 7.
10. Ibid., p. 14.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 353.
14. Ibid., p. 346.
15. Ibid., p. xxx.
16. White et al., ‘Australopithecus ramidus, a New Species of Early Hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia’ p. 306.
17. Gore, ‘The First Steps’, p. 96.
18. Semaw et al., ‘2.5-million-year-old Stone Tools from Gona, Ethiopia’, p. 333.
19. Charlesworth, ‘Objects in the Red Crag of Suffolk’, pp. 91–4.
20. Capellini, ‘Les traces de l’homme pliocène en Toscane’, pp. 47–54. For a rendering in English, see Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 54.
21. Potts and Shipman, ‘Cutmarks Made by Stone Tools on Bones from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania’, p. 577.
22. Capellini, ‘Les traces de l’homme pliocène’, pp. 47–8.
23. Ibid., p. 52.
24. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 69.
25. Ibid., pp. 70–71.
26. Ibid., pp. 67–8.
27. Gore, ‘The First Europeans’, pp. 104–5.
28. Ackerman, ‘European Prehistory Gets Even Older’, pp. 28–30.
29. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 94, 96 and fig. 3.5.
30. Ibid., pp. 121–50 gives the story of the palaeo-anthropologist, J. Reid Moir, and the reactions for, and against, his discoveries.
31. Breuil, ‘Sur la présence d’éolithes à la base de l’éocène parisien’, p. 402. An English rendering in: Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 158.
32. Breuil, ‘Sur la présence d’éolithes’.
33. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 423.
34. Ibid., pp. 427–8.
35. Ibid., p. 428.
36. See the critique of the carbon 14 dating given in Cremo and Thompson, pp. 790–93. They point out that for an intrusive burial it was very odd. The bodies were buried without any coffin or shroud, unlikely for a burial in medieval times. Furthermore the bones of the man and the two children were spread over several square feet with the children’s bones mixed up with each other. They conclude:
This constitutes strong evidence that the Castenedolo bones are not the result of recent intrusive burial. We note that the radiocarbon method was not used to date the bones of the man or children, and the significance of the dispersed position of these skeletons in the strata was ignored by most scientists writing about them.
37. Oakley, ‘Relative Dating of the Fossil Hominids of Europe’, pp. 40–42. See also, Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 432, 757–60, 762–4 and 790–93. They conclude (p. 793):
In short, there is conflicting evidence about the age of the Castenedolo bones – a carbon 14 date and a nitrogen test… in favor of a recent age, an ambiguous uranium content test… and a fluorine content test… and stratigraphic observations… in favor of high antiquity. In almost all cases of anomalously old human bones, scientists choose to accept carbon 14 dates even when they radically contradict the stratigraphic evidence. But is it really fair that all weight should be given to the former and none to the latter? The stratigraphic evidence is unusually strong in favour of a Pliocene age for the Castenedolo bones, whereas… the carbon 14 dating is far from perfect.
38. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 429
39. Patterson and Howells, ‘Hominid Humeral Fragment from Early Pleistocene of Northwestern Kenya’, p. 65; table 1 gives seven points of agreement with a modern human bone.
40. Oxnard, ‘The Place of the Australopithecines in Human Evolution: Grounds for Doubt?’, p. 394. See also Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 684–6.
41. Leakey, ‘Skull 1470’, p. 821. In his paper ‘Evidence for an Advanced Plio-Pleistocene Hominid from East Rudolf, Kenya’, p. 450, Leakey writes:
When the femur is compared with a restricted sample of modern African bones, there are marked similarities in those morphological features that are widely considered characteristic of modern H. sapiens. The fragments of tibia and fibula also resemble H. sapiens…
42. Wood, ‘Evidence on the Locomotor Pattern of Homo from Early Pleistocene of Kenya’, p. 136.
43. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, pp. 686–7.
44. Ibid., p. 750. See also Appendix 3 for a summary of the evidence of ancient artefacts.
1. Mellaart, Earliest Civilizations of the Near East, p. 77.
2. Mellaart, Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia, p. 211.
3. Cremo and Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology, p. 411.
4. Stringer and Gamble, In Search of the Neanderthals, p. 157 and n. 44.
5. Gore, ‘The First Europeans’, p. 110.
6. Stringer and Gamble, In Search of the Neanderthals, pp. 156–7.
7. Shreeve, The Neandertal Enigma, pp. 277–81.
8. Andel, ‘Late Quaternary Sea-level Changes and Archaeology’, p. 742.
9. Ibid., p. 736. The effective depth is thought to be up to 426 feet, taking into account the rise of land deprived of the weight of ice. Total loss could be up to 65 feet more. See p. 734.
10. Whitmore et al., ‘Elephant Teeth from the Atlantic Continental Shelf’, p. 1477.
11. Ibid.
12. This ice-free passage would seem to indicate that a displacement of the poles has occurred since. For if this land was free of ice and yet a mile-high ice-cap reached as far south as Philadelphia, the North Pole must have been towards Baffin Island or Greenland; the South Pole would then have shifted towards Australia, thus leaving, perhaps, the area of Antarctica nearest to South America free of ice.
13. Shackleton et al., ‘Coastal Paleogeography of the Central and Western Mediterranean during the Last 125,000 Years and its Archaeological Implications’, pp. 310–11.
14. Andel, ‘Late Quaternary Sea-level Changes and Archaeology’, p. 742.
15. Ibid., p. 737.
16. Plato, Laws, Book III, p. 167.
17. Dansgaard et al., ‘The Abrupt Termination of the Younger Dryas Climate Event’, p. 532.
18. Alley et al., ‘Abrupt Increase in Greenland Snow Accumulation at the End of the Younger Dryas Event’, p. 527. See also Fairbanks, ‘Flip-flop End to Last Ice Age’, p. 495.
19. Marshack, The Roots of Civilisation, p. 10.
20. Ibid., p. 11.
21. Ibid., p. 12.
22. Wilson, From Atlantis to the Sphinx, p. 215.
23. Andel and Runnels, ‘The Earliest Farmers in Europe’, pp. 481–500.
24. Andel and Shackleton, ‘Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic Coastlines of Greece and the Aegean’, p. 450.
25. Andel and Runnels, ‘The Earliest Farmers in Europe’, p. 498.
26. Plato, Timaeus, p. 41.
27. Broodbank and Strasser, ‘Migrant Farmers and the Neolithic Colonization of Crete’, p. 237.
28. Ibid., p. 241.
29. Ibid., p. 242.
1. Plato, Timaeus, pp. 41–3 (edited and paraphrased).
2. Ibid.; Critias, pp. 279–307.
3. Plutarch, ‘Life of Solon’ pp. 43–76. See also Plutarch, ‘Isis and Osiris’ in Moralia, V, p. 25.
4. Plato, Timaeus, p. 33.
5. Ibid., p. 29.
6. Many say that Crantor reported it also. But Proclus reports Crantor and it is clear that this report has been mistranslated. Crantor is simply repeating the assertions of Plato. See James, The Sunken Kingdom: The Atlantis Mystery Solved, p. 173.
7. Mellaart, Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia, p. 22.
8. The range was 1628 to 1626 BC, derived from a study of tree rings (Science News, 125, 28 January 1984, p. 54). The argument in support of this date from tree rings and ice-core analysis has been strongly criticized in a paper published in 1997. The authors point out that no direct connection has ever been demonstrated between volcanic eruptions and changes in tree rings or ice-core characteristics. See Buckland et al., ‘Bronze Age Myths?: Volcanic Activity and Human Response in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Regions’, pp. 581–7.
9. Luce, The End of Atlantis, pp. 35–7.
10. See James, The Sunken Kingdom, pp. 70–84.
11. Ibid., p. 81.
12. Ice-core samples from Greenland give a date cluster around 1650 BC. See the Observer, 1 May 1988, p. 29.
13. Plato, Critias, pp. 273–7.
14. Zangger, The Flood from Heaven.
15. James, The Sunken Kingdom, p. 191.
16. Ibid., p. 191, quoting Pindar, Pythian, IV, 289–90.
17. Ibid., p. 195.
18. Ibid., p. 215.
19. Ibid., p. 216.
20. Ibid., pp. 252–3.
21. Plato, Critias, p. 279.
22. Plato, Timaeus, p. 41.
23. Herodotus, The Histories, pp. 283–4.
24. Hapgood, Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, pp. 62–6, 70–78, figs 18, 48, 49 and 52.
25. Plato, Critias, p. 283.
26. Ibid., p. 295.
27. Ibid.
28. With the dramatic exception of M. Hope, author of Atlantis: Myth or Reality, London, 1991, who jumps with both feet into the void.
29. Kukal, Atlantis in the Light of Modern Research, p. 68.
30. Hapgood, Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, p. 68, fig. 47.
31. Admiralty Chart, no. 1950.
32. Admiralty Chart, no. 4407.
33. Admiralty Charts, nos 4104 and 4115.
34. Admiralty Chart, no. 4103; the site of the island is today called the Gorringe Ridge.
35. Sunday Times, 28 December 1997, section I, p. 12.
1. Bauval and Hancock, Keeper of Genesis, p. 248.
2. In Greek these pharaohs were known as Cheops, Cephren and Mycerinus.
3. Lehner et al., ‘The ARCE Sphinx Project: A Preliminary Report’, p. 17.
4. Ibid., p. 18.
5. On the authority of Dr Zahi Hawass in 1992 see Schoch, ‘Redating the Great Sphinx of Giza’, p. 69, n. 14. Dr Hawass wrote, ‘It seems that the Sphinx underwent restoration during the Old Kingdom because the analysis of samples found on the right rear leg proved to be of Old Kingdom date.’ This calls into question the conventional dating of the Sphinx at circa 2500 BC since the Old Kingdom finished around 350 years later. This is not time enough for the depth of erosion seen on the core body of the Sphinx.
6. Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods, p. 348.
7. Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians, II, p. 361.
8. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, II, p. 324, note e.
9. James, A Short History of Ancient Egypt, p. 49. (My italics.)
10. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia, 15th edition, 1995, XI, p. 92.
11. Hassan, The Sphinx: Its History in the Light of Recent Excavations, p. 79.
12. Ibid., p. 91.
13. West, Serpent in the Sky, pp. 186–7, 229.
14. Prof. Robert Schoch teaches at Boston University’s College of Basic Studies. He has degrees in geology and anthropology and a PhD in geology and geophysics from Yale. He has authored many academic papers and books on palaeontology and the principles of geological stratigraphy.
15. Lehner et al., ‘The ARCE Sphinx Project’, p. 14.
16. Prof. Schoch took as an example the 4th Dynasty tomb of Debehen on the Giza plateau.
17. Schoch, ‘Redating the Great Sphinx of Giza’, p. 54. This paper is a revised version of his original report entitled How Old is the Sphinx? published by Boston University, College of General Studies for presentation at the annual convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Chicago, 7 February 1992.
18. Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods, p. 421, quoting Prof. Schoch at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1992.
19. Ibid., quoting Prof. Schoch in NBC-TV film Mystery of the Sphinx, 1993.
20. Schoch, ‘Redating the Great Sphinx of Giza’, p. 54.
21. Wendorf et al., ‘Late Pleistocene and Recent Climatic Changes in the Egyptian Sahara’, pp. 221–6 and 232–3; also McHugh et al., ‘Neolithic Adaptation and the Holocene Functioning of Tertiary Palaeodrainages in Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan’, p. 326.
22. Hoffman, Egypt before the Pharaohs: The Prehistoric Foundations of Egyptian Civilization, p. 239. Hoffman suggests that, given the discoveries of archaeologists working in the desert, ‘It seems as if the food-producing revolution occurred in the [desert regions] many centuries, if not a full millennium before it penetrated the fertile Nile bottomlands.’
23. Schoch, ‘Redating the Great Sphinx of Giza’, p. 58.
24. West, Serpent in the Sky, p. 229.
25. Ibid.
26. Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods, p. 422.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. There have been suggestions made that the use of these large blocks is proof of a very early, perhaps pre-dynastic date, for the Sphinx temple. While the early date may be correct it cannot be established through any argument based on this monumental masonry. The use of such large blocks is attested during the 4th Dynasty; the mortuary temple of Menkaure includes some blocks of this size. See Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 254.
30. Hoffman, Egypt before the Pharaohs, pp. 200–14.
31. Ibid., p. 207.
32. Ibid., pp. 203–4.
33. Mortensen, ‘Four Jars from the Maadi Culture Found in Giza’, p. 147.
34. Hoffman, Egypt before the Pharaohs, p. 201.
35. Mazar, Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, 10,000–586 B. C.E., p. 50.
36. Neugebauer and Parker, Egyptian Astronomical Texts, I, pp. 24–5.
37. Quirke, Ancient Egyptian Religion, p. 57.
38. Bauval and Gilbert, The Orion Mystery, p. 122.
39. Ibid., p. 127.
40. See Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods, p. 456 (where he opts instead for 10,450 BC); Bauval and Hancock, Keeper of Genesis, pp. 74–8 and 253–4.
1. Dr Mark Lehner, ‘Giza: A Contextual Approach to the Pyramids’, pp. 140–45, discusses the possibility of solar cycles being a determinant for the layout of the Giza structures. Further, in his ‘Some Observations on the Layout of the Khufu and Khafre Pyramids’, he theorizes about the layout, levelling, orientation and alignment of the two pyramids.
Dr Jaromir Malek, ‘Orion and the Giza Pyramids’, p. 109, writes, ‘I have little doubt that there was a definable positional relationship between the Giza pyramids…’ A long-running discussion continued on this subject through the pages of Discussions in Egyptology. For example, in vol. 31 (1995), p. 35, R. J. Cook writes, ‘no arguments have yet been advanced which would show that… [he or other writers] are wrong in concluding that the Giza group was laid out to an overall site plan. However, any description of this plan must explain why this group was arranged in its particular configuration…’
2. Lehner, ‘Giza: A Contextual Approach to the Pyramids’, pp. 143–5. For a recent summary of all his thoughts on the surveying, alignment and building of the Giza pyramids, see his Complete Pyramids, pp. 106, 129–30 and 212–14.
3. Lehner, ‘Giza: A Contextual Approach to the Pyramids’, p. 141. Lehner’s article reproduces photographs of the sunsets at the solstice and equinoxes. See pp. 140–41.
4. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt, p. 286.
5. Pinch, Magic in Ancient Egypt, p. 51.
6. Budge, The Book of the Dead, p. 233.
7. Quirke, Ancient Egyptian Religion, p. 159.
8. Ibid.
9. Pinch, Magic in Ancient Egypt, pp. 51–3.
10. Gardner, ‘The House of Life’, p. 158.
11. Ibid., p. 175.
12. Pinch, Magic in Ancient Egypt, p. 63.
13. Gardner, ‘The House of Life’, p. 173.
14. See discussion in Quirke, Ancient Egyptian Religion, pp. 17 and 38–9.
15. That this production of Hermetic books was under way by the second century BC is revealed by a manuscript of that date found in a temple library at Memphis. It is a treatise on astronomy with a note at the beginning explaining, ‘Within, concerns of Hermes’. Within the same text is a circle containing the zodiacal signs with the note, ‘Oracles of Hermes’. See Thompson, Memphis under the Ptolemies, pp. 252–3.
16. Kingsley, ‘Poimandres: The Etymology of the Name and the Origins of the Hermetica’, p. 7.
17. Copenhaver, Hermetica, I, ‘Discourse of Hermes Trismegistus: Poimandres’, p. 1.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 2.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., p. 6.
22. Ibid.
23. Klossowski de Rola, Alchemy: The Secret Art, p. 12. See also The Secret Book of Artephius, Edmonds (WA), 1984.
1. For the story of the excavations, see Zuntz, Persephone, pp. 288–92.
2. Kingsley, ‘From Pythagoras to the Turba Philosophorum: Egypt and Pythagorean Tradition’, p. 3. See also Kingsley, Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic, pp. 256–61 and 308–13; Zuntz, Persephone, pp. 370–76, who points out specific parallels with the Egyptian Book of the Dead, and Cole, ‘New Evidence for the Mysteries of Dionysos’, pp. 224–37.
3. Cole, ‘New Evidence for the Mysteries of Dionysos’, pp. 233–4.
4. Shipley, A History of Samos, 800–188 BC, pp. 43, 56 and 73.
5. Rather than the date of 569 normally given: See Gorman, Pythagoras: A Life, p. 49.
6. Ibid., p. 58.
7. Ibid., p. 83.
8. Herodotus, The Histories, p. 178.
9. Kingsley, Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic, pp. 325–6.
10. Lindsay, The Origins of Alchemy in Graeco-Roman Egypt, p. 100.
11. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, I, p. 440.
12. Kingsley, Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic, pp. 339–41.
13. Fowden, The Egyptian Hermes, p. 167.
14. Taylor, The Alchemists, p. 25.
15. Lindsay, The Origins of Alchemy, p. 335.
16. Taylor, The Alchemists, p. 25.
17. Chadwick, Priscillian of Avila, p. 21.
18. Fowden, The Egyptian Hermes, p. 166, n. 35.
19. Lindsay, The Origins of Alchemy, p. 336.
20. Ibid.
21. Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras, xii. (Guthrie, The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library, p. 125.)
22. Flamel, His Exposition of the Hieroglyphical Figures, p. 13.
23. Boyle, The Sceptical Chymist, p. 166.
24. Ibid.
25. Principe, ‘Robert Boyle’s Alchemical Secrecy: Codes, Ciphers and Concealments’. See also Hunter, ‘Alchemy, Magic and Moralism in the Thought of Robert Boyle’.
26. Boyle Papers, Royal Society, VII, f. 138. See the discussion in Baigent, ‘Freemasonry, Hermetic Thought and the Royal Society of London’, p. 8.
27. Manuel, A Portrait of Isaac Newton, p. 177.
28. Ibid., p. 185.
29. Ibid., p. 170.
30. Dobbs, The Foundations of Newton’s Alchemy, pp. 16–17.
31. Ibid., p. 320.
32. The Times, 11 October 1993, p. 10.
33. The Times, 24 December 1993, p. 9.
34. The Times, 12 December 1994, p. 16.
35. Barnaby, ‘Is There a Pure-fusion Bomb for Sale?’, p. 79. See also Barnaby, ‘The Red Mercury Saga’.
36. Barnaby, ‘Is There a Pure-fusion Bomb for Sale?’, p. 79. See also Badolato and Andrade, ‘Red Mercury: Hoax or the Ultimate Terrorist Weapon?’, for further information, especially regarding alleged links with South Africa. This was published in Counterterrorism Magazine and is contained in a compilation Best of Counterterrorism & Security for: 1995 and 1996 at the website: http://www.worldonline.net/securitynet/CTS/pages/mercury.html.
37. Barnaby, ‘Is There a Pure-fusion Bomb for Sale?’, p. 79.
38. The Secret Book of Artephius, p. 6.
39. With the use of prodigious amounts of energy, modern science has discovered that it can indeed turn base metal into gold. Atomic nucleii of elements can be fused together to create other elements. For example, the nucleus of a copper atom (atomic weight 29) can be fused with the nucleus of a tin atom (atomic weight 50) to produce an atom with a nucleus of atomic weight 79: this is gold.
40. Fowden, The Egyptian Hermes, p. 123.
41. Ibid., p. 122.
42. Lindsay, The Origins of Alchemy, p. 257.
43. Ibid.
44. Ashmole, Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum, p. vi.
1. Iverson, In Search of the Dead, p. 162.
2. Ibid., p. 165, quoting the Dalai Lama, My Land, My People.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., p. 166.
5. Rig Veda, 10.16.5.
6. Bhagavad Gita, trans. J. Mascaró, London, 1962, 2:22.
7. Copenhaver, Hermetica, IV: ‘A Discourse of Hermes to Tat: The Mixing Bowl of the Monad’, p. 17.
8. Ibid., X: ‘Discourse of Hermes Trismegistus: The Key’, p. 34.
9. Budge, The Book of the Dead, p. 598.
10. Carpenter, Past Lives, pp. 91,92 and 93. The story of Philip Corrigan is given on pp. 88–103.
11. Ibid., p. 102.
12. Prof. Kastenbaum writes:
Stevenson has been exceptional in the systematic way he conducts his studies and the detail in which they are reported. Put simply, those who have not read Stevenson’s studies are in no position to have a credible opinion on the evidential basis for reincarnation.
See Kastenbaum, Is There Life After Death?, p. 201.
13. Stevenson, The Evidence for Survival from Claimed Memories of Former Incarnations, pp. 15–16.
14. Stevenson, Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation, p. 2.
15. Ibid., pp. 274–320.
16. Ibid., pp. 286–98. On this tabulation are the forty-seven statements made prior to the visit to Khriby plus ten made during the first journey there. Imad made three errors in the forty-seven and three errors in the ten (see p. 285).
17. Ibid., pp. 280–82.
18. Ibid., p. 301.
19. Iverson, In Search of the Dead, p. xi.
20. Cranston and Williams, Reincarnation, pp. 12–13.
21. Fiore, You Have Been Here Before, pp. 4–5.
22. Iverson, More Lives Than One?, p. 136.
23. Ibid., p. 145.
24. Stevenson, Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation, pp. 2–3.
25. Fiore, You Have Been Here Before, p. 194.
26. Ibid., p. 197.
27. Ibid., p. 198.
28. Ibid., p. 223.
29. Personal communication, 24 May 1997.