2C-B (phenethylamine), (i), (ii)
2C-T-7 (phenethylamine), (i), (ii)
5-HT, see serotonin
13th Floor Elevators, (i)
achuma, (i); see also huachuma; San Pedro cactus
Acosta, José de, (i)
Acosta, Oscar, (i)
Adams, Ansel, (i)
Adams, Charles, (i)
adrenochrome, (i), (ii), (iii); in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (i); Osmond and Hoffer experiments (i)
Aldrich (pharmaceutical company) (i), (ii)
Alpert, Richard (Ram Dass), (i)
American Indian, (i)n16; see also Apache people; Arapaho people; etc.
American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments (1994), (i)
American Philosophical Society, (i)
American Psychiatric Association, (i), (ii)
alkaloids, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); in peyote (i)n17, (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); in San Pedro (i)
amphetamines (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); ‘amphetamine psychosis’ (i)
Anadenanthera spp., see vilca
anhalonine, (i)n41, (ii), (iii), (iv)
Anhalonium spp., see peyote cactus, taxonomy
‘anhalonium’ preparations, see peyote cactus, pharmaceutical preparations; Aleister Crowley; Louis Lewin; Parke, Davis & Co.
Apache people, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); see also Lipan; Mescalero
Apekaum, Charlie (Kiowa), (i)
Arapaho people, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Archer, Ethel, (i)
Artaud, Antonin, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); in Mexico (i); peyote experiences (i)
Augustine, Saint, (i)
ayahuasca, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Aztec people, (i)n15; see also Nahua
Baudelaire, Charles, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Walter Benjamin on (i); Ernst Jünger on (i)
Beaumont, Basil, (i), (ii); mescaline experiment (i)
Beauvoir, Simone de, (i)
Benjamin, Walter, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); on Baudelaire (i); mescaline experiment (i)
Bennett, Allan, (i)
Benzedrine, see amphetamines
Bergson, Henri, (i)
Beringer, Kurt, (i)n20, (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); Der Meskalinrausch (i), (ii), (iii)
Bianco, Ochwiay, (Taos Puebloan), (i)
Blanc, Albert, (i)
Bleuler, Eugen, (i)
Board of Indian Commissioners, (i)
Boas, Franz, (i)
Bonnet, Charles, (i)
Bonnin, Gertrude (Yankton Sioux), (i)
Bosch, Hieronymus, (i)
Botanical Society of Berlin, (i)
Brand, Stewart, (i)
Breton, André, (i), (ii); Surrealism and drug use (i)
Briggs, John Raleigh, (i), (ii), (iii)
British Journal of Psychiatry, (i)
British Medical Journal, (i), (ii), (iii)
Brugmansia (angel’s/devil’s trumpet flower), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Buckley, Lord (Richard Myrle Buckley), (i)
Bureau of Ethnology, see Smithsonian Institution
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Bureau of Narcotic and Dangerous Drugs (US), (i)
Burroughs Wellcome (pharmaceutical company), (i)
Burroughs, William, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); on Henri Michaux (i); and peyote (i), (ii), (iii)
Burton, Sir Richard, (i)
Bush, President George H.W., (i)
cacao (chocolate), (i), (ii), (iii)
cacti, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); collectors and enthusiasts (i), (ii), (iii); see also peyote cactus; San Pedro cactus
Caddo people, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and ‘full moon’ peyote rite, (i)
Camino del Cielo (catechism), (i)
cannabis, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx)
Cárdenas, Juan de, (i)
Carlsson, Arvid, (i)
Carson, Kit, (i)
Castaneda, Carlos, (i), (ii), (iii); academic controversy (i); Huichol influences (i); Mescalito (i); peyote experiences (i); The Teachings of Don Juan (i)
Castaneda, Margaret, (i)
chacruna (DMT-containing leaf), (i)
Charcot, Jean-Martin, (i), (ii)
Chatto and Windus (publishers) (i)
Chavín de Huántar, (i), (ii), (iii); ancient use of San Pedro at (i), (ii)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), (i), (ii), (iii); see also MK-ULTRA
Cheyenne people, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); and Native American Church charter (i)
Chicago World’s Fair (1893), (i), (ii), (iii)
chicha (maize beer), (i), (ii), (iii); DMT added to (i); San Pedro added to (i), (ii), (iii)
Chief Three Fingers (Cheyenne), (i)
Chimú culture, (i)
chlorpromazine, (i), (ii), (iii); administered with mescaline (i)
chocolate, see cacao
Chony (Comanche, wife of Quanah Parker), (i)
Church of Latter-Day Saints, (i), (ii)
cinchona bark, (i)
clairvoyance, (i), (ii), (iii)
Coahuiltecan culture, (i)
coca leaf, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
cocaine, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
cocoa, see cacao
cohoba, see vilca
Collier, John, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); and federal peyote policy (i); as Indian Commissioner (i), (ii); in New York (i), (ii); in Taos (i)
Comanche people (Numunuh), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); Fort Sill reservation (i), (ii); and ‘half-moon’ peyote rite, (i), (ii); Quanah Parker, chief (i)
Contemporary Review, (i), (ii)
Controlled Substances Act (US), (i)
Cook, Bob, (i)
Cook, Philip (Cheyenne), (i)
copal (incense), (i), (ii), (iii)
Cortéz, Hernan, (i), (ii), (iii)
Coyote, Peter, (i)
Cree Nation, (i)
Crichton Royal Hospital (Scotland), (i)
Crowley, Aleister, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); use of peyote (‘anhalonium’) (i)
Cruz-Sánchez, Guillermo, (i)
Cunningham, Carl, (i)
Cupinisque culture, (i)
curanderos, curanderismo, see shamans, shamanism
Curtis’ Botanical Magazine, (i)
Daily Sketch, (i)
Dasburg, Andrew, (i), (ii), (iii)
Datura sp., see Brugmansia
Davis, George S., (i); see also Parke, Davis & Co.
de Mille, Richard, (i)
De Quincey, Thomas, (i), (ii), (iii)
Deloria Jr, Vine (Standing Rock Sioux), (i)
Denber, Herbert, (i)
Department of Agriculture (USA), (i), (ii), (iii)
Desnos, Robert, (i)
Dexedrine, see amphetamines
Dixon, Walter, (i); mescaline experiments (i)
DMT (dimethyltryptamine), (i), (ii); plants containing (i)
Dodge, Edwin, (i)
Dodge, Mabel, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); anti-peyote campaign (i); house and artist colony in Taos (i), (ii); and Tony Luhan (i), (ii); peyote salon in New York (i), (ii), (iii); takes peyote medicine in Taos (i)
DOM (phenethylamine), (i), (ii), (iii)
Dow Chemical Company, (i)
Dreiser, Theodore, (i)
Drug Enforcement Agency (USA), (i), (ii), (iii)
Druggists’ Bulletin, (i)
Dunne, J.W., (i)
Eastern Cherokee people, (i)
Eastman, Max, (i)
Echinopsis pachanoi/peruvianus, (i); see San Pedro cactus
Eli Lilly (pharmaceutical company), (i)
Eliade, Mircea, (i)
Ellis, Henry Havelock, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv); gives peyote to Arthur Symons and W.B. Yeats (i); ‘Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise’ (i), (ii); peyote experiments (i), (ii); progressive politics (i), (ii); responses to Mescal (i)
ephedrine, (i)
Eschiti (Comanche), (i)
Eskelund, Karl, (i)
Evans-Wentz, Walter, (i)
Ewell, Erwin, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); enthusiasm for cacti (i); peyote experiment (i)
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (US), (i)
Ferdière, Gaston, (i)
Fernberger, Samuel, (i)
Fikes, Jay, (i)
Fischinger, Oskar, (i)
Florentine Codex, see Bernardino de Sahagún
floripondio, see Brugmansia
Fränkel, Fritz, (i)
Frederking, Walter, (i), (ii), (iii); compares mescaline and LSD (i); friendship with Ernst Jünger (i); uses mescaline in therapy (i)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), US, (i), (ii), (iii); Kefauver–Harris Amendments (1962) (i)
Ganson, Mabel, see Mabel Dodge
Geneva Opium Convention (1925), (i)
Gerassi, John, (i)
Ghost Dance, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); James Mooney’s reports on (i), (ii); and Wounded Knee massacre (i)
Ginsberg, Allen, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); ‘Mescaline’ poem (i)n35; peyote trips (i)
Glinka, Mikhail, (i)
Golden Dawn, Order of, (i), (ii)
Gomez, Little Jimmy (Taos Puebloan), (i)
Grant, Cary, (i)
Grateful Dead, (i)
Graves, Robert, (i)
Gray Herbarium, Harvard, (i)
Gutiérrez-Noriega, Carlos (i)
Guttman, Eric, (i); mescaline experiments on artists (i)
Guy’s Hospital (London), (i)
Haag, Mack (Cheyenne), (i), (ii); signatory of Native American Church charter (i)
Hall, G. Stanley, (i)
Hall, Tommy, (i)
‘hallucinogen’, term (i), (ii)
Hapgood, Hutchins, (i)
Harrington, Raymond, (i), (ii)
Harrison Narcotics Act (1914), (i), (ii), (iii)
Harvard Botanical Museum, (i); see also universities, Harvard
hashish, see cannabis
Hayden, Carl, (i)
Heard, Gerald, (i)
Heffter, Arthur, (i)n17, (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); disputes with Louis Lewin (i), (ii); isolates and names mescaline (i)
Heidegger, Martin, (i)
Hendrix, Jimi, (i)
Hennings, Paul Christoph, (i), (ii); botanical drawing of peyote (i)
Hernández de Toledo, Francisco, (i)
Hesse, Hermann, (i)
Heywood, Rosalind, (i)
Hibbert Journal, (i)
hikuli (Tarahumara), see peyote cactus, in Tarahumara culture
Hoch, Paul, (i)
Hoffer, Abram, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); adrenochrome experiment (i); niacin therapy (i)
Hoffman, E.T.A., (i)
Hofmann, Albert, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); discovery of LSD (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); discovery of psilocybin (i), (ii); response to The Doors of Perception (i)
Hollister, Leo, (i), (ii); gives mescaline to Ken Kesey (i), (ii); and psychotomimetic model (i)
Hopper, Dennis, (i)
House of Representatives (US), (i), (ii), (iii)
huachuma, (i), (ii); see San Pedro cactus
Hubbard, Alfred, (i)
Huichol people, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); appropriated by Carlos Castaneda (i); art of (i), (ii); international profile (i), (ii), (iii); peyote pilgrimage (i); ‘renovation of the world’ (i)
Husserl, Edmund, (i); see also phenomenology
Huxley, Aldous, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii); Brave New World (i); The Doors of Perception (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); earlier views on drugs (i); first mescaline experiment (i), (ii); Heaven and Hell (i), (ii); responses to his advocacy of mescaline (i); takes LSD (i)
Ickes, Harold, (i)
Idler, (i)
‘Indian New Deal’, (i), (ii), (iii)
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), (i), (ii)
Indian Rights Association, (i)
Inquisition (Mexico), (i), (ii), (iii)
International Society for Metaphysical Research, (i)
James, Henry, (i)
James, William, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); peyote experiment (i); and ‘second wind’ (i); theory of time perception (i), (ii)
Janiger, Oscar, (i)
Jaspers, Karl, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Jewish Society, Berlin, (i)
Joël, Ernst, (i)
Johnson, William ‘Pussyfoot’, (i)
Jordan, Lawrence, (i)
Josiah Macy Foundation, (i)
Journal of the American Chemical Society, (i)
Journal of the American Medical Association, (i)
Jung, Carl, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); in Taos (i), (ii); views on mescaline and LSD (i)
Jünger, Ernst, (i), (ii), (iii); on Charles Baudelaire (i); coins the term ‘psychonaut’ (i); friendship with Albert Hofmann (i); mescaline experiments (i); response to The Doors of Perception (i)
jurema (DMT-containing root), (i)
Kennedy, John, (i)
Kesey, Ken, (i); takes mescaline and peyote (i)
Kety, Seymour, (i)
Kimmey, John, (i); and New Buffalo commune (i)
Kiowa people, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv); and peyote rite (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); sacred stones ceremony (i)
Kiralfy, Imre, (i)
Klüver, Heinrich, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); career (i); experiments with mescaline (i); ‘form-constants’ (i); on German psychology (i), (ii), (iii); inspiration to Richard Evans Schultes (i)
Koshiway, Jonathan (Oto), (i)
Kraepelin, Emil, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Kris, Ernst, (i)
La Barre, Weston, (i), (ii), (iii); fieldwork among the Kiowa (i); The Peyote Cult (i), (ii)
La Flesche, Francis (Omaha), (i)
Laborit, Henri, (i)
Lacan, Jacques, (i)
Lagache, Daniel, (i)
Lakota people, (i)
Lambayeque culture, (i)
Lancet, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
League of Nations, (i)
Leary, Timothy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Lee, Arthur, (i)
Lemaire, Charles, (i)
Lewin, Louis, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); disputes with Arthur Heffter (i), (ii); experiments on peyote (i), (ii); Phantastica (i); and self-experimentation (i)
Lewis, Aubrey, (i)
LIFE (magazine), (i)
Lights Chemicals (pharmaceutical suppliers), (i)
Lipan (Apache band), (i), (ii)
Looking Glass, Louise (Comanche), (i)
lophophorine, (i)
LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii); comparisons with mescaline (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); discovery by Albert Hofmann LSD (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); replaces mescaline (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); sold by Sandoz as Delysid (i), (ii), (iii)
Luhan, Mabel Dodge, see Mabel Dodge
Luhan, Tony (Taos Puebloan), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); and Frank Waters (i); peyote use (i)
Lumholtz, Carl, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); peyote experiences (i)
Lumière brothers, (i)
‘M-substance’, (i), (ii), (iii)
Mackenzie, Colonel Ranald, (i)
Maclay, Walter, (i); mescaline experiments on artists (i)
maize beer, see chicha
Malinowski, Bronisław, (i)
Manchester Guardian (i)
Mangan, Sherry, (i)
Manhattan State Hospital, (i)
Mann, Thomas, (i)
Mansfield, Katherine, (i)
mara’akame, see Huichol people; shamans
marijuana, see cannabis
Marijuana Tax Act (1937), (i)
Marinescu, Gheorghe, (i)
Marriott, Alice, (i)
Matrix, The, (i)
Maudsley Hospital (London), (i), (ii)
Mayer-Gross, Wilhelm, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); mescaline experiment (i)
Mayhew, Christopher, (i); ‘An Excursion out of Time’ (i); mescaline experiment (i)
MDMA (ecstasy), (i), (ii); synthesised by Alexander Shulgin (i)
Medical Register, (i)
Medicine Lodge, Treaty of (1867), (i)
Menlo Park Hospital (California), (i), (ii)
Menominee people, (i)
Merck (pharmaceutical company), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, (i)
Merry Pranksters, (i)
mescal (agave spirit) (i), (ii); confusions surrounding the term (i), (ii); see also peyote cactus
‘mescal bean’ (Sophora secundiflora), (i)
Mescalero (Apache band), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
mescaline (chemical compound; see also peyote cactus; San Pedro cactus) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); art inspired by (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); bad experiences with (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); Basil Beaumont experiment (i); Walter Benjamin experiment (i); Kurt Beringer experiments (i); biochemistry (i), (ii); as brainwashing tool/truth serum (i), (ii); in clinical research (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); comparisons with LSD (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)n7; cultural prominence in 1950s (i), (ii); Walter Dixon experiments (i); double consciousness (état mixte) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); first isolated from peyote (i); first laboratory synthesis by Ernst Späth (i), (ii); Aldous Huxley experiment (i), (ii); Ernst Jünger experiments (i); Ken Kesey trip (i); Gheorghe Marinescu experiments (i); Christopher Mayhew experiment (i); medical uses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); ‘mescal psychosis’ (i), (ii); Henri Michaux experiments (i); named by Arthur Heffter (i); Humphry Osmond experiment (i); pharmaceutical preparations (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); physical symptoms (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); presence in cacti (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); prohibition and scheduling (i); replaced by LSD (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Jean-Paul Sartre experiment (i); Alexander Shulgin’s trip (i); supplied by Merck (i), (ii); synthetic derivatives (i); time distortions (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); Julian Trevelyan experiment (i); Makepeace Tsao synthesis (1951) (i); visual hallucinations (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); Andrew Weil experiments (i); Colin Wilson experiment (i); Stanisław Witkiewicz experiments (i); R.C. Zaehner experiment (i)
Methvin, John Jasper, (i)
Meyer, Adolf, (i)
Microgram Journal (US Bureau of Narcotic and Dangerous Drugs), (i)
Michailescu, Corneliu, (i)
Michaux, Henri, (i), (ii), (iii); William Burroughs on (i); chevauchements (i); mescaline experiments (i); overdose (i)
missionaries, on Indian reservations in USA (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); Spanish in Mexico (i)
Mitchell, Silas Weir, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); career (i); peyote experiment (i)
MMDA (phenethylamine), (i)
Moche culture, (i)
Monardes, Nicolás, (i)
Monet, Claude, (i), (ii), (iii)
Mooney, James, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi); brings peyote to Washington (i), (ii); first peyote ceremony (i), (ii); and Ghost Dance (i); and Native American Church (i); and Quanah Parker (i); testimony to House of Representatives (i), (ii); upbringing (i)
Moreau, Jacques-Joseph, (i), (ii), (iii)
Morgan, Francis, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi); mescaline experiments (i), (ii)
Mormon church, see Church of Latter-Day Saints
morning glory (Ipomeia purpurea), (i), (ii), (iii)
morphine, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
mushrooms, hallucinogenic, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); see also psilocybin
Myerhoff, Barbara, (i), (ii), (iii)
Nahua culture, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); records of peyote use (i), (ii)
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), (i)
Native American, (i)n16; see also Apache people; Arapaho people; etc.
Native American Church (NAC), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); founding charter (1918) (i); growth in the 1960s (i); recent expansion (i); 1994 Supreme Court case (i)
Native American Church of North America (NACNA), (i)
Native Christian Church (i)
Navajo (Diné) people, (i)
Neuberg, Victor, (i)
neurasthenia, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
New Buffalo commune (Taos), (i)
New Orleans Picayune, (i)
‘New Thought’ movement, (i)
New York Neurological Institute, (i)
New York Times, (i)
New Yorker (magazine), (i), (ii)
niacin (Vitamin B3), (i)
Nietzsche, Elisabeth Förster, (i)
Nietzsche, Friedrich, (i), (ii), (iii)
O’Keeffe, Georgia, (i)
O’Neill, Eugene, (i)
Observer, The (i)
Office of Strategic Studies (US), (i); see also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Ondegardo, Juan Polo de, (i)
Ong, Walter, (i)
opium (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv); Opium Law (Germany, 1929) (i)
Ordo Templi Orientis, (i)
Osmond, Humphry, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); attends NAC meeting (i); experiment with adrenochrome (i); experiment with Aldous Huxley (i), (ii); M-substance theory (i), (ii); mescaline experience (i); schizophrenia research (i), (ii); switches to LSD (i)
Overhoser, Winfred, (i)
Owsley, see Stanley, Augustus Owsley III
Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, (i)
Paiute people, (i)
Panpeyotl (pharmaceutical extract), (i), (ii), (iii); see also Alexandre Rouhier
Parke, Davis & Co. (pharmacists), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); Aleister Crowley visits (i); Detroit headquarters (i), (ii); Louis Lewin visits (i); ‘tincture of anhalonium’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Parker, Cynthia Ann, (i)
Parker, Quanah (Comanche), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); chief of the Comanches (i); his grandfather peyote button (i), (ii), (iii); and James Mooney (i); peyote roadman (i); rejects Ghost Dance (i)
Parsons, Elsie Clews, (i)
Parsons, Jack, (i)
Pawnee people, (i)
PCP (phencyclidine), (i)
Pedro, Linda, (i)
Penrose, Lionel, (i)
Penrose, Roland, (i)
Peruvian Torch, (i)n2; see also San Pedro cactus
Peta Nocona (Comanche), (i)
peyote bird, (i)
peyote cactus, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi); alkaloid content (i)n17, (ii), (iii); art inspired by (i), (ii), (iii); Antonin Artaud experiences (i); bad experiences with (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); beatnik scene (i); John R. Briggs experiment (i); Carlos Castaneda and (i); conservation issues (i); Aleister Crowley experiments (i); Mabel Dodge salon (i); Havelock Ellis experiments (i), (ii); Erwin Ewell experiment (i); Arthur Heffter experiments (i); hippies ‘up the cactus trail’ (i); in Huichol culture (i); William James experiment (i); Carl Jung on (i); Carl Lumholtz experiments (i); mail order suppliers (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Mexican ceremonies (i); Silas Weir Mitchell experiment (i); James Mooney reports on (i), (ii); in Nahua culture (i), (ii), (iii); Native American ceremony, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); natural habitat (i), (ii), (iii); pharmaceutical preparations (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); Prentiss and Morgan experiments (i), (ii); prohibition by League of Nations (i); prohibition in Mexico (i), (ii); prohibition in USA (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); remedy for alcoholism (i), (ii), (iii); Alexandre Rouhier on (i); as sacrament (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); Arthur Symons experiment (i); in Tarahumara culture (i), (ii); taxonomy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n13, (v); Virgil Thomson experiments (i); as threat to public health (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); as traditional medicine (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi); visions induced by (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv); as western medicine (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); Stanisław Witkiewicz experiments (i); W.B. Yeats experiment (i)
peyote gardens (Texas), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
peyoteros, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
‘Peyotyl R.D.’ (pharmaceutical extract), (i)
Pharmaceutische Zeitung, (i)
phenethylamines, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
phenomenology (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Pliny (the Elder), (i)
Plötner, Kurt, (i)
Poco, Marcus (Comanche), (i)
Post Oak Jim (Comanche), (i)
Potter & Clarke (pharmacists), (i); ‘Potter’s Asthma Cure’ (i)
Powell, John Wesley, (i)
Powick Hospital (Worcestershire), (i)
Pratt, General R.H., (i)
Prentiss, Daniel Webster, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi); mescaline experiments (i), (ii)
Progressive Association, (i)
Progressive Era, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Psalmodia christiana (1583), (i)
psilocybin, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); discovery (i), (ii); mushrooms (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); pharmaceutical (Indocybin) (i), (ii)
‘psychedelic’ (origin and use of term), (i), (ii), (iii)
psychoanalysis, (i), (ii), (iii)
psychosis, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii); ‘mescal psychosis’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); see also schizophrenia
psychotomimetic theories (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Pueblo Revolt (1680), (i)
Puiwat (Comanche), (i)
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), (i)
Purkinje, Jan, (i)
Quahada (Comanche band), (i)
Radcliffe, Raymond, (i)
Rakoczi, Basil, see Beaumont, Basil
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, (i)
‘Red Atlantis’, (i)
Red River War (1874–75), (i)
Reiniger, Lotte, (i)
Review of Reviews, (i)
roadman (Native American peyote ceremony), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Rockefeller Foundation, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); funds mescaline research (i), (ii)
Roosevelt, President Franklin D., (i), (ii)
Roosevelt, President Theodore, (i)
Ross, Jane, (i)
Rouhier, Alexandre, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); on clairvoyance and indigenous medicine (i); Panpeyotl extract (i)
Royal Bethlem Hospital (London), (i)
Runke, Walter, (i)
Sahagún, Bernardino de, (i); describes peyote (i)
Sainte-Anne Hospital (Paris), (i)
St George’s Hospital (London), (i), (ii)
Saints Herald, (i)
St Thomas’ Hospital (London), (i)
Salm-Dyck, Prince Joseph de, (i)
Salpêtrière Hospital (Paris), (i)
Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Sapir, Edward, (i)
San Pedro cactus, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); alkaloid content (i), (ii), (iii)n17, (iv)n18; in art and archaeology (i), (ii), (iii); author’s experiences with (i); biochemistry and metabolism (i); clairvoyance (i), (ii); Crystal Fairy and the Magical Cactus (i); natural habitat (i), (ii), (iii); number of ribs (i); preparation (i), (ii); as rooting and grafting stock (i); taxonomy (i), (ii)n2; traditional and contemporary use (i), (ii); use in pre-Hispanic cultures (i), (ii)
Sandison, Ronald, (i)
Sartre, Jean-Paul, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); mescaline experiment (i)
Saskatchewan Hospital, (i), (ii)
Sass, Louis, (i)
Savoy Magazine, (i)
Scalia, Antonin, (i)
schizophrenia, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii); ‘M-substance’ theory of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); symptoms compared to mescaline intoxication (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); see also psychosis
Schultes, Richard Evans, (i)
Schumann, Karl, (i)
scopolamine, (i)
Sells, Cato, (i)
Sertürner, Friedrich, (i), (ii)
Setkopti, Paul (Kiowa), (i), (ii)
shamans, shamanism, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); and Carlos Castaneda (i); curanderismo in Peru (i), (ii), (iii); Huichol mara’akame (i), (ii)
Sharon, Douglas, (i)
Shulgin, Alexander, (i); mescaline trip (i); synthesises MDMA (i)
Shumla caves (Texas), (i)
Sia (Comanche Nation Ethno-Ornithological Initiative), (i), (ii)n46
Sigma-Aldrich, see Aldrich
Silva, Ramón Maria (Huichol), (i), (ii); Castaneda’s model for Don Juan (i); on peyote hunt (i)
Simpsons, The, (i)
Sitting Bull (Lakota), (i)
Slade art school, (i)
Slotkin, James Sydney, (i), (ii); fieldwork (i); trustee of NAC (i)
Slotta, Karl Heinrich, (i)
Smith, Alfred Leo, (i)
Smith, Frederick Madison, (i), (ii), (iii); and Native American peyote religion (i); peyote experiences (i); and ‘second wind’ (i)
Smith, Joseph, (i)
Smith, Kline & French (pharmaceutical company), (i)
Smith, Ruth, (i)
Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); founding by John Wesley Powell (i); publications (i), (ii); recall of James Mooney from Oklahoma (i)
Smurzło, Prosper, (i)
Smythies, John R., (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); gives mescaline to R.C. Zaehner (i); interest in the paranormal (i), (ii); ‘M-substance’ theory (i); schizophrenia research (i), (ii); visits Carl Jung (i)
Smythies, Vanna, (i)
Society of American Indians, (i)
Solís, Ruth Shady, (i)
Southern, Terry, (i)
Späth, Ernst, (i), (ii), (iii); first laboratory synthesis of mescaline (1919) (i)
Stanley, Augustus Owsley III, (i), (ii)
Stephen, Karin, (i)
Stockings, G. Tayleur, (i), (ii)
STP (phenethylamine), see DOM
Supreme Court (US), (i)
Surrealist movement, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Symonds, John Addington, (i)
Symons, Arthur, (i), (ii), (iii); hashish poetry (i); peyote experiment (i)
Taíno people, (i)
Tarahumara people, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); visited by Antonin Artaud (i); visited by Carl Lumholtz (i)
Takes Gun, Frank (Crow), (i)
telepathy, see clairvoyance
Texas Rangers, (i)
Texas–Mexico railroad, (i), (ii), (iii)
Therapeutic Gazette, (i), (ii), (iii)
Thomson, Virgil, (i)
Thompson, Hunter S., (i); on Carlos Castaneda (i); Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (i), (ii); First Trip with Mescalito (i); mescaline trip
Tiwanaku culture, (i)
tobacco, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); Bull Durham brand (i)
Tonarcy (Comanche, wife of Quanah Parker), (i)
transmethylation hypothesis, (i)
Trevelyan, Julian, (i); mescaline experiment (i)
Trichocereus pachanoi/peruvianus, (i), (ii); see also San Pedro cactus
tryptamines, (i)
Tsao, Makepeace Uho, (i); mescaline synthesis (i)
Tso, Andrew, (i)
tuki (Huichol temples), (i), (ii)
Tzara, Tristan, (i)
United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), (i)
United Nations Narcotics Division, (i)
United Nations Single Convention on Drugs (1961), (i)
universities and medical schools: Berlin (i), (ii); Berkeley (i), (ii); Bucharest (i); Cambridge (i); Chicago (i), (ii); Colorado (i); Columbian (now George Washington) (i); Duke (i); Fordham (i); Freiburg (i); Hamburg (i); Harvard (i), (ii); (i), (ii); Heidelberg (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); Jagellonian (Kraków) (i); Johns Hopkins (i), (ii); King’s College London (i); Minnesota (i); Oxford (i); Pennsylvania (i); Texas (i); UCLA (i), (ii); Vienna (i); Yale (i); Zurich (i)
vilca (DMT-containing snuff), (i), (ii)
Viracocha (Inca deity) (i)
virola (DMT-containing bark), (i)
Waddell, Leila, (i)
Wain, Louis, (i)
Waldo, James (Comanche), (i)
Wallas, Graham, (i)
‘War on Drugs’, (i)
Wari culture, (i)
Wasson, Gordon, (i)
Waters, Frank, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); Book of the Hopi (i), (ii); The Man Who Killed the Deer (i), (ii); in Taos (i)
Watts, Alan, (i)
Weber, Max, (i)
Weil, Andrew, (i); mescaline experiences (i)
Weiland, Eugene, (i)
Wesley, John, (i)
Whineray, Edward, (i)
‘whisky-root’, (i); see also peyote cactus
White, Edmund, (i)
Wichita Mountains, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Wichita people, (i)
Wiley, Harvey, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Williams, William Carlos, (i)
Wilson, Colin, (i); mescaline experiment (i)
Wilson, Jack, see Wovoka
Wilson, John (Caddo roadman), (i)
Wilson, Robert Anton, (i)n20
Wirikuta (Huichol sacred land), (i), (ii)
Witkiewicz, Stanisław (father of Witkacy), (i)
Witkiewicz, Stanisław Ignacy (Witkacy), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); art on peyote and mescaline (i); career (i); Narcotics (1932) (i)
Wolfe, Jane, (i)
Wolfe, Tom, (i)
Woodcock, John, (i)
Wordsworth, William, (i), (ii)
Wounded Knee massacre, (i)
Wovoka (Paiute Ghost Dance prophet), (i), (ii), (iii); meets James Mooney (i)
Wynter, Bryan, (i)
yagé, see ayahuasca
Yeats, W.B., (i), (ii), (iii); peyote experiment (i)
Zaehner, R.C., (i), (ii); mescaline experiment (i)
Zingg, Robert, (i)